The story of our country by Filipiniana Online

Monument at Balintawak to the Filipino patriots of I896

PREFACE THIs book, entitled The Story of Our Country, is an adaptation from the author's Philippine History Stories. As a whole the text of the original has been largely preserved and with some slight changes incorporated in this volume. In many places, however, complete revision has been undertaken and some chapters have ~een rewritten with a view to rendering the whole book more suitable to the needs of young Filipinos. In our country and elsewhere, it is essential so to arrange the elementary curriculum as to give all boys and girls of school age an opportunity to study the history of the fatherland. Unfortunately, in the Philippines as in many other countries, a large number of boys and girls leave school after attending the first four or five years of the elementary course. It is necessary, therefore, if we wish to foster sound and intelliÂˇgent citizenship in our land, to begin the teaching of Philippine history and government in the primary school. The Story of Our Country was written especially for Filipino boys and girls. It narrates the history of our country in langUage that is simple and drrect, and in a style that is easy for children to understand. The narrative sets forth in a concise way the fundamental events of our country's history, and gives the lives and deeds of the men who played an important part in these events. Whenever possible, these events have been v

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Preface

arranged chronologically and presented in the form of stories. Needless to say, in a volume of this size many subjects that can be fittingly dealt with only in a larger book are omitted. The message written by the late Dr. T. H. Pardo de Tavera as an introduction for this work in its original form is equally significant in this connection. 0

For a long time public opinion has been demanding that the history of our country be taught in the primary schools. This plan is all the more necessary because, unfortunately for us, the minds of Filipino children are already filled with absurdities and falsehoods concerning our history which are calculated to belittle the Filipinos and to glorify the work of the conquerors. I am opposed to the creation of that patriotic spirit which would be intensified by supposed national virtues, because I believe that the true grandeur of a nation does not consist principally in the deeds of its ancestors, but in the achievements of its living citizens. It is true that the work of the ancestors constitutes a valuable patrimony for the civilization of a people; but the one thing needful is to train citizens endowed with the ambition to forge ahead, and convinced of the effectiveness of personal efforts in tli~ attainment of progress. This history shows to our children what our past has really been. It demonstrates the fact that, if in the period of discovery we had a civilization inferior to that of the Europeans, we were at the same time imbued with. the spirit of assimilation and of progress which has been the cause for our Âˇnational unity and for our faith in our future as an independent nation. In brief, simple, clear, and effective language, the im-

Preface

Vll

portant historical facts that describe and throw light upon our nation~llifehave been excellently set forth. The author has not attempted to argue; he has merely sought facts and presented them. From a reading of these facts, the children will derive a true knowledge of our history, as well as the conviction that, following the paths of the most civilized nations, although we have had a modest past, nevertheless the horizon of our future is boundless, continuously advanced as it is by the productive application of - 'our energies and by the study of human progress wherever the source. We should not magnify the past nor our conditions, but we should relate events just as they took place. Instead of filling the head of the child with fairy tales and mysterious and incredible happenings, let us tell him things that really came to pass: These are the things that train the mind to grasp the processes of that which we call the evolution of Filipino thought and progress.

In the preparation of this volume the writer is indebted to many kind friends who helped him in various ways, especially to President Camilo Osias of the National University and to Dean Jorge Bocobo of the University of the Philippines. He is indebted, - moreover, to Mrs. Juliana C. Pineda and to Miss Marfa Luna, principal and model teacher, respectively, for Grade IV in the Zurbatan Elementary School, for many useful suggestions. The author is also grateful to the W orId Book Company for permission to incorporate parts of the Philippine History Stories. THE AUTHOR UNIVERSITY OF THE PmLIPPINES

MANILA

CONTENTS CHAPTER

PAGE

THE STORY OF OUR FOREFATHERS • • • • • • The Early Peoples - The Story of the Ten Datos -Who Our Forefathers Were - How Our Forefathers Lived - How They Ruled Their Villages and Towns - Marriage Customs - Mourning Religion - How OunForefathers Earned a Living - Early Writing .

How OUR COUNTRY WAS FOUND BY EUROPEANS. Magellan. The Story of Magellan's Voyage-How Magellan Discovered the Philippines - Making Friends with the Filipinos - Raja HumabonMagellan and Lapulapu - The Return of the Victoria to Spain - Naming the Phillppine Islands

·20

3. .How THE SPANIARDS BECAME OUR RULERS • • • The Coming of Legaspi - Making the First Settlement - Andres de Urdaneta - The Second Settlement - Juan de Salcedo - How the Spaniards Came to ·Manila - Rebuilding the Spanish City of Manila - Martin de Goiti - How Salcedo Conquered Luzon

THE STORY OF THE GALLEON TRADE

•

The Commerce of Manila Long Ago - The Trade with Mexico - The Galleons - The Story of the Santa Ana - How the Galleon Trade Was Ended

QUARRELS

BETWEEN

OFFICIALS.

•

GOVERNMENT .

•

AND •

•

CHURCH •

•

The Story of Nava - The Story of Bustamante IX

Contents

PAGE

CHAPTER

THE STORY OF SOME OF OUR EARLY REVOLTS

•

Agustin de Legaspi - The Story of Tamblot's Revolt - Sumoroy's Revolt - The Story of Andres Malong - Francisco Dagohoy - Diego Silan and the British

7. How

THREE ABLE SPANISH GOVERNORS RULED

OUR

COUNTRY.

The Story of Simon de Anda - Jose Basco - Pascual Emile 8.

THE STORY OF THREE GREAT FILIPINOS

•

Francisco Baltazar, the Filipino Poet - Father Pedro Pelaez - Father Jose Burgos

9. THE C AVITE REVOLT The Rule of Latorre - The Rule of Izquierdo 10. RIZAL AND HIS COMPANIONS

95 101

Our Countrymen in Spain- GracianoL6pez Jaena, . the Orator - Marcelo H. del Pilar - Jose Rizal, Our National Hero - Mariano Ponce - Juan Luna, the Painter II.

THE BEGINNING OF THE REVOLUTION

•

116

The Katipunan - Andres BonifaCio, the Father of the Philippine RevolutioN. - Emilio Jacinto, the Brains of the Katipunan - How the Revolution Began - Edilberto Evangelista, the EngineerGeneral Emilio Aguinaldo - The Story of the Pact of -Biacnabato 12 . THE END OF THE REVOLUTION.

The Broken Promises - The Coming of. the Americans - The Filipino Government - Apolinario

13 1

Contents CHAPTER

Xl PAGE

Mabini, the Brains of the Revolution - The Fall of Manila - The Constitution and Its Author I3. THE AMERICANS AND THE FILIPINOS.

How the War with the Americans Began - General Antonio Luna - The Hero of Tila Pass - The Capture of Aguinaldo - Governor William H. Taft - Cayetano Arellano - Our Country Today

I41

PHILIPPINE, NATIONAL . HYMN. Land of the morning, Child of the Sun returning, With fervor burn41g Thee do our souls adore. Land dear and holy, Cradle of noble heroes, Ne'er shall invaders Trample thy sacred shore. Ever within thy skies and through the clouds And o'er thy hills and sea ,Do we behold the radiance, feel the throb Of glorious liberty. Thy banner floats above us here, Its sun and stars alight, Oh, never shall its shining field Be dimmed by tyrant's might. Beautiful land of love, 0 land of light, In thine embrace 'tis rapture to lie; But it is glory ever when thou art wronged For us, thy sons, to suffer and die. (Translated by Lane and Osias)

xiii

PHlLIPPINE ISLANDS AND

ADJACENT COASTS

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.Long before the coming of the Spaniards, the people of the Philippines traded with Japan and China. They traded also with Borneo and the other islands to the south and southwest. It was by way of the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, and Borneo that the Indonesians and the ~alays traveled northward into the PHilippines.

THE STORY OF OUR COUNTRY CHAPTER ONE THE

STORY OF

OUR

FOREFATHERS

WE wish to know who our forefathers were. We are interested to learn about them. Where did they come from? What did they look like? How did they live? To answer these questions, we must look back hundreds -of years. T~

EARLY PEOPLES

Many, many years ago the only people 'living in, our country were the Aetas. We do not know fron;r-w hat country they came. ' Perhaps they have always lived here. They hunted with bows and arrows. They were short and black. They had flat noses and kinky hair. , You will :find a picture of an Aeta on the next page. Some of these people still live in the mountains. They are often called Negritos. Have you ever seen a - Negrito? Do the Negritos of today look like the Aeta in the picture on page 2? For many years the Aetas were the only people who lived here. Then one day, other people from southeastern Asia came to our country. We call them Indonesians. The Indonesians were different from the Aetas. They were not very dark. They were tall and slender. I

The Story of Our Country

They had high noses and long, wavy hair. They made their homes along the seacoast and in the river valleys. They drove the Negritos to the mountains. They used spears in hunting and in fighting.

An Aeta

Many years later, people of another race came to live in our country. These people were the Malays. The Malays were different from both the Aetas and the Indonesians. They were taller than the Aetas. They were wiser than the Indonesians. Their hair was straight and black, and their skin was brown.

The Story of Our F or,efather s

S~me

persons think that the Malays first lived in southeastern Asia. They were a brave people. They had no fear of the 0cean. In their large boats they saiiem tali over the seas.

An Indonesian

Y mi. know what a banka looks like. A Malay boat was built liJke a banka. :But it was many times larrger' than a banka. It had sails that the winds could not tear to pieces. I t was a~so much stronger than a banka. Some of the boats cOlllJd carry a whole ÂŁanrily.

The Story of Our Country

In one of these large boats, a Malay chief and his family would cross from one island to another. They would wander from place to place, and in this way they found many new lands. It was in these boats that they came to our country. THE STORY OF THE TEN DATOS

An old story tens us how the Malays came to Panay Island. A long time ago some of the people of Panay were Aetas. Their chief was Marikudo. He was a very strong man. He could run almost as fast as a deer. One day many strange boats were seen coming toward Panay. These b0ats had sails and were very large. What boats do you think they were? They were Malay boats from Borneo. Nearer and nearer the boats came, until they reached the beach. In the boats were ten datos, or chiefs. The greatest chief among them was Dato Puti. With the datos came their wives, their sons and daughters, and many other people. Marikudo and his men met the visitors on the beach. They asked what the Malays wanted. _ Dato Puti answered, "We have come to buy some land. We like your country. It is beautiful and fertile." . Marikudo blew a-horn. _ This was to call his people ' together. They prepared a great feast. They ate and.

The Story of Our Forefathers

danced with the visitors. Thus they welcomed the Malays to Panay Island. Later they talked about the sale of the land. Marikudo was ~ing to sell the lowland. Dato Puti was

A Malay

pleased. He ordered a gold "sadok,~" or hat made of gold, to be brought in. He gave this and a gold neck- lace to Marikudo to pay for the land. The new owners now began to clear their- land. 'They cut down the trees . . They burned the leaves, branches, and dead grass. Then they chose good places along the rivers. There they built houses. Did they then stop working ? No, they planted rice, coconuts, bamboo, nipa, and other useful plants. They worked for , many days and weeks. They pun-

The Story of Our Country

ished anyone who did not work. Sometimes they drove the lazy ones to the mountains. Thus we see how the Malays made their first home on Panay Island. Later they also lived in other parts of Panay. They divided the island into three "sakops," or districts. A dato ruled each district, and a greater dato ruled the whole island. He had more power than the other datos. WHO OUR FOREFATHERS WERE

Many more boats came, bringing Malays to Panay and to other islands. Many of the Malays liked the Philippines. They decided to stay and make their home here. At first they lived only on the lowlands near the sea. ,After a while they began to build villages up .the rivers. The Malays often had trouble with the Aetas and the Indonesians. They drove the Aetais and some of the Indonesians to the mountains and into the forests. But some of the Indonesians remained and lived in peace with the Malays. They became one people. They were our forefathers. Almost ' all the people of Luz@n, the Bisayas, and Mindanao 'belong to the Malay race. Therefore Tagalogs and Ilocanos are Malays, and the Bisayans and the Mohammedan Filipinos are Malays also. But now we .caU ou.rselves Filipinos. . Weare all one people.' We are proud Qf our ancestors.

The Story of Our Forefathers

A picture of a Malay ship. Many years ago an artist drew this ship to show what he thought Malay vessels looked like HOW OUR FOREFATHERS LIVED

Our forefathers loved the sea. They built their . houses near the seacoast and 'on river ba.nks. Their houses were raised high from the ground on wooden - posts or bamboo poles. The roof and sides were made of nipa or cogon grass. There were few rooms, and there was little furniture in the houses. Under the house, there were places for animals and fowls. Do you think it , was healthful to keep animals under the houses? The chiefs had better and finer houses than 'the rest of the people. Their houses were bigger and stronger.

The Story of Our Country

They had more furniture. The house of Raja Soliman, king of Manila, had furniture worth thousands of pesos. Do you know how our forefathers dressed? The men wore jackets of red, blue, or black cloth. These jackets had short sleeves. They also wore a strip of cloth wrapped around the hips and between the legs. Their legs and feet were bare. Instead of hats, they wore a piece of cloth wound around the head. They called this a "potong." On page 10 you may see how a chief dressed. The chief in the picture is standing behind a small cannon, called a "lantaka." The women wore waists and skirts of various colors. The waists had sleeves. The skirts were different from the skirts worn today. They were wrapped tightly around the hips and reached the ankles. The wives of the chiefs and the rich men wore finer clothes. Often their clothes were made of silk and were embroidered with gold. Our forefathers loved ornaments. Men and women valued thePl highly. They wore earrings, bracelets, and finger rings. They also had strings of white and blue beads. They wore these around the arms and legs. They had many other kinds of trinkets. Some of them placed tiny pieces of gold between their teeth. Do you think this was a good custom? Our ancestors were very polite. But their manners were different from our manners today. When friends met they removed their potongs. On entering a house, they made a low bow with hands extended in front.

The Story oj Our Forefathers

They also did this on passing between two persons. y oiUll~ boys and girls respected older people, especially their parents. They were also taught to respect their older brothers and sisters. HOW THEY RULED THEIR VILLAGES AND TOWNS

Today we li~e in towns and cities. A city is a large . town. We live also in villages, or barrios. What is the name of your town or village? Long ago ouI; forefathers also lived in villages and towns. T4ey called a village a "harangay." Sometimes one hundred' families lived in one barangay. Several barangays made up a town. On page 4, you read. the story of the ten datos. Do you .know what a dato or chief was? A dato or chief was the ruler of aÂˇ barangay. A man became a dato because his father had been a dato. A brave and wise man, though not a dato's son, could also b@come a chief. ' The dato was a powerfu.l man. He led his warriors in time of war. He made laws for the barangay. Some of the old men helped him to make the laws. Every person in the village obeyed these laws. E;ven the chief obeyed ' them. A man. who did not obey the iaws was punished. Oft~n several bar~ngays were close to each other. They Formed a big viHage or town. Each of these barangays was ruled by its dato. ,But sometimes one of the datos ~;va;s more powedul tham the others.

The Story of Our Country

He was often called a "raja." The raja, with the help of the datos, ruled the whole town.

An early Filipino chief

You see, then, that our forefathers had laws. The laws of a town were made by the raja and the datos together. When new laws were needed, the raja called all the datos to his house. He talked to them about the laws that 'were needed. The datos told him whether the new laws seemed good to them. In this way the raja made the new laws and the datos agreed to them. How did they tell the ' people about the laws? When the raja and the datos had agree9 upon a new law) they sent a public crier through all parts of the

The Story of Our Forefathers

I I

town. The crier rang a bell to call the attention of the people. He told them about the new laws. In this way everyone learned about the laws of the town. Some of the early laws were written. A set of laws was written in 1433 by a chief of Panay. His name was Kalantiaw. We still have these laws. But many of the laws were not written. They were customs taught by fathers to their sons. Our forefathers fol. lowed these customs very strictly. They obeyed them like\laws. Some of the early laws seem strange to us. But many of them were very good. They punished people who did wrong. A man who disobeyed a law was taken to his dato or raja to be tried. Sometimes he was tried by all the datos of the town together. He took an oath before them. "May the lightning strike me, may the crocodile eat Âˇ me, if I do not tell the truth," he would say. If a man was found to have done wrong, he was punished. Because of these laws, the good people could live in peace. ~AGE

CUSTOMS

Many customs of those days were different from the customs of today. When a young man wished to marry a young woman, he did not talk to her himself. Instead, the young man's father sent a friend to the young woman's father. The friend carried the young man's sp~ar. ,W hen he arrived at the young woman's

The Story of Our Country

house, he stuck the spear in the staircase. Then he went up the stairs. "Sir, you have a good daughter," he told the young woman's father. "A fine young man wishes to marry her. His father sent me here to talk to you. He is willing to give wedding presents of gold, jewels, and ' slaves." The father of the young . woman knew the young man. He liked him because he was kind, industrious, and brave. Therefore he was pleased. "Go, tell the young man and his father," he answered, "that it is well. They shall have my daughter." Preparations for the . wedding were then begun. The house of the young man's father was made ready . . Some men went to hunt deer. Others went to catch fish. Still others went for rice, fruit, and wine. At last, the day of the wedding came. Some of the bridegroo.m's relatives and friends went to the house of the bride. One of them took her upon his shoulders. Then they started back to the bridegroom's house. At the foot of the stairs, the bride became very shy. She did not wish to go up the stairs. So the bridegroom's father offered her a present. "Come up, daughter, and here is a slave for you," he said. The bride went up the stairs and then stopped. "Come in, daughter, and here is a beautiful jewel for you," said the bridegroom's father.

The Story of Our Forefathers

The bride entered the hous.e, but she remained standing. Then the father of the bridegroom gave her other presents, so that she would sit down, eat, and drink. The marriage ceremony then began. An old man stood and said: "This young man marries this young woman. He promises to be a good and industrious husband and she promises to be a true and faithful wife." An old woman came forward. She joined the hands of the bride and bridegroom over a dish of uncooked rice. Then she took some rice and threw it over the people. They all shouted, and the marriage ceremony wasÂˇ ended. MOURNING

How did our forefathers mourn the death of a relative? , When some oneÂˇ had died, his relatives ate very little. They did not eat rice; they ate only camotes and bananas. They wore rattan armlets and rattan bands around their necks. The women put -aside their ,fine clothes and ornaments and wore only white robe~. They did this until the time of mourn. lUg was over. . When a dato died, a messenger was sent to all parts of the village. He told the people of the dato's death. Everybody mourned. The whole village became quiet. All quarrels w@re stopped. No singing was allowed. No colored clothes were. worn. Men carried their

The Story of Our Country spears with points downward. Do you think they showed proper respect for the dead? RELIGION

On page 63, you will :find a picture of a church. This church is in Manila. Today there are many churches in our country like the one in the picture. Does the church in your town look like the one shown in the picture? Long ago there were no churches in the Philippines. Where do you suppose our forefathers prayed? They . prayed in many places. They prayed under a tree or out in the fields. Often they prayed in their own houses. Sometimes they held religious feasts. They held them in the house of the chief. These feasts lasted several days. All the people of the barangay attended. They placed a large lamp in the middle of the house and many small ones on the posts. They also brought many drums. They beat these drums .while the feast lasted. Our forefathers believed in a great God called Bathala. Bathala was the maker of all things. He made the sky, the earth, and the seas. They believed also in several less~r gods. Dian Masalanta was the god of love. Lalahon was the goddess of harvests. She lived in a volcano on the i~dand of Negros. Sidapa was the god of death. Our ancesI

The Story of Our Forefathers

tors believed that Sidapa owned a very tall tree. There were marks on this tree. Every living man had his mark. When a man's height reached his mark, he died. Our forefathers prayed to the spirits of their dead ancestors. They called them "anitos." In cases of danger, or in times of great difficulty, they prayed to the anitos for help. They made images of wood or metal to represent them. HOW OUR FOREFATHERS EARNED A LIVING

Do you wish to lrnow what our forefathers did for a living.? Many, very many, were farmers. In many of their fields, they raised rice. This was their chief food. You know how rice is raised today. In those days; they raised rice in about the same way. They worked ha~d, but they were hClJpPY. Sometimes they had music and songs while they planted the seedlings. Our forefathers raised other things besides rice. They planted coconuts~ cotton, and abaca. They also planted many kinds of fruit trees, like oranges and ~bananas. They raised many other useful plants. ~ In those days many people were merchants. Merchants from other countries came to trade with them. Traders came from China, Japan, and Borneo. There were also traders from the Moluccas. The Moluccas are a group of islands southeast of the Philippines. Can you find them on the map opposite page I? These tr.aders brougllt useful things ffom their countries to

The Story of Our .Co~ntry

sell. They bought many of ou~ products to carry back to their own countries. Some of these products were pearls, wax, betel nuts, and tortoise shells. Tlie Chinese were among the first foreign merchants to come to our country. They brought silk cloths, iron needles, cooking pans, and other useful things. They came in their trading junks. On page I7 is a picture of a Chinese junk of that time. Do we see sails on our ships today like those on the junk? The Chinese merchants ancho~ed their junks near a dato's house. Sometimes they beat a drum. This was a signal that all could come to trade. The merchants of the barangay went to the junks to get whatever articles they wished. Sometimes they exchanged native products for these. Often they obtained the ÂˇChinese goods without payment. They took the goods to other islands to sell: But they always came back to pay what they owed. What do you think about their honesty ? Our forefathers were great fishermen. They fished in the rivers, bays, and lakes. They caught fish in . various ways. They used hooks, spears, and many kinds of nets. They also used corrals made of rattan and bamboo. They fished for many things besides the different kinds of fish. They also caught turtles. They dried the shells of the turtles and sold them to the Chinese. Sometimes they:fished for small shellfish called "sigays." The shells of these sigays are very pretty. The Chi- .

The Story of Our Forefathers

An early Chinese trading junk

riese merchants took them to Siam, a country in -southeastern Asia. The sigays were used as money in Siam. In some places, olJr forefathers ' fished for pearls. Pearls are very valuable. There were many pearl fisheries in those days. Jo10 is still famous for its pearl fisheries. -' Besides farming, trading, and fishing our forefathers did many other kinds of work. Some people wove cloths an.d mats. Others made oil and wine. There

The StQry of Our Country

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_The Story of Our Forefathers

were many who built boats. A few people made gold . rings, bracelets, and neddaces. They were very hard workers. EARLY WRITING'

Do you suppose our forefathers could write ? Yes, they knew how to write. But their letters were different from our letters. Some people say they used fifteen letters. These letters were a, e Oli i, 0 or u, b, d, g, h, k., 1, m, n, p, s, t, and y. On the qpposite page is a picture of some of their writing. Tt Y to read some QÂŁ the letter~ in this picture. In those days, the people had no paper. What do you think they wrote on? They ( wrote on palm leaves, tree bark, and bamboo canes. They used a sharp iron point for a pen. They wrote the number of their cattle. They wrote short poems and songs. ' Sometimes they wrot~ their laws.

CHAPTER TWO

How

OUR COUNTRY WAS FOUND BY EUROPEANS

have read the story of our forefathers. We have learned where they came from, how they came to these islands, and how they lived. We have seen that . people in Asia knew about these islands and that merchants came here from Asia to trade with our forefathers. Now we shall read the story of how people from Europe first came here. How did the people of Europe find our islands? MAGELLAN

A long time ago there lived a brave and wise sailor by the name of Ferdinand Magellan. He was born in Portugal in the year 1480. Portugal is a small country close to Spain in southwestern Europe. Find it on a map in your geography. When a boy, Ferdinand became a page in the palace of the king. There he had many teachers. These teachers taught him what they knew about the stars and the Âˇ seas. They made him wish to become a great sailor. "Some day, when I become a man," Magellan said to himself, " I will sail the seas and discover new lands." When Magellan was twenty-five years old, he wished to go to India. India is a country in southern Asia. In what direction from the Philippines is India? Magellan became a soldier. He left Portugal with many of his countrymen in the year 1505. They reached 20

How Our Country Was Found

India and visited several other countries in Asia. Magellan and some others went as far as the islands of Amboyna and Banda, in the Molucca Islands. Do you remember where these islands are? Find them on the' map opposite page 1. THE STORY OF' MAGELLAN'S VOYAGE

Magellan believed that the earth was round. He thought that a ship could reach the Molucca Islands by going either east or west from Portugal. He had already reached them by sailing east. He thought that they were' so far east that he could reach them more quickly by sailing west. Therefore, he. planned to reach the Molucca Islands by sailing west. He told his plan to the king of Portugal. But the king was not friendly to Magellan. He would not give hlm ships and men. S~ Magellan left Portugal and went to Spain. Charles the First was then king of Spain. Magellan totd the king that he could go to the Molucca Islands by sailing west. Charles listened to Magellan. He ~!,as pleased with Magellan's plan. Do you know why King Charles was pleased? The Molucca Islands were the home of pepper, cinnamon, doves, and other spices. They are sometimes called the Spice Islands. Spices did not grow in Europe, but the Europeans needed them. So they wanted to Jmd the shortest' way to the Molucca Islands. That is why King Charles was glad to hear Magellan's plan.

The Story of Our Country

"It is well," said he. "You shall have all the men you need. You shall have ships and supplies also." This made Magellan very happy. The king ordered that five ships be prepared for the voyage'. In a few weeks, they were ready. They were the Trinidad, San Antonio, Concepcion, Victoria, and Santiago. Can you remember their names? The Trinidad was the largest vessel. Magellan decided to make the voyage aboard this vessel. This meant that the Trinidad was his flagship. At last, the ships were ready to start. There were about two hundred and seventy brave sailors aboard. Most of the sailors Were Spaniards. They sailed from Spain on September 20, 1519. In what direction did they sail? The five ships crossed the Atlantic Ocean. Then they sailed down the eastern coast- of South America. On page 23 there is a map showing the way Magellan's vessels sailed. Can you trace their voyage on 1't?.

The brave leader had many , troubles. Some of the men did not want to continue the voyage. These men were enemies of Magellan. They did not like ~im be~ause he was a Portuguese. They planned to kill him, but they were not able to do so. Magellan punished them severely. Magellan did not know how far south the continent of South America extended. But he believed that he would find 'a passage, through which he could sail to

How Our Country Was Found

Magellan's voyage. The solid black line shows Magellan's route from Sji)ain around South America, through the Strait of Magellan, to the Philippine Islands. The broken line shows the route followed by Del Cano o:t;l. the return to Spain.

Asia. One day in October, I520, he found the passage. This body of water is now 'called the Strait of Magellan. It took more than a month to sail through this strait. Why is it called the Strait of Magellan? At the end of the passage; Magellan found a great ocean. Its water was so quiet that he called it the Pacific. What does the name " Pacific" mean? Magellan thought that Asia could not be very far off. He ' was mistaken. HOW MAGELLAN DISCOVERED THE PHILIPPINES

The ships sailed on for ninety-eight days without coming to any mainland. They passed by some islands, but these ' were bare rocks; no people lived on them. The men aboard suffered many hardships. They had little food left. The bre~d wa:;) old and hard; the

The Story of Our Country water was not fit to drink. They became so hungry that they had to eat rats and leather. Many men became sick; a few died of hunger. But Magellan sailed on. One day in March, 152 I, Magellan came to some islands. He called them the Ladrones Islands, or Isles of Thieves, because the people there stole one of his small boats. Still he sailed on. At last, on March 16, 1521, Magellan saw ' an island with high mountains. This was the island of Samar in the Philippines. In this way, our country was discovered by Magellan. _ MAKING FRIENDS WITH THE FILIPINOS

The following day, Magellan landed on the little island of Homonhon. Can you :find this island on the map on page 25? The men built two huts for the sick. All were glad to rest after the long voyage. No people lived on Homonhon. One day some men from a near-by island came to visit Magellan and his companions. They came in a small boat. They were the first Filipinos that Magellan saw. They were not afraid of the Spaniards. Magellan invited them to eat. â&#x20AC;˘ Then he gave them caps, mirrors, combs, and balls. The Filipinos gave in return fish, wine, and bananas. Later, they gave the Spaniards coconuts, oranges, and a rooster. In this way the Filipinos and the Spaniards became friends. The Spaniards remained on Homonhon eight days. Then they moved to another island. This island was

How Our Country Was Found

Seale of Miles 25

~~~!:n/;~I tf "f

50 I

The black line on this map shows the route followed by Magellan in the Philippines

caned Limasawa. There were people living on Limasawa. Âˇ They planted rice, coconuts, and fruit trees. They had bananas, oranges, and lemons. They also had swine, goats, and fowls. Their chief was Raja Colambu.

The Story of Our Country

Magellan on his flagship, the Trinidad

Magellan had a Malay slave whose name w~s Enrique. Raja Colambu spoke the Malayan language. So Magellan used Enrique as an 'interPreter. Do you know what an interpreter does? With Enrique to interpret, Magellan could talk to Raja Colambu very easily. Raja Colambu welcomed the Spaniards to Limasawa. Magellan and some of the Spaniards often landed to visit the raja. Raja Colambu and his men often went to the ships to visit Magellan. The two leaders became good friends. One Sunday morning, Magellan and fifty men landed at Limasawa to say mass. , It was Easter Sunday.

How Our Country Was Found

The men wore their best clothes. Raja Colambu and his brother, Raja Siagu, received the Spaniards very kindly. Mass was said in a place not far from the. shore. Besides the Spaniards, many natives also attended. This was the first mass said in the Philip. pInes. After the mass, a large cross was brought in. Magelhill told Raja Colambu that the cross came from the king of Spain. He said that it would protect the Filipinos from harm. The men placed it on the top of a high hill. In this way, Magellan took the islands for the king of Spain. On page 29 is a picture of Magellan taking the country for Spain. What weapons do his soldiers carry? I

RAJA HUMABON

Magellan wanted more food for his men. He asked Raja Colambu where he could get it. "Sir, the town of Cebu is the largest and the best port in this region," said ,Raja Colambu. "It has more trade than any other large town." - Magellan was very, glad to know about Cebu. He asked Raja C0lambu for pilots to show him the way. Raja Colambu himself offered to show the Spaniards the way to Cebu. Cebu was a strong town in which there were many people. Its king was Raja Humabon. Raja Humabon was a very powerful man. He ruled Cebu and some of the near-by islands. There were other chiefs in Cebu,

The Story of Our Country

but Raja Humabon was the greatest. He had ' two thousand soldiers armed with spears; Magellan sent Enrique with another man to see Raja Humabon. They found him attended by his brave soldiers. He knew that some strangers were entering the port. He and his men were ready to meet them. "What does your captain want?" the Raja asked Enrique. "My master is the captain of the great king of Spain," answered Enrique. '.' He is looking for the Moluccas. He entered your port to trade and to buy food." "You are welcome," said the Raja. "Go, tell your master that it is well. But you must pay a tribute for entering my port." "My master is the captain of -the greatest king in the world. He pays no tribute to anyone," Enrique answered. "You speak well for your master. Tell him that I will talk with my people," replied the Raja. Raja Humabon talked with his principal men. He was still talking to them -when Enrique returned the next day. Enrique was accompanied by a Spanish official. Through Enrique, the interpreter, Raja Humabon asked the official how many captains they had. The Spaniard replied that they had only one captain. "Would your captain want my people to pay tribute?" Raja Humabon asked.

MageliaB claiming the Philippine Islands for Spain 29

The Story of Our Country

"No, sir, the captain only wants to trade," answered the official. "Very well," said Raja Humabon. "Go, tell your captain that I am satisfied." Raja Humabon now sent ten of his principal chiefs to make peace with Magellan. He also sent the prince of Cebu with them. Magellan received them kindly. He asked them if they had power to make peace. The prince answered that they had. Then Magellan promised that the king of Spain would be their friend forever. The Filipinos also promised friendship to the Spaniards. Magellan embraced the prince and the chiefs. Then they were given some food. Mter the meal, the prince gave Magellan some presents from Raja Humabon. Magellan in return gave them some presents for the raja of Cebu, fOF the prince and for each chief. Thus peace was made between Magellan and Raja Humabon. The Spaniards wished the Filipinos to become Christians. One Sunday morning Magellan and forty Spaniards went on shore. They landed to say mass and to baptize Raja Humabon and some of his men. A platform was built and decorated. On this platform Raja Humabon, the prince, and many others were baptized. They were given Christian names. Raja Humabon was called Carlos, in honor of the king of Spain.

How Our Country Was Found

MAGELLAN AND LAPULAPU

Near Cebu lies the small island of Mactan. On this island lived a brave chief, whose name was Lapulapu. Lapulapu had more than one thousand five hundred soldiers. They were all obedient to him, and were ~eady to fight any enemy. Some of these soldiers were armed . with poisoned arrows; others had wooden spears with iron tips. . Lapulapu did not wish to be a friend of the Spaniards. He would not send presents to Magellan. He told other chiefs not tp become friends of the Spaniards. For this reason, Magellari became very angry at Lapulapu. He went to Mactan to make war on him. This was in April of the year 152 I. Magellan took with him sixty armed Spaniards. Raja Humabon, the prince, and many other men from Cebu went with him. They reached Ma;ctan before dawn. Magella~ wished to show how brave his men were. He told Raja Humabon that he was now going to see how well Spaniards coulq fight. He sent a messenger to Lapulapu .. "You must obey the king of Spain and the raja of Cebu," the messenger said. "You must also pay tribute to the captain. If you don't, there will be war." "If you want war, my brave men are ready with t.heir spears," replied Lapulapu.

The Story of Our Country

Lapulapu formed his soldiers into three divisions. They were ready to fight the Spaniards with their spears. Thus they waited anxiously for the coming of the enemy. The fighting lasted for almost two hours. Both the Spaniards and the Filipinos fought bravely. The Filipinos won, and Magellan was killed. The Spaniard~ returned to their boats, and Lapulapu remained chief of Mactan. THE RETURN OF THE VICTORIA TO SPAIN

The death of Magellan made the Spaniards very sad, and they decided to leave Cebu at once. They prepared to continue the voyage. We must remember tha t they were looking for the Molucca Islands. Three ships remained of the fiv~ that had sailed from Spain. The Spaniards thought that they now needed only two, because there were only one hundred and eight men left. So they burned one of the ships and sailed in the remaining two. These two were the Victoria and the Trinidad. Which was the flagship? The two ships sailed away to the southward. .They visited the islands of Mindanao, Palawan, and Borneo. N ear the island of Mindanao they captured two native sailors. These sailors guided the Trinidad and the Victoria to the Moluccas. The Spaniards reached the Moluccas in November of the year 152I. Thus, after many hardships, they finally found the islands where . SpIces grew.

How Our Country Was Found

The Spaniards bought all the spices they could get. They filled the Victoria with cloves, cinnamon, nutmegs, and sandalwood. The Trinidad leaked and was left

The Victoria, the first ship to' sail around the world (From an old print)

behind to be repaired.

It was captured later by the

~ortuguese.

The V ictoria then prepafed to return to Spain. There were sixty men aboard the ship. The captain was SebQ,stian del Cp,no. On page 35 is a picture of this man. The .Victoria sailed west from the Moluccas and crossed the Indian Ocean. Then it sailed around the southern end of Africa to Spain. It arrived in Spain on the sixth day of Septemher in the year 1522.

The Story oj Our Country

Only eighteen men returned to Spain. Do you remember how many men set sail with Magellan? Can you tell how many failed to return? The whole voyage lasted nearly three years. The Victoria was the first ship to sail around the world. , Have you .e~er seen a picture of this ship? Where? NAMING THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

The king of Spam sent three other fleets across the Pacific to the Moluccas. These fleets visited Mindanao to get food and water . .One of them visited other Âˇ islands in the Philippines besides Mindanao. The captain of this fleet was Ruy L6pez de .Villalobos. Villalobos came to the Philippines in February in the year 1543. He first visited the eastern coast of Mindanao. Strong winds drove his ships south of Mindanao, to the little island of Sarangani. There he tried to get food. But the people were very unfriendly and would not give his men anything. The Spaniards became very hungry. Many were forced to eat dogs, cats, rats, arid lizards; some died of hunger. Villalobos sent one large vessel and two small ones in' search of food. These vessels sailed along the eastern coast of Mindanao. They tried to find Cebu, but reached another island called Tandaya. This island is now cailed Leyte. The people of Leyte were not unfriendly to the Spaniards. So the Spaniards planned to stay for a long time on. this island. They took the sick sailors on land

Sebastian del Cano (From a statue in the Ayuntamiento, M anita) 35

The Story of Our Country to rest. They began to collect food supplies. They made many friends among the natives. They gave Tandaya a new name. They called it "Felipina" after Prince Felipe, - in English called Prince Philip, - the eldest son of the king of Spain. Later the whole archipelago was called "Islas Filipinas," or Philippine Islands. On page 43 is a picture of Prince Philip when he became king. Do you know why he was called Philip II? Villalobos and his companions did not remain very long in the Philippines. They sailed. southward to the Moluccas. Here they met many difficulties. At last they were taken prisoners by the Portuguese.

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. How the Spaniards Became Our Rulers

small cut in his arm and took a few drops of blood. He placed the blood in a cup. Sikatmna placed some of his blood in another cup. They mixed the blood with wine. Then each man drank the blood of the other. This ceremony was called the "blood compact." A famous Filipino artist once painted a picture showing this ceremony. The picture on page 38 is a copy of that painting. Legaspi caned a m.eeting of all his chief men. He (asked them' what they should do next. They decided do go to the island of Cebu. ca,'The fleet now , left Bohol. It arrived in Cebu in !ril, 1565. The people of Cebu did not wish to be ldly with the Spaniards. But Legaspi paid no Leg,tion to them and ordered his soldiers to land. at that MAKING THE FIRST SETTLEMENT $hips. with hj greatest chief of Cebu at this time was Tupas. three s was a braye chief. He tried to fight the Spanmonti., He sent the children. and- the women far from T~seacoast to keep them away from danger. Then tQ- :JCalled his datos and soldiers together. But he saw th.ett the Spaniards bad better weapons than his men. iskgaspi's guns could hit his men at a great distance and d~ill tltem. So he decided that it was foolish. to fight so st ~rong ail enemy. r Legaspi next looked fOf a place where he and his .' ,nen could stay. They selected a place close to the sea. Th.ere the soldiers made their camp. Welh,

The Story of Our Country were dug so that there would be plenty of fresh water for all. A church was built. A wooden fort also was built to protect the place. Legaspi's camp on Cebu was the first Spanish settlement in the Philippines. Do you know what a settlement is? ANDRES DE URDANETA

Among those who came to the Philippines with Legaspi was Father Andres de Urdaneta. He was a . priest and a sailor. Once before he had joined a Spanish fleet that reached Mindanao. Therefore he knew the way across the Pacific. F or this reason Legaspi found him a very useful companion. The king of Spain had, another reason for sending Urdaneta with Legaspi. The king wished to have the people of the Philippin,es become Christians. He sent Urdaneta, with other priests, to preach to the people and baptize them. . _ But Father Urdaneta did not stay in Cebu ve~y long. Legaspi soon decided to send him to Spain to carry news to the king. Father Urdaneta left Cebu in June,. 1565. ,He sailed to Mexico, and from there he went to Spain. The trip was a long one. It lasted several months. But the good priest reached Spain safely. Urdaneta was glad to visit his native ~and. He went to see the king. He told the king how Legaspi's fleet had succeeded in crossing the Pacific. He told him

How the Spaniards Became Our Rulers

Miguel LOpez de Legaspi (From a painting by Juan Luna)

that a settlement had been made in Cebu. He also fold him about the customs and beliefs of the Fili. pmos. The news of Legaspi's success pleased the king. He sent orders that Legaspi was to stay and make more settlements in Âˇ the islands. Urdaneta wished to return to the Philippines, but he

BE LBRARY

The Story of Our Country was getting old and weak. He was nearly seventy years of age. He died in Mexico in the year 1568. THE SECOND SETTLEMENT

You already know that the people of Cebu were not friendly to the Spaniards. Their chief, Tupas, tried to fight Legaspi and his men. For this reason, Legaspi wanted to make another settlement on another island. Not far from Cebu there lies the island of N egros. Northwest of Negros is the island of Panay. Can you find these islands on the map-on page 25? Legaspi decided to make a settlement on Panay Island. The place selected was near the mouth of the Panay River. Here a fort was built. Houses were also built for the men. Soon many Spaniards left Cebu and came to Panay to live. In this way the second Spanish settlement was built. JUAN DE SALCEDO

There were many able and brave soldiers who came with Legaspi. Juan de Salcedo was one of them. He was Legaspi's grandson. Salcedo was only twentyone years old, but he was a captain in the army. On page 49 you will see a picture of this brave captain. Now Legaspi planned to conquer Mindoro and Lubang islands. He wanted the people there to obey the Spaniards. So he sent Captain Salcedo to those islands. Do you know where Mindoro and Lubang

How the Spaniards Became Our Rulers

are? Try to find them on the map on page 128. They are northwest of Panav Island. Salcedo started from Panay. He had many soldiers with him. He crossed over to the small island of !lin, south of Mindoro. Then he sailed up the west

Philip II, King of Spain, for whom the Philippine Islands . were named (From a portrait by Pantoja de la Cruz)

The Story of Our Country

coast of Mindoro. Farther and farther to the north . he went until he reached the town of Mamburao. One night he attacked this town. He took many of the . people prisoners, and also took much of their property. From Mamburao, Salcedo crossed over to Lubang Island. The brave Filipinos did not wish to be friendly with the Spaniards. They went to their forts when Salcedo and his men landed. There was fierce fighting between them for two days. In the end Salcedo's soldiers won the battle. Salcedo fought many other battles. In the following pages we shall learn tnnre about this brave Spanish captain. HOW THE SPANIARDS CAME TO MANILA

Tp.e .Spaniards heard of a large island called Luzon. On the island there was a town called Manila. Manila was then a Mohammedan settlement on the southern bank of the Pasig River. It was a very rich town. The people of other countries had often heard of it, even in those early times. Chinese, Japanese, and Bornean merchants came to Manila to trade. When the Spaniards arrived in Manila, there were four Chinese junks in the bay. These junks carried silk cloth, rice, wine, and other articles of trade. Legaspi wished to take the island of Luzon for the king of Spain. He sent an army to take Manila. More than one hundred Spanish soldiers and about five

How the Spaniards Became Our Rulers

Meeting of Martin de Goiti and Raja Soliman

hundred native warriors were in this army. The leaders of the army were Martin de Goiti and Captain' Juan de Salcedo. The king of Manila was Raja Soliman. He was a brave man and a very powerful ruler. He had many warriors armed with spears and bows and arrows. They also used large and small cannon. These cannon -were made in a shop near the palace of Raja Soliman. Some of the cannon were placed at the gates of the palisade that protected the city. Do you know what a palisade looks like? In the picture on this page you can see a palisade made of logs. One morning in May, in 1570, the Spanish ships entered Manila Bay. Goiti sent a messenger ashore to tell Raja Soliman that the Spaniards wished to ;.

The Story of Our Country become friends of the Filipinos. Raja Soliman received the messenger kindly. He told him that he would be glad to meet Goiti and his companions on the river bank. So Goiti landed with his soldiers. They were met first by an uncle of Raja Soliman. Then Raja Soliman himself came with many of his chief men. He greeted Goiti and said, "I shall be glad to be a friend of the Spaniards. But if your soldiers harm my people their lives will be in danger." Both sides promised friendship, and Soliman and Goiti embraced each other. The friendship did not last long. The Spaniards wanted the Filipinos to pay them a tribute. This made Raja Soliman very angry. He would not allow Goiti's men to enter the Pasig River. He told his warriors to watch the Spaniards carefully. Why were our forefathers not willing to pay tribute? Day by day the trouble between the two peoples increased: Then one day the Spaniards fired a cannon to call one of their vessels from the bay. Soliman thought that Goit~ had fired at his men. Fighting -began at once. The Spaniards attacked anci-- burned the town. Raja Soliman fought bravely, "' but in the end he lost. Goiti then claimed Manila for the king of Spain. Soon Goiti returned to Panay. But the following year a bigger Spanish army came to Manila. This time Legaspi himself came with Goiti and Salcedo. Many

How the Spaniards Became Our Rulers

Filipino warriors also came with them. . They arrived in Manila in May, IS7I. Raja Soliman gathered a large force. The chiefs of some of the neighboring towns came with their warriors to help him. They prepared to drive the Spaniards from Manila. Many boats of war gathered off the north shore of Manila Bay. A battle was soon fought. Raja Soliman's men lost the battle, but he fought to the last. Do you think tha t R~ j a Soliman loved our country? On the northern bank of the Pasig River there was another native settlement. This was the large and rich Coat of arms 0f the city of Manila town of Tondo. Its king was (From an old print) Raja Lakandola Raja Lakandola was a more peaceful man than Raja Soliman. He was -friendly to the Spaniards, and hdped Legaspi to become the friend of other chiefs. REBUILDING THE SPANISH CITY OF MANILA

Legaspi decided to stay in Manila. He planned to make it a better and bigger city. He built wider streetsÂˇ and stronger houses in place of the old ones. He built a palace for himself and one hundred and fifty wooden

The Story of Our Country -houses for his men. He als.o built a church and a convent for the friars. Then he made a wooden fort where the old palisade had been.

Martin de Goiti (From a wood carving in the Ayuntamiento, Manila)

The ~ity of Raja Soliman then became the center of the Spanish government in the Philippines. Legaspi was the first governor-general. He appointed several officials to rule the city. . Among the officials were two judges and twelve councilors. MARTIN DE GOITI

One of the bravest of Legaspi's leaders was Martin de Goiti. He was most useful to his chief. You will remember that it was Goiti who led the first Spanish army that came to Manila.

How the Spaniards Became Our

Ru~ers

Goiti visited many other regions in the Philippines. . He saw much of Batangas and Pampanga on the island of Luzon. Do you know where these places are? About the middle of the year I 57 I, he, led an army northward

J ua,n

de Salcedo (From a wood carving in the Ayuntamiento, Manila)

into Pampanga. He had several battles with the_ 'native chiefs. The Filipinos dug ditches around their i{>WllS, and fought the Spaniards from these. But Goiti marched bravely on and visited much of central Luzon. He went as far north as the shores of Lingayen Gulf. This brave man died in I574. In that year, a Chinese pirate, Limahong, attacked Manila with a large army. The Chinese marched along the beach to Goiti's house and 5et fire to it. Geiti jumped iFlto the street. He ,tried to drive away the pirates, but they fought and killed him.

...

The Story of Our Country HOW SALCEDO CONQUERED LUZON

We have learned something about Juan de Salcedo. You remember how he led an army to Mindoro. He accompanied Martin de Goiti on most of his journeys. He made several other journeys himself. On these marches he visited many different places. One day in August, 1571, Salcedo led an army eastward into what is now Rizal Province. He attacked some of the towns and forced the people to give up their arms. Then he continued hi? march along the southern shores of Laguna de Bay. He crossed mountains and valleys and finally reached the Pacific coast. He visited the gold mines at Paracale, a little town on the north coast of Camarines Norte. Then he returned to Manila. The following year, this young captain led an army to the towns on the western' coast of Luzon. He sailed up the coast of Zambales and Pangasinan. He also visited many places in Ilocos and Cagayan. Then he sailed down the eastern coast of Luzon as far as Polillo. Can you find this island on the map on page 128? Salcedo returned to Manila by way of Laguna. The whole journey lasted about a year. In July, 1573, this brav~ soldier led an army to explore the Bicol Province. He visited many towns in this region and went as far as Albay. He now knew very well how the Filipinos fought. So he could defeat them more easily.

How the Spaniards Became Our ' Rulers

.51

Salcedo was well liked because of his deeds. He treated the natives kindly. He was made govern~r of lIocos as a reward for his good work. In 1576, he died at the early age of twenty-seven years. You see that he was very young when he died, but .he had already done much. Any country would be proud of such a man.

CHAPTER FOUR THE STORY OF THE GALLEON TRADE

WE have seen how Legaspi built Spanish settlements in Cebu, in Panay, and at Manila. We have learned how Goiti and Salcedo conquered Luzon. Now we shall study about the commerce of our country long ago. THE COMMERCE OF MANILA LONG AGO

Our, country was well known to peoples in Asia long before the Spaniar~ds came. Merchants from China, Japan, and Borneo came to trade. They visited Manila and other ports like J 010 and Cebu. They brought with them silk cloth, colored blankets" dishes, bells, and many other articles. These merchants tradeq with our forefathers many years before the coming of the Spaniards. Do you know how these traders came to Manila? They came in their sailing vessels. These vessels were different from our steamboats today. Do you remember the picture of the Chinese junk on page I7-? On the next page y'ou will see a picture of a Japanese sailboat. After the coming of Legaspi, more merchants came to Manila in their sailing vessels. Many of the merchants came from China. The Spaniards wanted the Chinese merchants to come and trade. In IS8I, a large house was built for them in Manila. This house was called 52

The Starry of the Galleon Trade

the Parian. In this building the Chinese lived and traded. Our commerce with Asia grew more and more and Manila became a great trading port.

An ancient Japanese sampan used in the trade with Manila THE TRADE WITH MEXICO

We have learned that Mexico belonged to Spain. After the coming of Legaspi, our country also belonged to Spain. So the Spaniards wanted our country to trade with Mexico. The Spanish merchants liked the beautiful silk and

The Story of Our Country

cotton cloths from China. They were greatly pleased with the fine things taken to Manila by merchants from Asia. They knew that these things would sell at high prices in Mexico. So they began to ship them to Acapulco. Do you know where Acapulco is? On page 55 you will find a picture of this port, taken from an old print. . The trade between our country and Mexico soon grew. Every year two ships crossed the Pacific Ocean. These ships sailed only between Manila and Acapulco. They carried articles that were worth many thousands of pesos. The merchants bought these articles cheap in Manila. They sold them at very high prices in Mexico. In this way they made large profits and so became very rich. THE GALLEONS

The ships that sailed between Manila and Acapulco were called "galleons." Do you know what they looked like? They were short and broad, with high front and back. They were sailing vessels. On page 57 you will find a picture of just such a galleon as was used in this trade with Acapulco. . Where do you suppose the galleons were made? Many were made in the Philippines. They were made of wood cut down from our forests. They were built by Filipino carpenters. It took many carpenters a long time to make a galleon.

The Story of Our Country The trip to Acapulco was a long one. To cross the ocean in those days was dangerous. So the galleons carried many sailors and soldiers. Sometimes there were more than four hundred men on the ship. The soldiers carried arms, and were ready to defend the ship against the pirates. Today no one who does not know the sea very well can become captain of a ship. But the captains of the galleons knew little about the seas. So a great many galleons sailed upon the rocks and were lost. Do you think it was wise to have for captains men who were not sailors? Everybody in Manila was glad when a galleon was seen returning from Acapulco. Many people looked for friends from Mexico. The merchants waited for their money. Where do you think this money came from? The streets were lighted and the church bells were rung. The whole city became happy. THE STORY OF THE SA NTA ANNA

Have you ever heard of the 'Santa Ana? The Santa Ana was a galleon from Manila. I will tell you its story. Let us go back to the year 1587. That was a long time ago. The galleon Santa Ana left the harbor of Manila and sailed out in to the sea. I t was going to Acapulco. It carried some of the finest silk and ~atin cloths from Asia. For many days the Santa Ana quietly sailed across

The Story of the Galleon Trade

the Pacific. Finally it reached the coast of California. It was almost at the end of its journey, for Acapul~o was not far away.

A galleon used in the trade with Acapulco

Then one day another ship appeared on the sea. It was an English vessel. Its captain was Thomas Cavendish. Nearer and nearer the English ship came. Soon it attacked the ' Santa Ana. Cavendish captured the Spanish galleon. He took all the costly articles it

The Story of Our Country

A Spanish galleon attacked by an enemy ship

carried and put them on his own vesseL These articles were worth nearly a million pesos. Then he sailed away. Do you think that it was right for Cavendish to do this? HOW THE GALLEON TRADE WAS ENDED

You know that the trade between our country and Mexico began a long time ago. It began soon after the coming of Legaspi to Manila. Year after year the galleons sailed back and forth between Manila and Acapulco. They did this for more than two hundred and thirty years ..

The Story of the Galleon Trade

Then the government decided to stop the galleon trade. In the year 181 I, a galleon left Manila for Acapulco. This ship returned after four years. It was the last galleon to sail between the Philippines and Mexico.

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Manila in the early days of the galleon trade (From an old drawing of the harbor and cit,y)

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CHAPTER FIVE QUARRELS BETWEEN GOVERNMENT AND CHURCH OFFICIALS

WE have read of ()ur country's commerce long ago.

We ihave learned how merchants from Asia came to the Philippines to trade. We have seen how the merchants of Manila traded with the merchants of Acapulco. Now we shall read of other things that alsa happened . in 'Our country many years ago. Âˇ You remember that Legaspi came to the Philippines in the year 1565. With him came Father Andres de . U rdaneta and other 'Spanish priests. These priests came to teach our forefathers how to become Christians. At first there were only a few Spanish priests in our Âˇ country; then more came from Europe. At last there were priests in almost every town. There were also four bishops and one archbishop in the Islands. A bishop is a high priest, and the archbishop is the chief high priest. The archbishop therefore is the highest. official of the Cath01ic church in the Fhilippines. . You see, then, that there were two chief Spanish officials in our country. They were the governorgeneral and the archbishop. Now these two officials often did n0t like each other. Each wanted to. have more power than the other. So they quarreled. I win tell you the story of some of these quarrels. 6r

The Story oj Our Country THE STORY OF NAVA

T here lived 'once in Manila a Spanish soldier whose name was Francisco de Nava. One day, in a fit of anger, he killed a person and then hid himself in the Augustinian church. The governor-general became very angry, and ordered that Nava be punished for the wrong that he had done. In those days there was a law called the law of refuge. According to this law no one could harm Nava while he was in the church. So Nava thought he was safe in his hiding place. The governor then was Hurtado de Corcuera, and the archbishop was Hernando Guerrero. Governor Corcuera wanted to take Nava ,prisoner, but the archbishop would not give him up. This made the governor very, very angry with Archbishop Guerrero. He sent soldiers to the Augustinian church. He ordered these soldiers not to mind the archbishop. They therefore entered .the church without the archbishop's permission. They took N a va and hanged him in front of the same church. Now the archbishop became very, very angry in tur-n. He said that the governor had broken the law of refuge. He closed the churches and ordered that no mass be said. The quarrel between these two men lasted for some time. They would not forgive each other. They did not want to become friends. Finally, one day in May,

Quarrels betwee.n Officials 1636, the governor had the archbishop taken prisoner and sent to the town of Mariveles in Bataan Province.

The Augustin.ian Church in Manila

THE ÂˇSTORY OF BUSTAMANTE

Of all these quarrels the worst was the one between Governor Fernando Bustamante and Archbishop Francisco Cuesta. This happened in the year 1719. Let us find out wp-y they quarreled.

The Story of Our Country In those days many people owed money to the government. These people had money to pay their debts, but they did not want to pay. Instead they gave

An old fort in Zamboanga, rebuilt by Bustamante; this picture shows the fort as it stands today

money to the high officials, so -that the high officials would not make them. pay. Governor Bustamente wanted to correct this wrong. He removed many of the bad officials from office, and made people pay their debts. Because of this, many people became angry with him. Do you think that the governor was right? What should we all do about our debts? The governor's enemies began to plot against him. They planned to send a letter to the chief Spanish official in Mexico. A galleon was then about to sail for Acapulco. They asked the officer of thisÂˇ galleon to carry the letter to Mexico. In this lett~r,

Quarrels between Officials

they said many bad things about Governor Bustamante. The governor learned about the plot. He tried to stop the galleon from sailing, but failed. In his anger, he decided to put in prison everyone whom he thought to be his enemy. But many escaped and hid themselves in the convents and churches of Manila. Here they thought they were safe from the governor's anger,

Gateway to Fort Santiago, Manila

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because of the law of refuge. Do you remember this .' law? One day Governor Bustamante asked for one of the men in hiding, but the archbishop refused to give him up. The governor became angry and sent soldiers to the palace of the archbishop. He ordered these soldiers to put the archbishop .in prison in Fort Santiago. On page 65 is a picture of the gateway leading to this fort. Now the governor's real trouble began, for the friars liked the archbishop. They said that Bustamante had done him a great wrong. One morning they marched through the streets of Manila accompanied by many angry men. The friars carried crucifixes, and the men followed with weapons. Where do you think these men were going? They went to the palace of the governor and there attacked Governor Bustamante and his son. The brave governor was wounded, and he died in the afternoon of the same day. His son also was killed. You see now how these officials wasted much of their time quarreling. While they were quarreling they forgot their duties, and the people suffered. Do you not think that they were doing wrong? Good officials do not quarrel with one another. They help one another instead, so that the people may be more peace. ful and happy.

CHAPTER SIX THE STORY OF SOME OF OUR EARLY REVOLTS

OUR forefathers wen~ not happy under the , rule of They had many reasons for being unhappy. ' Spain. - , . , Some of ,these were the troubles over the tribute. Some were the quarrels between church and government officials. These troubles caused the people to fight against the Spanish government. The contests with the government were called revolts. In this chapter we shall read the story of some of these revolts. ,

AGUSTIN DE LEGASPI

Many of the chiefs of Manila and the towns near Manila wished to drive away the Spaniards. , Their leader was Agustin de Legaspi, a chief of Manila. He was a good leader and was well liked by the other FIlipino chiefs. " Legaspi wanted to get the help of the Japanese, so he became friendly with a Japanese captain in Manila. One day he invited several other chiefs to his house to-meet this captain. There he had good things to eat and wine to drink. Then he told the' captain that the Filipinos did not like the Spaniards and were ' ready to fight them. He tried to get the captain to help them. This took place in the year 1587. , Some 'time afterward the Filipino chiefs had a long meeting in a town near Manila. Here Agustin de Legaspi told the other chiefs about the meeting with 67

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The Tondo Primary School in Manila, formerly Magat Salamat School, on Plaza Magat Salamat

the Japanese captain. The other chiefs were pleased, and all promised to join in the rebellion . Agustin de Legaspi planned also to get the help of the people of Borneo. So he called the chiefs to another meeting. There they agreed to tell the kings of Cuyo and Borneo that they were soon going to fight the Spaniards. They agreed_also to send presents to the . kings of those islands. They selected three men to carry the presents and to get the friendship and help of the two kings. One of the three men selected was a great chief of Manila. His name was Magat Salamat. At one time a street' and a plaza in Manila were named for this chief. The school that you see in the picture on this page was built on that plaza. This rebellion never happened. The plan was discovered by a Spanish official. This official told the governor-general about it. Soldiers. were sent at once

Some of Our Early Revolts

to find Agustin de Legaspi and his friends. Legaspi and' several of the chiefs were taken and killed. ,

THE STORY OF TAMBLOT'S REVOLT

Many years ago there lived on the island of Bohol a man by the name of Tamblot. Tamblot was not a Christian and he did not like the Spaniards. So he told-the people to fight against the Spanish priests. Tamblot told his followers that they would be helped by the spirits. Have you ever heard old people talk of spirits? To prove his power, he led some of his followers to a place wh~re bamboos grew. He pointed to a bamboo and said, "This bamboo contains wine .." Then he pointed to another bamboo and said, "That one contains rice." He cut down the first bamboo, and wine flowed out. He then cut down the second bamboo and found rice inside. He had hidden the wine .and the rice in the bamboos. But the people did not know he had done that, so they believed in his power. The revolt spread to several towns. More than, one thousand five hundred. people joined the revolt. These men believed . in Tamblot and followed him. They destroyed the churches and burned many houses. Later they went to the top of a high hill . . They clos'e d the road to the hill with shrubs and thorns. Then they got ready to fight the enemy. The government sent two armies to fight Tamblot. The first army' was sent in January, 1622. -This army

Sumoroy beginning the revolt in Samar ;70

Some of Our Early Revolts

failed to end the revolt. Another army was sent six months afterward and then Tamblot was defeated. SUMOROY'S REVOLT

Do you rem~mber the story of the galleons ? You remember that many of these people were kept busy building the galleons. These men were taken from their houses and kept a way from their families. Often they did not return home for many weeks and months. Sometimes they were sent to the forests to cut timber for the galleons. They were treated so badly that many of them. died. Because of this bad treatment a revolt took place on theisland of Samar in the year r649. The revolt began one day in June in the town of Palapag. This town is on the northern coast of the island of Samar. The leader .was a brave man named Sumoroy. Sumo roy went to the convent and hid himself at the top of the stairway. He was E!!!ed with a spear. The picture on page 70 shows Sumoroy at the top of the stairway with the spear in his hand. _Can you tell for whom Sumoroy was waiting? He was waiting for the curate of Palapag. He did not like this priest. Âˇ He waited till the priest began to go up the stairway, then he threw the spear at him and killed him. This was a signal for Sumoroy's followers to take up arms. From PaJapag jhe trouble spread to many other ' towns. Many people joined in the revolt. It lasted for more than a year.

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Sumo roy and his men destroyed some of the churches and many houses in the towns along the seacoast. Then they went to the mountains. It. is said that the place chosen by Sumo roy could be reached by only one path. This path was carefully guarded by his men. The government had a hard time in stopping this revolt. A large army was sent to Palapag to fight Sumoroy. The leader of the army sent Sumoroy and his men a message asking for Sumoroy's head. But . Sumoroy's men were not afraid. They only laughed -at the message and sent him the head of a hog. Some of the Spaniards said that Sumoroy's men fought like lions. The Spaniards now decided to send an army to attack Sumoroy's camp. They wa~ted until the .night of the second of July, 1650. On that night, during a hard rain, soldiers were sent up the narrow path. One by one the soldiers crawled up the steep hill. They lay down in the bushes watching Sumoroy's camp. While they were waiting, one of Sumoroy's guard left his post to light a cigarette. When he returned, he found that the enemy had already entered the camp. Do you think he had done his duty? We should always do our duty faithfully. ' Sumoroy's men ran in all directions. Some w~re killed, but many escaped, including Sumoroy. He had left the place a day before in a hammock. The women . and children had also escaped. Sumoroy did not mind 'this defeat. He and his father refused to talk of peace. But many of his men

Sothe of Our Early Revolts

73 .

decided to give up the fight . Some of them turned traitors. Do you know what a traitor is? In a short time Sumo roy was taken and killed. ,

THE STORY OF ANDRES MALONG

In the year 1660 there lived in the province of Pangasinan a man named Andres Malong. Malong wanted to be a king and he chose the toWn of Binalatofigan to be the capital of his kingdom. This town wa~ near the present town of San Carlos. He made three of his "ablest leaders generals of his army. These men were Pedro Gumapos, Melchor de Vera, and JaCID to Macasiag. Andres Malong had a large army. There were eleven thousand men in this army, which he divided into three smaller armies. He gave one army to De Vera and another army to Gumapos and Macasiag. He kept the third army for himself. \ He wished to extend his kingdom north to Ilocos J!nd Cagayan, and south to Zarnbales and Pampanga. So he ordered his generals to take these provinces. He also sent letters to other provinces, inviting the people to join in the revolt. Melchor de Vera now told his men to get ready for a 'long war. Then he gave the order to march. There were about 'six thousand men in his army. They left Pangasinan and marched southward. They stopped to rest in a village near the town of Magalan in Pampanga. There they met a company of Spanish soldiers. The

Some of Our Early Revolts

meeting was so sudden that both sides were frightened. De Vera's men returned to the north, while the Spaniards went to a neighboring town. . Pedro Gumapos and Jacinto Macasiag led their men northward. They marched through many towns along the way. One day they met the Spanish soldiers in the town of Agoo, in La Union. A battle took place in which the Spaniards were defeated. Gumapos continued his march and entered Vigan in January, r66r. He then plfl-nned to send Macasiag to conquer Cagayan with a part of the army. Andres Malong remained in Binalatongan with about two thousand of his men. The governor-general sent a large army to Pangasinan to fight Malong. This army soon took Lingayen. Malong saw that it had been a mistake to send many of his soldiers away. He sent messengers to Gumapos and De Vera and ord~red them . to return. But it was too late, for the enemy was already marching toward Binalatongan. Malong left Binalatongan and fled to the mountains. There he hid himself with his mother. Soon, however, he and all his generals were taken and killed. FRANCISCO DAGOHOY

Many years ago there llved on the island of Bohol a Jesuit priest by the name of Morales. One day he ordered a policeman to catch a bad man. In trying to catch the man, the policeman was killed.

The Story of Our Country The body of the dead policeman was taken to the church to be buried. But Father Morales refused to bury the body unless he was paid for doing so. Francisco Dagohoy, the policeman's brother, was very angry with the priest. He said that it was wrong for Father Morales to ask any pay, because his brother had died serving him. He told the people the story of his · brother's wrongs and asked them to revolt. About three thousand men joined Dagohoy. Father Morales and another priest were killed. Nearly all the towns on the island joined the revolt. It lasted for more than eighty years.· Several times the Spanish government tried to put down this revolt, but the people would not stop fighting. They wenf to the mountains and there built forts. At last, in 1828, a large army was sent to Bohol, and the following year the revolt ended. ....

.Ii;

:e.mero

.., SILA

AND THE BRIHSH \

Once upon a time a cruel and selfish Spanish official ruled Ilocos Sur. This official collected high taxes from the people. When they did not pay, he sent soldiers to frighten them. The soldiers treated the people very harshly. This official also tried to keep the merchants from trading. He wanted to have all the trade for himself. For these reasons the people of Ilocos Sur were unhappy. They hated the Spanish official and were ready to fight against the· government.

Some of Our Early Revolts

Manila just after the British occupation. The gray blocks show buildings made of strong materials; black shows the districts where houses of light materials were built. Notice that there was then only one bridge across the Pasig River, the Bridge of Spain.

Their chance to --revolt came in 1762. One evening in September of that year an English fleet entered Manila Bay! It came to fight the Spaniards in the Philippines. There were . thirteen vessels in this fleet. It carried ' several thousand soldiers and sailors. The English soldiers landed and fired their cannon at the walls of Manila. The fighting lasted several days, and then the Spaniards gave up the city.

The Story of Our Country The Filipinos saw how easily the English defeated the Spaniards. They now thought that their chance to destroy the Spanish government had come. MallY rebellions began in different parts of the archipelago. One of the most important of these took place in llocos Sur. Its leader was Diego Silan. . The story of Silan's life is interesting. His father and mother were very poor. When only a small boy, Diego became a servant of the curate of the town of Vigan. One day he was taken on a voyage to Manila. The vessel in which he sailed was wrecked near Cape Bolinao. Can you find this cape on the map of the Philippines? The people in the ship were captured and killed by the N egritos. Only little Diego was saved and kept a prisoner. He was soon allowed to go free. Many years ~fterwards, when he was a man, Silan made several other trips to Manila.' On these trips he met many persons who became his friends. Diego Silan was in Manila when the English captured the city from the Spaniards. He knew that the people of Ilocos Sur were unhappy. So he returned to Vigan and told his friends to revolt. Soon Silan had a large army. One day in December, 1762, he went with-his men to the cruel Spanish official who ruled Ilocos Sur. He said, " You must leave the province at once." Then he marched at the head of his army to the house of another official. He said, H You must stop collecting taxes."

A street

III

Manila named for Diego Silan 79

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The revolt spread to many parts of Ilocos Sur and to other provinces. Diego Silan was helped by the English because he was very friendly to them. The English general made him governor of Ilocos Sur. Silan's enemies now planned to get rid of him. They knew that the revolt could not continue without this able leader. They could not capture him, so they planned to kill him. A man named Vicos went to Silan's house and shot him. Silan's wife tried to continue the uprising, but she was taken and hanged . . Thus ended the last of the early quarrels of our countrymen with Spain. On page 79 is a picture of a quiet, beautiful street in Manila named after Diego Silan.

CHAPTER SEVEN

How

THREE ABLE SPANISH GOVERNORS RULED

OUR

COUNTRY

WE have just read the story of the many revolts in all parts; of the Philippines, ma;ny years ago. But you must not think that our country was always in revolt. N0t all the officials were bad or unjust. Now we shall read how three good Spanish governors helped our country. ,

THE STORY OF SIMON DE ANDA

When the English attacked Manila in 1762, Manuel Rojo was both governor-general and archbishop of the Philippines. Archbishop Rojo hated war. So he did not try hard to fight the English, but soon gave up Manila to them. There were many brave Spaniards who did not agree with Archbishop Rojo. One of these brave men wa5 Simon de Anda. He thought that Archbishop Rojo did wrong in giving up the city to the English. He said that the governor-general was not faithful to Spain. - Anda did not want to serve the English government in Manila. He said that the honor of Spain must be s-aved. He made himself governor-general, and went to the provinces. Th~re he collected men to fight the 'enemy. Many Spaniards and Filipinos joined his army. With this army he tried tb keep the English in Manila. 8[

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.',

The Anda Monument, which stands on the south. bank of the Pasig River, just outside the Walled City ..

He also tried to stop the carrying of food into Manila;' so that the English would have nothing to eat. Anda .caused the English much trouble. He lost several battles, but he would not give up the fight. He fought the English for more than a year and a half. Wllen the English finally left Manila, they gave th~'

Three Able Spanish Governors

city to Anda. This made him very happy. He entered Manila with his army in May, I764. Some time afterward Anda returned to Spain. There many of his countrymen welcomed him. They admited him for his deeds in the Philippines. They listened to what he had to say about our country. Anda told the king and his high officials that the Filipinos were unhappy. He said that the friars often wronged the natives. He also said that our country should have a better government and better rulers. The king liked what Anda said. He made him governor-general of the Philippines. So Anda came back to our country. This was in the year "I770. He ruled the Philippines for six years. During this time he worked hard to make the government better and the people happier. He punished bad officials. He tried to stop the abuses of the friars. In those days most curates were Spanish priests. But Anda appointed many Filipino priests as curates. This made many of the Spanish friars angry. They became Anda's enemies. But he was not afraid, and ~ontinued to do what he thought was right. Now his enemies forgot how he had saved the Philippines for Spain. They forgot his brave d~eds and began to work to get rid of him. This made Anda very sad. He died in Cavite an unhappy man. But our country has not forgotten Anda. The monume~t shown in the picture on page 82 was built

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A tobacco field

in his honor. This monument is in Manila on the left bank of the Pasig River. ,

JOSE BASCO

,H ave you ever heard of the town of Basco? This town is the capital of Batan Islands, north of Luzon. It is named after a very able man who was once governor-general of the Philippines. This able man was Jose Basco. In the days of Governor Basco our government was very poor. The money collected from taxes was not enough to pay the necessary expenses. Much of the money collected was either lost or stolen by bad officials. The treasury was very often empty. Every year our

Three Able Spanish Governors

government receiNed a sum of money from Mexico. This was sent to Manila to help pay expenses. Sometimes it amounted to about two hundred and fifty thousand pesos. Governor Basco wanted to get more money from the country itself for the government. He formed a society caned "Society of Friends of the Country." This society was to help the farmers, merchants, and manufacturers. I t tried to persuade many people to grow spices. It printed pamphlets showing the best way to plant sugar-cane, coffee, abaca, and indigo. These pamphlets were given free to the farmers. The society helped to make our country a richer land. It lasted for about a hundred years. For many years there was little trade between the Philippines and the countries of Europe. Governor Basco thought that there should be more commerce between the Philippines and Spain, and also between the Philippines and all Europe. So he asked the king to form the "Royal Company of the Philippines." The Royal Company was a trading company. It had many ships, large and small. In these ships it carried to Europe the products of our land and of the countries of Asia. It also carried in them the produG:ts of Spain and other countries of Europe to the Philippines. It did more. It bought pieces of land in the Philippines, and planted pepper and other spices. So you see that the Royal Company was very useful to our country. It lasted for about forty-five years.

00 0'1

The San Juan Bridge, a famous bridge built by the Spaniards. It was here that war began between the Americans and the Filipinos in 1899

Three A ble Spanish Governors

Governor Basco thought that the government could make money by growing and selling tobacco. Therefore he established the Tobacco Monopoly. Do you know what the Tobacco Monopoly meant? This meant that no one could grow and sell tobacco without permission from the government. The farmers had to plant their tobacco fields in the way the government told them to do. Sometimes, if they failed to obey, their land was taken from them. The farmers could not sell their tobacco as they pleased. They could not even smoke the tobacco taken from their own fields. They were forced to sell all of it to the government at a low price. Then the government sold it back to the people at a high price. The Tobacco Monopoly lasted for a hundred years. It helped the country in the raising of tobacco, and it made the government rich. But for many people it was a bad thing. Do you think it was right to take away the land of the farmers? Even the government should not take land from the owners without just payment. Instead it should help and protect the people. PASCUAL ENRILE

Many of the Spanish governors of the Philippines knew little about the country, for they stayed in Manila nearly all the time. But in 1830 a man of another kind, Pascual Enrile, became governor-general. Governor Enrile was a great traveler and he became

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much interested in building roads. He had a relative, named Jose Pefiaranda, who was an engineer. Do you know what an engineer is? Governor Enrile and Jose Pefiaranda planned to build roads and bridges in many parts of Luzon. The bridges they made, like the one in the picture on page 86, have been used for many years. They visited many parts of this island, studying our mountains, valleys, rivers, and lakes. The great roads in northern and southern Luzon were begun at this time. Pefiaranda also made new maps of the Islands, because in those days the maps were very poor. In those days, ships from other countries could not come and go at the port of Manila without much trouble. This was because the la ws were hard and unfair. Governor Enrile made these laws better and fairer. He also ?-llowed merchants from Europe to come and open business offices in Manila. These _ merchants brought much money to our country. They sold us many useful things from their countries. They bought our goods and sent them to their countries to be sold. In this way they helped to increase our trade. o

CHAPTER EIGHT, THE

STORY OF THREE GREAT FILIPINOS

WE have just read the story of three able Spaniards who ruled the Philippines many years ago. They were good men who tried to help our country. Now we shall read Âˇabout three great Filipinos who also tried to help our country. FRANCISCO BALTAZAR, THE FILIPINO POET

A long time ago there lived a great poet whose name was Francisco Baltazar. He lived in the little town of Bigaa, in Bulacan. .His father was a ~lacksmith and had no money to send the son to school. So Francisco became a servant of a rich man in Manila when he was only eleven years old. He had a kind master who allowed him to go to school. When Francisco became older, he studied in a college in Manila. There he learned many useful things. When you grow older, you will perhaps study in some college also. _ Francisco Baltazar had many friends in Manila. His friends liked him because of the beautiful poems he wrote. Do you know what a poem is? They often asked him to write letters and invitations for them. The young poet was glad to do this. He was always ready to write his beautiful thoughts. Baltazar once loved a beautiful girl who lived in a small town near Manila. She had another lover who 89

The Story of Our Country was a rich and powerful man. This man wanted to get rid of the young poet. So he had Baltazar taken before an official who put him in prison. Do you think that it was just for the rich man to do this? It is wrong to put anyone in prison because he is poor and helpless. Baltazar did not waste his time in prison. Instead he began to write his great poem, "Flofante and Laura." He wrote it in the Tagalog language. When you are older, you will read this great Filipino poem. Francisco Baltazar loved the Philippines. He did not like the bad officials who were ruling our country. He

Baltazar c0mposing his "

F10ran~e

and Laura" in prison

The Story of Three Great Filipinos

called these men traitors. In his great poem he showed how these men harmed our coun try. He called the Philippines an unhappy land. He said that here people who did right were not respected and those .who did wrong .were not punished. In r840 the poet went to live in Bataah, where he was married. He died in Manila in r862. Why do you think we honor his memory? FATHER PEDRO PELAEZ

, Another great man who lived in those days was Father Pedro Pelaez. He was born in the province of Laguna, but he went to school in Manila. He was a very good pupil and learned many things in school. When he was a man, Pela.ez studied in the University of Santo Tomas in Manila. Do you know what a university is ? Nearly all our great leaders studied in this university. It was the biggest school our country had in those days. Later Pelaez became a priest. He was a good priest, - and the people liked him. His companions also liked him because he was honest and wise. Even the archbishop liked him, and made him his friend and secretary. When the archbishop died, Pelaez acted in his place for a short time. So you see that he had a high position in the church. In those days most of the curates were Spanish friars. . Very few Filipino priests were made curates. Most of

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them only helped the Spanish curates in their work. The friars often treated them very badly. Therefore there was a great deal of discontent among the Filipino priests. Father Pelaez thought that the Filipino priests were not treated justly. He felt sorry for them and became their leader. He tried to defend them always and to protect them in their quarrels with the Spanish friars. I will tell you a story about Father Pelaez and the Spanish friars. The curate of a town in the province of Rizal died, leaving no one in his place. The, Spanish friars wanted to give his place to a friar. Father Pelaez thought that it should be given to a Filipino priest. So a contest began that lasted for a long time. Father Pelaez worked hard to defeat the friars. He went to the archbishop and told him why the place should be given to the Filipino priest. He also talked to the other high officials of the church. But this good priest did not live long.' In the year r863, there was a great earthquake in Manila. The earthquake destroyed many houses and public buildings, including the old Cathedral of Manila. Father Pelaez died in the earthquake. His body was found among the ruins of the Cathedral. By his death the Filipino priests lost an able leader. But his work was continued by another great Filipino, Father Jose Burgos. .

The Story of Three Great Filipinos

FATHER JOSE BURGOS

. Father Jose Burgos was born in the province of Ilocos Sur in the year r83 7. His father died while he was a small boy, and young Jose came to Manila to

Father Burgos, one of the martyrs of 1872

live in the home of a relative. He studied in a college in Manila, and also in the University of Santo Tomas. Burgos was a good boy at school. He was a bright pupil. He studied hard and learned much. So he came to be a very wiseman. He taught Latin in the college where he was once a student. Later he became . ~ priest.

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You already know that the native priests were not very friendly to the Spanish friars in those days. Often there were quarrels between them. You remember that Father Pelaez sided with the Filipino priests in those quarrels. After the death of Father Pelaez, Father Burgos became the leader of the Filipino priests. In those days there was a law which the Filipino priests did not like. This law was made by the queen of Spain in the year r861. It said that the parishes in central Luzon should be given to Spanish friars. But many .of these positions then belonged to the native priests. Therefore, Father Burgos worked hard to have this rule changed. Father Burgos did more. He wanted to have our people become great, so he told many of the young men he knew to go to Europe to study. He wanted to see our country happy, so he asked forchanges to make our government better. In doing this he made many friends, but he also made many enemies. We shall see in the next chapter how his enemies planned his death, and put some of his friends in prison.

CHAPTER NINE THE CAVrTE

REVOLT

WE have just seen what Baltazar thought of the bad officials -who ruled our country. We have learned why Father Pelaez and Father Burgos did not like some of the Spanish priests. We know now that these three great Filipinos loved our native land. In this chapter, we shall read of other men who also loved the Philippines. We shall see how a kind Spanish governor became their friend, and how a cruel one became their enemy and .caused a revolt. THE RULE OF LATORRE

A good Spaniard became governor-general of the Philippines in the year r869. His name was Carlos de Latorre. He was honest and just. He dressed plainly and walked on the streets of Manila like other men. He tried to treat the Spaniards and the Filipinos alike. He promised to make the changes in the government ~that the Filipinos wanted. He said he was going to treat the natives so we~ that they would love Spain. - This made the Filipino leaders happy. They thought that the day had come for them to speak. They visited the governor-general in his palace. They asked him to make our government better. They told him that they wanted new laws for the Philippines. They asked him to set aside the queen's order of the year 186r. 95

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In the grounds of the Arsenal at Cavite, where the revolt of r872 began

You remember that the Filipino priests did not like this order . No governor before this time had listened .to the Filipinos in this way. Do you know who were our leaders in the days of Latorre? One of them was Father Jose Burgos. You already know who this great man was. Anoth@r leader was Joaquin Pardo de Tavera, a lawyer of Manila. On page 98 you will see a picture of this man. Besides these two men, there were other leaders like Maximo Paterno, a rich merchant, and Fathers Feliciano Gomez and Jacinto Zamora. These men liked Governor Latorre because he was

The Cavite Revolt

kind and just. They were glad and proud to be his friendsÂˇ. One evening in July, in the year r869, they had a party in his honor. The party began with a concert, which was followed by a reception. Father Burgos and Pardo de Tavera were in this party. Maximo Paterno and other Filipino leaders were also present. Later Governor Latorre also gave a reception in his palace. The Filipino leaders and their friends were glad to come to this reception. Again Father Burgos, Pardo de Tavera, Paterno, and others were present. They invit~d many people of Manila to march with them to the palace of the governor. A very large crowd therefore paraded through the streets, carrying flags and Ian terns. The visitors were welcomed by Governor Latorre himself. There was present also a lady named Marfa de Sanchez, wife of a Spanish colonel. She was called the" Mother of the Filipinos," because she was very friendly to them. On the evening of the reception this lady was beautifully. dressed. She wore a red tie on which were these words, "Long Live Liberty!" and '~ Long Live General Latorre!" About her hair she had a red ribbon. That is why this reception is often called the" red ribbon reception." The rule of Gove~or Latorre ended in the year r87I. The Filipinos were sorry to see him go. They knew that they were losing a just governor and a kind friend. They remembered him for a long time after he was gone.

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Joaquin Pardo de Tavera THE RULE OF IZQUIERDO

The next governor-general -of the Philippines was a cruel man. His name was Rafael de Izquierdo. He was the opposite of Latorre in many ways. Governor Izquierdo did not like the Filipinos. He would not treat the Spaniards and the Filipinos equally, as Latorre tried to do. He did not welcome the native leaders to his palace, as Latorre had done. He thought it was wrong to listen to these men. For these reasons, the Filipinos did not like the governOli.

The Cavite Revolt

In those days there were many men working at the arsenal in Cavite. Do you know what an arsenal is? These men had not been made to pay taxes for a long time. ' Governor Latorre did not make them pay. But the new governor ordered them to pay taxes like other people. This made the iaborers angry. Many of these men came from Cavite and the neighboring towns. They therefore had relatives and friends in these towns. They told their relatives and friends how the new governor was making them pay taxes. In this way, many people in these towns also became 'very angry. There were then many soldiers at the arsenal. These soldiers were friends of the laborers. With their help the laborers began to plot against the Spaniards. , They .planned to revolt against the government. Their leader was a native sergeant named Lamadrid. The revolt began one evening in January in the year 1872. More than two hundred native soldiers took part in, it. They killed the Spanish officer of the fort and wounded his wife. Sev~ral other Spaniards in Cavite also were killed. News of the trouble reached Manila at midnight. Governor Izquierdo became very angry. The next morning he sent Spanish soldiers to Cavite. These soldiers-attacked Lamadrid 'and his men, and quickly stopped the revolt. Many, including Lamadrid, w~re killed. But the cruel governor was not satisfied. You

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remember that he did not like the native leaders. These men had taken no part in the Cavite revolt, but Governor Izquierdo considered them his enemies. So he decided to get rid of them. Can you guess who these persons were? Chief among them were Father .Burgos, Joaquin Pardo de Tavera, and Maximo Paterno. There were also Father Feliciano Gomez and Father Jacinto Zamora. The three priests were sentenced to die, and Pardo de Tavera, Paterno, and others were sent out of the country. Do you think it was right for Governor Izquierdo to punish these men? They were innocent. Before his death, Father Burgos said that he had done no wrong. It is wrong to make innocent people suffer. We must not punish un justly even our enemies.

CHAPTER TEN RIZAL AND HIS COMP ANIONS

IN the last two chapters you read how Filipino leaders tried to help our country. Many of their efforts . brought them troubles. This only caused them to work harder against the unjust rulers. In this chapter you will read more about their efforts toÂˇ make our country happy. OUR COUNTRYMEN IN SPAIN

You know already that Pardo de Tavera, Paterno, and others were sent out of the Philippines in r872. They were sent to Guam, an island east of the Philippines. But some of them escaped from Guam and went to live in Europe. There they were visited by many other Filipinos. They treated their visitors very kindly. They were especially glad to see Filipino studenti' who went to Europe to study. They wel~orp.ed these young men to their homes and helped them in many ways. Soon there was a large group of Filipinos in Spain. They neve:r forgot their country and often met to talk about it. They made plans to get better laws for our unhappy land. Several good Spaniards helped them in doing this. These Filipinos and their friends -established a society. The members of the society gave banquets and receptions to Spanish officials. They asked them for a better government for the Philippines.Âˇ 101

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Chief among the men who helped our countrymen in Europe were a Spaniard named Miguel Morayta and an Austrian named Ferdinand Blumâ&#x201A;Źntritt. These men were very friendly to the Filipinos. On this page you will see a picture of that good man, Blumentritt.

Professor Ferdinand Blurnentritt, an Austrian scientist who was a friend of Rizal's. Below the picture is his signature as he hiri::tself wrote it. GRACIANO LOPEZ

JAENA,

THE ORATOR

One of the great Filipinos among those in Spain was Graciano L6pez Jaena. He was born in the province of Iloilo in the year 1856. His parents were poor, but some rich relatives gave him money to go to school. He studied in a school in his native town. Then he went to Manila to study medicine.

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Lopez Jaena wished t? enter the University of Santo Tomas in Manila. He was not admitted, because he was not ready for the course. However, he went to work in a hospital, where he met many good physicians. From these men he learned many things about medicine. He went back to his native province to help sick people. Often he gave them medicine free. He became well known and well liked because of his kindness. L6pez J aena was also known for his honesty and truthfulness. One day he was called to attend three dying prisoners. These prisoners had been whipped _severely by the order of a Spanish official. L6pez J aena tried to cure them, but the men died. Then the official wanted L6pez Jaena to say that they died of sickness. When L6pez J aena refused to do this, the official became Âˇangry. To escape his anger, Lopez Jaena left his province and went to live on the island of Negros. Lopez J aena decided to go to Spain to study medi_cine. His rich relatives again helped him to pay his expenses. He entered a university in Spain, but he did not finish his studies. He joined the other Filipinos in Spain, who were working for our country's needs. In the year 1;888, Lopez Jaena and his companions established a newspaper. They wrote many articles for this paper. Copies of this paper were sold in Europe and in the Philippines.

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Graciano Lopez J aena delivering a speech in Spain, about conditions in the Philippines

Lopez J aena also wrote many articles for other papers in Spain. In these articles he told how unhappy the Filipinos were. He said that they were treated very unjustly by the Spanish officials and the friars. His writings were read by many people in Spain. The officials, the friars, and their friends tried to stop Lopez Jaena from writing articles. Once he received a letter from a Spanish bishop. The bishop offered to give him a position at a good salary, if he would agree to write no more articles. Lopez J aena did not accept this offer. He said that his life belonged to his country and not to the friars. Lopez Jaena was a great orator. He made many

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speeches in Spain. He usually talked about the Philippines in these speeches. He was one of the greatest orators the Philippines ever had. He died in Spain in the year 1896. MARCELO H. DEL PILAR

One of the companions of Graciano Lopez Jaena in Spain was Marcelo H. del Pilar. He was one of the great Filipinos who worked to make our country happy. Del Pilar was born in the province of Bulacan in the year 1850. , He studied law in the University of Santo Tomas in Manila. "He became an able lawyer and a good writer. He did not like the friars. He had a great deal of trouble with them. One day, he quarreled with a friar who baptized a child. Del Pilar was a godfather to the child. The friar was very angry, but Del Pilar was not afraid. He told the people many funny stories about the friars. He also told of their abuses. There were many persons who listened to Del Pilar. Later -~these people wrote a long letter to the queen of Spain. In this letter they asked Queen Isabel to send the friars away from the Philippines. " The biars and their friends became very angry with Del Pilar. They watched him carefully. They were lO<Dking for a good chance to put him in prison or send him away from the country. Del Pilar knew this, so he left the Philippines and went to Spain.

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In Spain he continued to work against the friars. He wrote many articles and pamphlets. Most of his articles were printed in the newspaper founded by

Marcelo H. del Pilar, a Filipino patriot, who lived in Spain and worked for our country there

Lopez Jaena. . In these articles and in his pamphlets he told of the abuses of the friars. Del Pilar worked hard for our country. His companions said that he sometimes worked all night. He tried to make the officials in Spain do something for the

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Philippines. However, these men would not make the changes that Del Pilar, Lopez Jaena, and their companions asked for. This made Del Pilar sad. It also caused him to work harder in order to make our people more united. Many times Del Pilar wanted to return to the Philippines to visit his family in Bulacan. He often thought of the day when he might see them once Âˇmore. However, he believed his duty to his country was to remain in Spain. This shows that he was a great lover of the Philippines. He was a patriot. Del Pilar never came back. He never' saw his dear ones again. He remained in Spain forÂˇ nearly eight years. There he became ill and died in July, 1896. J

JOSE RIZAL, OUR NATIONAL HERO

Chief among the Filipino leaders in Spain was our national hero, Jose Rizal. You have heard people talk many times ef him. Have you seen his picture on the two-centavo stamp? You have perhaps joined parades in his memory on the thirtieth of December. So you already know something about this great Filipmo. In the little town of Calamba in the province of Laguna in the year 186 I , Jose Rizal was born. He studied first in his native province and later in Manila. He was a very good student. He always worked hard and learned his lessons well. F or these reasons he

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obtained many prizes and medals in the colleges he attended. When he was twenty-one years old he left the Philippines and went ts> Spain. There he studied medicine for about three years. Then he visited many other' countries in Europe. In France he studied with a famous physician, and in Germany, with another. He learned from them m'a ny things about the eye. From this study he became a good oculist. Do you know what an oculist is? Rizal did not give all his time to his studies. He wrote articles about our country and our people. He. also wrote two long novels. In these novels Rizal clearly described the abuses of the friars. He described how the government officials neglected their duties. When you are older, you should read these novels: Rizal came back to the Philippines in the year 1887. But he saw that his life was in danger in this country. The officials and the friars were angry with him for the' . things he had said about them. Therefore his friends and relatives told him ,to leave the Philippines. He returned to Europe by way of Japan and the United States. Rizal was very sorry to leave his country, but he was glad to be back in Europe. There he could speak more freely than he could in the Philippines. He was more determined than ever to do something for his unhappy land. The other Filipinos in Spain felt the same way about our country. Âˇ1

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Jose Rizal (From a painting by Juan Luna) In those days the people of Rizal's native town rented from the friars the land on which they lived. The owners often asked too much money for the use of the land. When the people did not pay the rent, they were driven from the land. In this way many people of Calamba lost their homes. Rizal once told a story to show how the rent of his

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father's land was increased. He said that the manager of the friars' lands and his father were good friends. The manager often asked his father for a turkey. One day nearly all the turkeys on his father's farm became sick and died. So when the manager asked for another turkey, Rizal's father had none to give him. This made the manager very angry. He said, "You will pay for this in the end." A few days later the angry manager increased the rent of the farm. Rizal's father paid the new rent without saying anything. Some months later the manager again increased the rent. This time the rent was made so high that Rizal's father could not pay it. So the poor man was ordered to leave the land. The Filipinos in Spain knew of these land troubles. They were very sorry because of the troubles of Rizal's townsmen. So they selected three able men to talk. to a high official in Spain about the land troubles. They told these three men to work hard to make the official do something for the poor people of Calamba. One of these three men was Jose Rizal. Rizal saw that the officials of Spain were not willing to make the changes that were needed. He felt that he was only wasting his time in Spain. So he decided to return to the Philippines once more. In Manila he established a society of well-known Filipinos. He called this society the "Filipino League." The most important purpose of this 'society was to unite all the Filipinos.

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Rizal's enemies never forgave him. They talked to the governor-general about him and made the governor put him in prison. The governor said that Rizal carried in his baggage printed papers that attacked the friars and the Catholic religion. This was not true. The papers were placed in Rizal's baggage by some of his enemies. Yet he was taken and put into prison. He was sent away later to Dapitan, a little town on the northern coast of the pr'Ovince of Zamboanga. Do you think it was right for the governor to treat Rizal in this way? Rizal became tired of his life in Dapitan. He asked permission to become a physician in the Spanish army in Cuba. Cuba belonged to Spain at that time. A new governor-general was then ruling the Philippines. This man approved Rizal's request and allowed him to go to Spain. But Âˇ his enemies had him arrested and brought back to the Philippines. Here in Manila he was put in prison. Then he was shot on the thirtieth of December in the year 1896. What do we remember _on the thirtieth of December each year? - The night before Rizal was shot, he wrote a beautiful poem, which he called" My Last Farewell." In this poem he bade farewell to his country, his relatives, and his friends. . At last Rizal's enemies had theIr way. They had succeeded in getting rid of the man they most feared. They thought they could then do as they pleased.

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But they were sadly mistaken. Rizal did not suffer and die in vain. He did his work well; others continued it after his death. Rizal himself often said, "What is death to me? I have sown the seed; others are left to reap." Rizal gave his life gladly so that his country might live happily. In a letter to his countrymen, he said, "I have loved our unhappy land, and I am sure that I shall continue to love it to the last moment of my life . . . . Whatever may happen to me, I shall die blessing it and longing for its happiness." So died Jose Rizal, the greatest patriot the Philippines has ever had.

The monument t<D Rizal at Dapitan in Mindanae>, where Rizal fived in exile for six years "

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MARIANO PONCE

Another famous Filipino who worked with Rizal, Del Pilar, and Lopez Jaena in Spain was Mariano Ponce. This great man was a native of the province of Bulacan. He was born in the year 1863. Mariano Ponce studied first in his native town. / ' Then he came to Manila and attended one of the colleges in the city. He also studied medicine in the University of Santo Tomas. Some time afterwards Ponce went to Spain to finish his studies. - But he soon found that the fate of his country interested him much more. So, like Graciano Lopez J aena, he gave up the study of medicine and joined his countrymen. He was one of the hardest workers among them. Like some of his countrymen, P~nce wrote articles about our native land. He printed these articles in the paper founded by Graciano Lopez J aena. Can you name another Filipino who wrote articles in this paper? Like Rizal, Mariano Ponce saw that the officials in Spain were not willing to make the changes that were needed. So he left Spain and went to Hongkong. There he stayed for some time. Then he went to Japan, where he lived for many years. Mariano Ponce lived longer than Rizal, Del Pilar, and Lopez Jaena. After staying in Japan many years, he came b~ck to the Philippines. In 1909 he became a

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member of the Philippine Assembly. So you see that Ponce served our country to the end. JUAN LUNA, THE PAINTER

Another well-known companion of Rizal's was Juan Luna. He was born in the province of Ilocos Norte in the year I8S7. His family moved to, Manila, and there Luna went to school. He wished to become a sailor, so he studied in a nautical school. He made voyages on. the China Sea and the Indian Ocean. On these voyages he learned much about the life and duties of a sailor. He worked hard and finished his studies when he was only seventeen years old. Soon Luna become greatly interested in another kind of work. He had had some lessons i? painting in his early schooldays. ÂˇHe now wished to be a greaf painter. So he went to Spain, where he met many great painters. One of them became his teacher and friend. The Spanish pain ter took the young man with him to Italy. There the two men worked hard and painted many beautiful pictures. In 1884, Luna painted a , great picture which he called" Spoliarium." This picture pleased everybody and, made people remember Luna's name. In a short time Luna became known ~s a great painter. His pictures were liked everywhere. Luna lived in Europe for several years. He remained in Spain nearly all the time. Once he re-

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turned to the Philippines, but he did not stay long. He went to Hongkong in the year r899. There he became ill and died. This great Filipino also loved our country. But his work was different from Rizal's, Del Pilar's, Lopez ]aena's, an,d Ponce's. He did not write articles and pamphlets about the Philippines as his . compap.ions did. Instead he painted beautiful pictures and thus became famous. Juan Luna was the .greatest painter the Philippines has had. We are proud of him. Do you think such a man is an honor to his country?

The tablet that has beâ&#x201A;Źlil placed ill Rizal's cell in Fort Santiago, Ma1l.ila

CHAPTER ELEVEN THE BEGINNING OF THE REVOLUTION

You have read in the last three chapters how our leaders asked for better laws for our country. You have seen how little the Spanish officials here and in Spain listened to them. ,Many people began to believe that the Spaniards would never agree to give us a better government. They grew tired of waiting longer. Soon new leaders went about telling the people that the day had come for them to take up arms. They said that they were going to put q,n end to the Spanish rule and establish a native government. Thus our country was prepared for the Revolution. THE KATIPUNAN

One day in July, 1892, a secret s-ociety was formed in Manila. It was formed by the new Filipino leaders. Its purpose was to unite the people against the Spanish government. It was called the" Katipunan." At first most of the members of the society did not know each other. They attended the meetings of the society in disguise. They wore masks so that their faces could not be seen. They changed their names, so that their true names should not be knt)Wll. One man called himself "Fire," another called himself "Brave." Many other names like these were used. Many people became members of the Katipunan. The members established branches of the society in II6

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Manila and ill the provinces. Each of these branches had its own leader, but all of them were under the chief leader in Manila. ANDRES BONIFACIO, THE FATHER 'OF THE PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION

The chief leader of the Katipunan was Andres Bonifacio. This great Filipino was born in Manila in the

Andres Bonifacio, the Father of the Philippine Revolution

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year r863. His parents were very poor and had no money to send the young boy to school. So Bonifacio went to work while he was still young. He spent much of his spare time studying by himself. In this way he learned Spanish well. He read many books. In those days the Spanish officials in the Philippines 9-id not treat the Spaniards and the Filipinos equally. Indeed, they did not treat all the Filipinos alike. The rich had more rights than the poor. Andres Bonifacio did not like this. He believed that all the people should be treated alike. This meant that Spaniards and Filipinos, rich and poor, should have the same rights. Andres Bonifacio worked hard for the success .of the Katipunan. SGmetimes he and his friends visited the other members of the society in the provinces. . They invited the people to become members 6f the Katipunan. They told them to be ready to fight the Spaniards. Andres Bonifacio worked hardest of all these men. F or this reason he is often called "the Father of the Philippine Revolution." When the war began, Bonifacio showed tha t he was a very brave man. He and his companions left Manila and joined their friends in the neighboring provinces. They armed themselves and became soldiers of the Revolution. For some time Andres Bonifacio was their chief leader. But he did not live very long. This great patriot was killed in the province of Cavite in May, r897. I

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EMILIO JACINTO, THE BRAINS OF THE KATIPUNAN

On page 121 is a picture of a great Filipino. This man was Emilio Jacinto. He was Bonifacio's best friend. He was born in Manila. His parents were very poor, so he had a hard time getting money to pay for his studies in the University of Santo Tomas. He wanted to become a lawyer, but did not finish his studies. Jacinto did not like the way the Spaniards ruled the Philippines. So when the Katipunan was formed he joined this society. He became one of its chief members. He was often called' the brains of the Katipunan. Bonifacio and Jacinto had some trouble in spreading the teachings of the Katipunan. They had to do this with great care because their society had to be a secret one. But they were not afraid. They published a newspaper call~d' Liberty. In this newspaper they , wrote ' articles telling the people about the Katipunan. They also wrote articles against the Spanish officials and the friars. Most of these articles were signed by false names. But we now know that most of them were written by either Andres Bonifacio or Emilio Jacinto. Emilio Jacinto kept a small library for his Katipunan friends. In the library there were books about the French Revolution. There were also books about the making of gunpowder and dynamite, and about government. Jacinto valued these books very much and

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read them many times. He made some of his Katipunan friends also read them. Many of his friends became greatly interested in these books. Emilio Jacinto and Andres Bonifacio were often together. When the Revolution began, Jacinto fought by the side of Bonifacio. Later he went to the province of Laguna to lead the people in that region. There he was wounded in a fight with the Spaniards. He died in the year 1899. HOW THE REVOLUTION BEGAN

The Katipunan was four years old before the Spanish officials knew anything about it. One day in August in the year 1896, they learned that there was a secret society in Manila . . The Katipunan was discovered because one of its members became a traitor. This man was Teodoro Patino. He was a bad man. He had promised never to tell the secrets of this society, but he broke hi~ promise. He told the secret to his sister, who was studying in a girls' college. She became afraid and told the nuns, who in turn told a friar. The friar went to the governor-general and made him put many Filipinos in prison. Patino was false to his companions. We should never be false to our companions. Do you think we should honor Patino's memory? Andres Bonifacio, Emilio Jacinto, and their companions left Manila. They called their 'men together and told them to get ready. They -decided to begin the Revolution on the thirtieth of August.

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But the war began earlier. The fighting began in a place called Pugad-Lawin in the province of Rizal. .There was also fighting in some places near Manilain Caloocan, Balintawak, and San Juan del Monte. At Balintawak, a barrio in the province of Rizal, there stands today a monument to the Filipino patriots of 1896. A picture of this monument appears in the beginning of this book. Can you find the picture? Then the Katipunan members in the neighboring provinces prepared to fight. Soon many people who did not belong to the Katipunan joined them. Thus it became a war of the people. The government officials became very much afraid. They sent out Spanish and Filipino soldiers to stop tbe war. In Manila many people were taken and put into prison. Some of these men had nothing to do with the Revolution. But t?ey were put in prison anyway_ The prisons became full. One hundred and sixty-nine persons were locked in one small prison in the city. It

Emilio Jacinto writing articles for the Katipunan

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Filipino trenches near Cavite in r896

was wrong for the officials to put so many people in . so small a place. There was not enoughÂˇ air for all of them in that prison. The next day fifty-four persons were dead, and twenty others were dying. There were many Spaniards who were not satisfied with these cruelties. They put more people in prison. They had some of the prisoners whipped. They ordered many of them to be shot. In Chapter 'ten you read about the death of one of these, our great patriot, Jose Rizal. There was great fear among the people. But the Revolution did not stop. Thousands of Filipinos were soon fighting. At first only a few of them had guns.

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Most of them carried bolos. Later they succeeded in getting more guns. Then they began to make gunpowder and bullets. They built trenches in many places. , These men fought the Spaniards wherever they found them, and the Spaniards were often defeated. ' The Spaniards were surprised to find many good trenches in Cavite. These trenches were built by a great Filipino engineer whose name was Edilberto Evangelista. They made possible the victory of the Filipinos. EDILBERTO EVANGELISTA, THE ENGINEER

Edilberto - Evangelista was born in Manila in the year 1862. He studied in one of the colleges in the city. His family was poor, so the young man could not stay in school very long. He became a teacher in one of the schools in Manila, but he did not earn much in this way. Later he became a merchant and succeeded 'in saving a little money. Soon he decided to go to Europe to study engineering. In the year 1892 he went to Spain and then to Belgium. }Ie studied in a university in Belgium and became an ' engin.eer in the year 1896. , When he finished h~s studies, a business house in Belgium offered him , a position. A country in South America offered him ' another. But he did not accept either of these offers. He did not wish to stay in a foreign land any longer. He decided to come back to the Philippines and serve his country.

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Evangelista joined his countrymen who were at war. rhey soon saw what he could do, and they gave him the rank of general. They placed him in charge of the building of trenches .. Evangelista was very ghid to do this. At last he was doing something for his land and people. Evangelista was greatly liked by his companions beGa-use of his bravery. At one time the Spaniards attacked the Filipinos very early in the morning. Evangelista and. some of his companions were still sleeping. A bullet hit a post near Evangelista. This made his companions jump from their beds. But Ev:angelista only changed his position and stayed in the same bed. His companions tried to get him to leave the place. But Evangelista simply asked, "Can you tell me where the next bullet will hit? If not, what is the use of changing places?" This brave man died in February, r897. He was kill~d in the battle of Zapote Bridge. This place is in the province of Cavite. By his death the ~ilipinos lost one of their ablest and bravest generals. GENERAL EMILIO AGUINALDO

The Filipinos drove the Spaniards from one town to Âˇ another in Cavite. Soon they had control of the whole province. They defeated the Spaniards because they had , brave soldiers and good generals. The greatest Filipino general at that time was Emilio Aguinaldo.

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Emilio Aguinaldo was born in the province of Cavite in the year 1869. He went to school in his native town. Then he studied in a college in Manila. ' He did not stay long in school. Soon he returned to his native town, where he became a to~ official. . Aguinaldo became a member of the Katipunan in the year 1894. When the Revolution began, he was among the first to join the army. He fought in many battles by the side of his companions. These men saw .. that he was a brave and able soldier. They made him one of their generals. La~er he became their chief leader. I will tell you how General Aguinaldo was made the chief leader of the Revolution. One day in March in the year 1897, the Filipinos held a big meeting in the province of Cavite. Many peo"ple froID. different places attended this meeting. Some of them came from towns outside of Cavite Province. At this meeting, they decided to establish a Filipino government. This meant that they considered our country free from Spanish rule. For president of the new government, they elected General Emilio Aguinaldo. The Spanish government tried hard to put an end to the Revolution. Several times the governor-general asked for soldiers and guns from Spain. He told the high officials in Spain that these were necessary to stop the Revolution. In a short time soldiers came and the governor had a large army. With this army he went to fight General Aguinaldo.

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General Aguinaldo and his companions fought bravely. . But the Spanish soldiers ~lso fought bravely, and soon they defeated the Filipinos in .several towns. This made General Aguinaldo very sad, but he did not give up the fight. He left Ca vite with his army and marched northward. He established his camp at Biacnabato, in the mountains of Bulacan. THE STORY OF THE PACT OF BIACNABATO

The Filipinos at Biacnabato were visited several times by Pedro .A. Paterno, a well-known lawyer of Manila. Paterno went to see Aguinaldo and his companions, to talk to them about peace. He was speaking for the governor-general. He said that the war had already ' lasted a long time. He told them that many persons had lost their lives. He told how innocent people suffered from war. He tried to make them stop fighting so that there would be peace once more. It was not easy to make Aguinaldo and his companions stop fighting. Many of these men did not - like to have the Spanish rule continue in the Philippines. They would not listen to Paterno. One of them said to Paterno, "The Spaniards shot my brother. They took away the lands of my father. They abused every member of my family. Why should I now be in favor of peace?" One of these men was General Mamerto Natividad. This able general was one of the first to begin fighting. He lought and defeated the Spaniards several times in

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A map of northern and central LuzOR 128

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the province of Nueva' Ecija. He was one of the high officers of Aguinaldo at Bracnabato. Indeed, for some time he was next in rank to Aguinaldo. He was killed in fight with the Spaniards in the province of Nueva Ecija. This battle took place in November in the year 1897. General Aguinaldo and his chief offic~rs once agreed to call a meeting to talk about peace'. They invited many other Filipino officers from different provinces to 'come to this meeting. The meeting was held at Biacnabato on the first of November in the year 1897. Paterno was present. On page 124 is a pict~re of the meeting at Biacnabato. , General Aguinaldo explained in a few words what Paterno wanted. Then he asked the Filipino officers, "Do you want peace or not?" Almost all of them cried, "No!" General Aguinaldo smiled and said to Paterno, "You see that nobody wants peace." Paterno did not give up. He continued to work for _peace. He talked to General Aguinaldo and his companions again and again. He told them that the governor-general had promised to pardon them. He said that the friars would be sent away from the Philippines. ' He also said that the Spanish officials were willing to make the right changes in government and laws. So at last the Filipino officers agreed to have peace. The agreement was signed on the fourteenth of December in the year 1897. This agreement is now called the Pact of Biacnabato.

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The battle of Manila Bay, between the Ameticans and the Spaniards, on the first of May in 1898

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CHAPTER TWELVE THE END

OF THE REVOLUTION

THERE was peace for a short time. The Filipinos promised to stop fighting. General Aguinaldo and his chief officers agreed to give up their weapons. They also agreed to leave the Islands. They agreed to do all these things because they were told that the governor-general would make certain changes in our governmen t and laws .. The Filipinos did what they promised to do at Biacnabato. They carried out their part of the agreement. They gave up their guns. Fighting stopped in all the provinces. General Aguinaldo and his chief officers left the Philippines and went to Hongkong to live. All were glad to see the end of the war. THE ::BROKEN PROMISES

But Spain did not do her part of the agreement. She had promised to pardon all those who had been fighting. Yet the governor-general put many of - them into prison. The friars were not sent away but remained as curates. No changes in our government and laws were made. For these reasons peace did not last lo:p.g. The Filipinos saw that the changes they asked for were quickly forgotten by the Spaniards. So they decided to go to war again. They took up their weapons once more. Fighting began again in the . provrnces. 13 1

13 2

The Story of Our Country THE COMING OF THE AMERICANS

You remember that Spain ruled Cuba at that time. Her rule in Cuba was as bad as that in the Philippines. For this reason the people of Cuba tried to destroy the Spanish government there. TRey began fighting several times. There was a revolt in Cuba in the year 1898 which had begun several years before. r~ The Spaniards tried hard to stop this revolt. They shot many people. They trea~ed the Cubans cruelly. There was disorder in all parts of the island. One day an American warship was destroyed in the harbor of Havana in Cuba. This made the people of the United States very angry. They said that the trouble in Cuba must stop. They told the SpaniaJds that they must treat the Cubans better. But the Spaniards did not do this. So the United States declared war against Spain. N ow you know why the ,Americans came to the Philippines. They came to fight the Spaniards. Their leader "Was a brave officer whose name was George Dewey. George Dewey was a native of the state of Vermont in the United States. Can you find this state on the map? He was born in the year 1837. He studied in the United States Naval Academy. This is a big school for the training of officers for the American navy. Dewey served in the American . navy for a long time. He was a good sailor and a brave man. He was

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already an officer of high rank when he came to the Philippines~ Later he became an admiral.

Admiral George Dewey, who won the battle of Manila Bay

Dewey sailed into Manila Bay very early in the morning on May I, I898. He had six warships. He found the Spanish warships near Cavite. The battle soon began. It did not last long. The Spaniards fought bravely, but they could not shoot well. The Americans aimed their guns well and hit the Spanish boats many times. In a few hours the Spaniards were defeated. On page I30 is a picture of the battle between the American and the Spanish fleets.

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Apolinario Mabini, a scholar

an~

a statesman

THE FILIPINO GOVERNMENT ,

You remember that General Aguinaldo and his chief officers had gone to Hongkong. After the battle of Manila Bay, General Aguinaldo and his companions returned to the Philippines. They came back to lead their COUll trymen once more. General Aguinaldo landed in Cavite on the nineteenth of May in the year 1898. He believed that it would be easy to , win the war this time. He believed this because the Spaniards had to fight both the "Americans and the Filipinos. General Aguinaldo declared himself the chief leader

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of the Philippine Islands. He called upon many wise Filipinos for help. He took command of the Filipino soldiers and gave them weapons. He built shops for the making of gunpowder and bullets. He told the soldiers that they were going to fight with the Americans to destroy the Spanish government. He showed them the new Filipino flag that he and his companions had made. This beautiful, flag became dear to them and to all the Filipinos. Do you love the Filipino flag? Many towns and provinces were seized by the Filipinos. .A ~ew government was established in these towns and provinces~ The officials of the new govern. ment were chosen by the Filipinos. These officials obeyed General Aguinaldo and the Filipino army. They helped the Filipino army to win the war against Spain. The Filipinos soon established a ,government for the whole archipelago. This government began to rule our land. It was called the Revolutionary Government. It had a president and several secretaries. ~The president of the Filipino government was General Emilio Aguinaldo. APOLINARIO MABINI, STATESMAN

One of the secretaries of the Revolutionary Government was Apolinario Mabini. Mabini was a great patriot and an able lawyer. He was one of the advisers 6f General Aguinaldo. Indeed, he was his chief adviser at that time.

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The Story of Our Country

Mabini was born in, the province of Batangas in the year 1864. His parents were very poor and lived in a little nipa hut. They worked hard to send the boy to school. Mabini studied in his native town, and later, in Manila. He could not finish his studies for lack of money. So Mabini earned money by teaching school in his native town. Later, in Manila, he taught and studied at the same time. In this way he was able to study law in the University of Santo Tomas. This able lawyer did great service for our country. He made the plan of government for the different towns and provinces under the control of the Filipinos. He helped General Aguinaldo in establishing the Revo-" lutionary Government. He did many other things for the Philippines. Later, Mabini was captured by the Americans. He was sent to Guam with several other Filipinos. There he remained for about two years. He returned to the Philippines in February, 1903. He died in Manila a short time afterward. By his death the Filipinos lost one of their greatest patriots. What can we learn from the life of Apolinario Mabini? It prove? that a man who is poor may yet become great. He was born in a little hut of bamboo and nipa; yet he became one of the greatest men the Philippines has ever produced. His name will always be remembered in our history.

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Fort San Antonio de Abad, Malate, Manila, as it appeared after the fall of Manila THE FALL OF MANILA

The Filipinos wanted to capture Manila. So General Aguinaldo kept a large army around the city. This -army guarded Manila very carefully. It stopped the Spaniards from going out of the city for several weeks. Then the Americans landed many of their soldiers. These soldiers were welcomed by the Filipinos. The Americans and the Filipinos together attacked Manila. This happened on the morning of the thirteenth of August in the year 1898. The last fort held by the Spaniards outside the Walled City is shown in the picture above.

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The Spanish governor-general agreed to give up the city to the Americans after a short fight. So the attack on Manila did not last long, and the Spaniards soon raised a white flag. Do you know what a white flag means in war? This ended the Spanish rule in the Philippines. Spain had ruled the Philippines for about four hundred years. THE CONSTITUTION AND ITS AUTHOR

The Filipino government needed some new laws. President Aguinaldo and his chief officials believed that the new laws should be made by our representatives. So a group of well-known Filipinos was called together in September, 1898. This body of lawmakers was called the Congress. The members of the Congress r-epresented many of the provinces of the archipelago. They met in the town of Malolos in the province of Bulacan. This town was then the capital of the Filipino government. On page 139 is a picture of the church in Malolos where the first Filipino Congress met. There were ninety-two representatives. Forty of them were lawyers, sixteen were physicians, two were engineers, and five were pharmacists. There was one priest. A few of these men had studied in Europe. So you see that they were among the ablest men of otlr country. , The first task of 0ur representatives in Malolos was to write a constitution for the Philippines. Do you

Barasoain Church, Malolos, Bulacan, where the Philippine Congress met in r898 to draw up a constitution

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The Story of Our Country

know what a constitution is? A constitution is a set of laws that makes the government of a country. Nineteen able representatives were selected to do this. These men held several meetings and soon completed their work. The constitution which they had written was presented to the Congress in October, 1898. The representative who worked hardest in writing the constitution was Felipe G. Calderon. Indeed, he was its author. This noted Filipino was born in the province of Cavite in the year 1868. He studied in a college in Manila. He attended the University of Santo Tomas, where he studied law. He became a great lawyer and a good writer. The Congress did not at once approve the constitution written by Calderon. Many representatives did not like some parts of it. Some of these-parts were changed. The representatives talked about the constitution for more than a month. At last they decided to adopt it. In January, 1899, President Aguinaldo also approved the constitution. He declared it to be the highest law in our land. He said, "I order all officials to keep and obey this constitution in all parts because it is the will of the Filipino people."

CHAPTER THIRTEEN THE AMERICANS AND THE FILIPINOS SPAIN was defeated, and she agreed to have peace. The Spaniards and the Americans sent representatives to France to decide on the terms of peace. A treaty was signed in December, r898. In this treaty the Spaniards agreed that the Americans should have the Philippines. The President of the United States then declared that the Philippines belonged to the United States. He ordyred the chief American officer in Manila to form another government in our, country. He sent many soldiers to help the American officer in this work. The Filipinos were sorry to learn this. They saw that another war was coming. This war would be with the United States. HOW THE WAR WITH THE AMERICANS BEGAN You remember that General Aguinaldo kept a ' large an~y around Manila. N ow the Americans also had a large army .inside the city. In some places the Ameri- cans and the Filipinos had camps near each other. Therefore it was feared that fighting might begin at any time. At last, one night in February in the year r899, troub1e began at a bridge between the tWG armies . . You may see a picture of this bridge on page 86. A Filipino lieutenant tried to pass over the bridge. An American ~entinel cried, "Halt! Who goes there?" He did not hear the Filipino lieutenant answer. So he shot and killed him.

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General Antonio Luna

This was the beginning of the fighting. In a few hours, thousands of Filipino soldiers were fighting the American army in Manila. These soldiers fought bravely. But their cannon were few and ~ld. Their enemies were better armed than they were. So . they were defeated. GENERAL ANTONIO LUNA

The general who led the Filipino army near Manila was Antonio Luna. General Luna was a brave soldier. He was a brother of the great Filipino painter, Juan

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143

Luna. He was born in Manila in the year 1868. He studied in the University of Santo Tomas. Later, he went to Spain to finish his studies. Luna was in Europe at the same time that Rizal and Del Pilar were there. Indeed, he.was one of their companions. He worked with Rizal, Del Pilar, and Lopez Jaena to obtain better laws for our people. So you see that Antonio Luna loved our country. Luna became interest~d in the training of soldiers while he was in Europe. He studied this in a school in Spain. He read about the lives of some of the great generals of Europe. He admired their deeds. He wanted to 'be a great soldier like them. This brave general joined in the Revolution in the year 1898. He made strict rules for his soldiers. He drilled them again and again. He showed them how to fight well. He taught them their duties as soldiers. After the battle of Manila, General Luna led his army into the province of Bulacan. There he built trenches for his men. He told them to get ready for another battle. He knew that the Americans would come into -central Luzon. He wanted to stop them fromÂˇ doing this, but he failed. This brave Filipino general was killed in the province of Nueva Ecija in the month of June, 1899. He was only about thirty-one years old when he died. His death was a great loss to the Filipinos. Luna was a great patriot. He loved the Filipino flag. He fought many battles to defend it. Once,

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before going into a battle, he wrote: "If I should die in this battle, I wish my mother to be given all my property. I also wish my body to be' wrapped ill a Filipino flag and buried in Philippine soil, for which I ' gladly give my life." THE HERO OF TILA PASS

The American soldiers continued to advance toward the north. The Filipinos tried to stop them many times, but they could not. President Aguinaldo moved the Filipino government from one place to another. At first the capital was ' in the province of Bulacan. It . was moved to Pampanga, then to Nueva Ecija, then to Tarlac-. .When Tarlac was taken by the Americans, President Aguinaldo went farther north to llocos Sur and Lepanto. There is a narrow valley through the mountains into Lepanto. This valley is called Tila Pass. There a brave Filipino general tried to stop the American soldiers who were pursuing President Aguinaldo. This brave general was Gregorio del Pilar. Gregorio del Pilar was born in the province of Bulacan. He was among the first to join the army when the Revolution began. He was then only twenty years old. He fought many battles with the Spaniards. Although he was young, he showed in these battles that he was able and brave. For this reason, he quickly became an important officer.

The Americans and the Filipinos

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General Gregorio del Pilar at Tila Pass

General Del Pilar had only sixty men with him at Tila Pass. President Aguinaldo gave him this little band of patriots to defend the pass. The young general and his men knew that their task was hard. But they - were not afraid. They dug trenches and waited for the coming of the enemy. Soon four hundred wen. . armed American soldiers attacked them. This 'was one of the most important battles of the war. The Filipinos fought very bravely. Such bravery is seldom seen anywhere. Nearly all of them died in the " fight. Only seven men lived to tell President Aguinaldo the sad story of Tila Pass. General Del Pilar was

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The Story of Our Country

among those who died. A few minutes before his death, the brave general wrote in his diary: "I am holding a difficult position . . . but I will gladly die for my beloved country." Do you think these men did their duty? We are proud of the men who were willjng to die for our native land. THE CAPTURE OF AGUINALDO

The Filipino government was ended. Its leaders were scattered and its brave army was defeated. Only a few generals, in some of the provinces, kept on fighting. General Aguinaldo crossed Luzon and made his camp in the little town of Palanan in the province of Isabela. There he remained until he was captured by the Americans. Can you find Palanan. on the map? The Americans looked for General Aguinaldo in the .]l~ountains of northern Luzon, but they did not find him. The Filipinos would not tell where he was. One day in the month of February in 1901, an American lieutenant captur~d some messengers carrying several letters of General Aguinaldo. From these letters the Americans learned where he was hiding. Soon the soldiers were sent to Palanan to capture General Aguinaldo. They sailed up the eastern cbast of Luzon, and arrived at the little town .of Casiguran one night in the month of March. Do you know where this town is? From Casiguran, the soldiers marched

Âˇ , The Americans and the Filipinos

147

to Palanan. There they found General Aguinaldo and his companions. _T he Filipinos did not know that the enemies were so near. When General Aguinaldo saw them, he took his revolver and was about to shoot. But one of his officers grasped his arm and said, ,., No, do not sacrifice yourself; your country needs you." In a few minutes, they were taken prisoners. General Aguinaldo was brought back to Manila. There he promised to obey the government of the United States. He has kept this promise ever since then. He told the people to_stop fighting and to obey the American government. In a short time the fighting stopped in different parts of the Islands. A year after General Aguinaldo's capture the war between the Americans and the Filipinos ended. GOVERNOR WILLIAM H. TAFT

Before the fighting stopped the Americans had formed _a new government for our country. The officials of the new government tried to gain the. friendship of the Filipinos. They traveled about in all the provinces to explain tb the people the plans of the new government. They said that the Americans did not come here to treat us unjustly. They told the people that the United States would give us good laws. They said that America would hold the Philippines for the Filipinos. So the Filipinos agreed to obey the new government.

The Story of Our Country

The Honorable William Howard Taft, first American Governor of the Philippines; afterward President of the United States; now Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court

The man who worked hardest for the success of the new government was William H. Taft. This American gentleman was born in the state of Ohio in the United States. He studied in a large American university. Later, he became a lawyer and then a judge in an American court. He came to the Philippine Islands in the year 1900. Mr. Taft was the first American governor ' of the Philippines. He governed the Philippines for about two years and a half. During that time he made many good changes in our government and laws.

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Mr. Taft returned to the United States in the year 1904. His countrymen were glad to see him back. They knew that he had done good work in the Philippines. Mr. Taft then served the American government in Washington. Four years later, he was elected President of the United States. He is now the Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court. CAYETANO ARELLANO

Governor Taft worked hard to win the friendship of the Filipinos. He asked help from some of our well-known countrylnen in Manila and the provinces. He appointed a few of these men to important positions in ' the government. He asked them to help him to make the Filipinos a happy people. One of these men was Cayetano Arellano. Arellano was born in the little province of Hataan in the year 1847. He studied in a college in Manila and then in the University of Santo Tomas. He was a very good _student. . He learned his lessons easily and often was the best student in his class. There is a story about Arellano and three of his classmates. These boys were all good students, and it was hard to tell which was the best in the class. So one day they decided to have a contest. The night befor~, these four boys had not studied their lessons. Now they agreed to walk together to their classroom and prepare their lessons on the way. Arellano won in this contest, for he made the best recitation of the four.

The Story of Our Country

The Administnition Building of the Philippine General Hospital at Manila

Arellano finished his studies in the year 1876. He worked as a lawyer in Ma~ila and quickly became well known among his countrymen. ill a short time the Spanish officials learned of his ability. They appointed him to several important positions in the government. In these positions he did his work well. Governor Taft asked the help of this great Filipino many times. Arellano wished to see the Philippines peaceful again. So he gladly worked with the Americans and other Filipinos to settle all troubles. Arellano became Chief Justice of our Supreme Court. The Supreme Court is the most important court of law in' the Philippines. He held this position for a long time. He died in December, 1920. OUR COUNTRY TODAY

Many Filipinos followed the example of Cayetano Arellano. They worked gladly with the Americans

The Americans and the Filipinos

lSI

in every branch of the government. They learned to do their work well. In a few years many of the American officials-returned to the United States. Their places were quickly taken by Filipino officials. Now most of the high offices of our government are filled by our own countrymen. The Americans have shown us that they are our friends. An American governor-general once said that Âˇ the United States is here to prepare us to rule our country. He meant that some day we shall be allowed to have a government of our own. This is a great and noble thing for the American people to do. The Filipinos will always be grateful to the United States for this. We have done much since I90I, the year in which Mr. Taft became governor of the Philippine Islands. During this time, Americans and Filipinos have worked together for our native land. They ' have built new -roads and bridges; they have made our schools better;

A modern court building at Manila

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T he Story .of Our Country

they have driven away cholera, smallpox, and other , dangerous diseases from our COUll try ; they have increased farming, trading, and manufacturing. So you see that they have made our people happier. But there is still much for us to do. Every Filipino must do his work well. We owe this to' our people. In this way, our land will cont~ue to be the Pearl of the Orient.

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The Sulu Archipelago and I ts People By SrxTo Y. ORO SA, M.D. and

District Health Officer United States Quarantine Officer for the Port of JoloJ Suiu J P. I.

Cloth. x 134 pages. Illustrated Price $1.20 or ~.40

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