Issues in Contemporary Urbanism- AAE 660-Fall 2013

NASCENT TRENDS IN URBAN DESIGN

AAE 660 | Issues in Contemporary Urbanism Instructor: Dr. Firas Al Douri Compiled by Group 6 Fall 2013 | UNLV School of Architecture

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TABLE OF CONTENTS 01. TIANJIN ECO-CITY – by Eric Gross and Lisa Kaufman 02. SAADIYAT ISLAND – by Heather Holstrom and Jacob Rivard 03. RYERSON UNIVERSITY CAMPUS MASTER PLAN – by Andrew Baca and Marshall Cowan 04. GUANMING SMARTCITY MASTER PLAN – by Ewa Koza and Chris Richardson 05. BEIJING CENTRAL BUSINESS DISTRICT EAST EXPASION – by Esther Garcia, Patty Green and Becca Roberts

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INTRODUCTION In the past, spatial master plans for cities have been fixed blueprints realized as physical form through conventional top down processes‌ At a time of urban growth, these models are now being replaced by more adaptable, mixed use plans dealing holistically with the physical, social and economical revival of districts, cities and regions. Through today’s public participative approaches and using technologically enabled tools, contemporary master planning instruments embody fresh principles, giving cities a great resilience and capacity for social integration and change in the future.

-- Lucy Bullivant (Master planning Futures) To better understand these principles, the students of Dr. Firas Al-Douri’s Issues in Contemporary Urbanism class studied multiple case studies on the forefront of contemporary urbanism. Through research and analysis, we learned how masterplanning methods have reshaped the growth and maintenance of communities. We used these case studies as a means to evaluate the emerging trends and movements in urban design, learning how this practice has produced innovative, responsible cities.

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TIANJIN ECO–CITY

LOCATION: China BY: Eric Gross and Lisa Kaufman

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INTRODUCTION TIANJIN ECO-CITY Joint 50/50 venture Singapore Consortium and Chinese Consortium:  - Keppel Group  - Qatar Investment Authority  - Investors  - Tianjin TEDA Investment Holdings  - China Development Bank Eco- City Design Committee included:  Singapore’s Minister National Development  China’s Minister Housing and Urban- Rural Development  Eco- City Administrative Committee  Urban Redevelopment Authority  Housing and Development Board  Land Transport Authority  National Environment Agency  Public Utility Board

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WHY DEVELOP AN ECO-CITY IN CHINA? • In 2008 China ranked 105 out of 149 countries in the Environmental Sustainability Index • China’s World energy consumption increased by 4050% in 2010 • Developing countries' use 30% of global energy • China total population of 1.3 billion • In 2011 china had 690.79 million people living in urban areas • China will have an additional 350 million people by 2025 • China accounts for 80% of the worlds greenhouse gas emissions • Problems providing jobs, welfare, and social services

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TIANJIN ECO-CITY LOCATION •

30 square kilometer (11.5 sq mi)urban development plan

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250 billion yuan project ($56,000,000,000)

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24 miles outside of Tianjin and

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93miles outside Beijing

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Sits on the Bohai Bay, China

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Close proximity to several expressways, high speed rail

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Next to the Tianjin Port

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SITE SELECTION Site Selection Criteria  Non-arable land, limited water resources, commercial viability Site Selected:  1/3 Salt Pans  1/3 Barren Land  1/3 Polluted Water

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ECO-CITY MASTER PLAN Goals  International- cooperation  Sustainable development  Dynamic City with great vitality  Harmonious city with beneficial coexistence  Ecological future One Axis: Urban Development Spine  Eco Valley

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ECO-CITY MASTER PLAN Three Bodies of Water  Qingjing Lake  Ji Canal  Old Ji Canal Eco City is Divided into 5 Districts Six Urban Nodes: Activity and Function Zones  Northern Sub-Centre  Administration Centre  Eco-Forum Centre  Qingtuozi Leisure Centre  Southern Sub-Centre

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KEY PERFORMANCE INDICATORS (KPIS) KPI’s are used to evaluate each building, community and development within the Eco- City Similar to LEED rating system

3 harmonies: • People & Environment • People & Economy • People & People 3 Abilities: • Practical • Replicable • Scalable

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ECO-CELL •

Thriving city which is socially harmonies, environmental friendly, and resource-efficient model for sustainable development

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The Eco-Cell was designed to be a scale model with mix-use development and open space

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The Eco-Cell was laid out in order to form community's and districts around 1 axis, 6 nodes and 5 districts.

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Eco-City is 30 square kilometers

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350,000 Residents

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Completion by 2020

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Start-up area phase 1 started in 2008

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Start up area which include district 5 completed in 2013

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Phase 2 District 4

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ECO-CITY VIEW OF THE CITY

Arial of Eco-City

Eco-Valley

Solarscape and Eco-Valley

Lifescape and Eco-Valley

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ECO-CITY VIEW OF THE CITY

Arial of The port

Urbanscape Overview

Earthscape

Urbanscape Close-Up

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ECO-CITY VIEW OF THE CITY

Windsodr Corridor

The Port

Windscape

Eye- level View of Eco-City

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ECO-CITY DISTRICT 4 Sunway City Limited • •

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One of Malaysia’s top property developers First domestic real estate development project broadwood Building can accommodate 5,000 family's 700,000 sq meters Gold Level GBES 9 billion Yuan

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ECO-CITY DISTRICT 5 AND DISTRICT 4 Beijing Real estate development • • •

Taiwan’s largest real estate development Working, living and leisure 13 billion Yuan

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ECO-CITY DISTRICT 5 AND DISTRICT 4 Beijing Real estate development • • •

Taiwan’s largest real estate development Working, living and leisure 13 billion Yuan

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ECO-CITY DISTRICT 5 Mitsui Fudosan Residential •

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Mitsui is Japan’s largest residential real estate developer China first LEED complex neighborhood Gold Level GBES 360,000 sq meters Complete 2014 4.5 billion Yuan

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ECO-CITY DISTRICT 5 Mitsui Fudosan Residential • • • • • •

Mitsui is Japan’s largest residential real estate developer China first LEED complex neighborhood Gold Level GBES 360,000 sq meters Complete 2014 4.5 billion Yuan

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ECO-CITY DISTRICT 5 Ayala Land Limited •

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Philippines’ leading integrated property developer 1.5 billion Yuan Near the business center First international school k-12 Silver level GBES 1,000 family's

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ECO-CITY DISTRICT 5 Ayala Land Limited • • • • • •

Philippines’ leading integrated property developer 1.5 billion Yuan Near the business center First international school k-12 Silver level GBES 1,000 family's

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ECO-CITY DISTRICT 5 Xi • • •

Heart of start up area Building footprint 7.28 sq meters Business, healthcare, education, community services

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ECO-CITY DISTRICT 5 Xi • • •

Heart of start up area Building footprint 7.28 sq meters Business, healthcare, education, community services

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SPHERES OF URBAN ACTION- (KRIEGER) •

Bridge between planning and Architecture

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Form-Based Public Policy

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Architecture of the City

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Restorative Urbanism

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Place-Making

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Smart Growth

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Infrastructure of the City

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Landscape Urbanism

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Visionary Urbanism

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Community Advocacy

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SPHERES OF URBAN ACTION- (KRIEGER) Urban Design as Smart Growth • • • • • • • • • • • • •

Horizontal size of city is 11.5 sq mi 350,000 people Density of 31,818 people per sq mi China average density 12,800 people per sq mi Economic Vibrancy Green transportation Energy efficient: solar, wind, geothermal, biomass, heat exchange and, residual heat Waste management Water management Heritage conservation Development of wetlands, grey water treatment and, anaerobic digestion plant Eco-Valley and Eco-Cell Mix-use: Commercial, residential, civic, educational, healthcare

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SPHERES OF URBAN ACTION- SMART GROWTH

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PLANNING INITIATIVE- (BROWN) •

Smart Growth Initiative

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Transportation Planning Initiatives

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City wide Revitalization

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Brownfields and Grayfields Site

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Rebuilding Public Housing and Mix-Use Neighborhoods

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Community-Based Initiatives

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Waterfront Revitalization

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Campus- Related Redevelopment

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Advocacy Planning and Design

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PLANNING INITIATIVE- BROWNFIELDS AND GREYFIELD SITE • • • • • •

Eco-City created new districts, neighborhoods and infrastructure through cluster arrangement based on pedestrian distance of travel and non-motorized development Focused on sustainability with the KPI’s during planning and development Cleaned up polluted waters, designed renewable energy Rebuilding wetlands and creating new wetlands Developed/ waste and water management Mix-use development

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PLANNING INITIATIVE- WATERFRONT REVITALIZATION •

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Balance between public and private space:  housing, retail, and job-producing development and public access to the waterfront with green space and parks Public space to appeal to all age ranges, ethnic backgrounds, and income levels Transforming waterfronts from run-down to lively places that enhance neighborhoods Build habitat for bird migration Build green corridor system throughout all districts (Eco-Valley)

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PLANNING INITIATIVE-TRANSPORTATION PLANNING INITIATIVES •

Reshaping cites and regions around people rather then cars

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Combining mix-use income housing

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Access to public transportation for everyone within walking distance

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New transit system to support regional growth and broaden economic opportunities

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LOCAL VS. GLOBAL Eco-cells developed for replication.

Global  Replication throughout the world  Becoming “The Sustainable” eco-unit  Looking to become a leader in lower pollution all around Local  Use of local vegetation for the greenscape  Use of local Chinese ideas towards planning and development  The idea that this “Eco-Cell” can use local identity to develop built space

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LOCAL Local  Not defined with built space  Districts defined with elements that are needed for the region  Use of brownfield site to reduce pressures on existing infrastructure

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GLOBAL Global  In line with China becoming a global economic leader  Wanting to design for replication in China primarily  Ideas behind Chinese development and planning can be applied in a global sense  Nothing suggests that this was designed for an only local development  Look at controlling the planning of the districts Land-Use Transportation Green and Blue Networks

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NEO-FUNCTIONAL ECOLOGICAL URBAN DESIGN Mixed-Use  Many different amenities scattered throughout the cityscape  Supports walkability and use of Light Rail Transit  Gives residents the freedom of choice on where they live Adaptability  “Eco-Valley” becomes space that may be built if needed  Mixed-use areas do not limit function within  Can be molded with changes in demographics, economic and social change

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NEO-FUNCTIONAL ECOLOGICAL URBAN DESIGN Phases  Built in several phases  Focused on one district at a time  Building residential units first, then support after  This allows the businesses to gain revenue from residents, rather than from city  Allows for change if necessary

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NEO-FUNCTIONAL ECOLOGICAL URBAN DESIGN Pollution  Goals set for no adverse health effects on people and environment  Free of pollution – air, water and sound  “Eco-Valley” helps residents feel the presence of the outside ecosystem within the city  “A sustainable city is a robust city” (Lang 2009)

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NEO-FUNCTIONAL ECOLOGICAL URBAN DESIGN “Three Harmonies”  People living in harmony with other people –  Social Harmony  People living in harmony with economic activities – Economic Vibrancy  People living in harmony with the environment – Environmental Sustainability

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NEO-FUNCTIONAL ECOLOGICAL URBAN DESIGN Acknowledge the local, but designed for the global.

Local  Districts serve the needs of the people within Tianjin  Mixed-use development will allow for change over time to better serve the residents Global  “Eco-Cell” developed for replication throughout the world  Non-traditional street level with no connection between existing city and new city

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PROGRESS- START UP PHASE

View into Eco-City

Eco-City Overview

Public Housing

Eco-Business Park

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PROGRESS- START UP PHASE

Solar Farm

Smart Grid

Service Centre

Wetlands

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PROGRESS- START UP PHASE

Animation Park

Eco- Valley bike and walking paths

Tianjin Binhai- Language School

Kindergarten

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ECO-CITY HABITANTS FEEDBACK •

Only 6,000 residents, 10,000 below expected

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Cost of food is higher then normal

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Doctors are an hour away

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1,000 business with total registered capital of 70 billion Yuan

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Created 4,000 jobs

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Proposed Light Rail link has not started

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Hospital opening in 2015

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More business to come in order to create more jobs

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Housing and Education cost are a lot less then other cities (Housing (9,000 Yuan vs. 20,000 Yuan) and Education (450 Yuan vs. 1,500 Yuan) )

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Despite problems residents still enjoy living there, green environment, good school, and city support from the government

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Success of Eco-City isn't just based on the population but growing a green city on what once was remote location, wasteland, saline land and alkaline land

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No littering, ramps for disabled, greenery maintained, safe to drink tap water, solar and wind energy

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CONCLUSIONS •

Great foundation for a sustainable model for China development

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Replicable model in other locations to a degree

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Implementation process of sustainable ideas as construction continues

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Comprehensive approach in order to provide future development

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Helping to relive some of the pollution with the air, wetlands and water

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Building in phases and districts in order to adjust the model as needed

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Promoting green transportation and health life styles

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Bring in companies to provide jobs, also help marketability and bring in revenue

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REFERENCES Al-Kodmany, K. 2002 “Visualization Tools and Methods in Community Planning: From Freehand Sketches to Virtual Reality” Journal of Planning Literature, 17 (2), pp. 189-211 An 2013, China to issue air pollution warnings in Beijing, Tianjin, Retrieved from http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/china/201310/01/c_132767245.htm Brown, Lance Jay; Dixon, David; and Gillham, Oliver 2009 Urban Design for an Urban Century: Place making for people, New Jersey, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. US, Chapter 1, pp. 10-27 Bullivant, Lucy (2012, November 12). Master planning Futures BULLIVANT (Kindle Location 4288). Taylor and Francis. Kindle Edition. smart growth and Urban Design as Visionary urbanism China Construction Design International. (2008). CCDI architecture: Design for china's future Images.

Cox, W. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.newgeography.com/content/002808-world-urban-areas-population-and-density-a-2012-update DB, D. (2013, January 16). steven holl: tianjin eco-city ecology and planning museums. Retrieved from http://www.designboom.com/architecture/steven-holl-tianjin-ecocity-ecology-and-planning-museums/ Fu, Grace. (2008-06-24.). Retrieved from http://www.tianjinecocity.gov.sg/events/2008/20080624.htm GroundLab / plasmastudio. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.arcprospect.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1770&Itemid=13&lang=en Figure 1: http://michaelpoos.tumblr.com/post/898530671/tianjin-eco-city-china Figure 1: http://michaelpoos.tumblr.com/post/898530671/tianjin-eco-city-china Government of Singapore. (n.d.). Master plan. Retrieved from http://www.tianjinecocity.gov.sg/bg_masterplan.htm Inhabitat. (2011, January 13). Tianjin eco-city in china: The future of urban development?. Retrieved from http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/01/13/tianjin-ecocity_n_806972.html Keeton, R. (2011). Rising in the east: Contemporary new towns in asia. Amsterdam: International New Town Institute, SUN. Krieger, Alex 2006 “Territories of Urban Design” in Moor, Malcolm and Rowland, Jon (Eds.) Urban Design Futures, London; New York, Routledge, Chapter 1, pp. 18-28 Lang, J. (2009). International Urban Design: Theory and Practice. Urban Design and Planning, 7-17.

Sarte, Bry S. 2010 Sustainable Infrastructure: The Guide to Green Engineeing and Design, New Jersey, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. US Sino-Singapore Tianjin Eco-City Investment and Development Co.,Ltd. (2011). Eco vision. Retrieved from http://sstec.dashilan.cn/en/SinglePage.aspx?column_id=10316

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02. S A A D I Y A T I S L A N D MASTER PLAN

LOCATION: Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates BY: Heather Holstrom and Jacob Rivard

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PROJECT STATEMENT Abu Dhabi seeking to become a global hub and international destination, which will include: •

Strong Iconic Cultural Center

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High End Tourist Amenities

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SPHERES OF URBAN ACTION (KRIEGER) •

Bridge between Planning and Architecture

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Form-Based Category of Public Policy

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Architecture of the City

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Urban Design as Restorative Urbanism

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Urban Design as Place-Making

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Urban Design as Smart-Growth

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Infrastructure of the City

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Urban Design as Landscape Urbanism

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Urban Design as Visionary Urbanism

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Urban Design as Community Advocacy

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URBAN DESIGN AS VISIONARY STATEMENT

Saadiyat Island is not just a stand-alone master plan but is incorporated into the Abu Dhabi Emirate’s larger Abu Dhabi 2030 vision.

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Combines multiple plans including urban design, economics, and capital plans

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Seeks to rebrand and remake Abu Dhabi into an elite global capital city • Diverse economy and the cultural, government, and business centers that act as hallmarks for high-caliber cities.

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PLANNING INITIATIVES (BROWN) •

Smart Growth Initiatives

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Transportation and Planning Initiatives

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Citywide Revitalization Initiatives

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Brownfield and Grayfield Sites

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Rebuilding Public housing and Creating New Mixed-Use Urban Neighborhoods

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Community-Based Initiatives

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Waterfront Revitalization Projects

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Campus-Related Redevelopments

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Mixed-Use Development

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Advocacy Planning and Design

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MASTERPLAN STRATEGY The island is split into districts with different purposes and character similar to may towns and cities its size would exhibit •

Cultural District

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Marina District

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North Beach District

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South Beach District

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Garden District

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Wetlands District

Connected with Expressways, roads, LRT and ferries

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DISTRICT : CULTURAL •

Layout formed by edges, bridge and curvy configuration

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Urban form to concentrate on the cultural achievement of the Emirates

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Iconic Pearls

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DISTRICT : MARINA •

3 Main marinas that help form vistas

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Mix use development with main green space dividing district

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North/ South roads terminate on pearls

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DISTRICT : NORTH BEACH •

Focuses on beach and lagoon

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Entire coastline given to hotels for development but setback to allow public access

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Apartments and Villas sent behind the hotels looking into the lagoon

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DISTRICT : SOUTH BEACH •

Focuses on coastline and wetlands

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Beach accommodations more family oriented

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Series of small plazas and squares to serve as outdoor activities

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DISTRICT : GARDEN DISTRICT •

Focus of district is on lagoon

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Encourages waterside living and neighborhood living with schools, shops, cafes and mosques

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70 hectare park that houses numerous activities

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DISTRICT : WETLANDS DISTRICT •

Focus on tidal flats

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Use of contrasting range of tourism

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Used as a learning center with collaboration of the Marine Research Facility

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Exclusive villas and small eco-hotels

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COMPARISON What form of design is being used?

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Large focus on urban planning

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However it is clear that an urban designer led the team to create a more holistic approach • Architecture: Forms used to provide identity to local districts • Landscape: Represented with prevalent green spaces, beach reserves, wetlands, tidal flats, and an inland lagoon • Planning: Zoning and infrastructure work along side overall plan

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DESIGN APPROACHES AND CURRENTS •

Design approach and paradigm (Lang)

• Globalization versus Localization?

• Neo-Function Ecological? No •

New Currents in Urban Design (Brown) • Urban Revitalization and Historic Preservation • New Role for Waterfronts • Consensus Building • Sustainability and Smart Growth • Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) • Urban Villages and Traditional Neighborhood Development

• New Urbanism • Neomodernism and Posturbanism

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DESIGN APPROACHES AND IMPLEMENTATION •

Gensler is a global architectural firm that houses a variety of professional with offices in 44 locations and a network of over 3,500 professionals, crossing language and cultural barriers daily • With this in mind, it is clear that Saadiyat Island speaks to the overall globalization of post-modern theory in which Lang argues against

Ideologies include a heavy emphasis on western-focused tourism and of the six districts proposed only one district, the Cultural District, provides a form of localization as it establishes an idea of an emirate town with references to the historic architecture

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CURRENT URBAN DESIGN PARADIGM •

Does Saadiyat Isand follow “neo-functional ecological urban design?

• Needs to follow three criteria:

1. Design for activities: Provide opportunities for accepted behaviors to occur while providing opportunities for favorable ones as well 2. Symbolic Qualities: Done through spaces that are climactically appropriate use traditional building materials and methods, and use built form patterns that are meaningful to the region 3. Promoting a Healthy Environment: Promotes the health of the people and biological vitality/sustainability Conclusion: Yes in portions of the plan, no in others

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NEW CURRENTS IN URBAN DESIGN •

Master plan still maintains New Urbanists’ principles by creating a compact urban fabric on formerly developed land, albeit sparsely, while respecting the unique natural environment of salt marshes, creeks, and tidal flats though its Wetland District, Garden District, and Lagoon Conservation Area

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IMPLEMENTATION MECHANISM •

Saadiyat Island is to be developed under a single, overarching zone while each of the five districts on Saadiyat Island can have subset zoning or additional layer of zoning regulation and guidelines functioning as district zoning in which developers need to comply with. In addition to zoning ordinances, since the SIDA is tasked with development approval processes, it is likely that some version of either a design or architectural review will also be required of developers

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PERSPECTIVES SUPPORTED BY PROJECT •

After analyzing the Saadiyat Island Master Plan against Lang’s globalization versus localization perspective and his neo-functional ecological approach and Brown et al’s current trends in urban design, the perspective that supports the propject to the fullest extent is Brown et al’s New Urbanist trend.

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However, there are a few discontinuities with this perspective and the master plan, most notably the Neomodernist scale and top-down approach. Still, the key tenants of the New Urbanist perspective are satisfied including mixed-uses, sustainability, transportation, and connectivity

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DESIGN AND PLANNING PRINCIPLES •

Saadiyat Island’s Master Plan has incorporated several critical design policies that will promote Abu Dhabi’s economic diversification into not only a resource wealthy nation, but also a world-renowned tourism destination. These major master plan design policies include land use, transportation network, and identity and images.

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ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY •

In order to create a holistic and integrated approach, new urban form must rearrange itself and create polycentric urban structure that is supported by a walkable community.

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GREEN URBANISM •

Saadiyat Island in reference to public transport is unsuccessful in creating a system designed to be widely used by the island inhabitants. Proposed solutions of light rail transportation take a back seat to the strong emphasis of the personal vehicles

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Saadiyat Island will continue to plan climate appropriate plants in areas such as the garden and Wetlands Districts

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Materials that are going to be used to build this mater plan must be shipped hundreds or thousands of mile,. The island also has little sustainable transport as there is a heavy focus on the personal vehicle.

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USAGE OF COMPUTATIONAL TOOLS •

Saadiyat Island Master Plan utilizes a series of digital tools that assisted in the design process as well as the finished presentation: • Digital photography • GIS • 2D/3D modeling • Digital rendering tools

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CONCLUSIONS While an exemplary case study, Saadiyat Island Master Plan does contain a few weak points, indicating that our profession has more work to do in order to achieve the ideals we seek to embody. Nevertheless, as Saadiyat Island proves, strong urban design projects around the globe exist to demonstrate the best efforts of the profession, creating a foundation and pointing the way forward.

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REFERENCES Al-Koamany, K. (2002) Visualization Tools and Methods in Community Planning: From Freehand Sketches to Virtual Reality. Journal of Planning Literature, 17(2), 189-211 Brown, L. J., Dixon, D., & Gillham, O. (2009). Urban Design for an Urban Century: Place making for people. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Bullivant, L. (2012). Master planning Futures. New York, NY: Routledge.

Brown, L. J., Dixon, D., & Gillham, O. (2009). Urban Design for an Urban Century: Place making for people. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Gensler. (2005). Saddiyat Island: Master Plan Report. London: Author.

Haider, H. (2006). Capital unveils Dh100b Saadiyat Island Project. Retrieved September 21,2013, from http://www.khaleejtimes.com/DisplayArticle.asp?xfile=data/business/2006/April/ business_ April546.xml&section=business Lang, John (2009). International urban design: theory and practice. Urban Design and Planning, DP1 (162), 7-17.

Levy, John (2013). Contemporary Urban Planning (10th ed.). New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall.

Lloyd-Jones, T. (2006). Globalising Urban Design. In M. Moor & J. Rowland (Eds.), Urban Design Futures (pp. 29-37). New York: Routledge.

Kreiger, A. (2006). Territories of Urban Design. In M. Moore, & J. Rowlan (Ed.), Urban Design Futures (pp. 18-28). New York, Ny: Routledge.

Murray, M (2013). Connecting growth and wealth through visionary planning: The case of Abu Dhabi 2030. Planning Theory & Practice, 14(2), 278-282.

Ponzini, D (2011). Large scale development projects and star architecture in the absence of democratic politics: The case of Abu Dhabi, UAE. Cities, 28, 251-259.

Tourism Development and Investment Company (2013). Saadiyat. Retrieved September 21, 2013, from http://www.tdic.ae/en/project/projects/master-developments/saadiyat-island.html

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03. R Y E R S O N U N I V E R S I T Y CAMPUS MASTER PLAN

LOCATION: Toronto, Ontario, Canada BY: Andrew Baca and Marshall Cowan

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PROJECT STATEMENT Ryerson wants to design a flexible master plan framework both visionary and practical  Shaped by excellence and sustainability  Guide for growth and place making  Catalyst for change

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MERIT •

Received the Institute Honor Award for Regional & Urban Design by the AIA in 2010.

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Recognizes the achievements involving the expanding role of the architect in urban design.

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SPHERES OF URBAN ACTION (KRIEGER) Falls under two categories  The Architecture of the City  Urban Design as Place-Making

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PLANNING INITIATIVE (BROWN) Smart-Growth and Campus-Related Redevelopment

 Three goals:  Urban Intensification  People First  Design Excellence

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INTENSIFICATION

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PEOPLE FIRST

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DESIGN EXCELLENCE

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COMPARISON (KRIEGER V BROWN) Brown’s classifications was the best  Campus-related Redevelopment

Simply because it had a classification that was exactly what our project was. Makes a lot of sense.

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DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT APPROACH Goal highlights more local approach  Sensitivity to existing fabric Global approach as well  Building forms and implementation of masterplan

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CURRENT URBAN DESIGN (LANG) There are not really any arguments that support Lang’s article

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NEW CURRENT IN URBAN DESIGN (BROWN) New Urbanism mostly represents the Campus  Promotes walkability, connectivity, smart transportation, and sustainability

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IMPLEMENTATION MECHANISM Planned Unit Development (PUD)  Educational PUD  Classrooms, labs, and residential

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URBAN CHALLENGES/ISSUES •

Responded to three key trends mentioned by Lloyd-Jones (2006)

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Influence the quality of developments

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Responded to the threat to existing town centers

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Being a creative industry

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Urban sustainability

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Ryerson, has become a creative industry that is producing services for “highvalue” users (i.e. the students) therefore

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There has been a renewed popularity of metropolitan living (Lloyd-Jones 2006) which is sparking the surrounding area to revitalize itself.

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DESIGN AND PLANNING PRINCIPLES Three main design policies/goals  Urban intensification  people first: pedestrianization of the urban environment  commitment to design excellence

The school’s facilities and programs become a creative industry for the area

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DESIGN AND PLANNING PRINCIPLES The integration of elements will help define the boundaries of the Ryerson campus and assert itself within the urban context  Including landscaping, benches, lighting Ryerson has been inviting for the general population and places an influence on the surrounding context as well

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ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY Ryerson is implementing a maximum 10 minute walking radius for the campus which matches exactly Clarke’s “ped shed” zone The Ryerson campus has an extended zone beyond the campus based on a 20 minute walk for more housing opportunity in which they are encouraging new developments Strategically intensify the campus, opportunities to purchase properties around the site for development in the future to support the campus of tomorrow

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ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY Framework has also set principles to create a synergy between the Ryerson campus and the existing neighborhood Pedestrian ways, cycling paths, and integration with public mass transit systems allow for members of the community to use them as well as the open green spaces that they provide

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USAGE OF COMPUTATIONAL TOOLS Computational tools were used heavily to make the renderings of the site and buildings

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CONCLUSIONS The Ryerson Campus Master Plan is becoming the front runner for true urban campus and how to do them properly by integrating the community, promoting smart transportation and growth and becoming sustainable within the urban context

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REFERENCES Al-Kodmany, K. (2002). Visualization tools and methods in community planning: From freehand sketches to virtual reality. Journal of Planning Literature,17(2), 189-211.

Brown et al. (2005). Urban design for an urban century: Placemaking for people. Wiley.

Bullivant, L. (2012). Master planning futures. Routledge.

Clarke, P. (2009), Urban Planning and Design. In Dalman, E., Von Scheele, C. (Eds), Sustainable Urban Design, an Environmental Approach, 2nd Ed. (pgs.12-21), Oxon, Taylor and Francis Dalman, E., Von Scheele, C. (2009), Sustainable Urban Design, an Environmental Approach, 2nd Ed., Oxon, Taylor and Francis Dunster, B. (2006), What is the “New Ordinary�?. Moor, M., Rowland, J. (Eds.). Urban Design Futures. (pgs.122-134) London: Routledge.

Lang, J. (2005). Urban design: A typology of procedures and products. Routledge.

Levy, J. (2006) Contemporary Urban Planning: Eighth Edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall.

Kpmb wins 2010 aia institute honor award for ryerson university master plan. (2010). Retrieved from http://www.kpmbarchitects.com/index.asp?navid=19&fid2=107 Lloyd-Jones, T. (2006) Globalising Urban Design. Moor, M., Rowland, J. (Eds.). Urban Design Futures. (pgs.29-37) London: Routledge.

Moor, M. (2006). Urban design features. London: Routledge.

Owens, A. (2013). Ryerson university master plan. International New Landscape, 03(04), 22-29.

PROJECTS. (2007) Canadian Architect 52(1), 11-13.

Ryerson University. (2008). Retrieved from http://www.ryerson.ca/about/masterplan/ Ryerson university master plan. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.aia.org/practicing/awards/AIAB082078

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04. G U A N M I N G S M A R T C I T Y MASTER PLAN

LOCATION: Shenzhen, China BY: Ewa Koza and Chris Richardson

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TEAM CJ Lim Studio 8 Architects lead by professor CJ Lim Consultants: Fulcrum (Environmental + Sustainability Engineers) Techniker (Land/Civil Engineers) KMCS (Quantity Surveyors) Alan Baxters + Associates (Transportation Engineers) Urban Planning + Design Institute of Shenzhen

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INTERNATIONAL COMPETITION (2007) Client: Shenzhen Municipal Planning Bureau Location: Shenzhen, China Area: 7.97 square kilometers Competition requirements: design and plan an environmentally-friendly city for 2000,000 inhabitants Award: 3rd place

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Guangming location—Shenzhen, China

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PROBLEMS •

Vast scale of agricultural area • Agricultural context: site is a fertile farming area that exports much of its product to nearby Hong Kong

•

Preserve the farming character of the district • Aspiration of Chinese government to preserve farmlands, finding employment in agriculture

•

Mix of social and economic groups that don’t create one community

•

Find a balance between high-rise development and agricultural areas

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GUANGMING SMARTCITY MASTERPLAN

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GUANGMING SMARTCITY INFRASTRUCTURE

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GOALS Create an environmentally friendly district •

Promote eco-products, organic foodstuffs, holistic living

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Vertical farms, floral gardens, arable laboratories

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Breeding animals in their natural environment

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Recycling of livestock manure and human organic waste

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Environmentally friendly building localization

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Increasing density, avoiding sprawl

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Limit carbon emissions

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Car-free zone

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GOALS Combine urban design with an eco-sustainable district •

Smartcity as a reconciliation between urban growth and rural preservation

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New employment opportunities

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South China Agricultural University in Guangzhou

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Mixed-use

•

Access to public transportation

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GOALS Keep agricultural traditions •

Continue agricultural heritage

•

Increase awareness and promote employment in agriculture/agricultural tech

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Eco-gastronomy

Create self-sufficient suburbs •

Create a new market for goods and services for the city

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Advanced farming techniques

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Waste recycling

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GUANGMING SMARTCITY URBAN AGRICULTURE

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GOALS Secure food sustainability for citizens •Local food production •“Guanming Smartcity locates people where the food grows instead of moving food to the people”

Bring together different communities •Servicing for its won residents •Create places for community activities •Mixed-income communities blended together

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Guanming tower + crater ‘suburbs’ Tower and crater ‘suburbs’ provide a variety of experiences, environments, and provide the ability to share resources

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GUANGMING URBAN TRANSECTS + LAND USE

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GUANGMING URBAN TRANSECTS + LAND USE

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ANALYSIS Krieger “Territory”

Urban Design as Smart Growth •

Suburban growth management

•

Promotes a ‘smarter’ way to manage land and resources

•

Broadens perspective to address ecological issues, energy management, infrastructure systems, issues of public health, etc. as a dialogue in conjunction with the urban and architectural design

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ANALYSIS Brown, et al “Planning Initiative”

Smart Growth Initiative •

Seeks to prevent further deterioration and destruction of agricultural land

•

Re-imagines suburbs as planned, mixed-use urban environments, outside the urban core

•

Increases residential and commercial density without reducing existing agricultural supply

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ANALYSIS Brown, et al “Reinventing Old versus Inventing New”

Inventing New Neighborhoods •

New city center for Guanming New Town, outside Shenzhen

•

Encourages mixed-use

•

Protects environmental resources and conserves landscapes

•

Fully supported by effective transport infrastructure and implements new varied transit options

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REFERENCES Al-Kodmany, K. (2002). Visualization Tools and Methods in Community Planning: From Freehand Sketches to Virtual Reality. Journal of Planning Literature , 17 (2), 189-211.

Brown, L. J., Dixon, D., & Gillham, O. (2009). Recentralization: The City as the Future. In Urban Design for an Urban Century (pp. 80-101). Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Bullivant, L. (2012). Master planning Futures. New York, New York: Routledge.

Clarke, P. (2009). “Urban Planning and Design” in A. Ritchie & R. Thomas (Eds.), Sustainable Urban Design, An Environmental Approach (2 ed.). New York, NY: Taylor & Francis.

Dalman, E. & Von Scheele, C. (2009). “BO01 and Flagghusen: Ecological City Districts in Malmo, Sweden” in A. Ritchie and R. Thomas (Eds.) Sustainable Urban Design, An Environmental Approach (2 ed.). New York, NY: Taylor & Francis.

Dunster, B. (2006). “What Is the ‘New Ordinary’” in M. Moor & J. Rowland (Eds.) Urban Design Futures. London; New York, Routledge.

Edgar, R. (2012, August 17). Cultivated Take on Urban Design. Retrieved December 4, 2013, from Sydney Morning Herald: http://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/art-and-design/cultivated-take-on-urban-design-20120816-24bfm.html Krieger, A. (2006). Territories of Urban Design. In S. Loew, M. Moor, & J. Rowland, Urban Design Futures (pp. 10-27). New York: Routledge.

Lang, J. (2009). International Urban Design: Theory and Practice. Urban Design and Planning , 7-17.

Levy, J. (2013). Contemporary Urban Planning. In The Tools of Land-Use Planning (10th ed., pp. 135-170). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall.

Lim, C. J., & Liu, E. (2010). Case Study 1-Urban Agriculture: Guangming Smartcity. In Smartcities + eco-warriors (pp. 50-99). New York, NY: Routledge.

Lim, C. J. (2010). Smartcities. Architectural Research Quarterly, 15(03), 279-288. doi:10.1017/S1359135511000820 Lloyd-Jones, T. (2006). “Globalising Urban Design” in M. Moor & J. Rowland (Eds.) Urban Design Futures. London; New York, Routledge.

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05. B E I J I NG C E N T R A L B U S I N E S S DISTRICT EAST EXPANSION LOCATION: Beijing, China BY: Esther Garcia, Patty Green, and Becca Roberts

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LOCATION Location: Heart of Beijing, China (Central Business District) Project area: 4.2 million square meters

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PROJECT INFORMATION Design Completion: 2009-present Project team: Skidmore, Owens, Merrill, LLC + Office of James Barnett

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THE URBAN PLAN • Bring the human spirit and the human scale • Environmentally-forward flexible framework • Natural beauty paired with engineering innovation • Become the world-wide model for sustainable urban development

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AWARDS (2011) AIA Institute Honor Award for Regional and Urban Design (2011) Chicago Athenaeum—Green Good Design Award (2010) AIA Illinois—Daniel Burnham Award—Citation of Merit (2010) LEAF Awards—Mater Planning and Landscape: Shortlisted

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URBAN CHALLENGES •

Environmental Sustainability

•

Traffic Congestion and Pollution

•

Rapid Population Growth

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DESIGN MEASURES TO ADDRESS THE URBAN CHALLENGES Environmental Sustainability • Low carbon master plan • Integrated infrastructure allows for an extremely efficient urban development.

• A “sustainable engine” in the form of a central park with a geothermal exchange.

Traffic Congestion and Pollution • 80 percent of resident and worker travel can be made by public transit, bicycle, or foot.

• Transit stations will enable quick access to the airport, while a new system of pedestrian friendly streets system will link all districts together.

Rapid Population Growth • Increase density, emphasis on high rise buildings

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DESIGN MEASURES TO ADDRESS THE URBAN CHALLENGES SOM defines the use of a flexible framework and a green approach conceived to insure a 21st Century Global Community at the center of the world economy

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EIGHT PROJECT PRINCIPLES 1. Great Minds

5. Intelligent Infrastructure

2. Connectivity

6. The City Block

3. Great Parks and Green Boulevards

7. Vibrant Districts

4. The Center

8. Balance with Nature

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FOUR GOALS OF THE PROJECT 1.

Restore commitment to public open space

2.

Maximize Multi-Modal Transit and Reduce Traffic Congestion

3. Showcase Innovative Infrastructure 4. Bridge past and present visions

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CURRENT TRENDS IN URBAN DESIGN •

Transit Oriented Development - Sustainable transport - Multi-level transport interchange

•

Smart Growth

•

Sustainability

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CURRENT TRENDS IN URBAN DESIGN •

Transit Oriented Development

•

Smart Growth

•

Sustainability -Energy conservation and generation -Integrated mix of urban activities reduces travel times and conserves energy, and the Energy Tower is renewable energy factory for the CBD.

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GLOBALIZATION The CBD plan had strong emphasis on: •

The growth of the CBD as a global force in the business world.

•

Bringing “great minds” to the area, encouraging future growth.

•

Highlighting new practices for healthy living, sustainable practices, becoming a global voice in urban planning practices.

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LOCALIZATION •

The plan focuses on designing at a human scale.

•

Large, somewhat “post-modern” architecture is typical of this area.

•

Design does not create a strong local identity. This plan could potentially work in any large metropolitan area.

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GLOBALIZATION VS. LOCALIZATION Overall, the CBD Expansion focuses much more on the creation of a global force rather than a local identity.

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NEO-FUNCTIONAL ECOLOGICAL URBAN DESIGN The CBD East Expansion focuses on creating a place for healthy living, providing easy transportation, and highlighting a focus on green design.

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USE OF COMPUTATIONAL TOOLS •

Digital iconic fused with digital symbolic model

•

Space Syntax, main urban planning technology

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USE OF COMPUTATIONAL TOOLS •

Digital iconic fused with digital symbolic model

•

Space Syntax, main urban planning technology -Analysis at different scales, ranging from movement for different layout designs, to measuring the fitness for purpose of each for walking, cycling and driving.

-Iterative design process, based on testing different layout ideas until the most efficient solution was conceived.

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CONCLUSIONS The new CBD’s environmentally-forward flexible framework brought natural beauty and engineering innovation to Beijing, and helped the city become a world-wide model for sustainable urban development.

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REFERENCES (2012). The SOM Vision, The CBD Vision [Online video]. Retrieved September 17, 2013, from https://www.som.com/video/som-s-vision-beijing-cbd Bullivant, L. (2012). Master planning futures. (pp. 264-274). New York: Routledge.

Ding, C. Policy and Planning Challenges to Promote Efficient Urban Spatial Development during the Emerging Rapid Transformation in China.

Sustainability Journal. Retrieved November 19, 2013.

Green, J. (2010, September 20). Tackling Beijing’s Rapidly Expanding Sprawl. In The Dirt. Retrieved November 19, 2013, from http://dirt.asla.org/2010/09/20/tackling-Beijing's-rapidly-expanding-sprawl/ (July 10, 2012 Tuesday ). Beijing CBD reimagined in Space Syntax's low carbon masterplan. Architects Journal, Retrieved from www.lexisnexis.com/hottopics/lnacademic Low carbon spatial master planning. Space Syntax, Retrieved November 18, 2013 from masterplanning/

http://www.spacesyntax.com/project/low-carbon-spatial-

CSOFT's Headquarters Expand into Beijing's Central Business District; CSOFT International's New World Headquarters Are Now Located in the Heart of China's Capital. Business Wire, Retrieved from www.lexisnexis.com/hottopics/lnacademic Qin, Bo, Han,Sun Sheng. (2013). Emerging polycentricity in Beijing: Evidence from housing price variations, 2001-05. Urban Studies, 50(10), 20062023. doi: 10.1177/0042098012471979 SOM’s Beijing CBD East Expansion Plan Wins National AIA Honor Award (2011, January 7). In SOM. Retrieved September 16, 2013, from https://www.som.com/news/som-s-beijing-cbd-east-expansion-plan-wins-national-aia-honor-award SOM’s Beijing CBD East Expansion Plan Wins National AIA Honor Award (n.d.). In SOM. Retrieved September 17, 2013, from https://www.som.com/project/beijing-cbd-east-expansion-competition

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