Progress 1958 : an issue devoted to the Philippines in Southeast Asia

ROG

I " janlltiguel ,ale,ilsen

• Real Pleasure AwaIts

v.OU.I

After a round of golf-SAN MIGUEL BEER! So refreshing and satisfying. Look forward to it..• reword yourself.

L-__________~~~~~~_ E D ' Y

AN ISSUE DEYOfED TO THE P11IUPPlMES IN SOUfHEAST ASIA F. SIOMILJaR

Editur Eo P. PAT..... . . . . . 51111LM'WS" IiDU.., .A-w. IUiton

OER l'OSI'IION IN S01JTlDAST ASIA A REGION IN MOTION FOR AN ORDlNTAL SYNTHESIS ASIA ,'SPIRES FOR THE BE'1'TER LIFE OUR RELATIONS WI'.l'IIINDONESIA

"""5. lib",,'"

RISING SUN OVER _,,"SIA

Ad~

TIlE MONETARY POLICY IN 1958 PATTERN FOR PROGRESS 'J!HE PESO DOOM»> POLITICAL :mlBJ; SHIPS FOB TIlE PIIILJPPINES

"111: FILIPINO ATJILI:TI: IN AS.A O£.FOPUIA FOC ASIAN

FRJEm)SIIIp

TIlE FILIPL"IO FOUi DA...'f()E.: Redisrovery Of The Year A Stranger In Asia

THE FILIPINO WBlTIlK -

46 Emilio Aguilar Cnn

SO

Malrimo ,,'. SoIiveo

59 65 Honeio C. La~ 75 "'-tle M. Taiiedo 82 'r1l"SO BoongAmado _OL Castro

88 Willie HermlIItfn

94 G. Baree Raaao 91 Mawy K.T~ 102 NVM~

c.-

TIIF. CHANGING SKYLINE

104

.IesDS GDe\'JU'n

-T IlE I.JTI!R"RY SITUATION: 1!tfi&

110

~

MEDIA . . . 'DIE MASSIES

n4

T_ D. A,,-eMiIi

THE TAGALOG 1Il00000N PlcruKE

118 124

~no-tiIID

!l<l!.'W 'rKENDS IN

TlU;

20 O. D. Col"JlW' 24 Map by Roddy ~odOl' 26 Alfredo T. ."",11lS 36 Adria. Cristobal

VEK..~,\C1JL'K

p~-.:

Ala

WIDDlK BU:EIS A Cll.H.LENGE TIIZ IlEAtJ'I'D'UL S01J'ftI

AnleIIaaa

N""da U. ReriWsea

.29 Aadres ~

en..

l36

144 SHOPPING FOR DOU·ARS 154 OCR OPAl\'DING SUBURBIA 158 DaImy VdJaaoeva TIlE FILIPINO RARJUO: ARe-Appraisal 164 Godofftdo M. Rope.....

A BANK IN EVEKY TOWN 172 Neilo T. AItre OTIIEB PlACES, OI'IID LUBES

CRISIS IN TIlE ACCPA TIlE JABOK J!BON'I' TIIJIl FlLlPlNA IN ASIA

177

AaatuOO Litoaj_

182 Bodolfo G. To,.,.

187 Loisa II. A. Li_gu.

PItOGUSS is ......... -.a, loy . . . Ma.ib T _ PIIbIioIU,. C_ _• 1-., • _ .... T _ s., Sb. Cnrz, Manlle. .~ of ... PIUIitolfi__ ~ al _ _ _ . . . . . _ . . . . """""" , . . Office.

322SP

BUILDING OUR NATION ...

• . • the Walls of ~ wbKh ..eft."...pJded iD 187.2 U4er th.- __ turies of ..._dioa worlt, -m u . f _ hioIorie ......... iD .............try today. Within their endo",,", nourished Old Maai.Ia, aadeoat ~ f o r _ l i e taIeo and heroic bauJes., politiuJ iatrigufl8 and rdipu ............... For Old ManiJa the am-.mte loag 8Ione "muraUa" ..... a ~ apinet 10....... iDnders, hostile naIi"e8., and pirat",,; at the same time the walle weft • _ _ that iDspired fllith in the future. Today tbe batleftd Walls of IntramlU'OfJ ..... as a lasting symbol of the 8InJMIes and hopes that hay.. built the FiIipiDo aatiea.

INSULAR LIFE-FGU INSURANCE

GROUP The In ...lar Uf...FGU Inijuranee Group i. also • nallon builder. Sinee 1910, il has sirengthened the finandal pMilion of thousands of Filipino famtlles throop

the prot.. elion .nd .. Yiags fealures of its insuranee plan8. II has also eoatribuled 10 .' firmer n.llo .... eeonomy "ith il8 inve8ImeD18 in public: ulilitiee.,

a.u.u.- _ ......

pri_ banking, ind ....try. real ...uk d"".,Jopmenl8, and other ......Ject&-II IIimed al

building a bell..r Phlllppln •• ,

BEFORE AND

AFTER APPLYING

KATIAllS KATIALIS is the mast widely used remedy for skin diseases..

Its time-tested efficac:y has gained the confidence of

thousands of users all over the Philippines. It is used ~ ever and wherever pemple are harassed by skin afflictions..

KATIALIS effectivel')' c0mbats PIMPlES. BODY ODOR. WOUNDS. IT C H. INSECT BITES. DANDRUFF. GRAINS after 5 h a v i n 9. PRICKLY HEAT. ABSCE5.SES. ECZEMA. SARNA. W H f T E SPOTS.

BOIlS. U L ~ E R S. HERPES. RlNGWORMS. AT H L ETE'S

FOOT, FRE.CKLÂŁS. CHICKEN

pox. ek'.

KATlAUS may be purchased from Drugstores or from the l...aboratory L 0 ere. Prices: Small size JIO.65. Medium I

size ,.1 .65, Big size 1'Z.90

LOOKING AHEAD TO ANOTHER 100 YEARS

OF SERVICE!

After over a century of devoted service to the people in the development of Philippine natural resources, products and services, Elizalde looks forward to the next hundred years, pledged to contribute the maximum effort to the welfare of our people and to the progress of our country.

LA CARLOTA SUGAR CENTRAL PILAll SUGAJl CEMTilAL

SAIfAB IONING CO., Die. II!LIZALID: _ FAC1'OKY,

mc

IlETBOPOtiTAN INSURANCE CO. ELIZALDE TRADING CORP. SUGAR l"lAJn'A'nONS

REFRIGERATION INDUSTRIES, INC. . .

MANUFAOURERS, FRIGIDAIRE REFRIGERATORS Frigidaire refrigerators, the favorite bousebold refrigerations the wo~er.

DOW being manuflu:twed in the PbilippiDes by Refrigeration IDdustries, Inc.. with the full tedlnimJ backing of General 1If.otors Corporation. Refriger.otioo industries. Inc.. i5 .. 100% Filipino..owned subsidiary of Gregorio Araneta, ~ wbidl has recently completed its manufacturing and assembly plant in Quezon City.

are

'Ebe . . . . - eogiueer ~ by ~

isiIln oL Geaeral IIamm aapaatiuo i5 ~

FriPfaire DiY-

~

lIfoses.

iDstaIIatiua. of the plaut ~ and Is iDitiatiug ~ produdion '" the famous '"Sbeer I..aok" ~ bou5eboId refrigImlIDn wbidI ..... _ available all IM:i tile PIn~ He supervised

~ ~ ~ ftfrigI!I'atDrsand aIfEr buuIefmJcI appliances are t!lIdu:!i-ftly distributed by EdaDger &< GaJin&er, Inc.., with mahl CIffifta in. JIaJIiIa and with ~ in Cebu. Ba., mIod, and Dav-. Bada!d Ii9' ......" _ of eapaieap£ in 1M bIaIIehaId zelririiaatiqo business and other EdmIIIer &< ~, he, .....ten valuIoIIR ~ and IIIIJdem, eftieimt soni'cIe to all FrigiIJaUe _ _ in pedftt aD'IIiIIatioll with tbl!I tedmieal t.:IIin& '" Reflia;tsatiuo (Ddustris, IIr.

appI......

. Aside fmm ~ ~ '" lefdgsaliwB and allier ~ . . . . - - Rli!fIigeJation IndustrIes, IIr. will continne to cIesip and sell air~~ .... Nfri&e<atiuol syiItI!mS.

Ala . . . . .

G6MftIl • . . . " . .

&6frige.utioa ltII6aIria, lK.

· . ' _........ iIe .......

.. &Ii... o.r

~

SIwnp

... M'JIIIbIiIe c.u c

HERE'S •••

~

.....

IIIIerier U,a.t

. . s.-w fIB SIanp

the

... Safely-Sul . . ... 1-Y.., W...., plU5 a 4-Yea ....ediea PIaa

FRIGIDAIRE REFRIGERATOR styled with the NEW SHEER LOOK...PLUS!

Exclusive Di.tributor

FRIGIDAIRE

J

lllllllr§~~=~

ERLANGER & GALINGER, Inc. " ' 1 - PenI, &.ita, M.tiIa Tel. s- l6-61

bock. . by Geweral MohNs

VISIT OR CAU US FOR A FlEE CATALOGUE!

Refrigeration Industries, Inc. (a ~

of &e,on. AraM!fa, IIIC.) . . . . . . Esah,M-a.

Tel 3-19-41

Step op and meet a friend!

LabI of people ea1I Pepsi-Cola ""tile ref:resbmeId; of frieadsbip." WJI frm to drink Pepsi wbea out with friends.

But the Pepsi-CoJa you drink ia a friendly neighbor for another reason. too. It belonp to tIri!I country. The sugar that goea into it ia

neighbcml drop in... or when you're

The refreshment of friendship

YEARS "0 WE DESrGNED AND INSTALLED THE FIRST ENGINEERED AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM AT THE IDEAL THEATRE ... . . . 4iNct ..... 2 I·rn· . , . r . ' . eIlilW water ~ · . •seIf -=-hi. . uwib · .. unit wetIIibIors · .. cooIiItg c:aiIs · .. utility Wowers

· . . n:cipuuuIi.,

_pl_

... d illli1le cit. . . . . Medii _ ... iad...... .,.mns · .. u.itnae ill4liwidul _ units · .. ce....ac a.a-tic ~ lef. ullits · .. coW generaloq pacbge typea

SOME POST-WAR INSTALLA TIONS INCLUDE: 120 tons Scala Theater

20 tons La Tondeiia. Inc.. Offices

208 tons Ideal Theater (rernoc:leUed)

25 tons Philippine National Bank Offices

150 tons Hongkang & Shanghai Bank Bldg.

10 tons Oark Field Air Base Radar Control Room

15 tons National Dty Bank of N.Y.

T15 tons New Ayala Bldg.

10 tons U.s. Navy Sangley Point Oper..ting Rooms

145 tons Filipinas Bldg.

50 tons Coast & Geodetic Survey Processing

115 tons Insular life Bldg.

10 tons Remming IT Williamsan 50 tons Studios of Manila BroadI;astjng Co. 10 tons Office of the P.I., Vice-President ZO ~ Malacanang-Guest ~ music rooms 100 tons Jai-AJai-BaUroom, Bar. Dming

Rooms

60 tons Tabacalera Offices

150 tons Manila Electric Co.. Office Bldg.

90 tons !.'hi'- Trust Co., Bank Bldg.

182 tons Galaxy Theater

15 tons Philippine National Bank Offices

40 tons American President lines

25 tons The Manila Stock Exchange

35 tons Colgate Palmolive Offices

60 tons Phil. Senate Session Hall

15 tans New Europe Restaurant 10 tons Phil. Manufacturing Co .• "Offices

15 tons Connell Bros., Offices. Dasmarifias 10 tons Manila Trading Offices

15 tpns ligget IT Myers Tab. Co., Offices 15 tons La Tondeiia, Offices 20 tons Kodak Phil., Inc .. Offices 60 tons International Harvester Co.

150 tons Odeon Theatre 90 tons Holiday Theater

65 tons Abbot Laboratory. Makati 100 tons Martinez Leyba. Bldg.

90 tons Phil. General Hospital Surgical wa~

25 tons Manila Railroad Co.-Presidential Coach & First class

25 tons Casi~ Espanol de Manila

25 tons University of S1o. Tomas Hospital

45 tons Menzi & Co.. Offices

10 tons Manila Times. Offices & Laboratory

15 tons Singer Sewing Machine Co.

38 tons Elizalde & Co., Offices 200 tons Madrigal & Co.. Office Bldg.

100 tons Vista Theater

55 tons Royal Theater 120 tons Standard Vacuum Oil Offices

40 tons General Electric (P.I.) Co.

ENGINEERING EQUIPMENT &SUPPLY CO. 174 MARQUES DE COMlU.AS, MANILA

*

TEL. 3-29-21

20,000 Filipinos can"

be wrong!

AU these pee Ie invested all this mone, in

ltecause in

qMID

(!MID their mone, earns. ~~

------.... _.,.:-.- -

growsâ&#x20AC;˘

- ....

_-...-.....s _ _

...... IY : IY. _ . _ _ . . . . . _ _ _ _ _

...

...

I

I

I I

I

.......

---....: - ----._---

r -- -- --cu.'

1I

........

.'ND

....... =... ___- -

IIIAJI. - - - - - - -

.,.--. ~

1

n _ _ _ _ _ _ :.IlDIAL _ _

-.....-.

JrAK& ADDlUBS

....... . . ........ .. . . ................. .. .. ..... .

faith ...

"For this youag GIld vigorous natioa of ours, nothing is really impossible!

let us hCIYe faith in ourselves . ..

II

-Pres. Ramon Magra:ymg

We believe in the future of the Philippine& We believe that the economic and other difflculties this country is DOW IIlfleting are problems

inherent in the task of nation-buiIding.

We believe in the ability of tile J'UipiDo POOpJe

WE CONTRIBUTE TO T HE NATION'S PR'OGRESS • • • We are proud to have contributed our share to the nation's progress, particularly in strengthening the national economy by ...

. . giving employment to thousands · .. paying millions in taxes monthly · .. helping victims in disaster areas · .. sponsoring entertainment for consumers , .. donating to charitable projects.

But we are even more proud that

nave been

able to serve our customers well by giving them only high-quality cigarette brands.

. As millions of our people throughout the land continue to give us their valued patronage, we shall continue to contribute our share in the task of nation-building.

"Largest manufacturer of top-selling quality cigarette brands."

Through various

iudusIrial YeIIIuns and the empIaJmeut of many

filipinos,

Menzi & Co., Inc. bas been doing its part in the development of our c:ountry's fast-gnnring ec:oDOIIlY.

Meazi &: Co.. Iuc.. will coDliDue to serve our COIIIIIry and our people duaugh sound iodaabies - the piIIaJs of

PHIUPPINE PROGRESS.

". IMPORT * EXPORT *

cMIl.PlIW.t:

* PAPER * SCHOOL * CHEMICALS .If.

Managing Agents for :

IASILAH 'LANTATION

* HARDWARE

co..

INC.

Exclusive Distributors for:

NATIONAL FA.STENE~ COifOUTION OF THE 'HIUPfINES

"'CHUCHERIAS

Owner & Operator of:

MENZI MAHUFACTUIING. INC. MATI AGRICULTUUL 'ROJECT J. M. Muai IW.. I . . . . . . . . .

s.a.. MMIIa *

Tel. 1-19-11

* ........: a lu

•

ILOILO

•

DAVAO

G r~

PHILIPPINE PROGRESS Standud-Vaeumn Oil Company is honored amtzibutor 1» the nation'lI m.ardJ tuwanIs prosperity aad economic stability.

en be a

It help! tum the wbeels of industry and aeee1erate tile flow of eomJIIenle..

St:mvac )II'OdactII aud services proted; vaIDabIe machiDezy JID.d equipmeut. It BIIPJIlii!s the f.uel neceuary to operate mauy important Philippine indWltries 80eb 88 diesel electric plants, mining, steel, transportation and many oiDers vital to the nation's progress.

You. too, ean obtain this same kind of lIIIIIIIIp8IIII pnltA!c:tion for your plant . • . for your madIinery • • • for your prociuc:18. WIly 1IIlCI!Pt anything less?

Specify Stanvac JubricaDtB and fuels ••• and you have the moat ClOIDplete protection that yean! of re8MI'eh and technical know-how can .-sibly oIfer you. Staodard-Vaeuom is your ' - t goanmtee for file 1irIIt step in cutting

Cornet Lubrication ClOIIts 1

STANVAC INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS

and WBRl$:ATION SERVICE

~

' ..~-

i PC:JWERS PROGRESS

1928 MANILA MOTOR WORKS# IIC.

1958

The 8UeeeM 01 MaaiIa Motor Works, Ine. in the .pan of 30 ye111"8 eouId be allributed to the -eriDt; delerminalioD and indO&try of ira foomler. and held more rt'SpODSible positions so that before be started his own shop in 19211, be was already Shop Superintendent of Teal Motor Company, then distributor for the Phil-

ippines of leading American CIU'lI and trucb..

Tbe story of lIIaDiIa Motor Wal'lEs is DOt merely one of au~ biles and an auto repair shop. It is fundamentally tile life story of a man of IICIIinement, togetber with his family and his """;ates It an started in tile early '2O's wben a ycnmg boy from San Rafael, BuJacan decided to quit scbool aDd learn & trade. A cousin helped hbn get a job at the Pacific CoInma'cial C0mpany as a helper in the Aut.omotift Senice ne-'

partment.

It cHd DOt take kmg for tbis IIIIIArt and ftI'Y Industrious boy to beCUDe a full pledge auto mechanic. He tnmsferell to otbeI- companies

1921-111 the cin:le ;3 Pedro R. REyes, 1COTkmg 08 auto meelll111ic at tlae ,JUt pac;r1C Comn",rcial COI1lp<Jng . then General Mot(}T3 rn.trilNtor ill lAc PIHlip",Nell.

That man is ~ R.. Reyes, rounder and General man.ager of IfaDi1a Motor worts.

IDe-, DOW considered among the nation's more responsihIe and most progressiYe auto repair shop IlDd truck body builder.

Pedro R. R....""

p,.,,,. aJtd ~. ' Mgr.

F. V. D. Iky...

Auiat""t MOI,afI6T

1934--Mallila lintuy ","orb-Taller de A.domooil83 011 Atlmrida Rizal Ezten";"". Pedro R. Rrye" is OWl.er•.Vanager .....d Cllisl Mec1lllllic. 77Iia lCGa built ;" 1930. 11170 yew's a'~1!T Tenting a ~ ...an garage 011 /ItlagdDl8rw. St.

Poov:iano V. Reyes

Secnrtsr'!' . _ TretJ.,.er

Fdn R.... Dmd Sen;;c:r M _ r

.·a......

B. Mend...a Stall Aalistmrt Eduardo Elises C1Ii6{ A""",,"ta"t

AWARDEE:

115'r _AP euatiea

f . '........ _

_

... .....,.

...... y_:.

1948---De3pite ~ of operafimo during tile 1C<II', JJlmril4 JJlotor WOTka made a big oomeback aftt1r liberatiml. B~ ad cortrplets ~ at it. facilitn ICGa completed early .11 1948.

~Atter 30 ..... 0/ aiataar, JJlaMl4 JJlotor Works v IIOUI II /amiJlI ~; it boca,. 0111 stnumlitIB COIICI'Iff4 edifies, 11118 1M - ' ........ BqIripIn.nt, 11118 eigIIt " ' " - _ floor ~ crrsd tIfft tm_ man! _ tlillll 1Di'ImI it atarted out ill 1928.

.JwA, i:kem

aPt!

_1M_eo.

For the LIVING ROOM

------.

---=

For the HOME

-

..... 2lTG aADooWlALl1I

::::r

2.... ~,:... • 2 ............ "0.220 Y.

...

=--:.:.~..::

-21 _-" .....

--. ... _.-.-.

--.-

Fo..- the

PEN

_TIt

M.ftl

£yo. , _

. , I'M . . . 2

............ ..,.,. ...

GoII-...._·._

......w.:I11 ......

T_

--.

---.- .... (p'-e • • 1. . .1

___

..;.!

------.

no

.~". hI,""'_

1' • • •

').... "¢ PM s,abr • Pfi:wkd rimNt • tot bI.-I

•

~

2PM_~"W_'" l"" ~ 110.28 Y . . . . .

~tJ~~.-:....~-

--

For CARS

---------___ 6

JEEPNEYS & BUSES

.....

.....1OWIAl.1II BAH-

_-

.......... ........ ~---

~.--.

......

• Win fit .-,-.oaaPIA1I .... AMBICAM .....

~

DAVID UOWM 11tACI'Oa - Full Diesel • Wheel .. c.-ter T _ • BHP_: 12-~-40-SO

• •

-

· IMftIUAL IIEI8IUY ENGINES - I.."""",,,. industrial· _ • BHI': 6 10 - 1'5 - 24 - 34 & 44 RPM: 6'50 - 340

WIUGN I;NGlNES - L_ .......... dustrial • Diesel • BliP: 10 - 128 •

RPM: 475 -

280

SADIS ENGINES INDlBI1lIAL OR MARINE . . . . . lIHP: 8 -10 RPM: 1800 - 2000 2000 - 22.00

~,INC. eD TAlGlUAY • MANIlA • ~ ..a.'1

AANCHB: CI . _ .c..eoe..

•-....c-. ...... ....... .•

~.~

8ULRS:AU. .....................

ECO NOM Y••• switch to-

For practical

HENS[HEL DIESEL CONVERSION MOTORS AND POWER UNITS for MARINE APPLICATION, PORTABLE MACHINERY, STATIONARY PO WER INSTAlLATIONS. 51) to 500 H.P. Also CONVERSION MOTORS for aU makes of Vehicles 50 to 190 H.P.

DIDD. TRUCKS AND IUSES

5·7·9-12 TONS

HANOMAG DIESEL TRUCKS

SPECIAL PURPOSE VEHICLES 5 to 20 TOM .Iso cmai.....

HENSCHELIZE

J Tons Capacity

TO

MEANS

ECONOMIZE

VOl K-SWAGEN

FOR ECONOMY AND LOW MAINTENANCE COST

* * * *

*

Seab8to12~

loads 110 cublc feet

KOMBI DE LUXE K~BI DEliVERY VANS

• PICK-UP

* 4 cylinders * Air- cooled * Fewer part.

DEMONSTRATIONS •

WITH

PLE ASURE

SEDANS FOR TOURIST DELIVERY IN EUROPE AND DIRECT SHIPMENT ORDER (050) TO U.S. SERVICEMEN_

sales: Tel, 3--13--2e; Service. ports; 423 Mend"", QuJR.PO. M3nna

~t

)<.01 10

TOUGHEST WORK

TIRES ever made!

THEylRE

TRACTION

lU-JIILER ~.

or IrudEs -

tb~

~hiCb ......v type 1:f:re eft!' built

errific TbeROAD __ LUGlire -'A

er

noum perform . .

011. •

D d oU-tbe·

road.

.------

HARD ROCK LUG

.....

,or II r e - kuiIiR&.

1IIIswy.ady off-t It e .

BUILT WITH GOODYEAR'S EXCLUSIVE SUPERSTRONG 3-T CORD .

Cost-wise opecalors know that Goodyear Wmk Tires are the finest ae- built - c.onsIn.Icted with Goodyear's exclusive 3-T CORD which pioclically eliminates bruise breaks, heat b~, excessive growth, flex failure and

pty seporotion.

"The T ruction Hi-Miler - The Road 'lug and the Ham Rock Lug by Goodyear hove the PUll, "the stamina and the long life yDLI can't match for the money.

Cut your Tue Costs ...... See you, Good,ear dealer TODAY!

GOO.nEAR '1'M

-w - . _.-. _....w _

Wtddl "MR. DISTRICT ATTORNEY"

.eo...,

C

Ir- ......... _ ..,

oilier .....

Dowid lria.. oyer DZAQ-TV--F~ 8:30

p.i...

WITHOIJT -EqIJAL For elegant. distinctive wear. always specify " ___.1. the fbiwless zipper!

Matiou' sippers are strea....i.ed for extra femininity in ladies' wear ... and are square-legged for greater masculine appeal in men's apparel.

"alioeal

zippeIS are made of the best materials obtainable and are manufactured by experts. That's why Nmon.I is the best zipper brand in the market today! Insist on ........ !

C\, ~ ~~~ c1I': II l1li1

. •• CfWlC UNION -IlUE1DH mY

.

.

...~ zippeTa

lor AIdia'

appar'fJl,

NetD aqIMIre-/.egged dtaitt for _ ' 8 W8IIr GIld ligh.t lea.Uter gooda, Heavll dvty No. 5 Gigle CPId ~ zippera lor ~ GIld B",.,. flla11 No_ 5 dosecl-e!ld zippmr for I'.etzI>JI duty leather goods.

......... >.; .....

Mead &

co.,

INC.

1IANIIA • cEBU • ILOILO • DAVAO

:.o~"I!"""""" '~', Progress '58 Index 10 Advertisers ... AdalT\liOft .. A"-1D8QO

IrK'

_

• Americen InwmaUottaI Uncter-rltrrs for Phil 1ftC

l-M~~tu.. l~A....:o~Cb.

178 AUantk Gull .. Pa.dfk CO..

1M Avenue EIectric:al SUpply Co

sa

1.

AQlI .. WIboq

oj

ManUa

eo.

•• A.atDmcrttft IbrcInr BIdJulJdEn 4311aJlk..n, A...a.tI.otl Bank of A.-tca ~ IS. I1aIcurt ~ lDc.. a.dr. Canes IF'ltlLJ Inc... 'ro (''-PItal l~ .. Suret,. Co..

'''c.tque

U 1M 62 112

lUt 11:

14 89

1!i3 COf'ODII Sopp"" Co. n ~ LII Rame Una 181 Drl ac-rto &ro. , Inc 1110 East lUI.tic Cu. Ltd.. The 4 DLaalde .. Co., 1M 7 !'.n&loeerin& EqY.l~nl .., SUpply CO

oar growiug. Philippines' unpreeedeoled progress, in which we are proud 10 have had SODle pert!

For, as one of the few

American days which baa

FOUR MAJOR DEPARTMENTS

TO SERVE YOU! Edue!tIo!!aJ TEXTBOOKS

modestly carried on, we

of pioneering and dedica-

AND

LIBRARY

IlAGAZINB SUBSC'RIPl'IOICS -

B P 0 It S _

AND 0l'IDR

THJNGS NO END TO HELP CHIUJBEN II1lOM CRIB TO COLLEGE LKAJrN

can look back to 54 yean

Rdall

tion not only to the cause

of education aDd cuIbm:

R~6

35 CorwoJid.ted 1Iu-.-. Inc

We, 100, eheer willi • full heart

pioneer firms of early

Inc.

~

Cebu Pan ..... c-.nt Co.Centu) Bank 01 the PhJl Chamber ot A,tTtru.lturt: 6: Natural China ~ CcM'JL Chua Yap Cltactel huur .. nee 6: !h.rety Co" Inc ColoNal Drua StaR Co rnmet'C'iaI Bank .. 'l"ruR Co,

r I C T ION " NON·rlCTION _ 0l'TICE. SCHOOL " ART SUPPLIES - PIDLlPPINE

HANDICRAFIS IIIlICELL.UaOUS GIrl' ITEMS - SUDS .!. IEBTILIZmIS - PHONO-

~ ~No~c:.~.m: I'BAMING

173 105 8 "7 41 3) 81 16 87 I!"

Eq",h ... ble &anldnr. Cot'p 'baJ Shoes PlJlplna. Mutual Fl..nd. InC' Firestone Tire at Rubber Co. Fin' National CIt,)' Bank of N_ Yo rk The Fuji ~nlr..l $elm K K .

GoodriC'1\ Inl"natioftal Rubbeor Cu. Goody tear TI~ & Rubber Co. of lNo Phil .• Ltd Coftmrnm.l Serftce 1~ s.v.-rem Gue . . ,. 0 Y . • Co•• Inc. 132 Gl..ttrid, e • ChAmben . 1M'.

InsidC' t.c.k--HamUlon raw .. n 85 Hrrmom ~. lnc" 1%7 Hooven !PhiU Inc. 2 In.cular UJe P'GU In~.ncco Group tOO J.emlo Rubber. Plaaun. Co. Inc 33 Jupan Sar:b.ne CIInDUa CODpH"altYI: 170 Jas«o Manuf.c:turtna: 108 JO Transit 61) KeUw Ed... A .. Co.. LrII. 111 Ken, Hoa PAper Product. Co 53 Klnodlita 6: CO.. LId..

56 Kobe steet WOt1lJ. Ltd. 3 LaboratOl")' t.op-e 145 uE\lft8l Tayabu Bus Co H'La"~ .0 La P e rll& CllAr ., Clpret"" Faclor)' InC'.

116 Uber\7 InSl.nlr'K'e Corp 155 Lunrta Hotel 99 Macleod • Co. of PttiL

4. Mndbon Departmrnt StOk

I" ~ &lOte-. Inc. 180 ManIla Blue Printlnc Co. lne.

17-4 Manila Ct:ntnl Ur,jyn'Sl'"

147 Manila Cordalte Co 38 Manila ~ric Co..

13 Manila Motor Worila.. Inc:

in the country. but to the

1S2. ManU. RAUnMCt Co. 141 ManulactUJ"et"S Bank & TruA Co. 34!11a.ft\o1o En~ • 15 libtUon HfMPIWl &. StttOhl ot Jllrtw.rr" 113 M~ Commer-dal 0.. inc" 115 lIeDdna ~ V ,jk Co. -45 Ifewo las Mesrra

distribul:ion of iDtemaIiooally !mown bibllJ:lo!ili,_l-ImJailiLli-rL ing office

11 )ftc"lm • Co., Inc. 3Z Mlbubbhi IJlleCutc Ka.nu.f.aCt1..rin,r Cn

aNls..

30 Mutual I't\oto.npswina

71 Kat&onal ~ JItIU_ lnt 17 NaHonal P..teftl:r Cc:wp of the- Phil

. [PHIUHIIE. 11.. r ___..... ......

01101 [(J

~r~~~i~'

TeL I-U4t

.:;2: Nippon E1emil PIpe: Co.. Ltd. ~ NIppon 5bHt G"- Co . Ud 52 m.bo Co.. Ud.. 'Ttte' • ;,. ~n E1ec.Uk en Ltd 1180ESCO I'" PKiht a.nk.ln& Corp. )')1 Paul 8roL InC' I Pe-pal Co ,"Co. of thl' P9tU_ tnt 72 hrmaMnt Coneefttr P'roctuc1JI .w Petn- Tracttn.c Co . Ltd..

38 Phil. Air LtaH 11S Phll Bank of COfI'\JftIt"ret T'1w 10." PtdL C'bari~ S~ .8 Phil. Education Co. 121 PblI. I.n>B II&DuIart:W1.ac Co 18 PhlL ""'- II1nn.. IDe. 83 Phu, Lumber "'anu.fal.."1Uri",. Co. , . PIUI. KaUonal Bank 110 Phil. NaUoaal Una • • Phll. Papn 1IlJla. IDe..

111 PIIU. PadaI SaYlQu BanIt 1St Phil. ltabbtt IIU Unn \.2'7 PNL 'I'\'..a CIt. 11 Pbil. WaJtbaud C*p.. . . . I'torIen" JIoTc'I!"lallll Ind...,.. 1nc t QJ PlMttca. Inc..

122 P'bwOOd ~. Inc. 151 "PIlI mmtkal SChool 133 Pru.....tJal Bank 6: 'fn,..t Co RactJ,cwrnlUt. tne.

Bo......

.M"

I.

1M Xrb&r BuUdJIlp. Ine. n Red !IbeU Sldn.

, JIdr"IpntioD ~. IDtr. Cr.. InC. ... Rural Ban.Iten ~tloD InGde tront...s.a IIIINd ~ ... SrcuriQ' ..... • ,."., Co. 121 Sharp C. r . • Co..

2;' SbdI Co. of the Pbll.. 1..14ISS 5l.ha Sboe: !KOn' • Sodal SerIII1.." syst.m 128 Soatbem UDM. 1M, 42 Soutnco l)l.trlbuu... C~.

151 ~'. SbOe 610ft B SIa. Clan l.aInIItt Co. . r.c12 StaMant VIICInllIl au eo.. .11 9te"bOft Sh1rt 6: PaDt ~ )7 5amttolno So"'Jf ~ LId. 150 ~ CIa. 8IIIppty

" I " J . del PaD •

me.

.- .

• 111. 'lbU" IGlla ~

:

n~terOOCO

123 '!'tIIa••

1.

PootwMr

~

=~~,,~ salin co..

tnt

JSFUnlLN . . . .

J31Un1ted~ ~ IIoton

ox..

:: := == :'::'.I=- ~, JM. . , Vaa-da. A. U

; : ;~:. ~ ..~ Co.. LId. lalY'llS ~ . . . ..tho __ _ • _ _ _ _ _ Co.

.,1 l_z-utcr. L

ZadI.c ..........

co taco

....

19

a

RIE- ~""IR~.S~L

OW SELF-CONSCIOUS the reappraisal of the Filipino position in Southeast H Asia has bPen is surely most evident in the Unhappy memorandum from our representatives in 1he United Nations, asking our leaders to erase the often-repeated gibe

from our ncigbbor-nations that we are an Ameri~ RateJlli.e. This new look at ancient realities has come upon us slowly, with the growth of Filipilrism.. It has impressed uoon us the goographieal and racial truth that we are a part of Southeast Asia and must ~hare the region's fate.

This attitude in the new countries has been groping toward regional unity based on a community of race., of language, of reli~on and of aspiration. If technological progress and the iron laws of industrialization have forever willed out the exclusivistic, anarchic nation-state, there could be larger arrangements--regional economic. politiea1, and cultural unities that conceivahly could bring their peoples a degree of dignity and a measure of material comfort.

In our country, there has never been a greater consciousness of a community of -fate-of history, of hopes-with the rest of Southl'.asi; Asia than'today. Every day, it seems, we as ~ people discover with awe and delight how many thing:; we share with the rest of Southeast Asia.. This rediscovery for this unity of custom. of economy, of-the whole way of life bas always been part of llS has led us to a reappraisal, too, of our historic relations with the West.. Our statesmel' and our leaders of tlJougbt tOOay seek to distill from our experienre with both spheres ihe best Wf! ran derive from eaeb.

To the happy fulfillment of this goal, this i&.-ue of Progress Report. which we have called "The Philippines in Southeast Asia," is dedicated

CRESCENT. which the A TILTED are Burma at the northwest, and of

OUR POSITION IN SOUTHEAST ASIA MOST RECENT, O NEandOFoneTHE of the happiest, results

By

o.

D. CORPUZ

of the Filipino reappraisal of the postwar period is the discovery that the West is not the snm of the world, that our country is physically, culturally and economically Asian, that our islands form part of the region called Southeast Asia, and that we must share this region's fate.

Wi,th this discovery has come a n£'w awareness of our community with Southeast Asia in both history and aspiration. This common history encompasses the long centuries of Western dominance; and the Asian struggle to resist. The common aspiration is two-fold: to liberate the Southeast Asian peoples from their age-old bondage of poverty, illhealth, ignorance and stagnation. and to attain for the new Southeast Asian countries their rightful places as peers in the world.

Many a Southeast Asian nation had been formed of once warring principalities by a community of suffering under the colonial power.

The first imperial powers were trading nations who extracted the spices and minerals from their Eastern colonies. The later. and more efficient, powers were industria1 nations who shaped the economies of their Asian colonies into producer of raw material and market for their industry.

Southeast Asian resistance to this domination first took the form of a rejection of all alien va1u~ in the early religious revolts against the Spaniards in the Philippines -and later, into attempts to shape the Asian society into the Western image. This desire to resist, and to change, drives Asian nationalism today.

horns the wesiem half of New Guinea at the lower IIOUtheast, defines what the map-makers call South"ast ASIa. In this SP.n5e, the regton Is made up of nine Independent countries: Burma, Thailand North VIetnam. South Vietnam. LaOll, CaJDbo. dia, Malaya, Indonesia. and the PhIllppJDe.. wit h the latter lying about mid-way athwart the Imaginary line between the two bonis. In addition, some commentators frequeutly \lie the term "Southeast Asia" more loOIIely to include, besides the countries named above, also Pakistan. India, and Ceylon. For coltV1!lllence. the more comprebensive meaning of the lattl!t' usage Is used In this discussion.

It has been fashionable for some time DOW to say that the PhilippiDes belongs to Scartbeut AsIa. by reason of Its geography; therefore. it is urged. our foreign policy sbouId be Asian In orientation, both In tenDS of our p1atimddps with our neighbors and In our outlook upm the non-Asian world. We all quite widely accept this poiut of view In principle. 1Imn!v1!r, tIIen! are tho!Ie of our muntrymen woo are qukIt to obsene that it Is ODe of those Ilia! principles that are customarily forgotten In practice. "lbey maintain that recent as 1R!II as pn!!!BIt PbiIIppine fon!jgn poIides are actually West-Griemed rather than Asia~. 'l'be:y further point out the Inmical tact. possible pemap. CXIly In the Pbllippines. that the majority parties avoid the slogan ~Asia fur the A.siaDS" as If it 1n!ft> some awful and dreaded affliction. 1'hus, In this Asian COUDtry. ·'Asia for the Asians'" is perforce a slogan of the politicll opposidon.

Why the apparent inronsIsteucy betweI!D the policy wbldl we ought to ~ and ~ wbldl we actDaIly practice! We am begin to understand the pnIbImIs .of Pbilippine policy In Southeast Asia CXIly by undentanding the nature of Southeast Asia ftself. ~Asla .. _ ... "rfdlln_ .powel"; it ba __ ail aad tID, aad • p a l 1Ieal of ruIIber. It Is, ~ __ of the tbree _ _ ill the world that periodkaIly ~ ~ 01' tlJlftta to the ~ In -m:tcIJ ca'"datnI .r.bioD--the CIIdIer twa are the Anb KiddIe EaIt. aad the SadI!t .millie ~ In Easb!m &Irupe. Bat tbeR dIIaa1l:illltlD are DOt our JIIIIiD IlIIIIIBII. We are IntI!r'Isted primarily In the queRIoo. whetber the cIala!!D C!IIIIIdriII!II wIddl we CIIIiII!I:t- . iveIy dmote as ~ ~ t!IlOUgh .CUDIDOIl d!arac:teristic • dn:amstances, '-ides ~ pI'OlIImIty. dlat would justify our tJatInc diem . . • IIInRIe wboIe. 'ibis .. important IDr our anaJ.ysIa beca-. If it tDnIS out that tIIen! .. DO IIbaftd _ _ of Idmtity IUDOIIC tboR GIUIlUIeI, tI8l we cmmot SlY that the JItdlIpprrs beIaIIp to a c:omnnmlty of.tala 1mowD . . Sao~ AsIa. To uy so would have IfttJe meantnc. becau8e we CIIIIDIIt beIoag to • mmmamity that esIata GIlly ill _ _ In tact. the c:ountrles of the . . . are IIImtJuo In at leut tbn!e importaDt nsJI!!dL (1) '111m' nationU eeunomies are aU uuda:*'duped.

(2) WIth the single ezcepdon of '1ballaDd. tbey all mare • ClIIIDJDIIIl bIsInry of coIoa1al ..mJeetloll UDder westI!m pnren. (3) 1baD.Y, aad umost witbout ~ the twelve CIIIIIItrII!II are all natlonallRk: In tempeI' I11III outlook, I11III h.ve CXIly reeently acquIn!d indepeDdI!IIt poIIdcal It remam. to find out wbaI tbeR slmllarftlel really IDI!IUL '1'1Ie Widei*'eioped eeunomies ill ~ AlIa give the dlffennt IlIIUDtrieI, . . it - . • rommon ' - - '1'1Ie cities, pat ~ ....... are few aad , . betw-. TIle .... ad ... pmducU are _ iDIpInad:. _tile ... ~

AsIa.-.

m....

Jadon and earning the foreign exchange. Pr0duction methodIi and implements are generally ~. a condition which conceah; a great deal of disguised unemployment. Populalion pres5Ul1! bears down heavily on the national product. The economic situation has sociologjcal concomitants. There is a great deal of cornaption In politics. and administrative organization and tedmlques are notoriously Inept and patronage-ridden.

The Bandung conference of 1955, in its final rommunique, gave primary emphasis to "the urgmcy o( promoting economic development In the Asian-African n!gion." The participants called for economic cooperation oovering a long list of measures and actions. These included: technica1 aid to one another, the estabUsbmmt of regiooal training and research institutes, collective action for stabilizing international rommodIty prices. trade fairs, exdumge of infonnalion and of samples. and the establishment of regional banks and insurance companies. The Asian-African delegates. nevertbeless, stated that: "It Is. bowever, not intended to fonn a regionaJ. bloc." \ Needless to say, the cooperatiVe and collectlve _ called forth at Bandwlg have not been undertaken. and there is no Indication yet that they will be undertaken In the Mar future.

Un£ suspects that the rominunique as such did DOt ., mud!. expn!SS a _ of common iDlerest, as it was an incident in the temporary gathering together of men wbo wanted to be like to eadt otbel'. For the truth Is. that economic relationships. to be meaningful, must be expressed In actual trading and exchange. In this respect, the economies of Southeast Asia, all primarily agricu1tural and raw material exporting, do not romp\ement eadt other. There is very little Intra-regional trade. It must be recalled that production, practices, consumption behaviors, Industri.al requirements, and trading patterns and outlets were established during the period of each country's dependentcy I1IIdeI" tI¥! West, during which time the d0minant ClOUDtry and its economic needs occupied the prefen1!d and preeminent position. These ia&t-DllJlled factors, inasmudt as 1hey have been instftutInnalbrd will persist for a long, long time. Furthermore, it, wllI be noted that two of the critical needs of underdeveloped economies are capital'..a.tame and technica1 aid, and the aJIIIdJ'Ies of Southeast AsIa are rompetibnS and rlvaIs. ndhrr dIaD mutual cooperaton, in these lapecIL In mill ,tbe fact that the oomrtries of the _ are all in a IItage of eoonomic uodeidevelCIpIII!Ilt haf mdowed tbem with simiJar ~ IJImJs, bat 1IJat In IbeIf bas not proved to be a ..rfIdi!at fanle for ~ the various COllI>tits Into the ambIame of an emaomIc camJIJIIIdI;y.

The Ibaftd bIBtmy of m10nial subjedlan wIdda tbe SIJIIu-t AsIan aJIIIItries (except 'IIIaIIad) have Widaguae 1DId!r tbe drwnjmrtjpn aI WBII!m . . - . . bas IJeqwmtw:d a eommon IIIBIIDr)' and attitude to the fcJnDer dependeDdes. Thill is most evideDt In their readiness to ........ dl!darata. against the continuatIaa 01' ~ In any form, Of wertem 1mpedallIm. The PhlUppIDes. Indeed. has consisteatly aided with It!! neighbor countrles in this I'SpI!Ct, to 1he extent. we are officially reminded, of .......sIcm.l)y betng 011 opposite sides with die UoItI!d States.

So far II!' it goes, the rommon anti-western ImperlaIism of the SEA eountries is an un-nabJe fact. But It would not do to overIIanIm it, by InfsrJng from It that It maIII!II tbe aJIIIIb1eI of the area Into a B01td n!gional bloc. An IIttitnde against iJnperiallsm In the . . . .... DOt IbeIf r:ruate aJIIIIIIDD mjeettveo

for constructive action or behavior In the pre'*'"t and future. As has been pointed out. no collectlve action In the fonn of concrete mea· SIlT('5 for economic cooperation and development have been undertaken by the SEA countries towards meeting the declared Intentions of the Bandung meeting. One of the most obvious facts of Philippine foreign relations is the fundamental difference in the way we and our SEA neighbors look at problems of regional security, diplomacy and trade with Red China, foreign ald, American military assistance, Soviet Russia, and other issues of similar imPOrt. It appears clear that the colonial experience of the Southeast Asian peoples h~ not up to the present provided a basis for common objectives and common action. The main reason for this is the nature of the colonial experience.

During the period of dependentcy, the countries of Southeast Asia were colonies of different western powers. Burma, Ceylon. India, Pakistan, and Malaya were dependencies of the United Kingdom; Indo-China, of France; Indonesia, of 'The Netherlands; and the Philippines, of the United States. What happened then was that the dependencies were practically isolated from each other, and their contacts with the outside world and the outside influences upon them, were limited 10 those of the corresponding western power.

In each case, the decisive inf1nence upon the dependency came from the cu1ture, institutions. and decisions of the dominant country. This Is the explanation for the fact that today the p0litical system In each of the former colonies reflects in varying degrees of faithfulness to form and spirit the political institutions and practices of the former political master. In the Philippines our political vocabulary, electoral practices, system of party government, doctrines on constltutionalism, and theories of administrative organization were evolved from Ameli~ principle, practice, and prescription exporteel. to a Filipino situation. The same holds true with equal validity for each Of the other SEA countries.

But the impact of the colonial experience went far beyond the merely political sphere. The dominant power also exported its own language,

ideas of education and educational administra· tion, currency, industrial products, and other less tangible aspects of its way of life, such as its movies, fashions, and fads, and, to a greater ... less extent, its hienrchy of social valDes. 'The impact hal; pnm!d to be lasting, for, wbiJe the formal po\it:Jcll connections have been sewered. the other infIumces, 'IObich we may sum up in

the tErm "a11turalimperialism," continue to influence tbe life of the once dependent colony. ~ during the period of dependentcy, the web of pervasive infIumce woven by the domfnaDt power over and around the subject country not only tied them together into a tight and lDtImate relationship, but lllso cut off the .IaUI!r- from any signl6cant associations or contam with otber comrtrles. This is tbe fundammtal explanation for the absmce of frequen,t inter'8Ction and a&SOCiation among the SEA aJWJtries today.

ONLY remains now deal with the na· I Ttionalistic temper and 1he newly independent to

status at the SEA peoples and states. Like the other two simllarities already dlsrussed. the similarities in temper and status of the countries of SEA today are often supposed to give them a common personality. From our point Of view, however, they have not made the individual states of SEA regiorKonsdous. 'The evidence is obvious, and an around us. There Js DO regional approach to problems which logic~MIXT'Aa

m

OUR POsmoN

'DIe Intlluq, strmctb. and variety of ~ _ttua:nts, boIIIh, and cbaIDs that tie _ tightly to Amerira aim-

L ETourUS -

ally require ~ ..tudy and action, such as ~­ !don, 'lie 0W!"Se&S ~ "nd ccooomlc tJII&!rdevel'nIe S£ATlJ. which is u,.. mJy t:rgar.i2!Pd a~ ~ to military mopt!ntiou and defl!n!Ie In thP area, has no less tnllD iiV{' non-area and non-Asian members" (the UnltOO States.

Unitr:.! Kingdom, Nf'W Zealand, Fr:mce, and Au<;tralIa). "nd no more tlnn tJJrep Asian members (lbafland. ~mn. and the Philippines).

New Delhi. .1akarta. Manila. Karadd. and Bangkok do not ronsuIt regularly on regional or global policies. and are as likely as not to takl! different sides of int.emaIional Issues and cootnM!niI!s. Filipfuo deIeptes In I n t e r-lltate IDIlI!tings. moreover, usnally fin d tbemselves having a choice of lIepQl"ate blocs, depending 00 the occasion-the Arnericm. tbe CattJoIk. the LatiD. and 1Ir SootIEast

,,_t.

AsbIa. T!II! truth is that a na-

tImzalistIt ~ .maIa!s a prople Inner-din!ct.ed, rath-

er than ~ miDdI!d..

The masses in eadl of tile eomrtries Of the area todav are being exhorted ~ than ever before to look to

their national past, to emulate their national heroes. and, In general, to "think for themselves." NationalIsm permeates and pervaIB

their respective educational /lYstems, and is being tapped to provide the propulsive psychology (or economic and IOdal development.

The r e are variations among the dozen countries In the intensity of their IUItionalisms. Those ~ deman!b lor aeIl-gqyern-

menf "'ere satisfied only rec:entiy appear to be more nationalIstic. and more Inner'~ than those in wtrldJ the Independence issue had ...... settJed a. an earlier limP. 'DIe exIstet"" or a~ of a weIl-ertab· lished indlgenoUs cultur(' alro seems relevant, wi'h thoee- countrkos being ~ natiw1alistk whidJ bav.. ancient and distinctive cultures Of their own. Beneath 'beJe variations, however, \be nadonalistit temper is ellpn!SSed in a seiI-«imted uutJoolt; it emphasizes thP "interests 01 the nation .. over divisive group Inter~"'L" In ~c po!icie.o, and over dl:mactlng involvements in world and regional politics.

The sell-uiented outlook of nationalism is a natural . conditloo for the newly independent states of SEA. The change of political sta· tus from dependent colony to sovereign state has in P3Ch C2Sl! requin!d ma~ adjustments and mnfnmt..ed the __ state with a 9I!I'ieoo of cIomestic- cri!Ie!L TbI!re is mass poverty and economic Ilnderdevelopmenl in ~ <'OWltries; political 00I'1'Up. tiori, tax evasion. and unassImiIated minorities In most; and civil war, subversion, banditry, and serious boundary problems In a ff!!W. Each aluntry has had [0 face these difficulties practl~y without appropriate institutions, without <!JIOtIgh skilled penonneI. without adP.quate capital. and without strategic mall'dal resour:es. What, th<'n ~-an be more natural, than :hat tbeJe countries sbouId wish to be left alone. In 01'cfw to apply tbeir undivided attentUm and energy to their domestic difficultlE's?

E>rtemal commitmenl$ and relationships become UIlJJeCessary abstractions, except when they can be made the means to provide the wherewithal for the rolutton 01 domestic problems.

n

been suggested in I TtheHASloregolng analysis

that slm1larltlE's of allonlal history, of economic tmdeI-. development, and of natlonaIIstlc temper have not sui· ficed to create a Southeast AsIan community. It has been shown that slmUarltletl among the countries 01 the area serve to divide, as well aa to unite, them. The only baBes at pretII!fIt that may

UJJdfriJe a _

c:ommu·

inquire bow 3II8lysIs of SEA as a. wbole bears lIpIIl the probkm of PIIIlippIDe p0litical reIatIoas In the lIftL Actually, _ Impticatlons

ply !lave no aNDtI!i..,ts In our n!IatIoaa with our ~ IIdgbbon. .

are obvious.. For IDstanI:e.

It is clearly ~ that we must ascertain wbetber the ClIIIIditions ~ lbr sustalned and sympathede interaction between the Philippines and other SEA

countries exist.

nity a-.g the peoples of SEA are geographical prollimlty and a general, but vague, feeling that they are all Asians. Even the ~ graphical nearness must be qualified. Burma, Vietnam, India, and Pakistan are at least a.. clo!le to Red ChIna..

Central Asia. and to West Ao;ia as they. are to their SEA neigbbors.

But geography and the A....ian teeIiOg al'P merely predispo!'ing- ~tor.;; tb..y

Theso. requisites Incl.IMIe (a) a mutually shared _ _ of ccmmoo Interest. reciprocally flrierrtP.d 1nstItutforn<. complementary ecunomIt SJ5tems.. and adequate Infonnat:Ion about each other Intf'rJ)lfted sympatbetr.ally.

In addition (b) there must lIP no commibnel1ts ou~ the MP:I 1mt OC\.'U!'y us so much as to dlsaIJow opportunities for engaging our",,1V1!S In area activities and ;,(alr!:. Finally. (c) our_"It domestic affair!: mtL~t lIP in o;oDle degree of order If they are not. either Wf' will . he rono;trnincd ttl witbdrn... from fQl'elgn distractioas in

hica I

,

e

a ea, ho ev r, h.·lYe not prodUC<!d commu-

nity interaction. Compared to other distinct regiOll." in world politks, the SEA ,,' tates do not have the d0ctrinal and militarY solidarity of the S.lVIet cistern European satellites. the em(>tiona} fervor that exdtes tIM! Arabs of the MldtIIe East. the cultural bom(>geneity of Latin-America, or the Intense political, f!COI1nrnk. and cultural Inter-re1"t1onshlps within the NATO are of Europe and ArnerI£a.

The countries of SEA may be lllJened, paradoxical· Iy, to blg-city neighbors whose relationships are Intenn1ttent and haphazard.

They are too occupied with their private problems to pay sustained attention to ~ other. and their Indfvfdual histories have given them habits, institutions, and Interests that lead to associations outside of the neighborhood. They are aU In Southeast AsIa, but they are In a geographical area. and not In a poUtIcal or economk: c:ommuni\¥.

So mudl fDr our AmerII:aa . . . .tadon.

'DIe foreIp policy Of the I'tlIJippIDes In SEA Involfts two otb!r _ peets, wtddJ are not -uy UlIlSIdered In popular or partisan disruaions. The thoughtful reader, however, will require their ronRIeration, or at least their _ _ tioa..

The first Is the problem of_~~_

ODd involves pbiIoaopby~ foreign poIky. There Is an IndeterminateneIB about our position In the IrImm:hy of Influence among tile c0untries of SEA.. Our I'I!!BOUl'a!S constrain us to resign ourselvet< to a position of ' - ' tbaD JeadenbIp, bnt our stature does not an...- us to take up the role of a mere foilowe'. This indetermInatf'fll!SS necessarily prevent.~ us from fommIatIng w adopting forthrtgbt IlftIl s-

pine IS

elong

not a poli ica

order to solve our domestic problems, or we enter Into .-elatlonsbips with other countries in order to secure aid for solving U - pr0b-

lems. In the latter case, the commitments referred to (b)mJght~

'I'beII! requisites apparrntly do not exist at pn!III!Dt. Mutual sentimeuts and appropriate area institutions are not In evidence. The PhIlippines itself Is committed and bound to relationships with the United States covering a broad fre& of mutual concern. Because 01 tbeJe condltions, we rely for assistance In coping with our urgent needs not on SEA but on the United States; this reliance reeDfomes our camnItmPnts' outside of the area, and orients US away from It. Were we to decide. therefore, on a drastic shift In our foreign poUey orientation from AmerIca to AsIa, It seems ~t we woukl have to malntaln a foreign poUcy for wbIcb the . - r y CIlIldltIoIII do DOt _ aI8t.

\ides and straighUorward

or coasisteIIt area relationships. Equally Importaat. it maIa!s It difficult fDr eRr IM!igbbon to iDtapl'et aur declarations and actions without doubt or suspIdoa.

The task or .liDdIng 811 appropriate poIidcaJ rW br <JUr.OeJveI In SEA Is fal1bs' compUcated by die dItfI!reDt types of IeedI!nbIp found In the IIJ'I!IL The late Ifapaysay, Nehru, U Nu, and Sockarno represent leadertypes that 5bow up our de-

vtadaD tram wbat _ to be lID AIduI - . ~ sbIp Ill..... rvery SFA

CIOUIltI7 eJIIlePl tile PbDippi-. I'I!IIbI 011 tradltions aDd Inst1tutioa11 wbldI make it ~ U DOt c:usmmuy, 1rr the same one mIlD to dominatr his politks 101' a loag time. In addition, die eontempladve nature that _ common to die leadl!nl of otbel' AsIans has been conspicuous for its ab8ence in the crop of postwar FIUpIno leaden. 1be problem of Jeadership is important, because a country's voice in forelgn affairs io usua1Iy that of Its national leackor.

The seeona problem 路 requires Uttle elaboration. It I~ related to the fact that the leading SEA countries aside from die Pbllippines pursue foreign poll~ which are ratbel' falthfuUy :ond consistently derived from dlstlnct philosophies of hwnanity and of world poll" tks. 111ese countries are India. indonesia. Burma, and perhaps Ceylon also. It is perhaps no accident that

_trY.

to

road are of cn.Idal importance. EDentially, tboae of _ who belIeft .ID a Southeast ~ policy may be diYided Into: (a) tboae who believe in that poIlcy beauR ~ reject our American orieDtaUon; and (b) thoge who believe that policy because they OOIIIIdously feel that PhlUppine interests are bel.t met by our. active involvement In mutual relationships with our nl'1ghbors. These two reasons are Independent 01 each 路. lther.

at the mercy of anll tllJ"ant, nWmit to farce and fraud., _ become the accomplice of the exalted and abominable pTe v a ri<:ator who f"IIlea on the height. of

power."

-EmDio Jaelaio from PEOPLE AND GOVEBNMEN'I

SHELL in the Life of the Philippines . . . and part of it.

.....

--="~~.,....-=~

ou ea

or eeono Ie co It Is die polIdes of these countries that are usually regarded as expt"eS51ng the "tnIe" Asian poInt of view, WJth the lIIIg&'I5tlon that the poI1des of otber countries, iDdudIDg that of the PIill~ do DOt do BO. Laddng a distinct ~ qiIbI . . . PhWppIne fomgD policy must derive ClOIIIds1aJcy from non-philosopbjcalllOUJ'lleS, which happen to be our "IIpedal historI.c ties with the United States." 'lbls immediately disqualifies lIS In the eyes of AsIan mDitllDts from repre-tID& the spUit aDd viewpoint of Asia. 'ibis Is another obstacle that the PII1lippIMs must 0YeI'C0IDfI In order to develop political rapport, aDd thereby acquire "IIta1m," with its Detgbbono laSE.(.

IV T APPEARS that the n.d that will taR - to Southsst AIda, fareip polley-wise, Is not a IItraIPt aDd obatacle-tree raad. AetuaIly, our _ for wishing to &et on that

I

ABSOLUTE SOVEUIGNTY "/ believe, aM belleue firmly, that tM proaperity 01 a people lies with tM people ibJell. A peop/e that knows aM eateema right and Juu a rule of corcduct, kiftdIIeaa alld dignity in all it. acta, toi1l not 1il4ce fUelf

un.

ThIs dlscusslon Is not an argwnent for the status quo. It does not assume that the pre!IeIIt disunity of Southeast AsIa and our ties to the United States are eternal and uncbangeable verities. Ratbel', it is an attempt to expIa1n why rejectjon of the conditions that underUe our present relationsblps with the United States cannot by itself bring about and sus路 tain a SEA-oriented policy.

While that rejection leads us away from old relationMips, It does not per ... create DeW ones ready to hand. .

ThIs dIscusslon Is also a presentation of some important objective conditions necessary to a policy of do&e aDd sustained relatlooships with our !sEA ~ bora It is a plea for a return to intellectualism In the IIJIIllysIs of foreign policy.

Nothing Is more ineffectual than a sentimental approach to the poUtics of nations, In crtticlsm as well aa In conduct.

Buitding construction is

0

prominent feoture of the Ptulipplne

scene today. On all sides new structures are nsrn~H lce bUildings, apartments. factones and private house>. Concrete hollow blocks ore being used in increasing quantitIeS for new buildings. In 1957. six plonh. manufactured some 8',2: million hollow blocks, valued at nearly P2 million.

In the quarries and cement plonts, through the processes of hol~

low block-makIng and 01 the buildong SItes. Shell provides fuels and lubricants to help forward the Philippine construction effort.

As a /urtJ.er contribution to p~ prosperity

fhvis芦l a long-term plan in 1950 10 Irain and place Fihpinas in its ~ ranh.

T'-", _'" 3 Filipino "RCUti..,s in 1950.

8 in 1951. 16 in 1952.

TMr an: 35 now and 1101! 011! .-Jed.

N ANCIENT 1DIES, • &ftIIl ~ united 1hr Island- file lIni at _ __ AIda m ....

- . '11m>orcb tim -" ........ __ (11.- . . . _lICe. . -

I

-.... __

- ...

..... v-.lD ....

-....._- -

..---.,~_

~_Allla._-,.. ~

c - . - .... Hom ... _ _ at CaIIau. -

-~.."

....

IIrincIBc .... -

-

~Wat.....-.-_

Up .... - - .

,...-J . . - . _

..-. ....... _ _ _ .... IIiaIiom.

_

....

cia

",",_

~_

.... w"""'"' reIIcion_Aa...uac _ 01

--._Aota . . . . . ..-.....

Ja-. ... ___ GY,

~

.... _ a t _ _ atEat_Wat.

~

tis at ...... ...up., cuI-

w __ _

~

-----~-------.

INDIAN J1AHNER tm. Iris l4>rd with .. 1DOIlGmo plmI1 I)1IllerL by Pntllocb .. ,... ._ ~ ID hia I.u..r. have dOlte 2,000 ]INn 1IgO. To bring tedlnological bfr..eltU to the· Eaat, - A I patterN 0,* tradition haw to be de3troyed or changed.

In its effort to reach

for the beneficence of Western technology, the Orient is undergoing an important cultural change

FORAN A BOOK which auth"rR EADfNG itatively about lhl! progress of thoug ht In speaks

.. L1luntry. like Tile Social Scie>IC6lI and Thailand. puhlished in Bangkok in 1956 by the Co...

nell Research Center, a Filipino would

reco~·

ni7e statements of cultural problems wi t h which he is familiar In his own coun try. Indeed, t hey

r..w;al' as ~ble, Ice must sel.l!ct the I"a!!" and ideas thot mu.t enter our u;ay 0; 1;#, mId control their entry. Tlnl6 toill evolve a new lIotiona( cultur6 Wllich Qdd.. t/.ot which is n6ce",~ary in QrdttT to BUMli'Ve in the world rom",unity. and still preserves that part Of the old w hirh holds (JUT 300iety lind cultuTe together.

are problems of all Asian countries_ ". - . w hen VUltern science took m'T cu1tuTal nalldard3 by st.".»1 •• • 1&e found OU73fIWe3 bereft of inU1ahve while seekUtg to mlJ8ter the new stalldards of tDe3funt cultwe. The quie~ing of the pa« USMrea in by the tIi3t:ooery of met1wd8 ,,' making ..,.. 01 3Uom TeI101vti01rized mmdard& of knowled!lc all floe world Oller, thereby cvmpliorrting t he eflOTt of the E03t m keeping pace u;ith t he new Trn()1.(!letige which Willi e:rten<f.. fng itl.3lJ with etJe-ry alacrity. We tl.us had a aituation. ;.. whieh tile Weat found mel' tempted 10 eztend and formUlate new st/JJIdanla of knowlBdg6. while the EtlMt followed toith di//tcnlty•. ot tloe same ttme tending to 1036 sight of her original 3Piritual cultm-e. In thfs TUSh the Ellllt _ c:an-ied olf her feet for quite II long ~ aJtd failed to be able to think out Mly fnit1atWe of her own." Thus writes Prince Dhani. tile admowIedge leader of Tbailand's intellectual community.

Not only has the coming of Western cultun! and U!chnology meant the difficult task tor Asians of trying to catch up with modern progre;s, WeBlern culture has actually constituted a danger to traditional AsIan culture. according to Pbya Anuman Raj~dhon:

"nus there fs M7I{J6r to OUT traditi<mal culture and to OUT 'Very eoMtence both m the adu,r tion and m the rejection Of the.w 7I8tC ways and id.ea3. W1uJt aTe we to do in MlCh a dilemma'

" •. ,Cantact u,;tlt tIle world at large lias be. eMy wid conl1elli.-"7It. '1'716 impact of . oilier cultUT6lI and idIaa.9 vpo.. OW' cuat0m8, politic., economiCll, mot, lit61'IIfuTe and mod"" Of communication is moving in toith a TU81" allowing Uttle time fo,' cmIMHdatian. Some of the new elosmenu and ideas me llOmewhat td:rartge w1ltm compared to those of the old days; a1ld I)fher8 are in oomplete contmst with r1w3e 0/ the ~d..

In 8IlCh a bewila.zMng situation, how are 10e to know wltieh elements of the internotional culture to t.ake ,nto our own, -a nd how to go about as-

come

m7l1Uat;ng them? , . n It is

Inevitable that

the general

situation

Prince Dhani and Phya Anuman Rajadhon have sketched. as it has been dwelt upon with Identical thoughts by Filipino Intellectuals, particularly those who have written for Com_to would be intertwined witt! the whole gamut of social, psychological. spiritual and cultural aftllctioll8 of Southeast :Asia. The frustrations, lost illusions, fallure of communication between different classes of the same people and between different natloll2lities, the fading away 1)1 old traditions and the competition for acceptance 01 new standards, which are not completely fflliable and at the same tInJe quickly changeable, the self-cont.empt or the excessive sell-assertion, and the general feeling of demorallution among the elite as well as among the ma.sses--these are Inseparable from thE> present crisis of EastWest cuiture-rontact, ESpI!CIally In Southeast

A.,;ia.

Professor Paul Oren, an American sociologistanthropologist who has specialized on Soutbeast Asia. describes this whole problem In his eSlIay on ''The Myth of Painless Metamorphosis," in thi? January-~lan:h, 1958, issue of the Sillimcm Jm/TTlal: "Many of tlle problemtr plaguing tlte people 01 Southeotrt Asia aT6 commonplace m OUT worid'1'7ley stem from the lact that tM gTf!at 171_ _ of the world's pr,pulafion has jut ceased to e:riat in self-contained cultv"al ",lalld&. Most 0/ OUT fellmmn6'll find that contilltrity is gaM from tJunr 'iut's: thtzjr moral world& lITe fast colIapeiftg cm4 tlUlY ~ little for them861""" or . , r familiBB to cne,;sh as II m.bsfttute ill the ""'" ronditlou ",kwh forcefully impinge vpo!l t1leir f!Z3tricted hoTiz","". ne tradmonal UItIY of It/e 1DiJl 110 lcntgfil' suffice. and they lITe fr-tnrted by file glaring. con3flHlt, facts of tMir igJtorarIee /13 to whot should be dtme and of thetr .",potto do lIIu"h at alL IIIjwrt1ce, /J3 tlley - it, fIOID goes ....p....ished. merit goes ullrewarded, and they are hounded by furma Of authority wlUch fI&ey find galling. Tllia J>08III3 problema 0/ appIIlling magnit1ule. for wliicA tMl'e are flO TtlIIII¥ llnawera ..Rei lor which tMre ia osrtaialJf 110 panacea. The clock connot be tumed bae1c. Bw1I an optimimc a.tlclok must iflCfllde file «q«:tation of inevitable tragic efftda CIa IocaIi3a continuflll to bnIak down.

"Unfortunately, much effort ill attempttJlg to cupe witli ,the fact Of ",rol 10-' (aJtd ,..". 1 071'. not Tejerri'tlg to the 'mailed fist') is IIit1Ier wasted or 13 octuallll aggrvvating, ~ t1w nature of the problem fs ~ The 71610 1oo:ional leadera lITe aliellataf from tJae fittellef;tuol and emotional wori4 0/ t1te _ 0/ their COUlltrymBfL 1~, 8I.'6?I local l6a4en tI1'fI

..-.c ,- t:: VILLAGE CHILDREN ill lredia Ifl/lnl the th.Te8 11-', in thatched acfwolIt'........ T<I hltihl .. better life, A.ia "wat educate ft.. young tnrivenmny.

HOLY MAliT 1uJs rome ro Allahabad. ill India. ro batl.·z in NJL!red river&. He repre3eftU the traditional EMt.

ORIENTAL S~NlHESIS illOfJPGble Of perceiving peasants realiKticaUy (to my nothing of 311m:patheticaIly), because their or:entation is totom"d the new world oj the aUy. The members of the elite>!, having often 8eEm far

national #iel/-ronrempt, rather than nationalism...

0/ 'western' COOImrie8 tJUl" they have 0/ their own, are easily misled; they are creatures of illterllcltional I<f'fHIftiam who moat olVen /eel . ~ to be it& «rile in. their n.ative lands.

It is Mt avrpriaing that the biases of Western. t:it1l thinking color their ~ 0/ ".nil problems..•

be accepted .in all its depressing and irresistible realism but with ~rtain important qualifications. Un1ortunatfly, the typll2l f01 ...,ign ob!'erver and visitor in the Philippines gets a~ .orbed mostly by circles 'compol'<ed of "creatures of international urbanL<m." In an underdeveloped country 2Ild in a rulture which ('Xbibits numerous facets of surprising !;trangeneS!< roganlless of superficial WestemL<m, the Westerner gravitates to those who talk his language, figuratively and literally. 'lbe;e are the widely travelled, SOJ)histicated.

more

"The general IJtAJte 0/ demoralimtioJl tluJt precaila among the ditar 01 Boutn-t Asia tipJIIIII"8 to be A fTIt1rII1r din!ct conaeqtUlIICe of their "-matic nlIIliaatioII that many 0/ the a8IItUJIBIf

beItBfi" of ~ are illuory. Eoon the IACt of ~. iDelf. is ~y illII-

- . . No tIGtioa, .. the 1tig1ll" ~ modern. world, _ hope lor politicoZ, economic. ",. militGry fnalmn.. 2'hiB 1aaa '-" ra:ognized .. " - lor Uumsaelwa by even the strongest 1IIIfioIu, bIIt to ~ OMS, wlo have ju3t t!hatl IIira:t ~ fTOIII tile OId8ide, ita n1GIiIutioII is paitIfvl. 1nile the r«ilit1l of dspen4_ . GIld the begrvdged deciaioII8 which it tie~ pruuide - . ..... o/llitliaion. GIld rwaill! rtr- VIit1IiIt As Ieadera1Iip <If the _ . . . ., _ _ _ _ diviaiona of the .,., II-. '-'*" 1 - the pnIIIIIiIIg ...r 1D . . . ~ of""" IDiAiII As IIIItioI&, aJIl, . , . ..... "..,.....,. _ ~ ~ the co~

IIIIMI .--".

~

. . awl ..... of a- do _

fiat.

~l/,

r.w

."..,.,..,.,.

II!d& ....... muW be clinor:tal CI{IIIiuC the coIoMwr l1li4 the II]/8fem of coIoIIiI:ation., thu P ..., A -.on. f - to illlllllrlenlble. ~ iImIII,ICilIk, . . . . lor ~. N01ID. tDith ... _ --"11 to 111Gb _~ da:iIiotu. .... iaI6uItabIs ~ ~."..,.

VIe bocJy poIttic l1114-/oner'the' dnelopmeaat of

CHARACI'ERIZATlON of the state of T HIS mind of the people of Southeast A!lia may

cosmopolitan, and entertainingly artiru!ate set.

Sone individuals in such a group masquerade as . u1tra-superior beings who, pP.rbaps, think that tht'ir people are unlit to be considered their own. These ~ individuals who feel about themselves and their accomplisbments a strong but ,twisted sense of pride, whkh is selfish and vain rather than geI!eI'OllS and civic.

Fortunately. not all local leade'!; who may be creatures of international urbanism. or who are at home with international rulture. belong to this type of unwholesome. undignified, broastbeating, self-made e:dIes in their own cowrtry whom Professor Oren finds IIIDOIIg the elitp_ 'lbere are Southeast Asians who can mix undlsturbed with the best ml!D am! _ of 1Iae west and Who do not feel auy need to apologDle for 1heir lII!IJPIe aDd 1heir aJUDtry, despite underdevelopment. Their ~iritual and pbySicaI home is wherf' they were born, even if they . have IUlqUired a goenuIne fondness for many foreign lands and forelgners. Visits to other OOUDtrieto. including the most modem in the West, UIIdeI' the"IDost pleasant dn:umstaDa:s and arrangements imaglnable, only £erve to foster in

this type of ru:culturated Asian a fieree love of his homeland. Instead of alienating him from his people, th!! assimilation of an international culture invigorates and widP.lll" the spread of the roots he has fixed fhmly in his native soil.

- In the various professions where you find these modern but not deracinated Asians, they practice the scientific methods and use the tools of knowledge which the west has perfected.

They do this, now:;ver, with the spirit of "ritical inquiry and with skeptidsm about the applicatilDl to Asian countries of the findings and generalizations based by Western intelk>ctuals upon Western condition~ of society and 1ife.

Such slreptici.'ml leads Southeast AsIan intellectuals to im;ist on fpnnulating their own nonns, In concentrate on understanding their .f\VIl national social pbenomena and the origins of these phenmnena. Filipinos ha\le recently sttown greater intensity on this point.

No different is the ob!lervatioo Prince DhanI makes, which posse;ess even greater signIfi<=ance than his recognition, to which we have a1rEe.dy referred, of the difficulty arising from tbfo impact of Western rulture on TImilaDd. He said:

NSuch II Nt&atiml, 1wweu1JT, to the best 0/ my belief, is Mowing aigIU of rectifioatjon., l1li4 the East is mule more ~ Of her eoIlCtmJZ heriIDge whilat abaori>ing to the fwJl. the nUJterilil progre1I3 of the W BIIf,"

Filipino social lrientists might very well have fllIIowing words of ~ Voog!l3yanha on the poteDtial value of statlstlcs in original research in the scclal sciences with due regard 10r dlstinctive Asian social structures : " •• • Utalike the diIcooeriea of tile _1I!lm IDOTld in. the tIat1&Tal ~yMt:a, diemiatry. BIIgiIaeIIritIg, etc._1&tch OIJII be IJJlIlZiBd in.

spom. the

QIMTiNUn) NEXT ,AGE

.

FOR AN ORIENTAL

But even though the 7"63Ults 0/ social res_cll

co..n .... f D

may differ betwren East and W63t, the statis-

Thailand with little or no change, the finding.

0/ we3tem ~ocial scientists may hmJe little Te/600ftC8 to tile situation here. The culture ana social of tlPe Ean ill 'fJerY dillffrfmt fram th4t 0/ the W63t, and eustem aocial scientillfJ will hmJe to conduct their otDIl re36tJTd. to e:r:plain tits p1t;mornmI4 of their own 1IOCi.mes.

m.u:nwe

tical tools 1th4t hmJe been developed will be as to the easlm'n social 8cienNts as they haue been to hill 1«8tem colleagues. As an example 01 the dillf1N1nCe8 tllat may be found a child psych.ologist conducted e:zperiments on frwtratiQft among white children /DId Aaian indispensab~

ol.ildr67t and found tllat their TMCtionB

a:rs quite

iifferent."

NO LASTING PEACE WITHOUT SOCIAL JUSTICE;

NO SOCIAL JUSDCE WITHOUT SOCIAL SKURITY Little A.....u clmp tits ~ ann ill complete trwB' ",.., tlloat is 8tT6llgtlleJled "" """'ify ".,.,......,. i1I

for tAe toOTtiJogmmr'"

protridillg

tv--

tHTe, Social8......nty prouida.lor tits c1&ild'••

'rUe tile avenie WOiIdagaaaa. III at life _ is ~ aeH-

t1Ie prime

-'ijIrwt: As ~ 85 . "

aacI aWe to

wom ...

Philippine history

turIt ItinL BIIt ~ lie ~ to ttmIk ftoat .... IIis alriIiiJ' to .04

r - _,. to ..,. IIepeIIM

&milTs

-

~

relations with non-Westerners. and the impulse to create their own body of Independently formtilated lindlngs based upon their original investigation of nativ(' conditions 'UId national hi..... tory have been gl"eeted wit II much suspicion and misunderstanding. It is hastily labelled and c0ndemned as antl-Wcsternism, anti-AmericanI!Im, and chauvinism. From the unbiased and ob~ tive point of view. on the other hand. it would be ridiculous for 'MIaI and Filipino child psychologists to use th(' findings from experiments with Amerlcan cbI1dren by whidl to judge and direct the tralning of our "hIldn!u. except as information supplementary to our finding!' about their behavior and tn our OWD CI!!Ia!ption of desirable habits and attitudes to develop.

In our experleDce with language teaching and linguist:ieo, 1D take aor lIB' spbere 'If researdt and action, DO foreign 1 tgUi.'itic sctentLrt would object to Filipinos study.ng intI!u8i'Vely oar Dative languages 'as a fundamental D!!Ce!ISity in the improvement?f the t2acbing of fDn!igD languages in our sdIools. This """ ~ beginning to do. BclOl'€ indepeudeace. bowever. """ ignored the native languages - nay, we c0ndemned their study to bolster the polk:y of exclusive English language instruction.

The "baI!ge to aUf' present policy CIIIlfoIms with basic facts of language better understood according to the best scieDtific Immvledge.

Facts and their <!JDpIoyment in action ao-on!fug to the best intel1igeuce available silould be the guide to value-judgments. Unnf:cessary. wasteful, and painful misulldemanding arise. from the ~ of this relationship between

feels ~

I'Ilain!s . . wap!I, ~ of tile ~ ia tena5 of _ i e ~ for kim .... IUs r..iI7 seldom. if _ , dis-

feeliJtp " ' . .

TENDENCY among AsIans to ,reexaT illS mine traditional Western Ideas and Westen,

~

. . . .i5

lie iJ IINet ..,.

aria, ... ........

SodId .arit.T _ to Ws aid..

It pnteds MIa . . . . . r..iI7 from ....... _liMp"'''''. tIIat tile impainaMt ow 10M of IUs - . . . - from -pIo,--t. ..-I;y: - - - . disabiIit7, old ap, ........... WitIl tile. hNefitB, . . . _ . -W 86earit:J' ... adm;'ish0re4 ..,. tile 80eW s-ma,. 8JwteIJt IM!eb to tile worfdDpua ud . . famIl7 from la!leeariiy .... lief. . u.- __ taia a IJeltmr life tIIq 80 ridIly

ea_

'Ift

desene.

~ccial ~eCllrity ~ystLm ~

.&11 Floor, GSIS BaiJc1Jq Co..- CoaeepeiGe a: AnoeImIIJ S&nets Maalla P.O. Box Z3'lO T eleplloan: s.6O-lil; 8-44-11; 3-S'l5

.....

intelligence and emf)tion. Because such a reversal is quite common among human ix'ir'.gs. non-linguists as easily COIIdenm the dedskJo to give importance to the native language in edu-' cation, calling it anti-Ameri£anism. antl-~ panism. or xenophobia. as they heedlessly miscalculate and r.ensure other nationallstic policies dictated by local facts and neec!s.

By most of the criteria belonging to the past. and to foreign thiqker.; with a few exceptions. some of the results of reexamination amount to a repudiation of old truths and an intellectual revolution. To thE ca.'IUlli studmt of Filipino cnltun! who has depended on the standard textbooks about the Pbilip¢nes and ..-ho has heard the familiar generalization wittily phrased by an IndIan hmnorist in tlu!se wools - "the Filipino spent three hundred years in a Sp:mish ronwnt and fifty years in Hollywood" - it may rome as a shock t'J be corrected by a contemporary ethno-historian, Dr. Robert B, Fox. In his essay on ..Pft>historic Foundations 01 ('.on. temporary Filipino Culture and Society. D In eom-t, No.5, Dr. Fox fires away with this opening siwt:

''TM _gtmC8 of national 11611_ _ den'wuids mOTe thall a casual glance at pre-!i!~lD­ ry and token ai&pporl 01 8C1wlars ~ iIufitIIt'ion8 mgrosaed ill the ..tutly 01 the cultvre hu.. tm-y of a nation, far despite dramatic cIr.angea which 1Iav6 OCCU1Ted in tIuJ Ftlipitw'. 1DtJ1I-6/life uftder the impoot 0/ Spaoliah and A1R6I"i4:oft inf/u_ Cinappropriatefy dB8Crited, , bffliellfl, as 'culhlral COIIqu63t'), pqrMpa all of the balric influwce llave been atiAWptBCI to a 80ciul and

~nd ,..., U'IIid& ill tmiqIoeiy Filipino -<l " . . tdIicII cIIueloped cnt¥riea befo.... Magel1tm. "... nw u.-" U&at tile ",-.-.at dJGrocter 01 FIIIIpioIo CIIlnInI ....d -*'til _ r-.. dus to 'IDIIVM 01 c:IenIal iafltwrlcea' ill vanly over~ ~ to fetJl. tltat U&ere ill ow JI'iIipiftO CIIltIIre ,.,. -. d wI&oUy ~ poritioA if tile 00IICleJIt of c:Wt1we ill properly "nderdood."

cira_.

To some transient foreign ~olars of great dlstinrtlon, like a few tl>bom we ha\'P Jmown on their recent visit to tbe PttillppiDes this ;5 a bewildering. unortIIodIIK, aDd UDWel.come reiDtI!r'pn!tatioo of a culture whk:h by custmn had beawDe famUiar under diffJ!nsrt term". How about the averill:" educated FlliplDo! His educalion has ~. been admowIedged to be good In Western cniliDtion aDd practic!lIly dPvoId of Asian bKkground. TIle effect of this reirJ1erpmatioo upoo lib may be ezpected to be o:imIlar to that of the foreigners, but with more meIandIoIy owrtooes by \'irIUe of his being an Asian.

UIIe tbe serious sbift ia SDpbasIa which Dr. Fox gives to our w1tural history I!I the ft!SUlt of Professor Teodoro AgODdllo's theory of a reintelpetatioa of FWpiDo bisImy under SpoCn. Hlgbly controversial as the latter's tbeory has 1IecoIDr, aDd pemap. remaiaIng susceptible of ~ aDd ~ I'OUIIded elaboration, its initial contributioD lies In his origiDal study of negIeded facts aDd his demand for lndepeDde.t1y developed judgments suppor lied by factual wun:es and responsible srboIarsbip. Instead of b1lnd Imitation of fon!Ign historians and 3 me-

needs re-interpretation ebanicaI echoing of their thougbts aDd attitudes.

Pro!eIsor Agmdl\c e:rpo!lI!S a grave problAn ill PhiIippiDe historiograpby aDd I'EIIlIncb; Filipino III:boIars of an lnI!mabIe respoDSl"bility wbIch IIIll!ds to be dIschargIed bonanbly:

lar aJloIDII!! 0In'IIeItle8 to be ", • tn.IitioII of acIJolan1&ip thIIt . . - rooD _ . , ....,., 80iL fta, "'" fiN! __ ~ lloob . . . IIJia "'- •• We 1I4ve ..,

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. . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . to _", fila 8pa1l. . . . . . . . do W DIeir _ IIIiDioa to GO- . . . . . . . . . . . . __ - . foo. It .. tiMe ..,., fuai: . ...... of -,.. ~ it tflrwgh _ _._ IIJia , ... ... . . . jutica.fl

HE ImAJlING b:F tbe tie PNIIpT pIms ia UE KftIIt Asian adtural traditians IIeIan! tbe IlIlIIIIng 0I1IIe west _ _ _ peII(IIe of

i!J-

fIftst ill tbe ri!w 01 FIlipIno Inte'leduals of tbe mlll-twen:deIh C!ell1ur7 as a nsa1t of our Jdstrwbl peulla:lbe. AJIdmt am- m~ Jane ' - fmnfIIar, but lIDI!ient JadIaa ~ both BrabmanIstic aDd BuddIdst, bas beI:D IeHt studied aDd WIde: stood.

SInce IIUIlDI!IIII by briIUaDt aDd c:harmiDg repre.maUves of indian thought aDd art have helped to revive FIlipIno c:urIosIty about PhllippInelDdIan des ia pl'I!bIstork aDd early historic periods. ..... Tara All Balg, the wife of lDdia's first mfDIster to tbe PIIfIippIDes, often remlDded ber W'Utpino audImces of tbe advaDce of Jndlan culture to the PhWppInes aDd other pIIrtB of South__ II IDe of bet- Ialalit AsIa. st-IdDc ill _ 1952 ill

-

aw.-

Pr.ferred bll tit. rb.cri""frD.tUtfl .1Id tile ~ " - " it .. • can!fully eeJeded rr... choice Jogs and guaranteed bee from ....ut.cturiDr; ddeets

e ...

• p~ for beauty 01 grain and - . . , to IIIIi1 tzvpi<aJ CIIIIdiIi<ms

• WW-PJUCED

to

a.tiaf,.

bu~minded hgrnehuildpr

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PJUNaPAL AUTHOIllZED DISTRIBUTORS OF

SANTA CI.A.RA PLYWOOD II&NIIA • B:NVJaONS UYSON ....uotC--617 _ _ _ s..-a. ..... Td. S.»I-all ~1S-lS TA8UaIA co TA()O-...... s..-s..-.., __ iii. T", s"s7.a

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<mml.U. UIZU~ COtIMOOJ11ES ~'I10N

UJZJO" ~~SU=~~Cd.a., CYcut SlIPPLY · I&.I .. Clly SltClINOO UJI ~Cb.1 ~ ............... ca,.

ca&A.r COSIUC

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-..ow ft.YWOOD CUI JIUI SOLa ,'018 ppcyw . . . . .

~

-- .tNf PRODUCTS plIILIPP are made by m .. t •• al If you aee a label ... a product that is made in the PhilippiDes that particularly appeab to you - the chances are 10 to 1 that it was made by MUTUAL PHOTOENGRAVINe.

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L-.a _ Ilia

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Colorful. driJcins, eye-appealin....... are their ..-ecialty. A good label 011 a good product bel.. to sell that product. Put a poorly reproclucecl laW GIl a cood product and you 1_ ..Ies.

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creates ideas MUlUAL

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prodllcts. MUlUAL ...." II... ..chi..... h.1f colIIlN.... ti_, w cuts far til...

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color...

ROBERT R. WILSON., Me...-

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MUTU...... .

TVT ILDCi.. J.. fLOOR

...... 0-11: SIIUUUT . . . .

f. TOIlIIS IT.. nLJ.Jt.J1 WALLID em,

na.. MI-41

The Oriental view of life til"'" au"ut Buddha and A"'lka's missionaries.

M ...... 8aIg gives w; the following sample 01 her well-remembered 2loquE'flcc and erudition:

"Gautama Buddha, born i .. the year 625 B.C., Uw: p"in« reored i .. luxury away from the alark

I"f'/Jlities of poverl!/. t'- faced with the b?inding ci3ion of the complexity. the inequality. the ccmflicta aM uflhappi1&ea3 0/ the peoples on tI,ia piallet- Thia uiaior, Of 2500 yeaT3 ago reL...'UIed to 118 the firat practioaZ religion of human hiato,'y that tried to define tile path ",an mus. take in hia d4ily li1e to reat:h Ilia etental goal Of 4ivine bliaa. A t a time tohen ,he Chine:e civilization had blossomed into tlte doctrinea of Confucius and Tao. BuddJw's t,-.u;MngB reaching their gTf'ateat glbry untler tile Emperor Aaltoka ill the year 274 B.C. spread their mesaage of t~. peace and love throughout the rou"tries oj Ceylon, Burma. Indonuia, Malaya and tile Philippill68 to Japan alld China. . ' .:"

Sbp lurther de\'elops this ~opic, again stressing ancient Indian cultural influence on the PhilippillP.S, l!3 follows: ." The mllll.ertee 01 G;'.."'eCe had brought U3 a new OO1IC6pt of arl and, it ia Raid, had even mfl.... cnced the modem IIId'a" Ashoka's empi" e I,'lli takerl tll~ reli!lioll oj love of Gautama Bud-

Ba,".

IS

basically spiritual

at

dha td' tlre col.ntriea w hat ia kllO IOIl aa SouthEaat Aaia. Sigi..ificantly too that lim departure into /orejg" lands ~ the forerunner of l"'fi4'a ollly experience of colonization, InIt beoau.Y3 it tOO6 based upon a religiot/8 rather t ha..

IJ politioaZ OO1IC6pt, the hiatory of India'a colonimtion, if you call it that, waa very differellt in implioationa atld impact to the oolo"ialiamB that moat AaiGn countriea have experienced from t he Weat- India'a in/lwnce waa whOlly cultural and .rever baaed upon po88688ion atld the in_poet remains in tile langtUJ{}e, manIIer3 and cu.stOlM of Ma1IJ.y!1., 1.Ido-China, Indoneaia and the Philippines !lip to present times."

Filipino scholars will recall tha t the remarks of Mrs. Ba lg lind strong <ruppor t In early researches In archaelogy, linguisti<:s. and hlstory.

The subject of San.-krit loan words In Tagalog, Bikol, Vlsayan, and Sulu had been effectively analyzed by Pardo de Ta' ·era. Saleeby, Kern. and LInk, Professor Beyer has written on ancient and modem Indian contacts with the people of the Philippines preceding the Chinese. the Arab., and the Spaniards. These contacts date a~ far back as several centuries before Christ. Standard British histories of Southea<t Asia, like Profes.o;or Bria n Harrison's S outh-Ea...t Asia, i>egin with accounts of these ancient Indian influenres. '!'he second qJr.eesstul Indian cultural "rog-

ram wh ich recently stlrn!d up great enthuriasm fer Indian art and brought Inrll~ closer to FilIpinos was t!1e Ind!an cultural dfoJegatiOll for Southeast Asia, which >:aIDe to ManI!a In 1956.

11 featured the exquIsitely beautiful dancer.

Mrin3linl Sarabh:lI, and her Darpru1.'1 dance group. Besides being :l pl"E"lllier ~"USP. and a dedicated perlonner f)f India's classkal dances, halled In many capItals of the world for her dance repertoires, Miss Sarabhai bas been a wt iter. Tf) lriEndq, she revealed a warm and unspoiled p!?rsonality, hcr beauty and fame fitting her with thr same grace and natur:llness with which, bdian-fREhloii, she instinctlvcly crosse<! her legs upon sitting.

1'h0!le who ha Vp seen indian classic21 dances will recall the Kathalmll nwnber, whkil uses gorge<.usly dC£ignerl ant! colorful costumes featuring the enormous, towering, and re"plend!!llt head-dress. Sinre this dance L~ based on the Ramayana, the a"cll'Ilt epic which spread In modified v'~rsjr,r.s :ill O\"{:I" Southeast Asia-probaoly regarded universally as the supreme llterary work in the revf)n and continues to occupy the principal p~sltum in CWl'.emporary cla<;sicaJ art f'Jim~ of the people from Bunna to indonesia, I am reminded of the description In it of Ayodhya. the Righteous City. The poet's piC'lUre 01 AyedlrYIl is the anci.?nt Him1u id....ll of CONTlHU£I) HEXT 'ACE

WATTHOUB METEB TYPE: £.71

SINGLE-PHASE lIOV. IDA

PRINCIPAL PRODUCTS

Electric and Mechanica l Equipment fo r P ow er P la nts a nd Sub-stations Electric Equipment [or Steel, Chemical, Min in g, T extile, a nd General Industries Electric Equipment for Ships and Railways 'Vallhour Meters, Measuring IMtrum('nts, :lnd Regulating AJlI18mtus Household Eleclrk Appliances

Foal DENKI SEIZO CABlE: DENICIFOJI TOKYO

He'"

K.K.=.~~.

0tR~: 6 , 2-c:home, M.nmovdU, Chiyod"u, Tokyo,

J.p."

FIUPINO CULTURE ThovgA FilipiNO CIIUvre aocf£ty 11400 lUtUJlly

aM

' - " dBllCribftf 08 flltaped aNd .,..,~ by SfNIIriM aII4 A Iher'ianI trrJIfitimu. it i .. "'Y btJliq tJrlSt tM '-ic ~ Z- aNd ......titllfiou 0' Ttlipifto 6!e-tctlp 1C8F"f Mterm'-l ;" a pre-8pmriaA .ttirtg; tAct tIw a.-ge& wlbcTt " - occtn'TI!OI with-

iN 1M historical period, due

largely to West ...... iJlf/uerlcesT " - been adapted aNd ra1uzpft1 to /ot:dl pattenu

"I

doioog, ~lift>ing, aNd Uoia1rittg; IlItd. tItat a vlriqve.

baaicany J\omog;ntOOUll FiJipiIw culture h08 "".trrgtld wAicI& 13 ceJttered m th" lamily lIIfIl rooted ;" t1uJ U!

0.'"

tA" sea..

Dr. 8.IIIIert II.. .Fo.

BURMESE WOMKN m c cmnphJtely oblivious of tTae outside world aa tJrftll kfteeI

tmd pray 1St tit" 811w" Dag_ MriIw. n.;,. piety ia MmilGT to tTtISt ~ "' Baelar1IIL

The West needs IIITSUBISHI /

iJ

----...

Main Producb

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638.

bounteous as Kvvera

kiltd., Uk« 11".'3 ancieJIt monarch Manu, fathIIT of the

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Daaa-Tatha ruled his people with a flSther's lovi""

--~--

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MITSUBISHI ELECTRIC MFG CO.

or ....... eo_'"a.-.-.-u... -.."'..... -.. ___ c.... ~: c.. \J"':~.""""".• t.I TO&YO'"'

Sowr Race, Rayal rishi in his duty. .amtly rishi in his grace Great as If/tfra iJl hi.! prow-

--.a---... ..

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govemmeut, leadpnbjp, . tional presti~ and security. ecollOD1ic prosperity. family solidarity, -=iaI ~ ny. spiritual fattb. and human dignity and joy: "Rieh "' royal warth and valOlW, rich in 11011/ Vedic lore) DIJ34rTatl,a ruled his eJnpi19 in the hoppy day. of yore.

Loved 01 ",en i" faiT Ayodhya, apnmg oj ancieJlt

',u1Jla'n

1"Q.C6"

groce, Truth and J1l3tice swayed each action tmd fJ/ICh '>aaer motil.-.g qus/lBd, People'll Love 0JId TIIonarch'lI duty every thought alld deed impelled, And hi.! town lilre l"dra's city-tower and dom" and tllrret brat'<?-

~ "' pTOfI4 aM ,....,..

beauty on 8artryM'. limpid 1DCI1ie' Peat;efwllitlaf tIur rig~ peuple, rich "' 1reolt11 ill 1RfIrit 1rigJa, Envy dwelt ..ot itt tABiT bIr "om.! awd their IJCCeItt. ..haped "0 lie, FalhllT.. with tllflir AouaeI,olda oWlled their catt:g, corn and gold., Galling pellury (JJId lamine m Ayodhya had "0 1Iold, N eighboTs lived in 'mvtual ki"d_ Mlplul with tllfliT ample 'ID6CJlth.

NoruJ who bflgged U"3 _ l ed ref_, _ who lived by !rmul tmd IIfealt"!

A"d they wore tM geJl1,."d

earring, un=t" fJIld grant aandul paale,

(To.

Afld UuriT arms were deckfld trill' bTaceleU,andth..w n e c k II .Dith n1shkas

graced, CAeat alld braggart and dewiver lived Jlot ift tA" (JJIcient lawn.

Proud denitler Of t1uJ lowly WOTe "at irl31lltll j" theiT (Toum, poqrfIT

f"d "at on th" ricA-

to

leam fl'Olll

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anD 61 IIpOII , . prowl _ 1I1Git! TIl.,. 10 J1IigJrWtl _ _ _ _ fcritA/Ml, ItJitAftd _ -=A loving wi/", lmpun thought and 1DGRd8riJIg fO'llC7J 8taitN!d JWt ~ weddlld li/e, Rol:9d ;" gold and gr_Ivl gannmt.. lair;" l and laiT ;" 1-, Wiouom., W6'f" Ayod1I.J/CI'. daag1ltflra, ricA "' wit aNd WomaJl'. grOCBl

Twic:e-borw ,...". ..,.,... free from pcIAioII. z..t 01 gold aIId ....p111'8 Faitllfvl to t1urir Rita tmd 8cript1mrs, trvtA.fwl fit llIfIir vonf aIId tSetitl, AlIaT blaZfId ill fIWI'Y _

{II'"

MmI. from 8IICA Iumur uw bo .."tJl giwn, Stooped 110 mcm to ~ lalMillood, ~_ the wiU at HtHJ'I1fIfL" Ayodhya Is a picture at Golden Age. It came from a poeUc: vIsfoa dial brightened ~ dIIrkma at

the

THE MALAY The Mal411 pre/trra indeCJftd though Wring tIuJ ucuritJl of government em~t, 1ce 1Ku in general retnained, as h" lathers were be/ore him, a /isMrmatt or a small . forTTUn', tetuIf1tg Ilia ~ ~ CJftd vegetables. and earn/JIg a litt le e:rtro by tapping his

~,

nlbber trees.

He 1Ku Weaknesses.

O\DII

He

1Ku no cann" S8Me of the v alue Of ~ and

too ea."-

Iy gets himself Iwpeleuly in debt to monel l/enders. He hos a reputation lor indolence. B ut thqugh he 1IIay exasperate We.rtern love 01

efllciencJl t;y

his more or leu "tomorrow will dd' attitude, he is capable of 'Very hard work when his need'requ/nI it or when tM 0bject is made clear and all appeal is made to his WelIigenÂŤ.

For all his C08Ual l00YS, he is .trangly loyal to hiJl O\DII leaders, th~ penghulu <hPadman) Of his village and through him to his Sultan. The Malay Iuvr been called "Nature'~ Gentleman." He has prU1e and a keen oen36 of hunu)IlT, and bitterly re.,ents ridicule.

- f rom LvrBODtJC1NG THE EASTERN DEPE.'IDE."iCIES

YOUNG AND OLD BtlnM8e monJ.-A 1"'.]r--e their beygiJlg bowla o%re goffig out

through the city to coUect charit y lood.

Undel' Buddhi8m, i t i8 bleued to aid thelll.

Always ready for yOU!

the East's philosophy of peace human destiny almost two and a hal1 thousand years ago-so old, so diUerent, and seemingly so unreal beside the facts of our own contemporary social systems. Yet our highest dreams are not foreign to this ancient Indian vision. while the shocking realities of our social institutions In the twentieth century world of the Filipino belong more to what we would prefer to call the unrt!aI netherworld.

The R~ easily confirms the oft-clted distinction which II made between Western and Orlenlal civilIzations. Identifying the former with natura\1sm, science t001ll, and aetton; the latter with Ipirituallsm, imagination. contemplation. and Inac:tlon. No doubt there Is only aMlhf1ation In the modem world for the pe0ple who do not 1earn acIeDce, who do IWt manufacture tooll, who do not act and who do not aspire to power.

The modem splrtt In pbiIoIOpb)' Iuu modified the de-

I

flnitlon of 'lnan as a rational animal Into man as a technological animal. He Is the only animal who can make tools to use In galnlng mastery over nature and other men, though not over hlmsel1.

Radhakrtshnan notes that in the schools of philosophy In Western universities. the most popular system today Is what Is known as Logical PosItivlm> Thi4 philosophy assumes that experience Is limited 11> sensible data and intellectual constructions. In opposition to this view, however, Radhakrtshnan believes In the Upanishads which affirm. he believes that the human sel1 Is not to be limited to waking experiences where Its tools are observed data and inferences from them. He believes that there are experiences which are 1neUabIe Incommunicable by words pnd concepts, and that the human being has potentialIties or which he Is normally a.8ft- RadbakrIsIman continues:

"1/ aWGret&e83 Of God is the end of religion, we 7IlU3t have leisure to cvltWate that awareness. M(Jft is fn03t human when he is not aloneA solitary, 1000 is not U3Bd to e::cpT'et13 what M _ and feels. may htJtJe intense experiBncea which are leu articulate than tho3e of one whose nature is exh<iU3ted by his social actw;tiBs.. . WMtMr in 3ciencB or philosophy, tn literatunl or art, COfttmnplattve insight gtvea birth to tM unique. tM original, the iftdMdual. In his highest thoughts, i n his deepest moods, man ia

Paclrecl in: Ta.afo Sauce NGfuroI oil " vegetable oil in lacquered cans

olone."

Our Wei t-domlnated w 0 rid and age, plunged by Western forces Into two world wars In one generation, desperately needs to change Intellectually and spiritually. It needs to learn something from the contemplative insight of the solitar:' man, particularly the poet, and the philosopher wbo does not belong to tile school of Logical Positivism.

JIIAH SAlON CANNEIS COOPBAnvE ASSOCIAnoH ...... IIde- c .......... JolyQ, J _

20

YEARS OF PROGRESS

... STORY

OF

THE

JOSE p. M.ARCELO

During the past twenty years, the Marcelo enterprises founded in December 1938 have expanded into a vast industrial complex whose meteoric rise could be gauged as the symbol and proof of Filipino courage and determination to shape the economic destiny of the country.

Starting with an initial capital of P20,OOO with a measly number of workers under its employ, and a single product-rubber shoes - now the Marcelo industrial concerns have an aggregate investment of P15 million, more than 1,400 employees and workers, and is turning out various rubber, steel, foam, chemical and allied products.

From Its initial home in an old one-5tory cinema house in Malabon, RiZal, to the eight-hectare lot in Northern Hills, Malabon and the vast steel plant in Punta, Sta. Ana, Manila Is indeed a long way.

The Marcelo firm was started after the return of Jose P. Marcelo from the United States when, after eight months of serving as chief chemist to the Mabuhay Rubber Corporation, he organized his own shoe factory, lendin~ his personal savings as the initial capital of the company.

During the first year, the production was 250 pairs of rubber shoes a day.

Now It boasts of 20,000 pairs. made possible with the Introduction of new techniques such as the use of the latex to cut down cost of production and the use of the conveyor system.

The expansion of the Marcelo rubber firm was

tremendous: two years after its foundation, the factory produced 1,000 pairs of shoes a day. It was at this stage when the war broke out; . the firm continued operations, this time contributing It.~ efforts to the emergency by ma king gas masks for Filipino soldiel'S and civilians. Brandling out in its production auguring a trend for using ava'ilable raw materials which Marcelo adopted years later. ,he company engaged in the making of bicycle tires, slippers and prophylactics.

Picking up from the ruins of the war, the MaI\."elo rubber plant was fully rehabilitated. Always with a view to improve its rubber output, management disregarded the cost of pursuing extensive researches. The most modem equipment in America were purchased. A giant vulcanizer, with a capacity of 2,000 pairs per vulcanization, was installed.

The phenomenal rise of the Marcelo enterprises by widening its business horizons began with the purchase of the former National Development Company nail plant which was formally il1\.."Orporated in August 1949.

During the first months when the NDC plant was purchased, Marcelo demonstrated again how he could transform a losing proposition into a progressive venture. Startinl': from scratch and faced with stiff competition from imported nalls, the Marcelo nail plant forged ahead with emphasis in quantity and qualIty. Now it supplies the majority of the country's requirements for the mass bulldlng and reconstruction

This ,.ct an ael'iaZ t'iew 0/ tlle com.pound of the Mar",,:o Steel Corporat io>l at Punta, Sta. Ana, Manila. Repre8entitlg the biggest .illg!e in vestment Of the company, this steel p/("'t i. "ot o"ly the /i"8t to be e8tabli8hed but the bigges~ of its kind in the CO"" try.

J t COW~Ust8 0/ t/{'J'ee elecb"ic arc furnaces . one ro::ting miU, one scrap re-rolling mAll and one /il'e brick "klnt. The other di1Ji8ion of the MU"celo Steel Corporation i. it. ..ail

plallt in Northern Hills, Malabon, Ri.al.

projects going on. Located The Marcelo Tire and within the Marcelo com- Rubber Corporation with an pound in Northern Hills, the initial investment of P3 milnail plant has expanded ' lion is another pioneerfrom the original 17 units ing venture established by to 100 operating machines . Marcelo In February 1951 and also added wiredrawing, and started opera ting in wire annealing and the pro- October 1952. It concenduction of inter-link wire trates In the production of fence into Its scope of oper- camelback used in the reations. capping and retreading of worn-out tires.

In Gctober 1950, Marcelo The Marcelo tire plant the business wizard. did it again. Acquiring an eight- can produce up to 200 tons hectare lot in Punta. Sta. monthly of camelback proAna along the Pasig River, ducts which is double the he founded the Marcelo estimated local consumption steel plant which pioneered of the co,!ntry each month.

In the production of steel Based on available statistbars. After the installation Ics. the Philippines stands to of heavy machineries since save from $100,000 to $200.February 1951. several pen- 000 monthly from the imsionados were sent abroad portation of this product. to study steel-making Designed for the average methods: now they direct the complex operations of family, the Marcelo latex foam plant, branching out the mill. from the Marcelo Tire and In February 1952, the re- Rubber Corporation, prosroiling mlll was tirst to ope- pered In the production of rate and in December of the mattresses, foam pillows, same year the rolllng mill seat cushions, and foam began Its operations. The rubber slabs. toW Initial output of the two mills for 1952 was 872.Adjacent to the Marcelo 609 tons of steel bars, in- nail plant is the chemical creasinl': In production ev- plant operating full blast on a PlOO,OOO-pulver!z!ng ery year.

machine, and with limestone as the raw material it is now producing from 270 to 400 mesh limestone powder, the highest grade available in the market.

Still ~ wider business horizons, the original Insular Rubber Company, Inc., in Mandaluyong, Rizal, was acquired early this year by the stockholders ot the Marcelo enterprises.

Under Marcelo's management, the Insular plant site was transferred to the Northern Hills compound.

Lately, it has embarked in rubber reclaiming, tuming out 38 tons a months of old and worn-out tires, scorched and compounded rubber -.:onverting reclabned rubber into battery bowling balls, mechanical goods, sollng slabs, rubber heels, tire repair materials and other useful articles.

Today, as the Marcelo enterprises look back with pride at its twenty years of exIstence, It can be said that It has maintained the tradition of contrilluting Immensely to the economic development of a growing nation.

cases;

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,.",...""

JOSE MARINO OLONDRIZ

a.AUDIO TFHIANKEE

Vice-Praidellt

Dir«tor

PERFF£TO

FFRMIN Z. CARAM. JR.

MENOOZA

Director eli

~

EUGIO S. GARCIA

TANAnA. TEEHANKEE LI9JI c__ &: CARREON FELIPE B. OUADA &: ASSOCIATES AIIIIiforw

..,..,.

HONGKONG &: SHANGHAI BANKING CORPORATION

ASIA ASPIR

A.lfERICAS fla,! g'''-" d"" TI at til .. Lunda on JulU 4, 1946 and tlw Pili]"no .",bl..", gr)f!M rip Irhen. in accordanc€ u'ith 1!l34 Act of [7S CongTeJIX,

th" Philippine!< ""r"",€ free

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uf

anyonp.

who

happens 10 .. n~al!(' Ihpi .. a l · '('nliun.

W''''le rn wltmiallsm i~ ""Id to hav.' instilutionaUZl'd In Asia a uniquf' and rUlhIpss fonn of /ata.

Thl' reaction 10 Ihis a nd its ~t[fi<:·allon i ~ Asian ~a­ tionali~m.

Then> are three mov.... m<'nt>- In the hl"tnrlcal dl"llma of South and South,.;tl<t A!Iia .

Th" til'",t of I iw"<' is I h,' ,,,,,,toml of pTe - colonial days, when the proplc of Ih,' aTPa enj()yl'd in isola linn It high m<'asUrl' of human achievement. ~sia was thl' cradIc of gt'I'at civilizations, and 01 religions which to Ihis day govern the spiritual a nd, to some extent, the "". cular lives of millions of peopi... Art and cultu .... genpralI)' we.... of an Impre!'slve 0'der, but tht' forms lind t('rhniques of organization common tn the W""I were vi .. lually unknown. Trade and COIIlJJl('TC(' wen' prlmlth" and based on trUN!. It """. the 'tranquil period' of As ian historv. ~ kind that pm:slbly co~ld ",'Ver L." .... '''Ved al'aln.

1bcn ~..... thf> ",..."nd

movement, which L~ characterized by western expansionism, beginning from the Portuguese conquest of Malaeca in 1511 and extending to a period of nearly iour and a half centuries. Within thL~ period, Europe experiE>nced the Industrial Revolution ,,"d the emergence of a new historical force: thl' naUonal state. It was to a great extent the 'golden age of commerce' and the 'disooowry ot man.' was attested t 11 - by the revolutionary ideas which swept 0V(!r thr ..ntiTe continent. On til" other "ide "f the heml~phere, the W..,.tem Introduction of conoepl.lo and t<'ChnJcrt- disrupted the old n>Jrtme; tlK> of

...,..-er

Asian rulers deciined an.1 the people were reduced 10 'second-class t'xpendabl..~' or to Western ey"" 'th" whit'! man's burden' - Ih.' caryatids of Weslern industrial progress.

Finally, the third mo\'cnent, to which the /illi. has yet to be written. This saw the 'revolt of the inception and ascendancy of AsIan nationalism, conceived in the aspirations of an abject peopJe and expressed In c1as.~1c Western Uberal terms. OlIonialism was a fert1le bI'EedIng place flf discontent and revolt.

Along with that, the administration of a vast tenitory requln!d trained per90IInci whidI the homeland oould not alwaY" supply: 000«'-

Asia:

PROGRESS .

FOR THE BETTER LIFE Politi(al and industrial development of'the West was hastened by nationalism.

It's time for Asians

D1l7'CH reli'/(JUis/",umt of "oliflreignly (JIJer f71~a is "larked by the ho;~ti7lg 0/ 171d(rII flag at tlu PreNidett'ial Palace in Jakarta., in 1945.

to use nationalism's to uplift exploited

By ADRIAN E. CRISTOBAL

BRITISH (nt f"om BunHa i.. ceku,ated III

Rangoon Burma

quently native talent and abUity had to be utilized.

thus Injecting a new class Into the ancient soda! aggnJpations. TIle new cla.."" bred a new type of IntelJeduaI - described by TurI'!III!Y In TsarIst Russia as 'the superfluous man.' uprooted from his tradition but seeking wider avenue for the employment of his abWtIes. Men of this da.ss saw the disparity between western standards of life and the colonial; at thl' _ _ tImr, they !mew that their future and that of their CIDIIIItrymm lay In their rightful inheritance.

Thus were fashioned the thInIren and leaders of t .... &&e. IUdI as SUD Tat Sm. GMdbI., RIzal. Nehru and

Aung San, who founded the terms of their leadership on the age-old cry for national liberation.

Burmese nationalism was not solely the 'second growth' of Western colonialism. Enclosed by two powerful neighbors, China and India, to whom t ....y rI'COgnize a great cultural debt, the Burmese since the Kingdom of Pagan - had developed a national consckJo_ whim hardened Into fierce national pride at the inception I)f the colonial period. Just bow .fierce this was Is nhllltrated by this folk-lore:

/I~I/I

I/le 'lillur/ing 01 Presidential Ilag.

"'0.' !JI"ilnted independertce in January. 路48.

The master of thl' house said to his servant, '"Look out of the window. I hear t.... footsteps of some pe0pIe." The servant looked and replied, "Sir, there are no people in the street, only three foreigners."

It is also worth noting the origins of Siamese nationalism. From the beginning. the Siamese styled themselves The Free (Siam Is the oldest Independent nation In Southeast AsIa). but their nationalism was born of colonial strategy and bitter rivalry with Burma. which began with the Bunnese sacking of Ayuthia in 1767. To a great extent, the Western colonists fanned the flr'p,; of raclal and 'national' dlf-

ferences. which renturies later occasions an Asian scholar Htin Aung to point out that "although as a general rule. colonialism is the enemy of nationalism. we find colonial powers using the very idea of nationalism to further their purposes."

An American official. speaking in a symposium a few ' years ago. emphasized what must have Sl'emed to him a new imperialist technique, based on Stalin's estimate of the sItuation: The road to victory of the revolution In the West lies through the revolutionary alliance with the liberation movement of the colonies and dependent countries against imperialism.

History is crowded with such Ironles.

century Is regardO UR ed by many historians

as 'The Age of Asian Nationalism.' But how eJ<lensive Is that age!

Before the latter part of the rentury. the West was placed on the scale of its own libertarian heritage ; moral pressure in the ~ land and militant nationalist effort in the colonies made it more and lOOn' untenable lor the West to ding to its prized possessions in the East. Nationalist Jeadel'S In Asia reiCONnNUID NEXT PAGE

ASIAN NATIONALISM

CONTlMUlD

terated

w i I h increasing forre tbe classic liberal assertion of the r;gbtr of man. More than that, on the !eYe of events. sustaining Asian bope and spurring AsIa" action. were the establishment of the Be-

public of OIina and the spectacle 01 J a panese victory over Russia convincing Asians "'Verywhere of the neeessity and effiCllCY of Western tI!dmiques of organization. without neces..ariIy adopting the West-

em 'way of lite.'

However, at its height, nationalist activity was interrupted by two world wars, and the colooJal pe0-

Asian leaders debt to Lincoln

Many

ples displayed a ,;urprising solidarity with their rulen;.

To a certain elrteDt. tbis facilltated the grautiDg of independeoee t o Southeast

Milestones of progress.u for 55 years

!

INDIAN LEADER MoMtfIUI G4ftdhi 1Ia proJOftftd,. ly affÂŤ.ted the course of Asian natint!4UBm-

In 1912 when the Manila Hotel was inaugurated* Meraleo bad served Manila for nine years I 46 years ago the ~ Hotel was inaugurated. Since then it has undergone renovations and improvements. Today, the six-story, 3~room hotel is a stopping place of many tourists and international celebrities who visit Manila.

55 years ago Meralco provided electric service for over two h undred thousand people living in Manila. Today. about 2 million people itl Manila and in 39 other cities and municipalities use Meralco electricity for homes and industry-at the lowest Tates in Phaippine hist,ory.

Asian nations, probaDly on the theory that they had proven themselves worthy wards and loyal allies.

Today, except for a few British colonies whidt Is understood to be SOOIl fn!e.

South and Southeast Asian nations are independent. .Thls should be the terminal point of the Age of Asian Nationalism.

However, through me previous years, there has been what is called a notIIIr9- of Asian nationalism. Hammered on the anvil Of colonialism. orlent. ed towards the winning of Indf:penclence, Asian nationaltBm, tn the mldst of success in its primary 0bject, Is on the ascendancy as ever before.

It Is apparent that the AsIan revolution, far from slowing down, is ~nlru! momentum.

It Is at this instance that the Great Debate between Asian Nationalism IUld the West IlegIns--or, It you prefer, resumes once again.

Manila

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The atmosphere under which the Great Debate Is conducted barely allows a dispassionate attitude, oartlcularIy since both sides Ieel that no Jess than survival Is involved; In co_

quence, many side issues tend to color the fonn and content of argumentation. maIdng traditJonal logical procedure inadequatE.. Ap"arently, a more subtle dialectic Is t"eqUired to avoid oversimplification.

H 0 wever, whatever the despair and hope of the logician, it is unmistakably clear that the debaters cannot wait for a mo.... auspiciOUS atmosphere.

'Ibere are three levels of discourse in the Great Debate: ThP 'quip' extreme, represented by "Korea for the KoreaDll; OJca-<lola for the American" 011 one side and "Nationalism Is just Communism tn another guise" on the other - wbicll has no analytical value, buf serves, however, as an indicator of the emotional and psydlologtcai jilmia wbicll color the controversy; n.e second level, bonIel'ing on polemic and logical assertion; for example, a Fillptno'. remark that AsIan natJoaallsm tn our time: "18 closer to the m0tivations that brought about the AmerIcan and French revolutions. as well as the Italian rieorgi_to. than to the doci:rlnes of Hitler lind M~lnl. It is for this reason, for this tlfMtity 01

trace their political

Teality 01 colmtialiitm..

One appears to quibble In asking once again what Is meant by colonialism. even with the further qualification. m Asia. Nonethe--

and Jefferson ~

that an Asian leader sudl as Sukamo can quote Jeffl!l'SOll and Unc:oln. and Nehru trace his political debt to the EncylopedIsts.. 'l1Ie battlecry In the Asian revoIutim that still rages all about us Is liberty, equality, frot_ity, and not ~m

or ma"'fea'

dealiny.'"

On the other hand, then!

Is the West's attitude of "those who ain't for us are agIn' us," which Is pedlaps the privilege of one faced with the enormous task of setting the worid aright.

The QuIet American (America seems to embody the West at this time, by virtue of her position) was right when he said that the worid could not expect him suddenly to provide the answen< to problems which had long ago plagued It. Finally, the third levelrelativelv objective and critical-In which the em0tional and psychological jimria are I.'OUIlter-balana!d by attempts at logical clarity and a generally dispassionate spirit. In this universe of dlscourse, opi-

nions

and

observations

come from diverse participants and commentators: statesmen, historians, bankers, Intellectuals and the

like. Naturally, there are pet theories, individual insights and varied experiences: a diversity of per-

suasions.

ThIs thlrd level Is uie discourse under examina-

tion.

T against Asian nationalcritically challenges,

HE WFSI'ERN CASE

Ism first, the nature and purpose

of n'ltionalist activity, and then, Its logical and hislorical necessity In a changIng world. It strikes, therefore, at the very heart of nationalist 'phUO&Gphy.'

There Is obvious diceloading In the contention that AsIan nationalism Is the lU!IIOphoblc and seIfprotective effort of an old IIOdety and way of life to 11m! and III!nII!tuate ItaeIf: this Is truer of I.'OUIltries with an old nationaUst history than of new ones just heginnJng to realize Its force.. Hence.. Aslan Da-

1958

which the West has forged Into a telllng slmpliclty.

Foremost among these threads Is the concept <md

tiona1ists and the critics of the West agree on this reaJIstic appraisal: nationalism Is a po"' ";e and <Teative response to the dJattering Impact u po n Asia of the modern West.

The consequences of this response Include the appearance of an intel1ectuaJJ'eVOlutionary elan. and a new dynamism In a society wblch has come to insist on 'taking the control of its destiny In Its own hands.' The masses, hitherto passively submissive to the operation of history, are awakened to a broader base of unity, which prepares them for their role as agents rather t han pawns In the language of the political scientists, a whole people Is stirred to a concerted action tow.ards the attainment of Independence.

With this phraseology, the controversy takes form..

It is the argument of the West thal' once independence has been won, the revolutionary enthusiasm which led to Its attainment. must In the nature of things pale beside the more humdrum task of nation-building. The revolution, once established. must formulate. a less herolc: line. And, as It happens. private Interests begin to disrupt the old revolutionary unity and devotion to the cornmon cause; nationalist ranks break down Into v a r I 0 U S .pUnter groUJlS: In Indonesia. for example. there was disunity In the nationalist ranks, and no less than Sukamo himself noted the deterioration of morale. after independence has been won.

In view of this, the nationalist idea appears to be unsuited to the problems of the present.

Or to put It more dramatically: colonial""" is dead.

Nationalism, the 'second growth' and rectification 01 colonialism. Is at best anachronistic. both from the 10gic:aJ and the tactic:aJ points of view.

T

HE ASIAN REBUTTAL

consists of a polnt-byllOlnt analysis of the many threads of facts and Ideas

1ess, the question bas been asked in all seriousness. and the answer given de81!1'Ves to he taken In a similar vein.

Perceptive analysts begin by pointing out that Indian and ChInese traders can legitimately he called colonIsta; by definition, co-

lonlsts are foreign settten.. and these people did really settJe In Soatheast AsIa. and spread or cauaed to spread their culture and re--

llgion throughout the surtoundlng area. And yet, why Is It that colonialism Is a term of reproach ex· CDtmNum NOT • ..,.

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39

ASIAN NATIONAlISM _

PHILIPPINE NATIONALlSJlIl'U8 j anfl£d Vt Spain by write .... it! exile "-ded by J.- RiztJl. MJJrcek> H. del Pilar and MarialW Pott« (above). The triumph of the notionaUat movenl'ZHt. _ t/tfDIJTte6 by U.'3 Americalt adventure w h.ich. atGrled with ITt€" eqloiU of Dewey's /led ( right ) ill the Jlaltw Bay.

elusively dlrect.ed at the Western c:onqueror! nte simple answer Is that the Western colonist Is not a man; It is a bust-

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PUILlPPIW£

TESORO'S

1353 A. Mabinl Tel. 5-31-59 238 Escolta Tel. 3-88-86 Manila Hotel Arcade

fit'm- that angle,"It Is From unjust and Inaccurate to speak of AmerIcan or British coionlaiism. for It fneludes SUCh people as Mr. Chester Bowles and Sir WInston Churclilll as mUl'b as Mckinley and Raffles IUld the adventurers who 'opeued' AsIa to the West; unless of course, the tenns are employed through the consent of Indifference. In- . deed, one justly and 4~­ c:urately speak.I of the c0lonialism of the East India company. the SpanIsh Toba~ Monopoly. and thE' 'most-favored nation' treat· ment. Includln.r, of course. the culpability of their authorities: the Government.

Rabindranath Tag 0 r e said In his book, NGtionalism. that the colonial admlnistratlon was II machine 'untoumed by hum a n hands,' manufacturing the m4n with a limited purpose; emasculating, In other words. the humanity of the East. This Is the manufacturer of lata, which makes human beIngs of hJgh spirituality so many cogs m the commerclal machJnery, turning them Into fv.nctiofts. back at blsL OOKING tory, one realizes that

the west, far from bringing to AsIa the J»eneflls of the Industrial Revolution. applied Instead the principles ot Division of Labor and Comparative Advan· tage In a novel way: the natives did the labor and tlIf. colonists pocketed the profits; the colonies were the source of raw materials and the market for the commodities which were made from these raw materials; Asia specialized In poverty and the West In 'the wealth of nations.'

Very much the same feelIng Impelled S uta n Sjahrir, first Premier of Indonesia to remark that "As long as there Is Anglo-American capitalIsm and imperialism, we cannot achJeve 100% Independence, h a w ·e v e r m~h we ' try. Because 01 this, the fate of the pe0ple of Indonesia Is bound up with International eondltlons and developments, and more than any other country we need a changed basis of s0ciety... " It becomes obvious. therefore, that the Asian nationalist Is .far from accepting the Western fact that colonIalIsm is dead: a great organic disease does not die by Itself, It needlI to be cured and one must recuperate. Even If one can truly aver that the East India Company has packed up and lefI, Its medumfsm oonetheles& ft-

mains In the heart of Asia's mangled institutions.

AsIa Is casting off the after~ffects of the disease. and this necessitates lookIng for a new basis of s0ciety - a basis other than the one Imposed by colonialism.

The conclusion here is that Asia eannot have a command of ita own fortunes as long as the DIs generated by the colonial order remain; thereion!. the revolution has made Its gains, but it Is far from havIng been estabUsbed.

From this poInt of departure, the AsIan nationalist confronts the partlruJar

example of indonesia. National morale did deteriorate JI1'8Ci8eZN because of the bellef that nationalist vIgllance could be relaxed after the winning of independence. On the other hand. the dImnlty In national ranks ., euually poInted

out

am,nts of

DC

single exp1anatlon: as a matter of fact, the formation of spllnter groups did not signify disunity but divergence In t.edmlques In achieving the national . goal; the national goal W1UI not Itself questioned. The AsIan nationalist reminds the Western critic of the principle of libertN GIld concord.; the differences. say, between the Democrat and RepubUe partis do not constltute • dlvislve element In AmerIcan 10clety.

Nationalism will provide Filipinos survival and a measure of dignity T own

HE

A.slan nationalist regards 'command of Its fortunes' as a precondition for AsIa's collective

goal, whlcb entalls, above all others, the eradication of andent iUs-poverty, 111health. Ignol'llnCe and stagnatlon-and the winning of a greater measure of h\!man dignity. These problems are sodal and economic In nature, and he beUeves that politics should exist as only the means fO)r resoMng them. And If the Western critic asks about the necessity of this particular orientation command of fortunes - the AsIan nationalist Is ready to answer that It worked fine with the latter, and that with certain modifications. It -. could work fine with him too.

Hence, the West Is reminded once again that the spinning jenny might well be called the power behind Its IlbeFal democratic tradition. But In AsIa, socalled political democraey was transplanted on a community wilIdI had not had an IndUItrial revolution; and that Ita movement to progreas has to be counterclockwise. It should be expected then that Western Ideas, lnatltutions and outlooks, must - where they are useful - undergo drastic c:hangea.

Probably, It Is this tendenc:y which the West vIew8 with aJarm, and so It censures i h e nationalist aentlment that ahaII bring about the tranaformatlona: It Is widely admitted these days that the process of integration In the political, eoonomIc and 80clal life of AsIa may create organizations never before seen In the history 01 mankind; or at any rate, of • Idnd that could not be predic:ted.

On the other hand. the West undentandably enough

Is arudoua about the "'"" .....,. eboIcB 0 pen to ScJutMut AlIa: between Nehru IUId 1fao 'he 'I'Img. In Its e,es. this fa not mw:h of • cboIc!I! In relation to the Westen! poaItIon, IUId 80 It fa iftiILtiiPal III kJakIac - - the rae for the 1Iarx-

, r.t...--"-1If-. __

blind to the Communist threat to civilization, whatever that clvtlIzation Is. But to him, the Western or American ant l-communlst struggle, Is just one morr Instance of foreign Imperialism, and his resistance to It Is precisely underlined by 'command of our own fortunes.'

But the answer to Asian logic Is standard propaganda from the 'Voice of America,' seldom heeded and often resented In Asia.

For one thing, the propaganda line does not provide satisfactory answers to China's undenlable economic development. Certainly, Asians know the libertarian situation in China, but if that remains the sole and monotonous ref utatlon of Mao. Tse Tung, he trembles to conclude that rapid economic development can only be achieved In a totalitarian framework. And In the second place, the stress on Communlsm m a k e s the Asian feel that he is being employed as a pawn in the great power game. Economic aid, for instance. yields under his scrutiny-the legend: fur mtti-communi8t _ mtly-glven thee not to make thee strong but antlcommunlst. Worse still Is the Impl1ed charge of opportunism or irresponsibilIty, If not stupidity. directed against neutralist countries.

It cannot be overly emphasized that the command of their own fortunes-beIng the eaaence 01 natlonallsm-reserves to Asians the right to determine their own polley; dictated by neither the Kremlin nor the WhIte House. And If the West desires to defeat Communism In the region, It should sympathize with the natlona1lst resurgenct" rather than equate It with communlst expansionism..

I( 0 reo v e r, Southeast Asian countries view the poJley chokes In different waya. PaIdstan. for example, recognizes the necessity of re-allgnment with one . aide 01 the opposing C8JDp!I; india IUId (ndoaesIa bI!Ueve In • tAW farea, ODe of the - . . - . . . . . ft!Idy . . .

die

p,

aC at die

West. So long as the Asians adhere to the polley choices with the full awareness that they have recognized as their own, the West has no alternative.

And, then, there is the question of what Asians are doing in their own region. They beUeve that the West has no exclusive patent on political democracy, nor that freedom is a rigid mechanism Into which all shapes of social and economic circumstances can be made to fit. It Is no Procustean bed, or to change the metaphor again, it Is rather the skin on one's body. protecting the man and following without pressure every form of his movements. It may be, as the West says. that 'guided democracy' Is so much balderdash; but the indonesian, without being an enemy of freedom. can point out that traffic regulations restrict one's right of movement, but nobody complains because the y tend to preserve a necessary order: ergo: the West must understand the objectives of Indonesian domestic p0licy. Furthermore, many countries in Southeast Asia are bUSily nationa1lzing certain sectors of the ec0nomy; this is nl!C.'eSSitated by the t •. ,...... of economic aid and loans - the insistence on an economic development plan; also. Western economists themselves believe that authority Is of the E;SSI!IlI'e In the development of underdeveloped countries. But does this mean that Asia Is turning communlst! Allowing for the lip-service In Mao's 'many roads to socialism,' It Is a real argument to say that there. are also 'many roads to capitalism and/or political democraey.'

FInally, the West keepE repeating t bat AmerIca promptly forgot about Brt· tIsh colonization the moment the fonner faced thE RJ'I!8t world. Perhaps. thk Is -.Jthough, again, the analogy Is not In orderbut that does not support the _,!mUon that Ameriea Ia DO l2ss nationalistic DOW tfnm she was be1bre.

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ASIAN NATIONALISM

The profound belief in the universal validity of the American way of life and such thin gs as the Buy A merica Act. not to say the earnwrk provision of A m erican economic ald- "Am&ican dollars must buy American goods"-aJl these do not exa ctl y strengthen the view.

Tbe Supraaatio....

Orpaizatioa

ultimate T HE tion of the

summaWestern

CONTlHUfO

case agai ns t Asian na tion· alism- wh ich possesses th .. virtue of i n t I' I l ee t u a I st reng th-i nvolves the f orbidden heigh ts of historical interpretation. Arnold H. Toynbee, Barba ra Wa rd. a nd Hans Cohn ar<' som .. of the distinguished thinkl'rs who forwa rd t he notion t hat Asian nationalis m h as developed in an era "where tech nical progress req uires supranationa l poJit i ~al. eco· nomic and social organizations . .. ..

As ian nationa lism , in

short. has emerged at the precise mom e n t when science and technology "are making complete nonsense of any nation's claim, even the largest, to be totally sovereign and selI-containcd . . . Therefore, \he anarc hi ~, sovereign state, which admits no check, beyond its frontiers. upon Its sov('reignty. must give way to 1\ new fonn of organization that will transcend it, a s upranational body that will coordinate the activities of the community of na tions a nd help them avoid the g ra vest fonns of clash."

Now, th e As ian, who was until recently the plaything o f h istory, is not emotiona lly disposed for this highm i n d e d, overhead pro-

nounoement. Tbe colonial heritage of pr-esent problems make him feel that the victim of lata is being told to forget his present disease in order to contract a new one: or at the least. he is to be healthv about his affliction. In articulating an answer, he is so subjective as to say that historians can very well create and destroy empires, disintegrate and re-integra te whole societies, but meanwhile the Asian himSl'lf has to bear the burden of his torical reality.

The Asian remembers that in the West. the urbanization and proletarianI •.ation of society- did give birth to the idea of a Great Society, which Is

Asia seeks freedom

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42

ful ('ffeet of this could be the forging of an Alii''" civilization; a civilization d... fined by Sun Yat Sen as "a reasonably coherent unity, falrly fonnal in structure. and possessing a recognizable degree of ideological coherency and of accepted political expression."

The world should first witness the rise of Asian 'tates, strong and confident in the command of their own fortunes: the Asian revolution in our time must be completed. On the fae<' of it. the Asian nationalist 5C('S no incompatibility between his aspiration and the understandable desirl' of the West for a fre<' world - for he desires ils existence as welL There-

analogous. but not similar, the Roma n imperial J/IIIl. c.tI;tas.

Many great r.1inds saw this vis ion, and In our time, it was abiy "resented bv Walte r Lipm a nn in his book. The Good Whll t h a ppened Society. was the immediate betray,,1 r.f this libe ral expectation. as protective ban;iers were ('rected among the Weste rn na tions Ihemselves and th,· la rge-scale conversion of iiouth and Southeast Asia into a one-way financial pnterprise. began. Then. th" West witnessed thp Hegelian , ta les. whose shadows color its present thinkinl( a bout resurgent Asian na .iona lism .

No t that the mind-ca" he permanently conditioned hy the authority of failun-. hut in looking at his own home the Asi,," know, that his people will prefer coopera tives to a suprana ~ I iorlal organization. On thl' . othe r hand. the Toynbees and the Wards certainly do not think that a weak and rtehydrated nation can have ' my function in the Great iiociety other than that of a hurden and an interesting ""a mple of boisterous back· wa rdness, as in the cas<' occasionally of the Philip· pines in the dpliberations of the General Assembly?

But even If th.. Asian should meet the supranational organization in th.spirit of compromise. h.would stili look to other Asians, for they could in· fleed It>am very mudl from pach "tI",r. ThP more hope10

fore, there is no substitut(' for the emergence of South and Southeast Asian rountries as 'peers in the community of nations: Let Ihe West remain I rue to its heritage: let Asian nationalism take its full course. And, perhalk'. the sul>ranational organt· 7c:'tinn may come - a soli~ da rity of equals and not a body of wards and protectors.

The Philippines and Asian NatioDali~m

rr

HE Philippines, ' one almost forgets, lies at .he eastern boundary of Southeast Asia. Asians tend to forget this and FilipInos pven more. But the Philippines share with its neighbors the same problems of poverty, . filth. ignorance and stagnation: and yet it has consistently looked at these problems with the eyes of one accustomed to stereotyped images. oblivious, as it were, of the many lessons that could be learned from Ihe actuations of Its Asian '1eighbors. And also, trom the submerged datum of Its own heritage.

Nationalism In the Philippines thrived under colonial rule and flowered during the Propaganda Period and the Revolution of 1896. Contemporary studies of the political and ,oclal ideas of such heroes as Jose ruzal, Andres Bonifacio and Apolinarlo MabinI, have underlined the

IIeClI!S&ity of adopting and

re-c:uting the observations nnd proposals of theR great men; observations and proposals relating to the problems the Philip· pillE'S now face.

But the PhUlpplne sltua· tlon suffers, as belore. from the cleavage between the inleUigtmtMa. who an: now .tlrred by 'red\s(.'ov· rry'. and the broad mass· base of society. And this Is not alleviated by 'reac· tlon' or what Is called 'colonial mentality' that penneates within the rank. of the (nteHfgentsia Itself.

A succinct If dramatic. portrait of the Filipino ha~ emerged from similar ob· l'ervations of his psychology:

sensitivity to the 50dal and economic burdens of the people. The real tragedy behind this great leader was that his sincerity about these burdens did not com· mand a con-espondlng Intel· lectual acuteness among his advisers, some of which were from the West. It has been said, rather fanci· fully. tbat a nation con· , ... Ived by a Recto and ad· I~lnlstered by a Magsaysay would have easUy forged a great nation.

However, this is no time for speculation. In Asia. one has to keep running just to stand stUl; the Phil· Ippines should realize this. since it has lagged behind the nationalist resur,rence from which it can learn

spltl! of the hue and cry raised now and then. As long as thI.~ condition per. slsts, the Int€DectuaJ segment "f the country- from which Asians and revolutionary Philippines benefitI£d In tenns of leadership - that inteUectual segment In the country will Jay dormant and will stifle at birth aU Ihe potential leaders tha t the country shall require now and in the near fu· ture.

To mohlllU' the people to greater effort, one needs to mobilize the intellectuals who shall In turn mobUize them. At p resent. certain lessons f rom the H ukbaIahap DlO\'" ment h a ve m ade many think ing Filipinos feel that 'he forma tion of a new

from poverty, ignoran(e "The Filipino, more than any other AsIan. suffers mo.t acutely trOm lata.

Where other Asians con· du~ted a guerrilla war to preserve their identity. the Filipino, as a tactical ruse. put on the mask of the for. elgner. He did survive the latter's regime, but when the time came tor taking off the mask, it had become a part of his face.

"The greater Irony is that he has put on a number of masks."

In the concrete. the polio tical. economic and social life of many Filipinos are a mongrel confusion of na· tive predispositions and acquired Western mores, hast· Uy adopted but nonetbeless profoundly affecting all activity within the three sectors of national life. ThIs state of affairs makes seIf·ldentification aIIQOSt 1mpMSibJe. and the creation of a national ~for the purpose of tnmsIatIDg the nationalist ldeaol~m is.

Iayed; to a certain extent. this bInden the fonnulalion of a unifying discipline towards the medication of contemporary aliments.

It is not the case that the more cIynamJc and dedicated FUlpino leaders did not ~ the aDments IlC.'CUrately. 'lbe principle of S<>dal Justice. for example, Is embodied In the PltfJipplne ConstitutIon. Ramon Mag. KVS8Y, the pheDonlellOll of our time, was the masaes' Ida of a truly JII1!llt -*r. and thfs Is attributed to his

1958

ouite a few lessons in self· detennination and social discipline.

It can learn. for example. from the principle' behind the integration of Indonesian adat law which Is no 'back-to-nature movement' but a sane, sustained effon 10 erect Or extract a legal philosopby from the social needs and inner mould of a particular people.

T hi . should be the fore-runne r of slmUar adaptations In the socfaJ, economic and po. litical spheres.

W h Ich means, a review, revision and reshaping of policy In these arPas and not a blind ImJlation of policil!!! and Institutional refonns In societies which have somehow forgottPll the exhilaration attPlldant to their formation.

Finally - and this point seems to be certral to the PbillppIne situation - there Is need for a thorough overhaul In poUtical thought and action. and at an honest effort In meeting the leadership requlremeDts of a troubled nation In a still more troubled world Politics in the PhI1ippines Is neither an Instnunent of 50dal and economic policy nor a positive assertion of human worth and dignity. which are the qualities p0ssessed by and necessary to AsIan nationalist leadership. What remains ot PhilIppine political function Is sell-Interest and penonal aggrandizement, partisan squabbles and general indifference to corruption. in

n-e

society more suited to the requir-mtcnL'J of the Phill!)pine ~ it u;.tion must lie on the middle-class, or what the Communists deride as the bourgeol8ie. This Is true. but not the w hole truth. The m asses and their su p port. the ir awakening and activity. are vital ; should politicians a nd refor· m ists o iscount their vitality. the n we m ust be prepared to St.'C Mao Tse Tung direct his ..{forts tht're and prove once ao;:.in t he efficacy of his 11€f1-oant revolution. which pven the experts of West· ernized bolshevism failed to see In -their proletarian· success-ronditioned mental· ity. The situation In Asia is differen t; so Is it in the Philippines.

are imn.ImmlbIe lessons from the stJCa!S!lI!S and faIlures of the Communist revolution, with or without quote3, In AaIa. I think that the dedication. sklll and discipline which ChIna presents to us from afar, -can be forged In a free society, perhaps more so than In a totalitarian order.

And if this Is not done, one faIls to see any alternative other than eventual assimilation Into that order.

To conclude, then, the Philippines must take 10 heart the lessons of Asian nationalism. both for Its rUgnity and survival. It cannot afford to be a tallender to the Asian revolu· tion; by keeping in step ce>HTlNUm NaT

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ASIAN NATIONALISM

c.oNTIlIUID

Colonialism with it. the Philippines m ay vet bE> a better nation. com;"anding the respect of its neighbors and allie.. And -when thp lime comes for ilS rcpN'SPn tatives to a d dress the asspmbly of nations. th<'y can do <;0 without appearing like trained lackeys 10 th('ir pnemies. lrust~o .. thy wards to t heil' alli~.

;lnrl

fnmli~l.;.

fn

~pinele~c;;:

thrm'"

1\'e5.

('On-

rr

IS

dead; the West must face Asia as an equal

I"ro!Ipeebifor Asiaa Natioaalism

HE arguments in the Grea t Debate and the realities of the world situat ion permit at this early stage certa in propositions about th e nationalist prospect. j.' oremos t a mong these propositions Is the obvious one tha t tlatioflalistll is a

fact in Asia. 'the future of Sooth and Southeast Asian countries is identified with Its fate; what haopens to one must happen immediately or in time to the other. To a certain extent. the Great Debate - its cases for and against - may affect somewhat the direction of the nationalist revolution . but it is unlikely that it can be arrested, Ilr

leoding 011 the way!

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changed in Its fundamental orientation. Events may decide the operation ot nationalism, but it is doubted if they can modify in a significant way the aspiration for 'command of their own fortunes: As for the influence of the West, it may and can .only be exerted through Its actuatwns In Asia-and things like 'massive retaliation' will not be ~udged by Its explanations but ""hat it does in Asia.

A '.Iuestion in communications arises from the last statement. It Is felt that understanding between the West and Asia is a key to harmonious . relationships. but part of the trouble may lie In 1 he suspicion that while the West does nol seem to understand . Asia.

Asia understands the West only too well. Howc"~r. t'Ultural exchanges. economic aid, propaganda, and military alliances, do not by themselves constitute a guarantee against war, communism. or world division.

The deciding factor lies in what Is called policy choices both for Asia and 'oe West. To Western ob".,rvers. the policy choice In Asia is bet ween. to put it ,·ompactly. Nehru and Mao Ts(' Tung. Others believe lhat AsIa will develop new leaders and may the n hroaden the field of choice: hut this is to come yet. On t he other hand, from the Asian point of view, there <loes not seem to be a resounding agreement that th(' choice I.. between Foster DuIJes and Khrushchev; It seems closest to home. again, between Nehru and Mao. Even then. not many Asian nationalists are particularly anxious in submltling themselves. even to another Asian: The Japanese 'Co-Prosperlty Sphere' Is still remembered as a bad joke.

And so what wiu remain for the Asian nationalists.

In their individual capacities. would be a provisional partnership of common interests '- and they will take the risk of nilljtary encroachment. Suppose then that China spreads out over the Southeast Asian territory (a posslbllity which

some dlsoount on the ground that China is faced with her internal problems. but modified by the new threat on Formosa): the Asian nationalist feels that he should be able to hold his own without having an Asian Hungary. Or that China may permeate the area through the slow process of demographic attri tion (the Chinese are all over Southeast Asia); the Asian nationalist feels that his clarion ~alJ is a preparation for that eventuality.

Now all this Is somewhat vaglle. since future events connected with the analyr;s will depend on so many factors. not the least among them being the miscalculations of leaders. Moreover. that Is more often the castIn the field Of action. and just keeping up with its many variations Is enough of a chore. Thermonuclear war Is not even decisivp within this context, sinc(' the progress on both sides the U.S. and the U.S.S.R.-no longer disCOUfl ts the possibility and effectivity of conventional fonns of wa,'fare.

And so, as the Asian puIs it. the world is moving fast but is nonetheless standing still. Meanwhile. he is going to solve his problems with all the available resolution and resource, and try to live with the big world as best as he can.

Then, It Is submitted that China will have to learn to endure the existence of independent. nationally-minded Sou!heast Asians. Whether to preserve itself or maintain an lnfIuence In this part of the world, China will just have to cooperate by apply Its own nalIs on Its back.

India, it is proposed, shall be like China:, although In a different way; It shall go on exerting its moral hold both on East and West.

Japan Is a blank check on which one can write any figure: that is the neighborly feel1ng.

For the Southeast AsIan nations themselovel. there 18 the expectation of doser and cltoser solidarity. preparatory, perhaps. to buDding a new dvlllzatloa..

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OUR RELATIONS

The Philippines and

GARUDA, the Indone3ian €Ogle and eymbol 01 the state, ia carried before JaJarrta'1I Mer-

THE YEAR 1958 wasthe 1/

memorable

ODe

In

hif<tDry of Pbillppine-Inc»nesian relations. At no oth-

er time had their frienddrlp been so strained, and )/et they emerged from their temporary mlsunders:t:anding better neighbors than ever. .

In February of last year the disaffected regional r.ommanders of Sumatra. in Iea2ue with those in Celebes ..t the other- end of the ardUpeiago. declared their rebel republic under what appeared. at first, to be tht' most favorable drcumstan<"os. With the wealth they had gotten from the barter trade ttu.>y had acquired anna. organized a rebel army, and even purchased a few plane!;. ProsP'!ctS of open American aid were oonsIdered bri&ht. The leaders had also hoped to win rupport from the people of the Philippines, and so,"" of them kept going In and oot of the ManIla International AIrport on mysterious missions.

Then, as suddenly, the Fe/)('J activity in the Philippines died down. FilIpino offldals who had given moral IlUpport to the rebels changf'd t.belr tune. 'nIe expected .IUd from the Unlted Statet did not materialize, a1tboueb

deka Palace by youths. The parade marked the 50th allni1;eraary of "AlCakening Doy."

American soldiers of fortune continued to help the rebel cause. On the other hand. the official AmerIcan attitude swun~ in favor 01 Prcsldent Sukamo's government untJI the United States f!lDbassy in indonesia became nne of the leading exponents of friendship with the neutr3list RepubHc. What caused this tumabout~ First. the rebcls had sbown themselves incapab1e of overthrowing Sukamo.

Semnd. Sukamo himself had conv1nclngly demonstrated his proposition that his country must be allowed to solve its own problems if It was to remain true to the wishes of the people, or face greater danger from Communist subversion. HIs "eulcJed democracy," which erItics had contended was the end of popular government In Indonesia. was mown to be actually II means for spreading democra~ in a land racked by contending parties and factions.

A policy of live and let live has since been ImplicltJy adopted by Indonesia and her neighbor!<, lncIuding the Pbillppines. For the latter. this was underscored by tbD reCentlon of Ambassador I . - FumtebeUa, wbo, eviler, had MBrly lost hill

job because of his refusa1 to J!O along with the view that Indonesia was going Communist and posed a menace to the Philippines.

Further signs of change in the Western attitude towards Sukamo was the arrival of ~scale American mmtary asststance on the eve Of the independencP amUV1!RIIJ)'

ceJebradoD

in

Jakarta.

All this augurs well tor Phi 1 I P plne-Indoneslan friendship. The word ~ has become almost meaningless from trequent repetition by diplomats and statesmen. But It Is a faf)l that the two countrlt'S have gained in mutual respect during the past year. And each time that the Phillppines moves closer L the Asian-African bloc In the U.N., goodwJll between the next-door neighbors rises a couple of notdles.

Phllippine-Jndoneslan relations date back to preSpanIsh times. The history of the two countries runs a parallel course from the days of the great Malayan emplres of the ·Sriwicijaja IShri-Vlsaya, In Philippine history books) and Macljapahit. Both came under Westen domInation the I'bfIIppIMs 1IIOda- SpaIn, Indonesia 1IIOda- HoIJaDd. 'IbP

INDON-IlUSBlAN tDlka 011 8C'OIIOIIUc Gi4 ia ~ ". h4ndlohaice betlC8ell Semic1uJlrIrwfJ and Sllballdrio <rf&bt).

PhD.lppJnes won her lndependenCe by peaa!ful means after a genentlon of polIdcal stnIggle during which the colonizing power suroeeded In winning the pe0ple over to its side. When the war with Japan came. the FIlIpinos fought aide by side with AmerIcans and carrIeil on guenilIa warfare after the surrender of their allies. Indonesia won her In~ the bani way. ~ to cooperate with the JapaIII!R after Dutdl resistancP fell Indones1an leaden declared the Jndp.. pendence of their country immediately after Japan's aurrmder. and took steps to preYent the return lit the DutdL Faced with determined raIaanoe by alae )'OIIIIC IndomsiaD ~ the Datdt WI!I"e O""'P"-I. aftI!I' two

t'polke acUooa." to negotiate. 'IbP ...... cult was the creation of the Unlted States of IndonesIa. .mJch later became, as behefore. the RepubUc of In"'--Ia. No othelo country ~ Its Independence Ill< jeaJousIy as indonesia today.

HavtDlt c:boaen friendllhlp with all nations. It has refI-s 1D adopt an anti-Communtst policy, while on the nther hand Its leaden vehemently deny the dIarRe that they have tabD an and-AmerIcan line.

'Ibere Is only one eDlI!ptIon to this all-embradDg friendship with all na~ and that Is HoJ1and. IndoneGalls do not CIIIDIIIder their lndepeDdence complete even _ . but have aet as their altimafe .,.. filii fra!dDIIt frnIII «IIIIIJIIIIr _ well _ ""........1111

paiIdml.

' ......

ftey

VVITH INDONESIA &, EMILIO AGUILAR CRUZ

Indonesia emerged better neighbors from brief misunderstanding

claim west IrIan (west GuIneal. pointing out quite correctly that. this territory was part of the Netherlands East Indies that the Dutch was supposed to have turned over to them. Steps towards economic freedom were taken In late 1957 with the expropriation of Dutch entel1JrIselI. Including an Important sbtppDtg line wbIdl bad bandied the archfpeI.qo's trade.

SImultaneously with the IUlti-Dutch action. the govemment prepared to put the rebellious colonels In Sumatra under control These rel!ional authorities had been alpbonlna: off foreign exclIan2e eamIngs by direct overseas trading IUld refusIng to turn over the pr0ceeds to the ClI!Iltral government. 'l1Iev claimed that the outer Islands which proaueed the bulk of the country's wealth were being neglected

by Jakarta. while Java. seat of the government, got the bulk of the benefits. As a matter of fact. this was true enoueh. and to an extent It was understandable --.Java contains more than one balf Of the 80 million population of the entin! country.

Still. the government oouId not accept this as an excuse for setting Up a rebel government and It acted with dispatch to suppress the rebellion. WithIn months the rebel centerS had been reoccupied and the back of the uprising broken. But complete pacification will probably take year.;. as was the case with the Huk rebellion In the PhilIppines. which up to now still rears its head In Isolated area.!. is I NDONESlA cular Interest

of partito other

REBEL TROOPS in camouflage patrol the BitungMenado rood. They were tnlf11JOrled by traders.

1958

u n d erdeveloped countries spite of Its seeming contratoday not only because It , diction of democracy as has simtlar economic probpractised by Western states, lems. but malnly because Tn this objection. Indoneof the political experiment !dan leaders reply that InImplied In its program of donesia's problems need to "guided democracy." Faced be solved In the light of the with a multiplicity Of politicountry's needs and historical parties. President 80cal background rather than kamo conceived the idea of with panaceas lifIed bodily reducing their number~ne from Western concepts. As way would be to dIsqualifY one of them put It recently: those parties wbIdl fall to "An governments have leadwin a certain pen:entage of --ei's and an ideology. Some the total vote-and at the pretend not to have any. same time introducing all but the fact is that a CO\DIelements of Indonesian life try has to be run by some Into active participation In kind of an elite group. We have chosen ours and we the government. This is to be achieved by the Nationmake no bones about It." al q:,uncll. w h i c h was Represented on the counfounded ' In mid-1957, and cil are the various elements Of the Indonesian democrawa.~ Initially reoe1ved with cy-youth associations. lamisgivings In the West as bor unlnns. the Intelllgentwell as among Indonesians.

Ilia. the army, artists. and But after one year of the so forth. Some are what in C'.ouncll. many Indonesians ant l-Communlst countries became convinced of Its eslas against neutrals like sentially popular basis In

CAPTURED ARMS claimed to have been airdrapped on rebels a,'e examined by US attache in Jakarta.

,

Indonesia) would be called Reds. However, government officials staunchiy den y that there are Communists In the government. Nevertheless they neitber fear nor discount this possibility. since In order to be truiy representative the Council or the cabinet might:lt times Include Communlsts. who are not outlawed m their country as they are In the Philippines.

These facts of Indonesian life have come to be accepted in the Philippines as the business of tbe indonesians themselves much as we mfgbt wish that our neighbors had the same political institutions as ourselves.

This makes lor better- mutual understanding. and this is bound to be reflected not only on the political plane but also in trade between the two countries.

COKTlNUED NEXT rAJa

MEMBERS Of lndon revolutionary council 3ign independenoe proclamation.

â&#x20AC;˘

47

OUR ULAnONS

COMTlNVO

A new apprec:iation of Indonesia was born out of the cnsls of Already. PhilIppine-InOOneslan trade Is a major wopeet of their postwar relations. Available statistics show that this expanded ronslderably durIng 19521956. so much so that Indonesia became our fourth higgest customer. and serond only to Japan among AsIan countries. However. rhis trade still can be cxpanded, for It consists mostly of importations of petroleum products, for processing In the Philippines. This hem accounts for more than 50 per cent of our annual ,mportation of minerai ro-

I'ls, lubricants and related products. During the five years In question petrol<'lim eomprised more than !lO per cent of the total Philippine Imports from Indonesia.

The same statistics show. howl'ver. wt In spite 0.( the tremendolJS expansion (If PI".JllppIne-I n d 0 nesla" trade. the balance has been a...aainst us. with Indonesia e:arnering an average gain of $48.2 million annually.

For. it is a fact that except for petroleum products. there is little that the Indon!!!dans need to buy from us

because the products of the two countries are very nea,·ly Identical. What we consider major e;,ports to Indonesia actually consist of rf'latively minor Items such.as abaca rope (P63.000). motion pictures (P12.000) . printed matters (P3.748). rf'export of aircraft' parts. automobiles, steel wool and related Item (P83.SOOJ. On the other hand. we bought from Indonesia (1956) c0conut 011 (unprocessed) to the t'une of P2.700.000 and live.tode worth P437,OOO. These fil!Ut'eS, Inadequat" "s they are. show only too

TIAl

dearly that our trade with Indonesia would be virtualIv non-exlstent without thp. lieavy shlpments of petroleum which are Increasingly being demanded by foretgn refinery facilities In thL. rountry. ThIs predomlnant role of oU Is boon" to increase rather than diminIsh with the openIng of yet another American refinery in the Philippines and the nrojected construction of a British refinery, ""ith a majority of Filipino capltal_ To tilt the balance Ul our favor seem. unlikely In the foreseeable future. but the dIfference can be narrowed appreciably by Increased trade contacts with Indon... ~la.

Visitors to Indonesia ('.annot fall to be Impressed by the clothing and sheltl'r needs of Its people. Readymade clothing and footwear offer a promising field. and "0 does furniture. especially "Manila type" rattan manufactllre'<_ Until it was interrupted by the recent emergency. joint Filipino-Indonesian motion picture enterprise was making headwa)' In Indonesla_ this BUTfactthe that even more PhIlIppines. Indoagainst all

Avai14ble """"Twlre,e

in regular boxu oj 12. 10 GIld 6, and in ,.me"ency poclus,e

0/ 1.

dJamson AISOUENT COnON

AlIQilabk in roll.

oJ lIb" Y.a lb. and 1

0._

GlJaJnS01l.84..litQ.CGlJflIIUon ,cine.

MHt

. .

-., a Sutolan

TeL

"'_ ••,cen..

MIII,qY . . . . . . . . . . . .....

..,a.ICAI. IAUUI. .....A. . . & ' ' ' '. .

48

Is the

than nesia Is short of dollars. We cannot therefore expect much In the way of bolsterIng our dollar reserves regardless of how well future trade with our neighbor rums out. The Rupiah beIng as cheap as It Is (In late 1958 more than 100 to 1 in relation to the doUar In the freP market as againIt about 11 to 1 In the official t!XCbangIe), we may not wish to hciant this ~ in spite of die recent dedmon of the PhRfpplne government In favor of multiph> currency reserves.

It Is equally ~ howater, that our relations with Indoneslt cannot be measured In dollars or pounds exclusively. Tbe Intangibles are just as important as the material galnt of trade, howl!'Yer the baIanee may lIe. 1bey constitute tis 01 racial IdnahIp. history and common IdeaJs of freedom .

Tbe year 1958 hat madoI III re!ll1ze thla .. never be-

lore ~ aplte-or perhaps because - of the stresse!I which attended Indonesia's efforbr to cope with last year's rebellion. A new understanding born of a crilils has foUowed this period of trial How stronl', was this friendship was shown In the Saulo incident last NoV('[1lber.

Alfredo B. Saulo, propaganda ch.tet and thinl ranking leader of the Huk movement, sought, and was given, refuge In the Indonesian embassy In ManIla. creating what might have been an International Inrident of the first order.

Actually, the dilemma of the countries was resolved when Saulo. perhaps fore.eeing that the embassy officials would eventually be compellt'd to yield IWit to avert a diplomatic crisis, Mcided to leave his asy1um "voluntarily."

During Saulo's one-wcelc wjoum In the embassy all the elements which could have brought on a crisis were displayed. WhOe Foreign Secretary Fellxberto Serrano and Ambassador Nazir Dt. Pamontjak diseussed the technical points Involved In effecting a sur-ender 01 the fugitive that .vould satisfy all concern00, some student, youth and labor (not union) groups organl2Jed violent demoustra tions In front of the Indonesian embassy, hurnlng Pamontjak In effigy (labelled ''Communist"), stoning windows. and tearing ott and trampilng the f'mbassy'" coat of arms. )( y s t e rioosly, In the meanwhfle, rumors were circulated dally In KanIIa and Jakarta that the Ind0nesian government still had not made up Its mlnd to release Saulo. hinting thtt thIa would take an agonizingly loug time to decide.

These canards were spread even as Saulo, already informed of the situation. had accepted die idea of hili turnover to the Philippine authoritietl. and only the security detaIls were being arranged by the foreJcn offtce_ AcconIIng to plan. Saulo

PROGRESS

••• two

a civil war

The man the man who works with his brains must forever share the sweat and the fruit between them' _ . .

Neither one can dispense with the other if commerce and industry are to go on • . .

Neither can one or the other do away with a program 01 savings and investments geared to present

as well as future needs . . .

HUK LEADER AZfredo Saulo goes down the Foreign Affa"'8 building, etICOI1ul by PC officer8. HiB "asylum" was over.

F.,. . .Ice was duly placed in the custody of Secretary SemIno's emissaries, then turned over to the army for interrogation and ~nfIne­ ment pending trial. Implicit In this solution was the willingness of the Philippine government to negotiate In the near future an extradition treaty with IndonesIa, whereby political as well as criminal fugitives from either country would ~ unable to seek sanctuary In the other's territory.

But the most nQtable fea-

1958

ture of the affair was the forbearance of both sides from anyt:llinlf- which might strain their relations anew.

Arter this it seemed not unreasonable to expect tha t no problem could cancel" ably arise between them that could not be settled by peaceful, diplomaU: means. According to th,· platitude that qUickly gain.ed currency at the Ume. the Saulo affair left Philippine-Indonesian ties firmer and closer th.n ever before.

011

ba....I..,

service and

facilities, call

SECURITY MANIL.A • PHIL.IPPINES

Escolta--3-15-91 to 96 Pasay-B-18-37

Correapo .. denh

In

major cities abroad

Japan seeks new co-prosperity THE FOOT a small ATmountain In Kyoto. the I)f

RISING

Classic City which was once Japan's capital for over 1,000 years, stands a ShInto shrine with an unpronounceable name that defies recollection, where businessmen for leagues around traditionally go to dedicate eacl1 new venture.

The petitioner tugs at a silken cord attached to a small brass bell to 3IlIIOUlIa! his presence and, having attracted the ear of the deities, prays that success may crown his undertaldng.

U the prayer is answered, the grateful man symbolizes his thanksgiving by !<etting up a bright red torU - the typical over-hanging portal - athwart t he pathway that winds up the steep D)ountaln slope.

Business must be good In Japan, for the painted torii, set front to back, now stretch almost to the sum-

SUN

aVER ASIA

mit.

By MAXIMO V. SOUVEN

JAPANESE BANKERS fRIGHT)

mscuss

But the reason behind t his phenomenon may not be so much divine inter,'entian as the peculiar and hard-driving qualities that continue to characterize the

conduct of business among the ~apllDl!Se. The most fundammt:tl 01 these quirks is the practically instinctive urge to 0rganIze. This passion results In hIerarclly of almost arc:bJtectural beauty each worla!r, overseer, business head, firm, joining every gift of brain or mll!lde towards the attainment of a pre-arranged objective.

It is bred In the bone from Infancy where. In the ri~d pattern of family relationship now only reluctantly givlng way to modem change, but potent still, the child learns to think and act in his "proper station."

This relationship widens beyond the parental roof to where neighborhood families associate Into toaari guml It follows a Japanese through schooling, until he graduates from university to the outside world only to find that Alumni cliques ltave predetermlned even the direction of his career.

T course,

HE whole truth Is, of never quite as simple or precise as this description may sound. But

the teIIlng of It provides • due as to why the Japauese busllII!!ISIIUUI finds it easy to fall increasingly a_y from postwar American indoctrination on the wisdom of "Free Enterprise,.. fraught with its uncertainties and competitive ba2ards, to return to the regimented N~ ty of the "cartel" For the cartel, wbicb found Its full n-eriDg In pre-Peart Harbor years under the semi-feudal aegis of the famed ZaiIIatA. bas staged an amazing c0meback within the past decade.

The names are sometimes new, as are the faces. But today, as In times gone by, organized groups parcel out contracts and supply everything from toothpicks to 60,000 ton tankers.

The euphemistic appelatlons of "tradlng :L'<SOciations," "holdlng compaDfes, .. or. "pools," thinly disguislo the monolithic character 01 their approach. And ceI'talnly the biggest cartel of . all to; that weIl-grooved unity of Government 8Dd Business which was candJd. Jy described by Prime Minister Nobusuke Kisbl pbart·

REPARATIONS AGREEMENT WITH LEADING FILIPINO ECONOMISTS AND PRESIDENT GARCIA.

•

j

,

in the Philippines and elsewhere Iy aftL>r he assumed oUlre In 1957 as "'ecoIaDIr dipI&I11III:)'."

ThIs realization is vital to the pbPlpplnes SIDce the Open .A«ount system of trade died a natural death IMt year and the final vestige! of the free..wbeeIing CIIIIUIM!rrial polIdes introduced by AmerIca's occupation of Japan passed on into the limbo of dI8canIed pnetIces. the Japanese have at Jeng1h IIIClIlIlI!ded In wrestIng away tnm thitI ClOUDtry the favorable trade balanee wIddl was so smugly enjoyed by Philippine traders from the start of formal cmuneree In 1950.

In '1956. the gap was predominantly In our favor. We exported Pl60,849,OOO worth of CIlIDIIIOIHties to Japan. ~ only Pl02,391,OOO In goods from her. 'lbe margin IIIIlT'OW8I In 1957, when the Phillpplnes III!Ilt Pl55,.

690,000 In exports to Japan· ese ports and bought P147,474.000 worth of her inamafactures.

The ledger for the first sis _tbs of 1958 indicates that the trade winds have I!bItted and that Japan sold

ChIna (Macao). Thailand and TeneR. Of this total, P77.5 mDUOII went to the Japanese.

StaDdlng 9I!CODd oniy to the United States with that country's lopsided economic predomlnanoe and ''parity'' arrangements, Japan is the Philippines' most Important trading partner. She comers almost 20 per cent of our foreign commerne. Her increasing Infusions of machInery. equipment and capital goods. either directly or through war reparations, are essential to our develop-

ment.

Japan remains the primary buyer of Phillpplne lauan, peeler and sawlogs, importing' 470,725,000 board feet worth P44.299,OOO from January to JUDe alone - a trend wbich promises to ecIipse .even the monum,ental 684,174,000 board feet

a g g r egating P65.279,OOO which she bought In 1957.

Although her procurement has dipped, Japan keeps her second place position (after the U.s.) as a heavy. user of P.I. unmanufactured abaca.. Last year.

AmerIca imported P30.345.·

000 In abaca, Japan trailing with P20,109,ooo. The first half of 1958 has toted up a Japanese purchase of l2,232,000 kilograms of abaca. giving us receipts totalling P6,143,000 from this Item.

Export scbedules show that Japan may at least equal last year's procure-

ment of 95,421 ,000 kilograms of copper concentrates (worth P19.342.000) since at mid-1958 she has already imported 60,739,000 kilograms netting P9.666,· 000 for this country.

Iron ore figures have a tendency to sag. As of J une, she bought PS,602,OOO in this mineral )lI'bicll compares less fawrably to the 1,307,150,000 kilograms or P22,160,000 w~ she req~ the preceding calendar year.

0Ir0mite ore procurement continues on a fluctuating scale.

In return, the Philippines findS Japan a ready source of textile yams, fabrl,cs, and made-up articles, in whleh 's~ ranks next to t¥ U.s., buys Japanese electriCal and non - electrical machinery (also' SEroDd only to AmerIcan products), as well as

I

~.

ASUN DELEGATES watch a doll-making denumstratiott it!

T okyo. TIre dem.oII3tratio"

rw-f163- Ja~'tl

mIneraI fuels and lubricants.

How long the economic honeymoon will last is pr0blematicaL The trade documents glaringly attest that the Phillppines is important t,., J apan only so long a~ she <'3Il supply the voracious in.

coin, as our own factories rise and demand the resources of our soil to fuel. and power their operations, the proportion of materials we can send the factories of Tokyo, Nagasaki, Osaka and Kansat plain must inevitably

d ustrial 'plants of Nippon with essential materials.

The manufacture of these factories in turn are largely dependent on re-export to other markets, e.g. the plywood firms which deoend on P .L Jogs for about -65 per cent of their basic needs, would come to a halt if America closed her doors to Japanese wood and lumber products..

On the other side of the

shrink. '!be handwriting on the wall was glimpsed afar during the past severaI months. when, despite a concerted Japanese drive to drum up trade with Southeast AsIa Japan's Imports from the Philippines. Afghanistan, Indonesia, Thailand, Burma and Pakistan decreased. All these, significantly, were nations striving to erect

the Phillpplnes 1'80,429,000 ..-tIl of wares wbIle importing 0IIIy P77,515,000

:u.:--"

from And ~ and with

; when the bade agreements

as the

figures of trade, however, 1I1liir.J...".. to highlight what been evident to emand polltldans: for or wone. Japan Iocms lncn!aslngIy large on 0lIl' ~ horImnB as a majOr 'JIOII.IUIate of all P.I. trade. ~,

'1111: ' 8tatlatJcs ..-Jt

for

~ , ~J_

aD!•

of the c:urrent JSr. ~ aported P85.689.000 ~ piIIdS'and raw materl8Ja..to.~aB of .uta (outalde the IOddle and NeIlr East) lndudIItC JatI90 the British Eat IndIeI. Danna, Ceylon, 0IIna, the ~ East In. dies, ~. india, Indo.... nt......

JIIa.. . . . . ... . . pre, OI1lIamy

x-.

-

.... ~ .......

~llJ]{)~ ~lBOmr ~ ~I61rIJl ~.~~~ ~©OOU.~®i\W.~. ~~~~;~~.~~

•

Asitm e:IlC1Inion.

QINTINUEI> NlXT ,AGE

REPAlATlONS

and 60 per cent ot the food oils and fats she uses. In industrial raw materials, the Japanese glean from abroad about 70 per cent of the Iron ore, the bulk of the highgrade cooking coal utilized In st....l production, 95 per rent of petroleum, almost all the raw cotton 3DII wooL

f a rm only 15 per cent of the land. She has few natural riches of her own and must import a t prodlguous cost 20 per cent of her staple foods, almost all of her sugar (an avenue blocked to the PbU-

COMllNUiD

their own Industr1al h~""'­ onies-

For Japan. merely a thin'! in area than the Pb!IippinEs. is a crowded sprinkling of l..Jands populated by 90 <rlllion people who <:an I~er

ippines by J apan's previous comm,itments to other C'OWJtries), twO-tbirds ot her salt

Importers, Exporters

S

Reps Agreement

IS

proof

!'

General Merchants

THE NISSHO CO., LTO: Manila 0fIke:

GARCIA'S NEW Y :lCHT, the Lapu-Lapu goes do ..,,, slip1JtJy in Japai.. It is valued at a wTaooping P5 .Rillion.

Room No. 225, Madrigal Bldg_.

Escolta, Manila, Philippines.

Head 0fIice: 30. Imabashi 3.cl!ome, Higashi-ku, Osaka, Japan.

Tokyo Branch: Tokyo Boeki Kaikan, 2, 1<home, Ohtemachi, Chiyoda-ku. Tokyo, Japan_ General Cable Add ress: " NISSHOCONY"

Other needs are C1'Ude rubdevelopment - administerber, hemp and jute. tin ining a lund for· AsIan pr0got, anthracite, and mangagress, dispensing techn0lo. nere ore. gical know - how, capitaJ To buy all these she must goods, credits and 1IIBIIIIfacearn annually at least $2.5 . lured commodities with a to $.3 billion - an amount calculating band. painstakingly and precariThe new dream of a ously secured by the full greater East AsIa Co-Prosmobilization of her one and perity Sphere need not be o n I y plentiful resource: as onerous as the wartime skilled manpower. ThUs. concept. It carries in It the processing Japan must trade seeds of danger-but also a the skill and technology of seed at hope. her vigorous population to survive.

N earnest proof of JaShe peddles her goods pan's good falth In her throughout the world. On avowed polley of assisting the Southeast Asian market Asian development is the last year, she sold cotton $550 million Reparations fabrics ($U4,913,OOO); galAgreement with the PbUipvanized iron sheets ($35,piDes. 297,000); rolling stock and The 2O-year lodemuit, parts ($29,564,000); rayon accord, which entered into fabrics (S29,437,OOO); dJeits third year an July 23rd. mical fabrics ($23.34l.000); 1958, bas thus far faDed to chemical and pharmaceutiprovide a clear token of this cal products ($19,478,000); sincerity. cement ($19,073,000); cotIn a sense, the fault is ton yams ($18,132,000); largely our own. '1'brougbfoodstuffs ($16,958,000); cut the month of negotiarubber tires and tubes ($14,tion which pn!CI!ded the 369,000) ; chemical fibre signing of the payments yarns ($13,949,000); rayon Agreements at .Malacaliang yarns ($7,085,000); ceramon May 9, 1956, the Pbllipics and porcelain wares pine panel palnstaldngly ($7,025,000); sewing machsecured the commitment Ines ($6,094,000) ; and that direct reparatkim maOO::up clothes ($6,049,goods (ootslde of • $20 mD000).

Han cash fund to be geDI!J'Are we In the market ated by the sale of aJnSUIDfor many of these? How er goods In this ClIIUIltry) mudl---and for how long? shOuld consist of capital This Is why Japan ta1ks goods and essential servglowingly, and with a hint kes.. of desperation. of assisting Atter aD this ~ bargaining, the PhIlippine Southeast AsIan countries ·In their ecoIIOIiIIr ~ gtHd'ouent starti!d asII:Inc menl. The vaWlted KIshI for Items DOt OIl the "capItal guoda" Ust. the _ _ Plan. which to da12 bas come to nothing more than expI!IISM! and QutstandIng ~ words, euvi!doned IDduatrtal ' ofwblcb . . . _ JapaD 88 the hub of this the IroaJc: II,YIIIboI of the

A

PlPEw OTHER

ETC.

BUY Eternit Pipe .... d Instan your Water Supply aDd DistnDotion System.

(J)

(2) (3)

(4)

For Your Cultural, Sanitary Activity Fire Arresting industrial Agricultural Application

( .t /rig lot

0/

Elttrn;1 Pipe ready lor e:zport &hipm ent from Kobe Port, Japan.)

Etemit Pipe is the Best and Most Economical Water S upply Pipe :i t i8:(I) Strong and Durable (2) High Flow Capacity (3) Cheap Cost.

(4) ~mbly and Installation can be done EaBlJy, Speedily and

Economica lly.

~ NIPPON DERNJ( PIPE CO., LTD. •

No.2. lkhome. Ginza-hlgashi, CbuG-ku. To kyo. JaJlan.

Cabie Address:

"ETERNITPJPE TOKYO"

an

of Japan's Asian interest

_ drawn up by the O!mmission and oka)'ed by the NEe in 0ctober this year.

Significant among the c1auses in the ~ proc:edures wbich implement R.A. 1789 are two quaJificadons, namely. that aside fn)ID eapital goods and

in the F ORlqitimateengaged pursuit of

~tions

thoo;e

this annual $25 miDion

~

nama. what are the steps to be taIII!n!

MAusterity" pnJgnDl deC'Iftd by PreddI!ut Carlos P. Garda last DeIl!mber.

1!IS7.

nus Is the l~ous $2.5 mUlion presidential yacht, "Lapulapu:' replete With alr·conditioned cabins.

In the wake of the furor periodlcaUy aroused over the vesooel, Malacaiiang has clarified that the "Lapulapu" was ordered as indemnity tor the wartime

Rodolfo MlJJflog is head of the Reparotions CommWion.

sinking of the presidential boat "Caslana."

Rep a rat ion s Chairman Rodollo Maslog, on November 3 came up with an original explanation. The "Lapulapu" was not a presidential yadlt, he declared.

It Is earmarked as a passenger vessel for the PhilipploP Navy, which could "accommodate the PresIdent, ·it and when he sbould request Its use."

He pointed out that the Navy needed a decent "Flagship" since praetieally all the shIps of the PhlUppine Navy "are surplus yeslII!ls." U true, we sball have the only navy on the seven seas wbleb bas an air-cond1tloned Oagsblp.

At this writing, (in early NlM!IIlber) , the thlnI year !<dteduIe whieb was submitted on May 15 bas not yet been agreed upon with ·the Ja~ govemment, partly owing to the bureaucratic n!d tape through wiIIch Japan nonnaJJy pl'OOl!SM!S such lists and partly because of di!Iays, Jast-1lliDutl! alterations, and addenda In...-ted as late . . !at September by the Reparations O!mm.......

Tbe CIOIItents of tbIs third)'S1' list In the _time

1958

are I5ImJudI!d in mystery. nus is wily 1be PIdIIppiDe Chamber of lndustriI!s at n!IlI!IIt bearings OIl 1be im- , p~t 01 ~timm handling strongly urged that schedules be published immediately after approval by the Commission, NEC. and Malacaiiang.

It would not be fair to blame the Reparations Commission for the bulk of the ills which Pave plagued implementalon of the lagreement during the two preceding years. For obscure reasons, President Garcia did not create the Commission luntil April 29, 1958, despite the fact that Republic Act 1789 creating the Commission had been passed by Congress as early as June 22, 1957.

During thelintetim period, haphazard requests for Japanese goods flooded Mlnister Caesar Z. Lanuza's fourth floor office in Tok.yo's centrally lC'Cated NiI<katsu building, Although the NEe ran a Reparations Task Unit and later a COOl'dinaling group to process appllc'a tions, the Coun-ell was often by-passed tbrough hand-cartied scribbled notes from the Palace and ranking Nacionalista chieftalns ascribing priority to one project or another.

This situation was inher· ited by the three Reparations Commissioners who ",-ere designated !early this year. MasIog, who chairmans the body, was former Commissioner of Public Highways. Commission· er Juan Alberto was former Governor of Catanduanes.

Commissioner Alejo S. Santos was incumbent Governor of Bulacan. Gregorio G. Abad, perhaps the only ranking Commission official who had worked with rf'parations from the onset, wa s named Executive DIrector and Secretary. All are loyal Nacionallstas.

To the Commission has been left the unenviable task of justifying sundry allocations against charges which, wblIe difficult to document, focus pubIJe suspidon aDd iDdIgnation on the entire conduct of tlons.

~­

n..re Is no douJtt that reparations bas become a unhIersd grab bag for a favored group.

Rules - and regulations governing the procun!IU<!IIt, distritution and utilization of goods and ~ procm-abIe fnJm .Japan through

services for projects enum. erated in the official Annex to the Reparations Agn!ement of. 1956, the following can be requ:isitioaed: (l) "Other i1lms DOt listed in the afonsaid Reparatiom; Agreemeut may also tll' JIf'OCIII'ed by nmtual ~tIDIT._

r----------------------------------------------------------------------

<S> TOYO MENKA KAISHA, LTD. Room No. 311 Chaco Bldg., 381 Rosario Corner, Plaza Cervantes, Manila

Head Office: Cable Address: Tokyo Office: Cable Address:

CPO 61 , Osaka, Japan.

"TOYOMENKA OSAKA" CPO 183, Tokyo, Japan.

"TOYOMENKA TOKYO"

Reparations have become a grab ing, steel and cement manufacturing. logging and shipping.

How does one apply?

FIRST JET produced in post-wM Japan ill exhibited to the pre88. Japan hopes to supply Asia with such equipment.

REPARATIONS

CO~IHUEO

agreement between the PhilIppine Government and the Japanese Government;" (2) "Goods other than Capital Goods. These goods . . . shall be limited to: 1.

Such goods as may not be obtainable !rom normal sources of imports; 2. hIghly essential consmner goods, and; 3. construction materials not classified as capital goods."

In other words, anything

under the sun.

Pursuant to Jaw, the Commission bas given preference to the private sector. The rules indicate that not more than 60 per (.'eDt of the total value of reparations should go to private enterprise, the remainder to government or public projects. Top priority, as outlined by Congress last year, goes to reparations Items intended for electrification, fire-fighting equipment, telecommunications, railroads, base metal min-

FROM THE PRIVATE SECTOR, applications must be sumitted direct to the Commission's oWces at present situated on Gral.

Solano, San Miguel. The headquarters may shortly be shifted to rooms in the Department of Agriculture building near Taft Avenue and San Luis street.

All applications will be under oath and on forms supplied by the Commission on the request of bo... fide applicants. The indemnity body may further require applicants to furnish additional or missing data needed within a 36-day period from the date of the letter of demand.

The petitioner must state that hl' will sign a Contract to Purchase on forms pre-

scribed by the Commission and that he is ready to post a cash or surety bond in favor of the Commission according to a graduated scale of amounts based on the "alue of items requisitioned.

A 3IHJay deadline has also been attached to the fulfillment of the two steps. The bond is intended to signify that if tIu! applicant falls or refuses to take delivery of the desired goods or services 30 days after due notice and fails to go through with the contract or purdlase,. the bond will iJl80 f.c.... be forfeited.

FROM

THE

GOVERN-

MENT SECTOR. all applications originating In government agencies, including government corporations. must be approved by their proper department heads.

An advance copy of each application will be subEnitted directly to the Commil!lSlon,

but the original application should be coursed through the National Economic Council for endorsement to the Commlasion with comments and recommendations.

Since insurance, ocean freight, and other apenses incident to importation, must be paid by the end-user "in accordance with usual business practice," the avaJJability of funds for the JIUl1IO!Ie should be I.'el'tified to by tbe Chief Accountant of tbe applieant guialUildil &gaIcy, irTespective of whether the commodities or services are for a revenue or DOlIrevenue producing project.

WhUe non-revenue pr0ducing public undertaIdngs will not be charged !Dr the requested good, revenue-producing agateIe! will also be required to submit an Accountant's certification that funds can be rem.ltted to

AWA

MFG. CO., LTD.

OffICE::

ADDIIESS,

0IIIem.dti......

CIIiyodHut. Tokyo YASlrAWAMOlOIl TOKYO

PIUHCIPAL PIlODUCTS Induction Motors Synchro n ous Motors & Generators D.C. Motors & Generators Commutator Motors Switchgears & Controls D_C. MOTORS DRAW IrEGUUTGa STAHD RIll SECTIOHAL DlUVE "AHa MACHINES

54

bag for favored group pay for their allocated Items.

The rules further empower the Commission to determine tile "soundnt'Ss and t.edmIcaI feasibility" of projects In accordanoe with the criteria or program appnn'1!d by the NEC and the Reparations Law. The body may conduct hearings, inquiries or Investigations and verify data stated In the applications, inspect facilities such as sites, plants, personnel, etc., or require applicants to appear, testify . or present documents manifestiftg proof of reliability, financial ability, c1t1zen~hlp, and other pertinent matters.

In general, the Commis-' '!'Ion has announced, reparations goods will be procured on a Free on Board (FOB) Japanese port basis. although In special circum~tances they may be obtained on a Customs and Freight (C&F) or Customs Insurance Freight ICIF) Philippine port basis.

T

HE governing provisions declare too that for procurement orders for government offices, agencies, and Instrumentalities, Includlng government-<>wned or controlled corporations, the purchasing will be handled "through public bidding with se.31ed bids," by the Lanuza M"1SSion In Tokyo.

These bids may be rejected "when the goods are unduly overpriced, or are of Inferior quallty or when the suppliers combine to defeat the purpose of public bidding or for any other Bke reason."

Private parties will be al10wed to procure their roequl'litions from the manufacturer, producer or supplier of their choice, the Commlsston has noted, but the MIssIon In Japan may reject the specific manufacturer, producer or supplier and negotiate for the goods from another source or through public bidding If It decides that the !I8IIle grounds for rejection as above happen to exist.

A II)'1Item for evaluation of bids, reputedly followed from the Inception by the Tokyo

MItoo<lon,

h,s

been

pnmulgated as the basis for

award:

(a) PrevailIng export prices In Japan for similar goods and services; (b) world market prices for similar goods and services; (c) delivery dates, and (d) availability of spare parts and !Oervice arrangements.

The Commission has slapped certain restrictions on the procurement of services of Japanese technicians. stressing that applicant.~ will have to show proof that there is definite need for their services in the "installation and initial operation of the capital goods procul".!d . . . specialized fields in industry and agri('U\ture, and other fields covered by treaties and special agreements such as that covering the survey and salvage of sunken vesseL'i."

As a rule, the following limitations will be observed: (1) Services of Japanese .technicians must be utilized within one month after their arrival In the Philippines; (2) no Japanese technicians will be allowed to enter If any qualified and equally competent Filipino citizen is available for the work to be performed; and (3) the entry of these technicians shall be subject to the country's immigration laws, rules and regulations.

The regulations moreover inhibit the government from procuring or utilizing reparations goods "for the purpose of entering into business in competition with private Industries, where such Industries have shown their capacity and readiness to serve the public fairl:, and adequately."

Other qualifications: Government projects shall be given preference only if they contain electrification. fire-fightlng equipment, telecommunications, ra1lroad ; If they would foster the growth of private uroductive capacity; If they are needed in the performance of essential public rervices; or If they Invoh'e productive projects which private enterprises arE' not yet capable or desirous of developing but which are urgpntly needed In the "Intere!;t of overall national eronomlc growth."

No goods or services can he procured from reparations 11 the domestic BlIplily 01 sudl Is adequate,

and reparations goods must be "brand new and 01 the latest modeL" Where goods

are procur-

able from reparations in sufficient quantities, It was further clarified, "no dollar :illocations shaH be made. nor any bond, debenture, or bond Issues floated tor the

"HlNO~L\Ru"

ÂŽ

importation of such goods lor use In any government project."

Finally, private end-users are expected to pay fur all necessary costs, "including Insurance, ocean freight, other charges and expenses Incident to the appUcation tor, and the procurement,

production, delIvery and acquisition of the goods, plus the service fee of 2 per cent of the cost, before delIvery of the goods."

Upon demand and before delivery, the conditional vendee from the private sector will be required to post cotmHUÂŁD KtXT ' AGE

BRAND

Beautify your homes, offices, schools, hospitals and shops with the light giving beauty of quality gloss. For cool, soundproof insulation; for light without glare; and glass for every purpose, every need . .. ask for the popular "Hinomaru" brand, your assurance of the highest quality sheet gloss mode today! "Hinomaru" brand is a product developed following over 40 years of constant research by our skilled technicol stoff- Employing the Colburn system and through automation method we have increased our output to the extent of producing 40% of all sheet glass production in Japan. T odoy the popularity of " Hinomaru" brand extends throughout the world.

Sole Agent' Everrlch Enterprises Co~ R-512 Garcia Bldg~ Manila. Philippines

NIPPON SHEET GLASS CO., LTD.

Bead omc., Utah........ mvaUJ.b. Ooaka. J _ Cable Addnoo: ~SBEETGLASS OSAKA" Tokyo "-do, ~ CImo.b. Tokyo. J _ Cable ~ "'SIIEETGLASS mHO-

REPARATrONS

COMTlHUED

a Performance Bond in an amount tentatively set at 10 per cent computed from the FOB cost of the Item.

Moreover, unlike reparations

obtained by the government which are exempt from all duties, fees and taxes, pri. vate allocations Are tree only from customs duties, consular fees and the special import 'ax.

Many links remain to be ironed out, some of them the more difficult to reme-

dy because they are incorporated into the reparations law Itself.

One of these, as Chairman Maslog himself has pointed out Is that "sales on Installment" or credit basis are glv"n an excessive period of grace, offering opportunities for fraud or abuse.

,

fhr ,t,tut(' provides that thr flnot In.tallment on ouch tranAAction.' nln be paid \I Ithln 24 months after complete delivery of the capital goods and the balance to be paid In equal Installments within a period not exceeding ten years, the unpaid balance to bear Interest at 3 per cent per annum.

There Is little to prevent nn end-Ul'er from receiving reparations capital goods, using them for a 24'month period, and then proposing to tletault on payment and retul'll the already depreclnted machinery or equipment to the Commission.

Responsible reparations of-

not .tand 1o collect the 2 per cent fee It could otherwI~ daaJ'Kf! on dlra:t rep-

arations doles.

It i. more apparent that sheer neglect mollvated the Inaction. On the other hand, It Is common knowledge that Maslog has repeatedly announced the Intention to seek a hike of the 2 per cent commission collectible on private sector reparations to at least 4 per cent. The repara lions chief maintains that the present rate will gamer the Indemnity body a puny PSOO,OOO, hardly ' enough to run an offfce of his envisioned magnitude efflclently.

Japan's rapid progr.ess

POWER

CAPACITOR

COUPLING POWER

CAPACITOR

TRANSFORMER

TRANSFORMER INSTRUMENT SWITCHGEAR METERING

EQUIPMENTS

EQUIPMENTS

115511 ELEaRIC CO.; LID. Cable

..NISSIN..... IIYoro"

AoWNa -,.. . . . . . .111 JW'rO'"

fldals have noted that even the forfeiture of the per· formance bond would be compensated by profits ac· quk'ed during the period of utllizatiO!l.

While it Is true that a primary presumption of business is "good faith" on the part of contracting parties, there are untortunately those who subscribe to the well-known saw attributed to P. or. Barnum that there is "a sucker born every minute."

Also still hanging fire b the $250 million loan component which was an Integral part of the 1956 Reparations Agreement. Undel' the credit accord, the Japanese promised to supply economic develonment loans on reasonable terms.

Many tactors have contributed to the failure to secure at this late date even II single dollar from the loan lund. No determined moves were ever made by our own government to narrow down several general proposals Rnd discussions on these credits to a specific area of agreement. When the Reparations Commission was finally appointed last April, the Commissioners took no action on the loan component but busied thi!mselves In Tokyo reviewing, approving, and con1InnJng aln!edy concluded contracts to In· sure their valldlty.

CritScs of the CommIssfon have bandied about the rather tar-tetched charge that the ftPU'8t1ona oUk:e _ not 1ntere8ted In the _ omk de\lcl opawW ImDa . .

_

. . O·

IdaD'"

Early this year, after a brief pilgrimage to Japan In late 1957 and subsequent Individual missions to Tokyo, a bankers' committee headed by Alfonso CalaJang submitted a set of recommendations to President Garcia on the implementation of the $250 million loan lund.

At this stage It 'Is difficult to tell whet her the Commission Is tavorable to the adoption of these suggestions either entirely or In part. RankIng reparations sources have intima ted tba l the Commission is wary of some of the bankers' prop<?sa1s, maintaining that thI~ would gtve the bankers' group undue profits. The suspicion may be completely gratuitous, but It merits further study, a spokesman said.

On October 28, however, the Commission adopted Resolution No. 62 delineating tour general approved fields of Investment eIlgtble for participation In the reparations loans. These are: (1) Agricultural machinery, equipment and services, when not procurable through reparations, tor the openIng of virgin lands In the Philippines to agriculture, for the producUon of baaIe staple commodities, or of agricultural producta for export.

(2) KacblDery, equlpmeDt and services. not pr0curable through ftPU'8tlon8. tor the development of extractive Induatrfes such .. minInc. 8hlppAq. IaaIDc ad lumber ~, and CIIIttqe aDd IIIae W·· ...... uam.

IIW-...:t _

........

IIIUIIIl In the PbIllppInes.

(3) 00- III8CIIIneI'y and ~, not proc:urabIe

tIu'oIICh

ftIIUatJoM.

"..

the deYelopment or \ItIUzIIdon of-untapped natural re_ of the PIIIlIpplnes.

(4) Other fielda of InvestmeIlt, Industries or projects Induded In the approved reparations program, when It Is definitely ascertained tbat the financing needs of IIIICh fields of investment, industries and projects cannot be adequately met by reparations payments.

11Ie cabinet and the NEC have already approved the launching of flnaI negotiations to secure $35 ml11lon

struedon needs, requIaltIons for equta--t and stadt to push throug1l thJs pioneer entBprlae may have to be fInaDced by the de\leIopmeat loans.

Japanese negotiators are expected to proceed cautiously In assenting to PhIlIppine credit proposals. They are In no hurry to lend m0ney which may not eventually be repayable In foreign exchange. They have the painful example In mind of Indonesla which tacked a trade debt on to reparations.

ture, lapan bas set up her first atomic reactor. and Is 50 advancI!d in nuclear research that at the September United NatiOlUl "AkMnsfor-Peace" COnference in Geneva, her scientists presented 54 separate reports on atomic energy. She already talks of building a 3,000-

ton nudaar powered ooean vessel. 'lbe transition from this to the alolDlc submarine wUI prove easy Indeed.

11Ie Liberal-Democratic P;u1y of Mr. Kishi, conven-

Iently pro-American because of the exigencies of trade and mutual defense, Is now as strongly centralized and

alJOO8t as powerful as any pre-war gtM!nUllent. ThIs poIWcal power was coasol!dated In the last Jolay 22 elections ",hen the Conservatives turned back a SocIalIst

bid for control.

How long will the new c0lossus be content to meet its bills!

.

preI Ndict,time,thestar Philippines' pro-

Nich I men

gazers

blems In the collection of re-

8

Co., Ltd.

reYlyes

old fears

In

Asia

MANILA OFFICE: Room No. 714, Roman R. Sanlos Bldg~ Plaza Goiti, Manila, "NICHIMEN MANILA" Tel: 3-68-54, 3-56-30 NEW YO RK OFFICE : Room No. 2010-2011, 39 Broadway, New York 6, N.Y., U.S.A. "NIC!iIMEN NEW YORK" Tel: DIGBY·4·0216 IS, 2-chome, Nakanoshlma, Kita-ku, Osaka, Japan P.O. Box Central 18 Cable Add. : uMENKWA OSAKA"

HE AD

O FF IC E:

TO KY O

OF FI CE : 4-chome, Muromachi, Nihonbashi. Chuo--ku. Tokyo, Japan P.O. Box Central 1136 Cable Add.: "MENKWA TOKYO"

Textiles, Machineries,. Metals, ·Foodstuffs & Provisions,Chemitals, lumben, Seramic

MAIN BUSINESS LINES:

Produch, Sundry Goods, Textiles Raw Malerial., and Industrial Raw Materials

TOKYO MISS t.'ie8 a BpeCial pack Of cigarettes called "P_ AM." 113 BOIes :Dill go t.J PRO projects in Alria.

through the fund for the partial financing of the Marlklna Multi-purpose Pr0ject. The project requires the construction of a hIgharch dam which wllI have a built-In 180,000 kilowatt hydroelectric power stadon, a potable water, In1gattoo and flood control system. Also slated for credit talks Is the SJr'IICUl'eIDent of very high f r e que" c y transmitters (VHF) and equipment for the purpose of setting up a system of telecommunication In strategic regions throughout the country.

UDleu the Justice Department rules that It Is mandatory under the law authorizing the extension of the Manila Railroad line to Capyan that the CammJa.. don allot $6 mIUJon a year from direct reparationa pay_ ments lor the JIJUl'. c:oa-

1958

parations, with almost 18 years left to run, wllI re-

volve not around the question of combined skulduggery entered Into by Japanese and FIlIpino businessmen or pettifoggery on the part of FlIipIDo offldaldom, but on the increasing rest1 _ of the Japanese and a growing reluctance to pay Indemrilty.

Already Japan Is a resurgent power In Asia. She Is producing the largest shipping tonnages In the world.

Her factories are turning out all-made-In-Japan jet planes. Her armed forces have llhot up In strength from 190,000 late last year to almost 220,000 men, 81phemisticsDy called "seIfdefenae" forces.

Sixty miles north of Tokyo on the Padflc shores at Tokat Kura, In lbaraJd Prefec-

•

·Established: 1919

Capital: ¥2,OOO,OOO,ooo

"Building Goodwill Through Foreign Trade"

General Importers & Exporters

MAIN LINES

• Mln.ral Ore. cmd buermediat..

• 1r0ll cmd Steel • F.rtUb:...

• NOD-Ferroua Metala • Elecut.c WIres GIld CabIee • Electric Eqalpm_t • MachIDery

• ""_

• Chemicals

• • • • •

r.xtil.

SundIi..

~a!I""

Equipmea.

AIn::ndt aDd ~

Gtabl. 011 ....d Food • c.-. cmd GIaoo • Fuel 0& and Lubrlccmbl.

Head Office: 22 . 5-chome.

Higashi·ku, Osaka Tokyo Office : 2. Tori I·chome, Nihombashi.

Chuo-ku, Tokyo Manila Office: Room No. 401 , Singson Bldg., No.9, Plaza Moraga, Manila Telephones: 3·51·03 & 07-25-63 Ge neral Cable Address: "SUMITSHOJI"

51

PROGRESS IN THE PRINTING I路NDUSTRY Weare proud to have played a significant role in the progress of printing in the Philippines. For years and years, our firm has heen a constant and ready source of printing supplies-high quality printing materials that give the printing industry the impetus to emerge from crude beginnings and to forge ahead in progress .

This is our humble contribution

L

AULT . " WIBORG

CO.

(FAR EAST)

ASubsidiary of INTERCHEMICAL CORPORATION. New York City MAIN Off/Cf, DOWNTOWN OFFICE:

i & --

Dealers In:

* PRINTING. LITHOGRAPHIC.

FLEXOGRAPHIC. GRAVURE TIN PRINTING INKS

(':r

* GRAPHIC ARTS SUPPLIES MACHINERY * METAL DECORATING FINISHES (':r

P"SONG TAMO, SAN LORENZO VILlAG~ MUA.n , RIZAl ~ nu 1.11-95; a..J2-29 THIRD FLOOR MANILA nMES BLDG., MANILA

THE MONETARY POLICY IN 1958

Economic survival depends on government's capacity to enforce austerity of moneA NYuuySURVEY policy in the las t

b<>trin not ",.jth January 1. 1'158 but with the month pr£Viou... when on ~b<>r 9. 1957 the MOfY.!tary Board oC Ihe Cen· I ..al Bank exploded the hombmell that wa' CircuI:Ir No. 79. Thus came thl' ,iImax to a year (1957) \\11Ich witnessed perilaps the most extensive u.se yet ~ In this oountry of the IllIItnIments of monetary c_tml ThJJl wall also the >'CIting when on January 3. l!i58 the o-ntral Bank "nI"",,, the tenth war of 11.1 ,·xlstence. .

RricOy. the battery of W("p0n8 oC moneL·trv conlrol avallabh- to IhI! C'..I'I1tral llank by It" chitter colll'i.ts 01 lbe 10II09.1ng: (a) moral 1<U8SIon. (b I open market operations (buying and !lE'1IIng sewrttles. chiefly govrmmmt bondtI). (el loan IU1d dIlIrounl polley. IndudIng Interest and discount ratea, (d) riuuIgea In bank ~ requirements. te) margin requlrements for cub eover) on Imporu. and (f) selective credit IlOI1lrtlL, NIdI as eel\lngll on loans.

1Imib on bank portfoliO!< oC IIIIetS aad JDveslIDeIlU, and ~_r mu.~t

ront...,' of consumer credit.

In 1957. almost all these """'tJOllS were tired. TIK' situation ...as that monry supply was Increa...Ing. as previous bond Issues were heing monetized by the banking ",.,..tor through thl' pl'ocess of turning In these bonds to) the Centrnl Bank In I'xchange for credits.

Further. the go..-enunent rontlntK'd to stoke the fu .... ace oC Infla tion as It kept supplying large bond Issue<. &.fore he died. llr. Magsay!'B.y had become alarmed al lhe burgeoning InfIalion and so had programmed a 51",,'dt>wn In bond issuance. But ~hoTtly after his death caml! preparations for electi,.ns.

The inflationary p~re from rontinued bond Is"".,; :'lIld expanding money sup"Iy. plus the Influence of ..lecHons In forcing relax,,lion of exchange controls. led to a record-breaking risc In Impom. The result w,," n precipltou.. drop In the international reserves or fo.-eign exchrutg<> holdings of the country to an ali-time low of IeSlI than $140 mll1100 lD December (and even I _ If we deduct loans and o the r wIndaw-dresslng) . 'lhIII was • lou of CNe£ SlOO

million in th.. seven m onths (rom Ma.-cIt to Decembe.·.

J951.

It will be in.. trueti".. to recall the "a rious monetary (,(lIIfrol" used In 1957. In February and March, the (),ntral Bank suspended Its l'ed.Lo;counting facilities lor j!ovemme nt bonds. that I", I .... bank.~ now could no Ion g e r <oeD government bonds to the Central Bank In exchange for cash or en'dits. In April, the Ct>ntral Bank 1."511('(\ a list of priorilies ill a~anoe with which thP. banks were to f'('gulale their loan portfoliOS. In order. first priority WP.flt 10 agricultural and indus! lial loon~. followed bv public utilities. and real ~te " nd consumption came un~ der priorities fi( and IV. At !he ..ame timp. (April 2) the di£oount rate on bonds and c'(,mmerclal paper brought to the Central Bank was ..alSI'd from 1 s,~ per cent to 2 per cent. These steps were ,only <ilJgbtll" cffectM! In nutail!ng expall5lon of bank ,-red It. 'l'lkrefore In SPpternbel' mort' drastic steps "'P.n! taIa!D: the redlscount rate Jmnped from 2 to .. ~~ per .:ent (wI1leh _ abovf!

Ibo' r.ate 01 return OIl gov-

...... m en t bonds); and a 100 prr cent margin (ur cash dt'posit) was required on imports of non-eosential con~umf'r goods.

Effective Octobe,' 1. the intereSt rate on savln~s deposit. was made 3 per cent instead of :.! per cent.

Finally. one month aft...r l'lectioll5. on the aforementioned December 9. 1957.

Circular 79 went out to the col1lJJl2!'dal banks. Sudden!y a halt was ca1Ied to the .pendlng spree. One can 'stlll hear the anguished h owls that went uP. but l here was nothing to do but to take action beforP it W"dS too late. O reuJar 79 pro"ided l or high('r m argin re(:uiremen1.. 'In the opening o f Il'tters of credit. Cash deposits were to be 200 per (ent for Imports of semi~tlal consumer and nonPSSelltial producer g oods; 100 per cent for decontrolled essential consumer goods and essential and ~ 1;CIltia) produCl'r goods; 50 }ler t'ent for essential produrei" raw materials ; and 25 per eent plus the down p.~y­ ment tor capital goods imported under deferred pay!nents arrangements. 1mparts of _ t i a l eun-

sumer goods were prohib,lcd. Tran.<:actions under barter trade and imports of gm;ernment agencies wpre 1I0t exempted from the reo <\Ulrements In the drcular.

One must dlstlngulsb Circular 79 from the Confidential ~1 e m 0 r andum circulated '-OOIl after.

Fired by the spirit of reform. the MorK'tary Board asked the banks 10 reduce their loans and overdran lines for trano;ac.ions In priorities ill ana IV (real est..t" and consumplion loans) :mel not to issue \Just receipts to<' maturit ies longer than 60 !lays.

Purporting to be confident ial, this order evoked derision from l1'.e business com· m unlty and shO'ved how in"ffectual was '.he moral infl ue nce of the Banks a. a weapon of restraint. Tit<' Board should have realized that It was impossible to keep secret a memorandum C".rcuIated among 18 banks.

Orcular 79 must be reckoned as admir:lbly conceived \0 serve its purposes.

In this country. the forces affecting money supply may be l'OIM!IIiently grouped into t hree: the banks (commercial banks and the Central ~NIIA'._

MONETARY POLICY

It. select line of inclustriol equipment featurillg .~ tfHIot. teatu. . in .....to_Ke, COIISIIUCIioa and easy maintenance.

INTERNATIONALLY FAMOUS

~

",HAHtJfLSGESELl.SCH4FT

DI£5EL ENGINES Induslual. S.oliona~ and Moline.

Generah", St-" p~( h:Jcks ~ng Se~ Outwf-Elecnic l~ ~,"'" AlICDOled Dltiel and t".."o.,.., 0v1y Diad PSGnQ. up to ~SOOHP

-", M\.INKTEU !IOUNOf~

--..

Sw"",",

SOUN4JfR

~UfCTRICAl

MACHINERY AND EgUIPMEHT

~lQliOfU

_

SuhUDtlQru. -

General·

t'IIQ Sets _ H,gh 5peId A,roIasI (,rQ/II ereak.e~ T,o"ifonnel'$ S.... "chgeor Ir-odu.rnal Driva .Alretnc'o"", _ Mota,s and Sw.tcna _ Wa&d'ng Eqv.~1 Elednc FVtI'CKe5 -

lrod,on _

. INDUSTI IAL SCALES "arl'onn Scalcs -

--..

Tron\ITiiUIln

Ele\.""ttan.c Tubas _ Elec:tronic f-koatlfMjJ _" Btrratrons N~," Co;XK.loa

ts.r;gl. , :l-phoM1

"',"""0<1_,,,-

Holland

S...,iOZ ••ond MAOiI~IE

~MIWHG

PLANT AND CONVEYOR EQUIPMDIT

ESCHE' WYSS. LTD" SW,t%erlD~ MICAFll, LTD SwItzerland

'011., Mill. SlIe» Conveying Pion,. _ flour Milling PIon" Bl-.wenes & Malting Pion" _ Go.

PENT.... Sweden

~WELDING EQUIPMENT

Wod~

.v..~ _

-

Go. Proch.1CIt Pion'. -

B, idt & fU. Monu'OChJ" ng Pion"

AND ACCESSO RIES CeneratO'r

-

VAN BERKEl'S PATENT

HANOELMMTSOtAPPIJ N V.•

8J01NN. 80VERI & CO.. LTD ••

SWISS LOCOMOTIVE & WORKe;, Sw.turiond

W.,;gh-brIdrgea-

SIgel W.-.ghen ~ frock Scbln Crone Honsl'1"iV Scoles Renc::h Sc:oJes. Irgn and Steal W..JgheB tioppef" W.lghen~

_

"'''''oct.''''", -

and lmnrlotmar T~ Stud W ..c:hng Eqpt, -

BUHleR LDOTHERS. SwitDrkJt'id

~I~

~

Mo_act"""'", BROWN, BOYERI & CO., LTD.

.......... nct

.AUTOMOTIVE SERVICE EgUIPMENT ~tdrDuI'c lif,., Pres.," ond Jod. s.n.'ce Cornpreuof'l _ L~JUN Spta-t Gun. ~ Welden. a. ~

_0<1_",-

SIGURD SlENHOJ lIS, o.nmort. a.OWN. &OVERI & CD, LTD.

Sw.t%rlond

•

.UFTlNG AND HOlmHG APPLIANCES (tones HoI.1'l Windws _ Bloch - Pull.ys. - Jodr.s _ w".

'opn -

Choim

G.ar

Unj~

CaI.dera.

Winding

~irMs

lel~'" ~

and

ct.i".. -

MUlino CuI1eI5 _ Cu1_ MiIIlng.-9KJrp.,utg MOod\!..... tot Formed MIII,ng Cutten Screw Pumps .\ Hydruutic Control Unira Madm'.cs fw the! wurtong of R.fle 80,.,.1. & Connon Tubes _

I,....

Pneumat.c T(IO" - Full AutorncrTtc Pockaglng Equipmeonl WroPPirtg Mod\!nes Butt.r Mouldi ng It Wropp"''J Mochlnn - Wrapping ,

for Carbon ~ Boullion Cube Pteu.s _ Forlc

--Ar-

lift. - Coil Winding Machines _ 01. Costing "-ocNnea.

SWISS INDUSTRIAL CO.

tsl GJ.

Swlturlond BUHLER BROTHERS. SwllUrlond MICAfl l , LTD . SwIrz.,lond

DoubIi"9 a.

Automcrtic.

s...;-"">d weaving

looms for ott Jocquard Mawo.tpIng and

c:ooken _

""'1'9 moct.tn..

--llJJI MACHINE2\' ~ ltD. tuh IZurich) . s.ttnrtond ' 'DobI>ieo' ' .... all ...... 01 Ioamo.

-STAUIIlI UOS. & CO. _ IZuri<I>I. Swl_1and

---

' ''Supw DupIo" CroPP"" &. Shea,lng - "lat. ' · Oath loUi"9

~

--&AM vot.1.ENWE'DU. LTO. Horg... ILmct.I. $wllz.olond

........

~Ion

)'GIN .

''lIng Moc,hl "..

-

-

INPKJlon and.

k lncil. of fabfi Q d lll''IeS -

TnlIUInlS&1on Copying TUfT" lotfrtn lI,oaddng Modtlnes ..

8tucJd,irq r~. _ Cam Milling Mo.

_

r.:.lli,., mcxf\!....

-Gel MAAG MACHINUY WOIICS.. I.TD. Kusnocht. Swttzwfand Scnet Ptlnting Mad'lina lOr. PrettI -_ OM cyltnde, - ct."euwg 1'nOCftu.s _ KerQQ VOCUYl'n 51eomlng Plana --«EIAG BOI LER WOIKS. APPARATUS AND MACHINES Rkfttwt.ll. Swlrz:.tand ~kMr Weaving Framn Novo cfu.. pi... heold. - 011 purpGle flo, .,..1 heolds - ElectI'ic 'M Ul' atop motion.

-GROB & CO . .! LTD .. Horgen fZuriGhJ~ Swirarlond Cord Oa' hing for Spinni,.. Milt. o Ufomotic fla t g ,ind i, . mactl l ~"!;"" froy..... ~ g,lndeft.

-HON(GGER & CO., ~ tZu,idll # Swttrerlond Sklndord Hi-sp..d ond Jocquard Ribbon Loom~ , and all aotellO/'l.,.

-JACOB ,tAULlER., h ick.

AaAotnotic

SPECIAL MACHINES 6TOOLS RaitwGyt. MoctU,...,., -

P,""UPS GlOEllAMPENfABRIEKEN. I': V.. Holland HEKTklSKA SVETSNINGSAkTIE80lAGfT SMClden

~.

---SOlWIITEJI. LID.. _ IZ.,..dtl. SwiturlcMd

Sweden

Denrnodt SWISS UJcOMOTIVE .\ MACHINE WORKS, Srw.l'Dflond SlNI55 INOUSTRlAL aJMPAHt. Swltuflcnd SCANWO

WaJ.er Power

teIteI's.

......fII.

~ outomatic P'lm W"....s.s VGlio Caners Monotil a;JnatI, ..

Rapid a;ned. far aU IUndI at yarn.

-

M~TEU.

... _.Son zrVY s.,... __ r,.tT""*,,lI .

SHiElD BANTAM COMPANY,

U ...

_-

_ SCHAFfttOUSE KNITTING MACHINE WORKS SchaHt-.... SwitDfiand

MoIor Gro. d..... Rood RoUeR Air C,.om.. pcwuon Pne\ImotlC Tcob.

PfNfA. s....den SNISS LOCOMOTIVE & MACHINE WORKS, Sw.luriond

MACHINEIlY

Automafic .. ttand-operOt8d Knirttng Mochl ....

• CONSTRUcnON EQU IPMDIT aorm:- Sno~ -

A.B.

5!1'01'I'I God Gca Turbi~ T... tbo......-s & Aalawones -

~nxnLl

DEI OEiJTSOfE HEI8E2EUGfABlltK PUTZEI·DEfIUES. Germany

and

all

~.

•

--6OCIETY lYClNiAISE DE YD· TILES " " " - . Hong " Ali

purpoM

a ir humidifying oppo,a-

''''.-flAAJL SCHENK

a.m., Swltzarloncs All tyopti of lDom ShuttI_.

Itti~ .

-STAHEl .. \lONG, HIN'wIiIl

tCcaol,on Z",kh). Switz:erlond ~SUPPLIUS

OF RAW COTTON FROM AlL UGIOHS - VOlKART BROTHElS. INC. New OrtmrrsJ "'........

I U S . .\.

Wlm.rthur. Swlturloncf

Ed. A. Keller & Co., Ltd. MACHIHERY DEPARTMIHT II1II haa ~ _ .,."..,. _ _ .. til

•

or.&. . . . .

au- .............

~-

Central Bank circular Bank) ; the govenDIII!!Dt ; and international trade (ex· ports and imports. as weD as harter trade) _ Ostensibly l:irroJar 79 was aimed at the thlnl se<:tor, by requiring more money to bP. put down as ::ash cover on any Imports. Because man y husinessmen were short of cash, they could not m;o.ke MI'aIlgt'IIIents for imports. and ro the drain on the international reserves was im· mediately arrested. Actual· ly tho! cira1Iar also bit the Dans because they could not • xtmd credit fo£ imports but bad to set aside cash wbidJ. was then sterili2.ed or kept out of circulation. 'lbirdly it also caught the govemnent in a squeeze. for NAMARCO and other govemment agencies now had to cough up for their imports. Thus in contrast with tho! monetary control instruments used earlier In the year, thls Ollf' curbed not one inflationary factor alone but all three.

And so whlle the yea..

1!l58 had a bleak beginning for businessmen, from the, s tandpoint of econronic poiIcy it was il promising starl , lor monetary restraints were now being used vtltoTously and imaginatively. t ;nfortunately much of what has since been do~ ha.~

ca.""

been an anti-c:limruL L"l E ARLY seemed that

the year It

thE, polk)' of austerity wa!II going to ~ pursued resolutely. For ex· ~mple in January It was an.1OUIIttd that in the first (luartl!l" of 1958 dollar aU~ cations for importer.; were 10 be slashed by 28 per cent across the boanl, without distinction as to the degret' of I!SSeI1t1a1lty of the im· ports. If this was resolution, mar;! Important was that It was also ineptitude honlerlng on irresponsibnIty. How badly thought out was the move was brought home In the on companies· (:ase. With a cut of 2R per ,-ent In their dollar quotas.

I he oil companies pulled back deIlveries and gasoline suddenly began to disappear. Meralco warned that It was going to have to .... fORe blackouts in the different parts of the dty, Including the JIalac:ajIan area.

CGofrooled with widesl*...s

public cormematlon and pro t est ~_ the IIDnPtary Boanl aIrrto8t Immediately had to l-est.ore the on companies' Quotas. Three ernm< of judgment were committed in thil! 1Mtance: .first. the Indiscriminate cut In pxchange allocations without diff...-entlatlon as to t.ses of the dollars; second. failure to grasp the power of an oligopoly of only thrPe large companies dealing in lin essential CIlIIDIIOdity; and \bird, lack of discemm.eDt n>garding the psycllologl.cal reactions of the people to a ~uggestlon of rationing In a...y but a wartime p!'rlod.

Filipinos remember that In 1946 gasoline was the last <-ommodity to be taken off

rationing_ Be that as It may_ the Monetary Boa r d backtracked from a basically untenable position. But the first real break In the austerity policy was another matter again. This was when some of the bars In Circular 79 itself were first lifted In Febnwry.

In steady precession came orders exempting from thP. stiff margin requlrement~ imports of ~ who<e raw materials were essential or semi-esscntia1, capItal goods brought in under defern!d payments arrangf'.

JJlt!I'\ts, decontrolled goods. and imports of producer.; manufacturing essential or smli-esentlal commodities.

In Marclt the restrictions on loans under priorities m "nd IV as set in the Confid· entlal Memorandum of December were lifted. In ()e. tober, the cash d£posits on Imports of semi-essenUal COIlSWllO!l" goods and nonessential producer goods w..re lowered from 200 per cent to 100 per cent. 'nit' net P.fiect of these declsion~ Is that credit has been eased considerably.

The ear 1958 was supposio,d to be a rar of retrenchment. A deliberately dlslnfiatlonary policy was called for. espedaI.Iy In the first six months of the year.

Now only two months after 1.auDdIinc, the lint regulations were c:alled t.dt and retired. FUrthermore. the core of austerity reaJ1y lay DOt . . IIIUdl III ~-

loam (m to eight montml mptIated with a number Of AmI!rieau baDb by Ke.n. OJademo, Aytona. .ad BIwmuolcIeE And mod impaI'taDt of the local drougbt .ad the United States .-.loa. both of whIdl ~ to ho1d

79 heralded austerity

an.

my poUry D. spI!dalIy in ~ I'IIIJtppIwPw III a.:aJ poIII:y_ Yet IIID7 crt the "..".........Wy fbcU WbIle IIIM_ _ _ not taken.

_lien!.

It IDe austeily pmcram

Congress approvm a record budaet. the tax proposals made by the Budget Com-

eamingB. Still the monetary situation should IIOt give us cause for complacency. M0abated. In June the PreIIney supply continues to lelent was able to win from creep upwards, and so does the United States promises of long term loans for deve- _ the public debt. At the beginning of 1958. money lopment purposes. More 1msupply was Pl,598.6 mUlJIt.-diately useful are some lion, consisting of P7B2.0 $80 million In short term

uUIIoner

wen!

shelved.

PIIIllDg down the CPilIngs on

government was done by

bond ~ the ~atlonal

EconomJc CouncIl and tbe Cabinet seemingly with great reluctance: One can only be saddened by Such conspicuous failure to program for an increa.sed transfer of purchasing p0wer available to the publk aector. Instead the line of leIurt resistance bas been taken. tbat Is, bond Issues whlch Ipad to Inflation. nus Is taxation of the most inequitable sort as inflation hits ~ least able to pay.

"rHE

in

~

0nIt haJf

0( ~

t.dI: our ezpon. earlier. bave cane. .. tbId prospeda are _ bdgbter for incn!8Sed toregn exdlange

J'MI"

\Vas not a resounding suc-

cess.

fortunately In the 800ond half of the year the need for It as an immediate retrendunent m 0 v e has

mIl1ion or 48.9 per C!IIt In ruJTency and P8166 mlWon or 5l.1 per ClI!IJt in bmJk

demaDd dI!posID. At the end of the first nine montba of the year, money IUJIIIb' _ up by P56.6 miIIIoIl to P1.655.2 million (cmn!DI:)'; I'7B6.O .mWIon; AIema.ad deposits; P869.2 miIIIoIl).

The public di!bt at tile end of August amounted to P1.927.01 million compared to P1.640.95 million at the beginning of January. 1958.

Continued bond issues and

hack pay ob1iga.tlons ooming dUe have driven the debt upwards ; we are now reaping the fruits of tIscal folly sown ten years ...". This year's folly of failing to pass urgent tax measures

-.d that p:IbUc debt rIsiIII:

stfIJ. more.

FortmIIlieIy. tnstad of lowering intftst ra1es (as In the United States whIdI this )6ll' has bad to 1ibenIlID! JendiDg to figbt tile .... steps have been taken in the oAJOSIte dlrection: the CeutraJ. Bank bas raised Interest 11ltes by agreeing to pay 6 pet' cent to the Government Service Insurance System and the SocIal SecurIty System on government bonds which they purchase.

These control measures

cession'.

COtmKUED KtXT

,Ala

lAWANIT

ma kes interi ors beautiful at THE HARD WOOD BO AR D minimum cos t!

promlse of auster-

ity. that much needed rorrective to the existing illflationary Imbalance In the growth of the economy. wu half-heartedly carried tIIIt. President Garcia him-

0' ... 0, 0'

"For interior, t OK' con.trt&.ctio1\ j06., toe 'otlad LAWANIT 8/1'" '" ~ '" ~' boardo to be tIte """t VUol, upetiDlllf lor

uilirtg, aM pGrliti..... b........

IIelf was quoted as saying. early In January, that aus-

t/te!f

COlt so Wtle, Ifet add a t o ... 1& of . "leg"""" aM b.....tlf If'" ..... u/d;)m find i.. otM' .....UriGlo. No""",", more aM ""''''' contTrlCton ~/1f .conomicGI LAWANIT."

terity would be removed within six months. The opposition In some sectors to

the new orientation seemed tno strong for the politicians and the monetary authorities to resist. Or pet'.... their own resolution

}.~~::::y 2 JESUS IU.. s. FERNANDEZ-C.E. TIIU& A's eo"IIftUCftON 0caP.

wanting. ObvIously the '-xl WllS not yet driven home that austerity was needed. not just as a shortterm retrenchment measure to dam the drain on the in-

_

ternational reserves, but more 1mportant, to promote Jaag run economic development.

Auaterlty really meant sacrlftce. fnIgaI livIng. taxation. and saving all of which would make P*IbIe the real capital formation III!a!SIIIJ'y for econCIIIIIc: growth.

Yet at the gI'UI roots lew( there -.led to be IIIIId1 greater appreciation crt tile r-r for austerity. h. the tint three I1IOIltba of die JI!8I'. as bnatne-men wm tatIfy, saJea weft &low .• I ~ took to heart tile ...... IIItIoa. III DYe aDd ., held bedt tbeIr purdIaaes. "'- IIWtstty mo_t. U ........ -.Jd haft beea •

will lIOOD catdl up with us too. Ill< the 1958-59 budget <II!6dt is eqJeCted to aJDIlUIIt to P500 mllUon. 'Ibis will

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Manila, Pasay, <1_ Bulaean, CuitA!, RiltaJ, Lquna, Bataqaa.

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DE lUX£; CONSTRUC11ON I4H SoIor Sf., . . . . Toi.

SUPPlY CO_ ~

MONETARY POUCY

have

cotmNum

not

been

enough

though.

Prices have persisted ~ their ateady cl1mb.

In December, 1957 the retail price Index In Manila was 110.9 (1955 as base); In September 1958 It was 113.1. The consum~ ,price Index In Manila was 107.5 In December, 1957; In September It was up to 108.7.

Much still remains to be

Three (ostly errors negated government's austerity program

done.

IT IS THE CANR'S FOREMOST CONCERN TO UNITE THE NATION'S PRODUCERS AND FARMERS AND 路 WORK AS ONE SOLID GROUP TO HELP BETTER PROMOTE INCREASED

PRODUCTION

FOR A

MORE

PROSPEROUS PHILIPPINES ,

CHAMBER OF AGRIGULTURE AND NATURAL RESOURCES OF THE PHILIPPINES FOURTH FLOOR, GONZAGA BLDG., RlZAL AVENUE MANll.A, PHILIPPINES TFL. 3-24-96

MONETARY control per as Is -not the only policy which the Central Bank Is called upon to enforce In this country. Chief among the others Is exchange control policy, which of course affects money supply too.

It is important to maintain the International reserves of the country at a high level. as these are needed to preserve the confidence of foreigners in the Philippine peso as well as meet any unforseen needs for imports.

The problem lies in that there is a long-atandingtendency for payments of foreign exchange to exceed receipts, so that international reserves are continually threatened Philippine foreign

exchange

earnlngs

come to approximately $620 to $630 million a year, which are quite a lot to go around; In the so-called austerity year of 1958, earnings In the first halt of the year have actually exceeded those for the correspondIng period in 1957. Yet those earnings. everyone wlll agree, are insufficient far the demands arising from

economic

growth.

Thus the international re-

serves

have hovered at around $140 million, and at the end of October actually went down to $132.1 mfilion.

MEMI拢RS: Cassava Plalllera aM Millen ~

cattle ~ut

Pt.iIippi.e CaIIIIe biIaa A~....

Philippi_ Federatiola of CiINs ........ l'ItiIippi_ Cocottut r.CNf/oce.. F_ _ _

coHee attcI cacao

Coffee-Cacao I'nIchicen' AaociaticM

citra

fiIIen

c_

.... ad salt rice . .

Philippi_ Fe.Ie.alicM of Filter ........

Philippi_ Federatioa of Rice aM

Anacimo. of FiIhpo.d of the Philippi_

c:.n. ........

o-e.. ... a.-

Naliouf Fe.Ie.alicM of ~ ........

Kara. (PIIiIWi-)

r-.

PlUlWilie A-ulioa ......iwII.....

But then in the first ttua months of the year it was possible to repay some $30 million in short term loans owed to private Ameriean Iianks. The prires of our exports have remained firm; as a matter of .fact the price of our most lmportant export, copra. Is now at the highest Ievel In five years. n.e I!IirIIIJIp lIituation bas so fmprovaI that as early as tR tIdrd quarter of tIie year, dollar allocations for producen were n!Stol'ed to full 1957 levels. except for- a few indDstrIes sud!. as autDDobIIe

assembty.

Exchange

control8,

In

spite of sud!. Ieabgea .. barter and capital fIIcbIa. bave SUL'a!II!ded in ~ tR ""Hiytir_l ~

62

from shrinking still further.

This may be claimed as a creditable performance, ellpeclally In view of how lIDpopular Is Import restraint.

Unfortunately, however, tilt! record has been man-ed by l'Ome questionable decisions made by the Monetary . lloard within the last year.

Most vivid of all Is an announeed new policy regardIng dollar grants to atudenta abroad. By the new regulations, passed In the mlddle of July, new atudent. going to the United Stats are limlted to 70 tbb year and , a priority fommIa, shot throut!h with doubtful judgment!!, bas been devised. Such restrictions on perhaps the moat defeuaeless of sectors needing f~ elgn exchange, those small tL'Ief1I who are In no p0sition to form tInmseIves Into a pressure group. reveal " Monetary Board wbIdI has suffered a lapse In pdWpectIve. Tbis Is being pe!ID7 wise and pIUIId.foolish; the education of the youth Is lUI Inveatmellt In tR fUture 01 the I'bilIppinI!S. It Is all the _ ciw-rteIIIDg . . tbe IIDaetary Board ~ fIIsIdoned the priority.,.. tem IDcIuded IDI!IIIbers wbo _ _ DOt Jrnfarglbar with .dnatlon

In the last year _ . .

Oeatral Bank bas tUea . . . . to ..pi the tax CIIIIIectiGD ageDdes In their eLforts. By a aeries of _ randa, the JIrIIt of which . . . Isued It _

011 ~amwy

22-

requIn!s tax cIeuaD-

CIS befol'e letters 01 CftdIt mq be apeiIi!II. 'I'IIeIe ~ latbls add 8JIIIOY8IIDP to the CUl"JIDc 011 Of but they are deuly 011 ..... __ to tbe pod. 'I.'!Irau&h tta FareIgD Loua .... IDwsbIelt OI&I!, the 0!DtnI Bek .... dIuata ~ UIIder sud!. aid . . . . _

....a.-.

---.

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MONETARY pouey

~

Composition of new monetary board forecasts new policies

STYLE gUALITY

VARIETY

1

~tHerberl

BroV\fn" I 路POLO SHIRT路 SOLD -

AT ALL LEAIING

DEMRTMENT STORES

loans from the United States. It continues to use controls for the protection of local industries and the encouragement of new ones, such as the sewing machine Industry and the assembly of motorcycles. Finally It Is now taking a leading part In the controversial "Filipino FIrst" poUey which Is being proposed by the National Economic CoundJ. ThIs review of JDOIIetary polley In the past year has revolved about the Central Bank. The year 1957 presented a good opportunity for the Bank to practice the art of monetary management, mainly on the side of tightening and pulling In the reins. ThIs year the wide application of control measures witnessed in 1957 has not heen repeated; such wholesale use Is probably not called for any more. Rather there has been retreat. 1958 has been a chance to learn when, how, and how much to let up on the reins. The Central Bank has evidently not been quite clear about how to go about doing such a job: we have seen that It became over-elthuslastlc In the Confidential Memorandwn of December, 1957 and then apparently lost nerve and eased up preclpltately on CIr<!ular 79. Agaln It has tightened up needlessly, for example with exch.mge Uceoses for students. Fortunately these P.ITOrs have not been disastrous and the r.A!lltral Bank has retaIned tight coatrol where It matters, that Is, on Interest rat'!S and the government bond market. Its insistence on m.ore eUective tax collection and on limited and orderly government bond bsuance remains. Such measures ue appropriate when there Is a continuing obllga路路 tIoo to encourage savings of all types and to transfer

more purchasing power to the government. There Is IIt1l1 .-d for austerity, 110 long as the country needs r.apltal formation. 'l1Ie recent appointments flf two new members of the JIoaeIary Baud IU,Y be looPf upon with inb!l'ellt,

for monetary polley Is a result of the individual decisions of the Monetary Board members. The new appointees have been identified with Inten!sts wbIcb In the past have been skeptical of Central Bank viewpoints.

Are their appointments to be an augury of future monetary policy In this country!

ward, the As a final monetary measures

place

of

In overall economlc polley may now be considered.

BrieOy, it may be saId that In this country the pubUc sector has been a bigger MMII'Ce of InflatfoDary pressure than the monetary !leCtor (the banks and the.

Central Bank). As a matter of lact monetary polley has perforce been used to restram 3Ild correct errors In the fiscal sector. But mOllEtary polley alone cannot bold the line forever; how long can the government be allowed to go merrily along Its dlsequillbratlng way?

Furthermore, In order to counteract fiscal weakness, monetary measures have tendEJ to hit private buslnessmen and COIISUIIU!lS, while the publlc sector has been exempt; the private sector has been making all the sacrifices. Thus It Is imperative that sound fiscal polley be insisted upon by the business community aDd also by the people as . a whole.

The PhllJppInes Is faced with a dflemma: we want economfc growth, but we want stabWty too. Growth demands large Investment. by government as weJl as the private sector, because without Investment we stagnate. Yet In the past government Investment has been financed by b0rrowIng which, as has beeII eeen. has fed the fires of lnflation. Some way must be tOUDd to make available to the govemmmt the purchasing JIO'II"I!I' that It ~ quires fur eapltal fonDatIoD. PrInting IIIOIIe)' will DOt .,lve the problem. Ratber, the surest :aethoda are In-

a...r...tap ......... ed tu cuDa:tIIIII..

Filipinos are on the verge of industrialization. Unless they are equipped with the .proper attitudes, the fruits of technology may not be theirs to reap. A distinguished economist explains the reason why in this study which espouses nationalism as an economic virtue.

PATTERN 路FOR PROGRESS 8y HORACIO LAVA

ITH THE advent of Independence. 路there

was reason to hope that colonlallsm would W cease to be a factor deterring the growth of the Phillppine economy. Unfortunately. because of the pressures brought to bear by the United States. and the lack of understanding on the part of the Filipino leaders as to the nature and effects of Imperialism, colonial policies. practiCes and institutions were allowed to conliJ1ul' and cvl'n to he reinforced and strl'ngthened. These leaders apparently had no concept of the relationship between po4tica~ independence and economic development--did not appreciate the obvious fat:t that the fonner Is a necessary precondition to the latter; and consequently they were unable to use political independence as an Instrument in bringing about economic development. Because of this lack of understanding. policies were adopted which sacrifled many attributes of political independence for the ostensible purpose of bringing about prosperity. The weakening of political Independence and sovereignty prevented the full fruition of the conditions ne'cessary for Industrial development. full employment, and rising Incomes and levels of living.

These mendicant colonlal policies notwithstanding, certain factors tended to weaken the feudal-colonial structure and to create some of the preconditions for economic devl'lopment.

Among these factors were: 1) the changes In social mores and occupational structure brought about by thl' war and thl' Japanese occupation; 2) the aggressive commercial spirit spawned by the conditions durtng the Japan_ occupatIOn and early postwar period. and 3) the I'xchange and Import controls whlch gave FUlplnos some inkling of their potentialIties under condltlons of relative scarcity of mass-produced imported goods.

The object of this article Is to show the changes In the atructur(' of Philippine economy aInce Independence; to point out wherein the vestlges of colontallsm continue to persist In shackUng the forces needed to stimulate and advance our economic growth; and to outline thc remedial measures which are necessary to eradicate colonialism and pave the way for a rapid economic de'Velopment. These mea.sures conaIat of a program of nationalist ' lndustr1al(t 1) " .. tloGaJ

ization.

HE STRUcrtJRE of the Phllippine economy today already shows signs of changes from that of 1949 before exchange and import controls were adopted. It is a far cry from the economy before the war. The gross national product (geographical product) has expanded and Is still expanding. From about P6.32 bllilon In 1949, it is now estimated at PS.O billion In 1957, an inCre8Sl' of 50% In eight years. The composition of the national product appears to have undergone some changes.

The proportion of income originating from agriculture has dl.'ciined slightly (from 40.7 per cent In 1949 to 37.8 per cent in 1957). Corresponding percentages' originating from government. trade, and manufacture incr('8Si'd, Indicating a moderate trend towards Industrial development.

The proportion of consumption cxpenditures to total expenditures also declined (from 92.0 per cent In 1949 to 85.9 per cent In 1957), showing the feasibillty of a m~rate amount of capital formation. While foreign investment continues to be a negative element In the gross !Iational product, the deficiency Is slightly lower than in 1949 Government current expenditures has increased from 7 to 8 per cent. Gross domestic Investment appears to have remained stable at about 10 per cent. (10' The labor force expanded and is still expanding rapltlJy not only due to the rapId rise in population which has been estimated at 2.9 per cent annually. but because of the gradual weakl'nlng of feudalism and the subslstp.ne.c economy. Th~ accounts for Ih(> continuPd Increase In unemployment (estimated variously at between 1.2 to 1.8 million). fll, despite soml' gains in employment. .

Another favorabll' feature of thl' trend In the structure of thl' PhIJIppin(' economy Is the improvement In the geographical distribution of our foreign trade. In 1949. trade with the United States acrounted for about 70-80 per cent of our total foreign trade. In 1957. It declined to only ahout 54 per cent. (11) Trade with Asian countries and with Europe Increased correspondingl),. .

The commodity dlstrlbution of our import trade likewise Improved. Capital goods and raw materials now account for 78 per cent of our imports and consumption goods for only 22

T

J:coDom1c CouncU.

l'nve-Year IIeonomSc Deve)路

opment JIroCr'am

(12) Central Bank. .' ANlual b port", 1957 (PreUmlnary'.

1850 "BulIeUn". June 1951'

per cent. Before conlrOls, consumption goods accounted for 64 per cent of imports. (12) While a large portion of the so-called raw materials. and even of capital goods may be considered disguised consumer goods, the fact Of declining trend in the proportion of consumer goods imports. even If highly exaggerated, may be accepted.

These facts would seem to indicate that this country is in a stage where genuine progress towards industrial development is both possible and necessaTY. The gradual breakdown of feudalism and the subsistence economy, together with the . rapid rise in population is bringing more and mOll! of the labor force to the market and thus intensifying the problems of unemployment.

On the other hand, this very condition whlch appears at first glance to be wholly unfavorable should serve as the initial push whlch may finally lead us on the road to Industrial development. The rapid rate of increase in the gross national product iuld the deciIn1ng percentage of consumption expenditures to total expenditures would seem to Indlcate an increased capacity for saving and capital fonnatlon. Finally. the Improved geographical pattern of our forelgn trade is a sign that the close dependence on the AmerIcan market both for exports and imports is beginning to loosen.

This may Indicate that the colonial structure of the economy is gradually crumbling, along with the decline In feudalism and the subsistence economy.

Th. Unfavorable Featv,.s of 'r... n~y Phlllppin. Economy ARE other features of the economy.

T HERE however. which should not give cause for undue optlmlsm.

There are evidences that the expanding gross national product is not wholly or even largely a FIllpino national product. In other words, while the geographical product Is rlsing rapidly, those going to the hands of ~plno nationals may not be increasing as rapidly as official statistics would seem to Indicate. The census of 1948 places the total foreign assets In thls country (for seven major Industrygroups) at Pl,203 million, representing 48.1 per cent of the total assets. FIllpinos own only 51.9 per cent of total assets of the coun~. SInce CONTINUED NIXT Mill

PATTERN

CGMnMUIO

key industries

Foreigners own absolute majority of assets in enu'eprenl'ural and property income represent about 55 % of total personal Inrome, and only 45 per cent is represented by compensation of employes it may be estimated that P2.23 biJlion or about 25-26 per cent of total inoomes of the country represent incomes of foreigners and only 7475 per cent are incomes of Filipinos. (I)) This estimate assumes that all the incomes constituted by compensation ot employes an> Incomes of Filipino nationals. Inasmuch as there ar" also wage earners and other f'IYIployes among foreign nationals. particularly thc highly paid foreign advisers and technical personnel. this estimate of the proportion of foreigners' earnings probably errs on the side of understatement. (I') . There are no recent estimates of the proportion of foreigners' assets in this country to total assets. We only have the Wall Sheet .Iouma1'. estimate of U.S. direct Investments for 1957, which amounts to $450 million. Assuming that AmerIcan participation In the ownership of foreign assets Is the same as In 1948. which Is 36 per cent, the tatal foreign assets, as of 1957 must be around $1.25 bOUon or $2.5 billion. (This figure Is probably an understatement, Inasmuch as the data on direct Investments of the U.S. exclUdes generally, the assets owned by American cltlzens Who are residents of the PhilJppines.) A look at the corresponding table w\U show the extent of foreign ownerlIhip and control of certain key Industrtes here.

Foreigners own an absolute majority of assets In four key IndllStr!es-E1ectrlclty, MIning, Commerce, and Manufacturing. They awn almost one-halt ot the (13) ~nlnl Bank "Annual k . port. .. 18&7 (PHllmlnary)

(14) In the abtlenee of data on lorel", owaenlttp fOr aU tn.-

til.,

d _. It .... - . . ........ e4 tIw: MVen major In duatneo In _ data are ........bIe. ftPreM1It â&#x20AC;˘ reuoft. able eampie for aU lndu ....

tria.

assets In forestry and onefourth of assets In transportation..

The attached table will show w h i c h natlonallty among the foreigners own the largest share of our assets.

The tabulation of foreign . assets in the PhOipplnes <_ Table) shows that U.S. citizens own the majority of foreign assets In miRing, transportation and electricity. They own from on~fourth to onet hird of total foreign assets in transportation, commerce" and manufacturing. These citizens own more than onethird-36.3 %-of the total foreign assets In the PhOipplnes. Chinese citizens, on the other hand, own nearly one-third of total foreign assets, almost one-halt of foreIgn assets In forestry and commerce, one-fourth In manufacturing and all of the foreign assets In fisheries. Spanlsh-owned assets are considerable In commerce and mining, whOe British ownership Is substantial In transportation and forestry.

The predominance of Chinese assets in commerce is explalned by Its retail trade ownership. In tho! field of Importation, the Americans predominate, as shown by the following table on dollar allocations. It CIS) lolo:t lntemattonal B\,tIlnea Ventuft8 In the PhUlpploe.

A _ _ Projeet of Columbia Unlvenlty (Prellmln. ary Draft of Countno Study,. ".nuary, 1951.

will be noted also that Filipino particlpatlon In tI,e import trade as evidenced by the dollar allocation Is less than that .of the foreigners.

Considering the presence of a large percentage of allen dummies among Filipino quota holders, the proportion of Filipino participation is probably much lower than the above statistics seem to Indicate.

If these estimates of the proportion of foreign assets and of foreign participation in business can be accepted as guide, it may be concluded that t be biggest beneficiaries of the development that is now taking place in this country are non-Filipino nationals. But this Is not all.

The existence of a substantial foreign ownership of a cOuntry's assets tend to give foreigners power over the poUticaI and economic poUcies of the country, which makes it more difficult ' for that country to adopt and Implement polIcies beneficial to her own citizens.

Canada, a country whose economic and political sovereignty no one ever questioned before, recently complained that American Investors there In eUect 101low the American trade polIcy Instead ot the Canadian trade poUey. This Is natural, since the trade (and economic) polley ot a government Is suppo6ed to be

CALTEX REFINERY in Bmum, B/ItarIg/J3, epitomu.

Amenr.-an tnu.t in the Philippi_OIl CJII_lor inueatmellt. lollowed by its citizens.

It is only when a country is weak that its foreign investors are not expected or obliged to Implement their government's trade or ec0nomic polley. India, tor instance, does not Impose her poUcies on Indian Invellton In the PhOipplnes, as against Philippine trade policles, because she Is not strong enough In relation to the PhilIppines (In the ec0nomic sense particularly).

TOTAL ASSETS IN THE PHILIPPINES. 1948

BY NATIONALITY AND INDlJS1'R.Y (Amount In

TOTAL

.....

P

Total &..etaForeIIUy Transportation MIning

Etectdclty FIsheries Commerce Manufa~

83

335

1_ 1..,

PHILIPPJIOiS

IJf,

100

1CIO 100

128 93

100

90

100

1.210

100 100

561

mIIlIoII peIDI) p

48 255 M

-

CJ' at

... sr." 'l8.1

90

1'1.1 1'00.0

275

49.1

1'f

48.1

But the same CIUIDOt ~ said of the relation between the Philippines and the Unlted States or the Philippines and Japan.

Wealth begets power. and power beg e t IS further wealth. Any lncreue In foretan Idvestments means an incl'eaIIe In wealth owned by forelgnen In this country, an Increase In their ec0nomic power, which IiendII to further. Increase loretp wealth. And as the world

foreigners In the form of tax-i!Xemption of ''new and necessary"

industries. All

past presidents of this country, particularly the late President Magsaysay, were made to believe that the entry of foreign investments was the best solution to our economic problems.

President Garda Is now the target of terrific pressure.<; to give foreign Investors every privilege and facUlty -more than those enjoyell

by FUiplno Investors. with its C Inevitable foreign investments, which has creatOLONIALISM,

u-y economist Lavu in this article. FOI路rigll

Refinery wiU assure the Philippines of high octane fuel but it poses the problem tackled

has

SO recently witnessed In Jordan, the safety of the properties of foreign nationals are made the primary concern of their governments, which do not hesitate to land troops and Interfere, directly or Indirectly In the Internal ailairs of another country, when such properties seem to be In jeopardy.

In the PhUlpplnes today, we bear the common complaint of FUlpino entrepe-

Lebanon and

inv68tments here he says, aTe 1I0t very uitul.

In our own land, etc. Every year, as a matter of f'<lct, a foreign Investment BUl Is Introduced In Congress, givIng foreign investors special rights and privileges not enjoyed by FUlpino nationals. The Laurel-Langley Agreement, which revised the trade agreements under the Bell Trade Act, extended equal rights to American c1tl2ens in all economic activities. We have 路 already granted many privileges to

neurs and businessmen: We are being discriminated against (In favor of foreigners) In the allocation of dollars for general importation and for the import of raw materials.

(This Is confirmed by the data on quota allocation cited above). Greater inducements and privileges are given to foreigners than to Filipino businessmen In our own country. We are, In eUeet, second-class citizens

ed a situation of unemploymen t , underproduction, trade deficit and inbaIance, financlal crisis, etc. Is made to appear as the solution to the very problems that it has created. Because of this orientation, and because of the Increased po- wer (both economic and political) which such assets have given to foreigners, it has become more dtfficult for the Philippines to adopt and execute policies beneficial primarily to native entrepeneurs. The logical result Is greater and greater discrimination against FUiplno businessmen and Industrialists. Giving equal rights to foreigners In the exploitation and ownership of our national wealth under conditions of financial and technical lnequallty (In favor of foreigners) Is diseriminat(lry to the FUipinos -aitd in eUeet unFUlplno.

But giving greater rights and privileges Is, In eUeet. a sell-out of the Interests of the FUipino people. It Is treason.

Economic Independence, which Is the objective of evP.ry enlightened FUiplno. has not been achieved and can never be achieved thru foreign Investments. On the contrary, foreign investments can only serve to prevent the attainment 01

FOREIGN ASSETS IN THE PHILIPPINES. 1948

BY NATlONALllY AND BY INDUSTRY

c-l

(Amount. In Thousands of Pesos I

..

UNITED firrATES

TOO'AL

TOTAL Foresb7

~a:GII

".....

JIIDID&

~

MaliufuturtDa

~

p

1,202.811

100

437,083

36.3

371.477

:M,868

100 100 100 100 100 100 100

l1.cioII

31.6 8404 65.6 99Jl

16,318

_,1M

73.8a2 'IU29 315

_,129 11111,8M

~

67,674 408,447 76,400 77,104

1:16,450

27.0 24.0

P

518

3,868

39 35 68,530

282,049

GREAT BJUTAIN

SPAIN

CHINA

~

% 30.9 47.0 .7 5.2 .1

P

4.3

26,159

% 2.2

.9 .5 10.2

5,775 10.599 5,125

16.5 13.2 7.0

% 51.369 301

387 7,555 86

I'

100

43.3

43.0Ml

6.6

...

1,406

4.0

926

1.2

8,827

12.0

4

.1

u.n

OTHER 路 P 316,723 26.3

4,660

SOURCE: RepubUe of the Philippines, Bureau of Censua and Statlatks PhIlippine Economic Cenaua of 1!M8.

.7

140,095 165,465

49.0 25.4

P.COnomlc Independence (or to nullify It, It It exists) , J ustification for the mendicant pleas tor additional foreign Investments In thL<; country Is centered on the alleged employment It gives, on the alleged addition of capital to this "capitalstarved" nation, and on It.<; alleged indispensability to Industrialization.

In the first place, forelgJl Investments, instead of solving unemployment. must necessarily aggravate it.

Most foreign Investors are absentee or non-resident Investors. Consequently, entrepeneural income or what is commonly known as pr0fit, are mos"".1y remitted to the foreign country where the Investors reside. This produces a wide gap between production and purchasing power, thereby creating unemployment.

Let us say that the total value of the goods and services produced equals 1"1000, and P600 go for wages and salaries, and P400 for profits, Interest and other entrepeneural earnings. The P600 will most likely be spent for the purchase of these goods and services, while a portion of the P4OO-5ay P40-wlll not be so spent. Consequently. only P960 worth of goods and service!! produced will be purchased. As this gap increases, the chance of generating unemployment becomes larger. AssumlnI!' that of the P400 profit. P200 belongs to foreign Investors.

In such a situati'lll, not only P40 would be withdrawn from the eUective purchasing power, but about 1"140 or even more. (ThIs will be used to purchase goods not In this country but In the same country of the Investors) . Hence, only P860 worth of goods and services will be purchased.

and P140 worth of good.' and services will be left unsold, which will give rise to a curtallment of output In the succeedlng years.

More specl6cally, let us take the statistics quoted a bove: Assuming that only 6fty per cent of the Income of foreign Investors (P2.23 billion) Is /KIt reinvested In this country, we have a spectacle of PI.I S billion from the stream of eUective purehasing PO)Ver within the PhIlippines - a situation which cerIalnly bas bred and will continue to breed unemployment. ThIs Is equal to 13 per cent of the total personal Income, 12.6 per ClOIlTlNUID HIX1"

,AG(

61

PATTERN

COHnNUED

Gap between limited produ(tion and limited pur(hasing cent of the national in<'ome and 11 per cent of the gross national product. We can imagine how much unemployment this must have produced and will continue to produce. (17) In other words, the gap between the limited production and th'! more IlmJted purchasing p0wer tends to widen at a much faster rate than under Ihe conditions of investment by native entrepeneurs. Thus. It not only deprives the "underdeveloped" country of much needed additional capital (taken from profits), but It actually greatly reduces purchasing power in relation to supply of goods-a discouraging ..lement to production. (On the other hand, if all these !-roftts were re-invested, in a few more years, the entire assets of this country will be in thE' hands of foreigners). It Is evident, therefore, Llat whether remitted abroad or re-invested in th is country, for e i g n investments must produce unfavorable effects on the Philippine economy.

In the second place, the foreign assets that are now in the PhlUpplnes, in most cases, have not been capital resources from foreign countries added to local capital.

- Rather, they were FilIpino resources that were tapped, used and appropriated by ,foreign nationals. DurIng the 1949-56 period, for instance, U.S. direct Investments Increased by $134 mUlion, of which only $7 mUlion represented export of dollars. Chinese Investments here can hardly be expected to originate from Taiwan or Spanish investments, from Soaln.

In piaIn language, most forelgn investments during the 1949-56 period got their ,capital from banks In the Phllippines which ut1l1zed These domestic savings. enterprises were able to ge t dollars from the Centra l Bank at the two to one ratio, to buy their raw material needs from the United (18) C-tral Bank of the Phl11p. pineo.

(I?)

68

--.

ThIa . .k:ulau.... III obtained by proJeetin. the ......wn data t~ .-veil lDdt.18t:rte8 for

Is another neeatlve feature that argues undue optimism.

FARMERS ul.der dircct ion 0/ method of ''ice plan ti1lf/ whiclt va.t Of colonial 8tI'Uctu" e 0/ a ,·e.,ul t of lIt e in tl'O(/Ilc tioll of

States - to the OIsadvantage of m any Filipino entrepeneurs. In other words. t hese so-called foreign In· vestments have added very little additional capital. but Instead have been able to take a dvantage not only of F ilipino capital in local banks, but also of the preferred rate of exchange, a t t he ex pense of FlUplno producers and consumers.

Even It there had been a s ubs tantial export of ca pital by the foreign na tionals, what we have Is not foreign investments but foreigner!<' investments, which In effect, i~ disinvestment. Capital export by foreign countries means Import by this country of machineries. raw m aterials, service, etc.. which i ~ a negatlve Item. both In t he national Income and balance of payments determination.

Contrary to popular belief. the Philippines Is not really capltaI-starved. What Is lacking here ls not capital, but a proper conservation and utilization of available domestic capital. A~ previously pointed out, we

a" e.I1pert pro ceed to plant a paddy according to 41lCienti/lc "'18ltre,. high Jlield pel' hecI01'e. Rice-vrodlu:tna regions (JJ'S Oll/' ecollomll lohich has beglln to crumble i1l some (U'eall (I._ mechanized agricttlture. Hoene-#>, we 11006 surplus work.eTII.

have even permitted foreigners to usc local capital as a base for their "foretgn investments." Furthermore, the fact that Investment." have b:!en made which has ("a used the present mls-deyelopment and the fact that most of these Investments are pTP.Sently in non-basic I'nterprises - capital which has not been exported here - confirm the observation that there is no such 1ack of capital In this country.

WOULD be fatal to conI Tsider foreign investments as Indispensable to our industrialization. On the contrary, It can even be saId that It Is inimical to lruc Industrialization. Nationalist industrialization ImpUe; a basic pattern .

Profit being the Incentive for private investment, It Is I'ot what Is socially necessary and desirable that forms the basis for foreign Investments, but that which Is most profitable. (This Is In contrast with native entrepeneurs who have a ~t stake In the proper development of their native

land. who may be convinced fo invest in socially neces.ary and desirable indu~­ fries.) Below Is thl! pattern of foreign (American) invp"tment in 1946, 1950 and 1qs5.

It can be ...en that U.S.

Investments in manufactur· ing. which Is the most s0cially desirable today, has dP.Creased from 17.6 to 13.7% , although the total investments as shown abovl' has more than doubled. If we further take Into consldera tion the fact tha t most U.S. Investments today are In assembly and packaging, plants and In other manufactrlng Industries that Import their raw material needs, It Is easy to understand the undeslrabll- . ity of the jN/ottem o;et by "uch Investments. Foreign Investments, therefore, canno· be expected to erea te (as It has not created) thp pattern of economy which Is desirable and basic to the <'Olmtry's economic development.

T

HE RAProLY increasing number of unemployed

Some figures place It at 1-1/2 million - 17% of the total labor force - the total unemployed (including those employed for less than 35 hours a week). This, plus the annual rate of InCl'ea91! In unemployment Is certaJnly a 140,000 problem to be gravely concemed about.

A truly crumbUng colon:Jal structure should give an opposite trend In unemployment. Instead we find In the PhilIppines a crumbling of the feudal structure In some areas where mechanIzed agriculture has been resorted to; a rapid Increue In population whIdl cannot be absorbed by agriculture; a predominantly expo~­ Importing economy which Is unable to employ the surplus population; a pattern of Investment predominantly non-lndustrIal- as trade, real estate, Insurance, etA:.; a pattern of industrial development which does not use local raw materials; a hIgh proportion of foreigrHlwned assets. All these patterns and mlsdevelopments, taken together, give ~ to the disconcerting unemployment situation.

A ttyrd feature of the economy which gives reuon for pessimism Is the trade situation.

Although (as pointed out above), the geographical dlstrtbutlon of our trade, as well as tbe type of Imports have c0nsiderably changed, yet. thla change has not been sufficient to create a breach In the whole pattern of econ~ development of thII country.

Exports of thIa country ~ has not chanKed tram Its traditional pattem--alpl'll, sugar, abaca., lumber - all of these are raw materials.

On tbe other hand. while tbe structure of Imports have shUted tram the predominantly consumer goods imports to tbe 1I1!IIIi-1InIsbed raw material Import, tbe net effect on the economy Ia BtIll one of depeIIdeDIle on . forellll countries.

GeopaphIaI1ly, there has been a aJIIIIderabIe IIbl..t a_y from tbe t:'alted

,Il)

REGULAR QUOTA ALLOCATION .

By Nationality, 1956

power tends to widen

FIlipino American

CbJDese States. towareb Europ" and Japan. It will be noted that the shUt has been from an industrial country to other Industrial countries.

The theory behind this type of orientation and polley making Is the so-called complementary nature of the economies of underdev"'oped countries and industrially developed ones. ThIs theory Is based on two fallades. It aaswnes: (1) That trade between a raw material producer and a finished' goods producer Is truly complementary - that Is, redprocal.

(2) That the PCOnomies of underdeveloped rountries cannot be complementary.

Truly complementary, l't'c1procaI or equally mutually benetIcIaJ economle. IU'P those that exchange produels of equal value, whOSf'

net effect on the people of their respective countries Is to give employment, cheap goods and a high standard of llvlng. Export of raw materials by an underdeveloped country to an industrial nation, coupled with import of finished goods (or/and semltlnished raw materials) , Implies an ex('hange of unequal va'ues.

The raw material exporter exports products of lesser value than those of the exporters of finished or SE'fIlI-lInlshed products. Thp pffect of such an exchange Is not only aggravation of unemployment in the underdeveloped country. but the perpetuation of the raw material exporting status of that country. On the other hand, It gives added employment In the Industrial country and tends to further

PER CENT

AMOUNT 1M4,9S3,M& 155,087,733 90,727,645 43,llH,340

Total

Brttiah Others Government ('ntltles

Its Industrial development.

10 the first case, the living standards remain low or dips lower. 10 the second, living standards rise or are maintained at a high level.

Such economies cannot be truly complementary.

For economies to be truly complementary, they must both be either underdeveloped or both industrial. 10 the latter case, trade between such countries will be based on the abundance and cheapness of the raw materials In each country, on the special technlcal ablllties of their manpower, and a few other considerations.

100 4S 26.3

12.5

23.720,480 5,557,517

6.9 1.6 7.7

28,856,134

For Instance, Japan can export her finished silk products to the United States because she has an abundant supply of raw materials and a special labor abillty to finish such goods.

The United States exports all sorts of finished goods to Japan. It also exports her raw cotton to Japan, not because she can not finish t his Into clothing, but because she has much surplus cotton. Japan In turn, which has llmlted raw cotton, finishes thw,' and then exports some of the tInIshed goods to the United States.

Here, the sum total of the

exChange Is equal' - that is, of equal values.

Underdeveloped CQUntries can also exchange products on an equal basis. The Phtlipplnes, for Instance, can sell her hemp and sugar to Singapore, and buy from her such goods as are not grown or produced In this country. We can sell copra to Egypt and buy their raw eotton. 10 all these transactlOM, there Is the mark ot equallty, of being complementary_ However, It should not be understood to mean that It Is no longer advisable to COfITIHUlD NEXT ,AG(

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trade with Industrially developed countries. On the contrary, In spite of the obvious Inequality In such trade relations It Is necessary to trade with them, If only for the purpose of aequlr1ng suff:lclent machinery for Industrial development, In order to reach the stage of equality In its trade relations ·wlth other countries.

The shift of trade. therefore, from one industrial country to another, In the nations' trade relations. whlle sezvlng to free Itself (relatively speaking) from the undue control of one In-

dustrlal country. does not necessari1y signify an improvement In the economic developmental pattern, but may be a purely geographIcal shift. In the ca&e of the shift of PhllIpplne trade towards Europe and Japan, such seems to be true. A shift towards the other countries of Asia Is both necessary and possible, particularly If taKen In relation to our Industrial development.

From the foregoing discussion, It Is evident that the apparent weakening of the colonial structure which Is Indicated by the changing pattern of foreign trade, of . national Income and labor force. rna ybe merely a shllt

to a different kind of coloa colonlallsm nialism constituted by foreigners' Investments in our trade and Industry. our econHERETOFORE, omic development has

proceeded without any basic re-orlentation In our leaders' mode of ~nomic thinking. The shift towards a slight Industrial complex. was the result, not of any conscious effort at re-appraising the basic fOlUldatlons of the Pbillpplne economy, but of a precipitate condition caused by the ex~ive preponderance of Import over export. The Roxas administration had as Its basis for economic

development, the BeD Trade Act and Parity with all their dire implications. QuIrlno's "Total MobWzation Program" was a reflex eliclted by the doUar crI8Is of 1949-50. Its basis was the Bell MIssion Report, the Qulrlno-Foster Agreement, the Bell Trade Act and Parity. Magsaysay's economic thinking h~ as Its foundation the massive en-

(4) Economlc dependence (5) Agricultural 1ItagIIa_ tIon and apathy.

A complete reversal of all previous economic thinking Is a necessary

precondition to a practieable solution of the promlems created by a colonial structure.

A. Nationallst Industrial. lzation as the SolUtion f() the Problem

Country's exports have not ~hanged from old pattern

8TEl'~DORE load... sack8 of wheat 110m' ull tvaiti1l{l tnsc).;.

F tom p"edomitla1ltly cOIISf£lI1CI' goods. country-', 'mporn lI.a·ve 8hifted over tILe years to tILe Remi-/illl8/r.ed material.

" Fire " Marine

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• Common Carriers * Casualty $

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Head Office: Tusson Bldg., Escolta, Manila Tel. 3-15-51 Cebu Branch: Tut Bldg., F. Gonzales St., Cebu City Tel. 236 Agencies : In aU principal towns and cities of the Philippines Ovp .....a. omC<' o .JAPAN - HONGKONO - OUAH-KOREA OKINAWA - SPAIN .

70

try of foreign Investments with ali Its implied significance. The present adminIstration, faced with a serious economic situation, and conscloW' of the erroneouS orientation of Its predecessors, seems to be:on the verge of making an "agonIzing re-appralsal" of Its basic economic phllosophy.

And It Is about time that such a re-appralsal Is made not only by the leaders in the government, but by leaders of business. labor, civic organizations, women's groups, tanners, and the whole of the FIlipino people.

All colonlal economies suUer from six basic defects: (1) Low productivity (2) Massive open or diBguIsed unemployment (3) Lopsided trade pat-

tern

1. Objectives of Natlon"alist Industrialization The principal objectives of nationalist industrialIzation can be summed up as follows: (1) Production of abundant, cheap, standardquality consumer goods belonging to the category of essentials. nus Includes food, clothing, shelter and medicines.

(2) Full employment coupled with a relatively high Income; and (3) Economic lndependence, The satisfaction or at 1east the basic needs tor consumption of the FIlipino people must be one of the primary objectives of any economic program. NationsUst industrialization envl. a10ns the fultlllment of this objective. not merely on II short-tenn but on a long-

PROGRESS

term buIa. Ally kind of Inor 4M!II ImportatJon can aehIeve this limited goal, but Its immediate fUUllIment will only generate problems that will render more dWIcuIt subeequent satlsfactloa of the buIc needs. For the past few decades, the FIlIpIno")leople bas somehow managed to satlsi)', partly at leut, these basIe requirements of llvInc. But the methods u-' were such that today the problem seems to have gone out of control.

ThIs Is precisely what nationalist Industrialhatlon JII'OIIO!II!S to avoid. In Its drive towards the I18t1sfaction of the primary Deeds. nationalist industrialization wI11 not only provide an abundance of the esarntlal commodities, but will Insure that this Is made continuous and ever progressing. Pr0duction of cbeap, abundant oommodItIes, Is not enough, hOlWVer. The people must have the means to purdta.-., these cunmodltles, and they can only have the means If they are employed and reeeIving sufficient wages, IIalarfes and other fonDS of Income. The only effective stimulus for produc:tlon In a free enterprise economy Is the.-.ranee of a reasonable profit to management, which In tum depends upon the purdJaslng power of the masses.

Nationalist 1ndustrla11zation strikes at these two closely related problems at Olll! stroke. By projecting the objedive of full employment and a relatively high Ineome, nationalist Industrialization usures, not only the abundanc:e of the supply of goods but also the means by whlcll the!Ie commodities can be purcba8ed. Thus, employment and a relatively high Income are not merely soclal and moral 0bjectives, but are _ I e : objeetlves as we1I. For a people that has not experienced _ I e : Jndependence for several generations. It Is Imdenrtandable that the term a~ IIII!fto Iy an abatraet Ideal. But In fact. ft'OIIOIIIIe blClepenitence Involves not only the abstract Ideal of national boDor and diIn1l'f, but abo the more CXIIKft!te eaJIIOIIIko Imperatlws.

'DIIa Includes tbree upaeIa: (1) Inde»eIideiwk of the . .don'a a.eU fnIm foreign _tmL 'DIIa _ that foreign m-tmeuta must not be tile..... for OlD' -.ale d!wIapmeat __ dustrlaUzatloD,

_

must It COOIprise a sbeable proportion of our total allsets. It does not neeessarily Imply the nationalization of all foreign assets In this country. but neither does It preclude the nationalization of speclf1e ueets. If suc:h Is called for by the national Ilnterest of the FIll-

plno people.

(2) Independence of the oountrys industries from the heavy Industries of foreign countries. No nation can truly be ea1Ied economIc:alIy Independent while It depends for Its machinery on other countries. As long as profit Is the motive force

of production, to be so dependent Is to court control and domination. It Is however impossible for any underdeveloped country to be Independent In this respect In so short a time. But thlo; objective should alwa ys be borne In mind In detennlning the pattern of Invest-

ment and production, In order to lay the groundwork t or eventual independence In this regard.

(3) Relative Independence of the nation's industries with respect to Its prbnary raw materials. The realization of the inseparable relaCONTIN UED NEXT ,AGE

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49 32.8 95 (Other indu.<;. probably Include such pW'SuJts as banks and In<urance)

PATTERN

(11) Joint IDterMtlonal BUlin.ea Veaturee In the Phil.. Jan .

ID58

cient buyers lor Its products. The unity 01 interests of thc raw material producers In the cities is such that prosperity of the peasantry Is as necessary to industrial deveiopment as industrial development is indispensable to rural pr~ sperity.

2. Nature of Natlonallst Industrialization Nationalist Industriallzati.on cuts deep Into all

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CONTlNL'lD

tI.onshlp between Industry and agriculture of any country (particularly the underdeveloped countries) is an Indispensable element in the success .of any economic progTam. U raw materials are not obtained from the nation's rural areas. industry itself cann.ot have suffl-

aspects .of the economy - ownership .of Industries, type .of industries, source .of raw materials, market f.or the products .of IndUStry, purchasing power, foreign and d.omestic trade.

Based on the above-mentioned .objectives, natl.onalist industrialization must contain the follawtng fea-

tures : (1) Use .of local raw ma-

erials

(particularly

NE .of the basic differences between the present Industrial devel.opment and nationalist Industrialization Is .on the emphasis placed by the latter .on the use .of local raw matcrials f.or the indUstries to be established. The reason for the constant d.ollar crisis and suspended produ<:tlon by the already established Industries Is the dependence, to a large extent, of these industries .on the use of imported raw materials. The use .of local raw materials will avoid this bottleneck.

Our coconut, sugar, abaca, mines, minerals and other raw materials are waiting to be processed into the final consumers product. l!tlllza-

th.ose

only Industries using local raw materiabl should be allowed t.o continue productI.on, It would, however, be unwise, unjust and impracticable to f.orce those plants alresdy established but using imported raw materialR ,to close d.own. But as of now, the use .of locally produced raw materials must serve as the basis tor Industrial pri.ority, tor Incentive-giving such as taJr exemptl.ons, dollar allocations, etc. This Is the pattern that will provide for the greatest possible employment, because this Inv.olves not only factory empl.oyment but ruraJ empl.oyment as well.

(2) The home market as the primary consumer ot the products .of nationalist

Industrialization tlon of these raw materials for the produ<:tI.on .of capital goods and articles of consumption will generate a chain reaction that cannot but lead to general and last1ng prosperity.

Everyone Is aware, for instance of the variety of consum~r goods that can be derived by Industrlall;lng the- coconut Industry. And yet, a1m.ost absolutely n.othIng has been done towards this end. Some plants that have ventured to start along these lines have been forced to close down for lack ot路 sufficient Incentives, protection, and sympathe-tlc understanding. Considering that almost one-third of the country's population are directly Dr Indirectly dependent uR the coconut Industry, Industriallzatl.on based on this raw material Is certain to create widespread employment and purchasing power which In tun! will generate further productl.on.

IndustnaUzation .of abaea and sugar, will IIkewlse create a huge capacity to buy. Processlng.of the loca1Iy mined metals will serve as the foundatl.on of the local bastc Industry, In addltl.on to the employment and buying capacity It will generate. industrialization of the lumber industry can trigger a building boom, not only among the richer segments ot the population, but also among the general mass.

Whlle it Is desirable that

IS

solution

industriallzatl.on.

An underdeveloped country must program an industrial development which has the home market for Its basis. The satlsfacti.on of the consumption needs of the local population must be the foundation upon which these industries rest. While this sh.ould also be the case with Industrially devel.oped countries, It Is particularly adopted and necessary with underdeveloped nations. The absolute needs of the people .of underdeveloped countries like the Philippines are very great. The relative needs, generated by the rising clvlllzatl.on and increasing local production will even be greater.

The purchasing power that the establlshment ot nationalist industries will place In the hands of the vast consuming publlc will permit a tremendous expansion of the capacity ot the home market to absorb the increasing local productI.on. On the .other hand, to promise the sale of loca1Iy produced commodities whether raw materials or flnL~hed products on the foreign market Is to place these Industries at the mercy ot foreign monopollsta who have vIrtua1 control .ot such torelgn markets. Our sugar today Is a very illuminating example. Various studies have shown that I~ cal conswnptlon ot sugar Is very Inadequate, and yet a disproportionately I arc e portion of the sugar produc-

PROGRESS

ductlon Ia eannarked for lorelll1 sale.

The United States govern. ment has shown Its unwlU· Ingness to absorb our "sur· plus" sugar. Sugar producers 01 the dominant coun· tries of the world, who, it seems, control the world suo gar market, are relurtant to give the Philippines its

rlghtfUl share in the world market. Thus, sugar productIon and the sugar producers are left at the mercy of foreigners who control the sugar market. The case of plywood Is another perti. nent example. The depend...nee of the plywood indliStry on the American market cannot be blamed on the producers themselves. The absence 01" a nationalist Industrialization which will

taUon without the use of locally produced raw materials.

(3) The backbone of the nationalist industrialization is the establishment of ba· aie: industries. Only this. c:an guarantee the independ· ent economic development of the PhiliI>Pines.

ThIs iJnplies that a cer· tain proportion of invest· ments (whether private or public) Is applied in basle: industries as steel. metals. ch em Ica I s. machinery. machine tools. etc. This must Include among others. those directly connected with agricultural produc· tlon. as fertilizer plants. ago ricultural machinery and tools factory, irrigation pump factory, etc. The pr0portion "of investment In

ment In the ! uture-a relat1v.e austerity for til" present developing towards certain prosperity in the near future. 'nle search for a proper balance between investments in basic. agricultu. ral toois and consumer Industries cannot and must

not be left solely to the in· terplay 01 the forces of demand and supply. The economle situation in the Philippines (and most "un· derdeveloped" areas for that matter) has been so cum· plicaWli by Its colonial structure and other extraneous lactors that to de-

pend solely on tne rree play of demand and supply for the flow of investment Is to condelDJ} the economy to anarchy and perpetual dependence on foreign coun· tries and to subject the pe0ple to eontlnued misery.

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provide the basls for the home market Ia actually the cause for such a foreignmarket orientation.

But given the proper' purchasIng power, which only a na· tIonalIat industrlallzaijon can furnish, the pJywood in· dustry can well look forward to a profttable martret within our own abores.

It Ia evident that the q~ of the 1KJme.mar. ket cft1entatlon and the UBI! of locaDy produced raw materIaIa are dc.ely bitertwined; that one ~ think of using IocaDy procIueed raw mat.er1als for industrtaUzation without Its buIa in the home market, 1101' of a home-llllll'ket~

Steel " .nill wiU

st4n"t .00/1·

these industries and in con· sumer goods Industries must be such that the latter ean satisfy at least the primary essential needs of the pe0ple. All the rest of the in· vestments must be directed towards the establishment of the basic industries and accesory services. ThIs fea·

ture of nationalist indus· trIalIzation Ia necessary not only for the eventual attain· IIII!Ilt of economic Independ· ence. but for the uninter· rupted crowth of the producti;m capadty of the na· tJon and the maximum uU· lIzation of our materlal reIIOUI'CI!II for the benefit of the FnIpino people. ThIs pattern II really an Invest·

TIDElUmR all [lmPAD' •••11I....UNIIRU

PATTERN

.(OIITlMUlD

ITl'ER EXPEnIENCE B has shown us that present Investments are direcl-

ed mostly to real estate, Insurance. and other non-basic and non-essentlal requirements of the economy. these being the safest and m'>St profitable. Few are directed to essentJaJ consumer goods industries and al· most none is directed to basIc Industries. Continuf<! flow of Investments along this pattern can lead to Irreversible and dirP <'Ons!'quences. While It Is \TUp Ihat the government can help re-dlrect such flow thru the use of Incentiv... to basic and essential indu<tries, It cannot however, force private investors III Invest In certain seclor; which. however, basic and essential these may be to the economy. may be tno risky or give too little profit.

This necessarily brings u.' to the fourth feature of na tionallst IndustrlalJzation .. a necessary concommitant of basic industrialization: (4) Govenunent Or pubUc ownership of certain ba<i" Industries.

For a country with a colonial economic structurr government initiative In the establishment of basic in-

dustrJes Is an absolute necessity. No "underdevelop· ed" country today can expect to develop a desirable pattern of Investment-and consequently, a desirable pattern of economy-with· out government initiative In the establishment and ownership of basic Industries.

This is so. not only because of the obviously limited (nol Inadequate) capital accu· mulation in suCh countries, but also because of the relative unprofitabJJJty nf these industries, particularly In thE'lr early years.

Tn order, thprefore, to produce the proper equilibrium In the basic and consumer Industries, the government must take an active part. not merely as a provider of incentive. but as owner and manager of basic enterprises. Instead of dissipating Its resources In vat,ious non-basic undertakings, It can concentrate on a lew basic Industries. whiCh, when established. r.an serve as a sound hasis lor the rapid development of all other prlvately-owned enterprio;es.

Comparison with the industrial development of the advanced countri... is liable to be misleading. Those countries developed industrially when there was a wide field for the export of their finished products_ There were numerous colo-

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74 _ _ _ _ __

nies who could absorb their output. The private enlerprJ:;ers, even without too much support from their government were In a position to survive competition with enterprisers 01 other industrially developed countries. The gap In development between these industrial countries was not Insurmountable.

With the wide gap in the stage 01 development between an underdeveloped country such as the Philippines and the highly industrialized areas suCh as the United States, Great Britain. Germany, Japan, and the Soviet Union.

It would be quite impossible for private enterprises of the underdeveloped areas to attempt to compete In the

(6) A forelgn trade pat-

tern, shifting geographically towards Asia, and shiftIng qualitatively from the raw material-export·flnl5hed-goods or semi-finished raw material Import pat· tern.

This foreIgn trade pat· tern follows logically from the consequences of nationalist Industrialization. However, this is not the only relatiol). Nationalist IndustrlaIJzation Itself can proceed faster by forcing the change in pattern, both geographically and qualitatively. By limiting or banning the Importation of some finished goods, p.ncouragement can be given to the production of their local substitutes. By like-

ceptlve market In Asia, particularly the leIIII-deveJoped countries..

(7) TJte domP.Stfc trade In FUlplno hands or In c0operative enterprise.

For the benefit. of Increued production to be J'E'alIzed by the general papulation, some form of natlonaIJzation of domertlc trade and cooperative enterprise is necessary. NationalizatIon llUly be necessary to prevent the flight of pu.... chasing power, while cooperative enterprise, wherever feasible, may be resorted to, In order to gIve the producers their rightful share In the fruIts of theIr labor.

Nationalist Industrlallzatlon cannot succeed without the full cooperation of the

Production of cheap commodities must tie based on people's purchasing power production of machinery and other basic heavy industries. Under these conditions, oniy government ownership of basic Industries and governmental initiative In the establishment of the same, can be the main motive force in the drive towards economic Independence and Increased production.

(5) A healthy combination 01 small-scale, employment-giving Industries and large-scale, highly meehanIzed, labor saving Industries. While the ideal Industrial pattern Is one that is composed of Iarge-scale. highly mechanized, hI/rltly efficient industries, this, however. 15 not practical under existing conditions In this country_ In other words while theoretically, small scale Industry should not be a feature of nationalist lodustrIaIIzation in Its longterm meaning, the present exigencies of the nation's economy and of the peopie require a certatn degree of adaptation to the most pressing needs and immedIate possibilities. Consequently, this feature must be viewed as a developing pattern finally emerging into a completely Or at least predominantly 1arge-scale. highly eWclent, hJghJy mechanized industrial economy,

wise limiting the importation of raw material. for iocal industries, a certain degree 01 push can be given to the use of locally produced raw material (or thP growing or production 01 needed raw materials heretofore imported. A ge0graphical sliJlt can mean the release of the natlon's trade from virtual control and monopoly of the world'" raw-material buyers and heavy-equJpment sellers. that Iliere I T ISwIIiinevitable be such shift II

when the nationalist industrialization has gained some momentum.

Qualltatlv~y, raw materials such as c0pra, abaca, minerai ores etc.. for exports will decrease in an Inverse proportion as it Is utl1lzed locally by the nation's Industrl....

It does not necesaarlly 101iow. however, that in the same proportion. exports of finished goods will replllce the export Of raw ma· terlaIs. 'IbJs Is obvious from the home-market orientation. GeographIcallY. the .A31an countries will play a greater role In our trade activities. 'lbe raw material lW'plua-or that over and above the needs of local Industrlet-can tlnd buyen In AsIa which are 1_ roonopoly-controlled. F1nIabed goods will find a more re-

different segments uf the population.

Governmental polley (or lack of it) for one, can mean the dlfference between success and fallure of the efforts of the lactora of production. Lack of proper and adequate InC'P.lltives for Investments dJrect.ed to the desirable pattetn: lack of determination to lead the march to nationalist industrIaIlzatlon; timidity In the face of foreJgn pressures designed to sabotage nationalist industiialJzatlon: lack of resouroefulness and imaginativeness In enlIstJnc the IUpport of the people can only serve to prolong the agonies att.endllnt to a c0ntinuing colonial structure.

The attitude of entrepeneuI'II towards socially deIIIrable Investments as ap1nst Investments In non-essentJaJ ventures can unduly delay the growth of natlona1Jst Industriell_ 'lbe people'. altitude on locally-made goods ... against "slate-side" pro' ducts can dJacourage a devE'Joplng natJonalbot industrialization. ·Thanks to the developing liUIpino natlonal1sm. the PbIlIppinel may soon be ready to embark on this venture_ 1bere are growing evfdeuceI of a ah1tt In thP eeonomIc thInidng Of many liUI~ 'ftIIs ah1tt could .spal the on.et of nation· alIst IDduItrIalbatioil.

T ...E. PE.SO BECONIES POL.T.C~L

in 1934 when ONE[ h eweekAmerican dollar

was devalued. an Englishlanguage dally, in whose friendly editorial precincts the great Quezon used to tipe every now and then his pres; statements, was inspired to run a cartoon picturing the leader homeward bound from Washington. with a whooping $23,000,000 check. In the same Issue. an anonymous versifier dedicated II couplet with the ellu.q\ve title, "On Wings of Glory" to the returning herQ. The excitement over the forthcoming bonanza was cl'olllf'd only by the edi+oria\ needling of a Spanish journal which described the cartoon as "infantile." JefOrIng at Its rival's "premature joy," the anti-Quezon paper declared that the money which was yet to be voted by the United States C.,ngress was rightfully due the Philippines in the tirst place sInoe its deposits in U.sâ&#x20AC;˘.banks had su.Uered in value as a logical outcome of devaluation. As a clincher, the paper which was evidently bent on provoking a quarrel added gruUly, ''Do we have to jump with joy like the kid who Is promised candy out 01 money which will be taken from his own pocket?"

As the scene shIlted to Malacallan more than a year later, the mood had chang<'d. The promised money was slow in comin& although at the moment Mr. Quezon was already the Commonwealth

govermnent's highest olIi-

cial The baffling disappointment was beginning to tug heavlly on the President's temper.

One day unable to bear any longer the sense of 1m. minent rebuff, the President sought some sort 01 reassurance from an American adviser. The poor fellow oniy made a disma1 mess of 1M situation.

What the vftrio~ Quezon said at this point might have been historic but It was not the kind that today's school teachers would ask their pupils to learn by heart.

Up to this date, the $23.000,000 remains an unsettled Item in the spate of financial claims agaInSt Aml"rica. The U.s. Congress bad gallantly acknowledged its va1ldlty hut because 01 existing wariness about foreign spending. a lot of gumption Is required to stake an appropriation bill.

Chroniclers of the period failed to bequeath to succeeding generations their ImpressloDll about the effect of Quezon's unhappy brush with devaluation on the nation's foreign policy.

1be sequence of events, however. tended to pl'OVl' that he could not easily overcome his irritation. Tho. foreign policy 01 the Commonwealth was clrcumscribed by the articles of faith and loyalty to the United Stales. 1be country was still In a state of semIva&'llllagc since Its extemaI COIf1\OIUID NEXT PAQ

by VICENTE TAAEDO C.N'I'RAL BANK QUAlW bepe...,le. ....... 01 old ,..., lIfDI ~ to tM ............ fte .... ~to _ _â&#x20AC;˘

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u.-

DEYALUATON

COHnHUlD

relations and the coinage of its currency were taken care of by its protector.

But the crafty Quezon knew how to assert even what was only a semblance of national sovereignty.

Snuggled in his first address before the National Assembly in November. 1935 were these ominous words: "A military defense biU has been drafted stating among other things that the preservation of the Philippines is an 'obligation of

every Filipino citizen; thaI the freedom. independenCE' and perpetual neutrality of the Philippine Commonwealth shall be guaranteed by the employment of all citizens without distinction of sex and all resources. in repelling foreign invasion and ensuring the territorial Integrity of our government."

In 1937. the U.S. state department was in a dither over his caustic reaction to High Commissioner Paul V. BEFORE SENATE COMMITTEE, Cefttral Bank Governor Cuademo B:I:pl<riM dollar

@rJque's N~lon

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./wrtage. A ataunch aupporter of the pc!3O. woa iMtrumentGl in founding the CB.

~

Devaluationists claim patriotism as their banner McNutt's Insistence on precedence in the oUering of toasts at state affairs. In New York where he tried to plead his case for the payment of the $23,000.000 among the banken;, Quezon was said to have expressed amusement (a confidant observed that he titte red) over the furor he had stirred.

Later on, he announced good-humoredly that he was going to Denmark. It was only at this juncture that troubled faces beamed.

The unredeemed pledge did not persist, however, as a sore thumb in PhilippineAmerican relations. Former Governor F\-ancis Burton Harrison whose connections in the mother country were believed useful was sworn In as a MaJacailan adviser.

A Lt. Fred Belling of the Phi Uppine Constabulary who was said to have remarked that gold In the Bagulo hills would make up for the unpaid $23,000,000 was cheered when he became the first American to apply for citizenship under the Commonwealth l'l'gime. the country's ftrat SINCE experience with devaluation had not been felicitous nor profitable, It Is to be expected that any attempt to depreciate the peso will have to get the better of a Ungerlng distrust. Although It Is presumed that the passing of 23 years since the deUbera:te cheapening of the dnllar baa softened prejudice, those who preach devaluation have yet to contend with the quaima of the caretakers of the economy

over the danger of tinkering with the currency.

Shortly after his arrival from the United States.

President Garcia was a bit shaken by a confidentlai report from one of his aides left behind to look up toUrces of private credits, that devaiuatlon of the peso was being IWmanded as a condition fOl' any financial favor.

Refusing to be pinned down to a corner where he WOUld have to choose between pride and necessity, the President directed his correspondent not to get entrapped by any commitment. The situation Indeed called for contrivance.

Somehow an Identical copy nf the disturbing report reached many hands.

One text mlmeoi!raphed In Wall Street stationery bore the marks of concern (perspiring fingers had made it untidy) of those who feared that the chief executive might succumb to pressure by force of niggardly circumstance. A presldentlal annolincement that debunked devaluation put panicky <Iisposltlons at eaae and speJled out In c1earcut tenns the administration's stand on a question where before there was only anxious conjecture.

In spite of PresIdent Garria's l.ronouncement. the Idea of devaluation did not fall by the wayside. The ~eek after he had made bls reassurance. Senator GU J_ Puyat whoee voice as an economist Is always heard, pulled away rte'WIIIDen fnlIn tJKo1r merry capel'll at a oocktaIl party to nmJnd

them that the danger was not yet~t. bing through the ' er of the Central he caused Cllretree countenances to tum grave when he read a clause that virtually UcensI!d the Monetary Board to lessen the worth of the peso In tlmes of emergency_ '''Ole understanding about what Is an emergency Is !<OIIletimes contentious," herein was the root of his agitation. To allay finicky ones, the senator thought that there would be less sIeep1ess nights lf this power Is surrendered back to Conuess__ But C.ongn!SII, which by constitutional mandate, Is the creator of poUcy, Is itself a periodical battleground o! notions about devaluation. Although the AIdeguer committee In the House of Representatives had suUered a temporary setback, It had not given up the Idea of gradual foreign <'xchange decontrol. The dollar retention scheme which con\"erted Senate JWI 167 into an incendiary Isaw. r./llJle under tire as devahllo· tlon In ,1Isguise. Senate Majority FloorieaderOprlsno P. Prlmldas, the author, refuaes however to accept this label.

As a saving graA:e tor the economy, S_tor Pedro R. Sabldo who Is the big 110M 01 the NadMallata commJttee on plattorm. baa babltually etIpCIWI1!d a multiple exchange rat.e. To appreciate the operation of this worthy lchelue, me baa to I.CIlePt the ~t 01. me price In terma of .,.. tor

evrtrY doUar apent OIl UJe Imparta of elllll!lltial CQI1IIU. mer 8todr, another price for _ _ tlal£ for madlinery and raw material "pur~, and atUl another rate for: turning over proceedI to exporten.

The Rarc:h for formu1all lOeB weartly on. OUt of the miJIh-maah of proposals. de-

cu-

valuatlon emerges In Its many ramUlcatlons. WID attrltlon eveIIltualI,y dIsenpge the pe!IO troI1I Its SI!I'SIIIngly Inexorable ratio of two to the dol1arT A pecuI1ar ttadltlml of Congress Is being .lntentionally timorous In an ell.'rtlon year about Issues whieh, judged elther way, are expensive In terms of votes.

An IDustration Is the plan to rewrite the minimum wage law which has DeVer rnateriall2led despite two elections. To curse the lawmakers for their apathy wID be cnJel. For this Is a question where the two sides are almost evenly balanced 110 that the wrong word can cause political oblivion.

So judgment day tor devaluation w1Il be November.

Although It Is true that many bWs of kindred alms will animate debates during the current session, these w1Il ac:tually serve only as weather-vanes to tell where the wind blows.

By curious coincidence, Nadonallsta and Uberal parties are fettered by par. ty planks to the same vow 01 maintaining the dignity of the peso. The term "dig. nity" however can be the subject 01 both oplnion and contention. What Is there to prevent a Senate hopeful or a campaIgn orator from In· terpretlng political dogma In accordance with his own point of view! lancer AN AmerIcan stopped In Manila free

who

recently was tempted to observe that "the Naclona· Ilstaa have too many medl· ,:lne men for one economic ailment." HIs words, wheth· er uttered In derislon or compauion were hewn from facts.

Senate President EuIoglo RodrIguez In pained surprise over what he regards as . an "undemocratic" 0bservatIOn from an Amer· lcan InaIsts that such a delicate question as devaluation should be mellowed.

AlthOugh Senate PresIdent Protempore Fernando Lopez is ldeaWied with an economJc bloc that seeks to I'f!IIIO'Ve artI.ftdal restraints

on the currency, he cJls.. creetly steers away from debate.

'-}be tragedy of It," be was genuinely alarmed, "Is that whlle you people woulci have to contend with In· creaaed costs of living, there would be no way to raise your pay."

Senator Puyat, In his speech before the Far EastAmerican Council of Industry and Commerce last September said "that resort to devaluation may, start a splral of price Increase whlcbcanllot be matched with wage and salary In· crease and such a situation may lead to an even great· er situation than now exists."

A headstart on the road to free enterprise Is the crux of Senator Lorenzo Sumulong's argument: "It may be that we should not at this time dispense with such controls altogether, if we are to avoid disruptions In the economy but I believe that some substitutes should be adopted to replace these controls as early as possible In order to give economic forees free play In the mar· ket.

"To begin with, the new tariff code, together with adequate reforms In fiscal policy, may be used as effective substitutes for import and exchange controls which have been the object of Insistent public critic· ism."

Even as a disciple of the creed of uncontrolled econ-

omy, Sumulong who pres· Ides the Senate committee on foreign affairs is not yet ready to embrace the prln· clples of devaluation. Up to this tline. he sees the un· wisdom of tampering with the peso just to create the fiction ot abundance.

Uke Its bigger rival, the Uberal Party Is also a proving ground for devaluation. "Will It not disable the surviving' capacity of the people?" Vice PreI!' Ident Dlosdado Macapagal poses this rhetorical query.

The Indefatigable leader who Is going around the country to feel - as he ex· presses It - the pulse of the nation Is stUl unsure about the buoyant effect upon the economy of cre. valuation under the exist· Ing political set-up.

At the start, Senate Minority Leader Ambrosio Pa· dlliB had a critical assay 01 devaluation. As an afterthought, however, he had an unexpected change of

heart. HIs curt estimation of the situation: "Devaluation seems to be Inevitable if this administration continues dwindling our dollar reserves, pumpIng out more currency In cIrcu1atlon by bond Issues. increasing the public debt and perpetuating control~ to the detriment of the economy. As a matter of fact, devaluation Is already In de facto existence."

Portraying w hat he thought was the dark side of the economy, the minor· Ity whip continued, "Our currency which Is pegged to the American dollar at the

official rate of two pesos to a dollar Is severely anemic.

From the viewpoint of for· elgn exchange, the Phillppine peso has lost Its international standing, mainly because we have been suf· ferlng an unfavorable bal· ance of payments caused by decreasing exports and In· creasing Imports so that the reallstlc or actual exchange value of our currency remains dubious. ''The government h as dlstributed paper money to t he extent of Pl,638,OOO,OOO (b) as of June 1958 and Is steadily increasing this money In clrculatlon by

bond Issues amounting to are not pur. chased directly by the pe0ple but backed up by new currency Issued by the Cen· tral Bank."

Unable to resist a dig at Pres. Garcia's mission to the US, he says, ''ThL~ ad· ministration has tried to In· ject Ufe Into our foreign ex· change by resorting to loans from International agencies Uke the Import and Export Bank and the International Development Bank but not· withstanding President Gar· cia's trip to the- United States we have not received

P390 whlch

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actual dollars to improve our dollar reserves because c:redit llDes have been extended for the importation ol u.s. made machinery and equipDent.

"Even loans trom private American baDks it Dot In· wsted In dollar-producing or doUaz-.saving industries wID only worsen our InternatioDal positiOD for these loans must be paid with interest. 'Ibe publ1c debt has mounted to P1,567,407,OOO (b) as of December 31, 1957 and Is further stretch· Ing beyond the capaclty of the taxpayers. " It may be said In a tllppant spirit that devaluatioD Is a Padilla Brothers act. As far back as 1956 wilen PresJdent Hagsaysay was In search of cabinet materials he had considered Rep. Benedicta Pad1lla, the senator'a elder brother, for the finance porttollo. It was said that the late PresIdent was dissuaded by an adviBel" at the last minute to by-

pass 'PadIlla because of the lat ter's unlnhfblted dlscourse on the overvaluation of the peso. The President who was a wed by the poss1bWty of having a controversial figure In his hands before his Inauguration did not have to be persuaded Ii second time.

Thi! ~ who was unaware of his unwitting forfeiture of a cabinet job remains the censor of the acts ol those wbo adhere to the two-pesos-to-one-dollar concept. The c:ole of what he accepts as a bomespun economic philosophy runs thus :

1957 that could not be comprehended at vIUage level..

U party campaigners ever took part In what had bPen HCOtned as "tancy" dlscussions It was to deflate the stock assertion that controls were In eUect economic blesslnga.

DIehards for an almost balancing two-party system have Incessantly dreamt of a coalition of the Uberal Nationalist - Citizens aDd

the deeree of production lncmtlves that IUCb allocation wll1 eUect sbouJ4 follow a preIClibed order of priority, The bill concelvea of a Board of Trade - a weIlscrubbed venloD of the disputable Import Olntrol CommlssloD wblch Is proposed to BUperlntelld foreign exchange allocations from a dollar budget certified by the Central Bank.

'"I'be tact that two Pbllippine pesos are worth less than one American dollar In the free markets of the world today shows that we bave outrun the Amerlc:ans In the race towards Inllation. Some have raised the question wby the American dollar bas depredated In value less than the Pbll1ppine peso despite the tact

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~18

that, as of recently, the United States bas accumulated a buge de1Iclt of $272 bIllioD wb1le the Pbll1pp1nes bas aClCWDulated a comparatively smal1 de1Iclt of P1.4 bDUoD. '"l'be answer Is that the eUect ol deficit spending on the depreciatiOD of the curreIIcy does not depend alone on the size of the deficits but also on the resources and economic dev-

_______________________________________

aoHIGUu

GAaC' '''

National leaders agree: devaluation of elopment of the nation, that Is, the resiliency of Its economy. In other words a r\cb country like the United States can absorb the Impact or can aUord the luxury of a deflA:lt spending with less clitfIA:ulty than a COUDtry like the Philippines. M Senator C1aro M. Recto of the Natlonallst-Otizens party veers away trom the charted courses of the Nac1onal1stas and the LIberals by advocating a geDtle fonn of IntlatIon as a tonic for the economy.

The details of the Recton1an fonnula: "A mOd inflation Is sometimes pennissible. The American lesson Is worth learning.

The Amerlc:ans realize that war accounts for most of their Inflation but that even In the absence of war, the long-range teudency Is toward a rIslng, not a declln· Ing level of prlcea.

"Tlgbtness In money supply can not be the fonnula for the expansion of the national economy. Increasing money 6IIpply Is a ~ In an expanding economy. It Is of couree, understood that tbe money Is uaed for pr0ductive, not non-productive purposes." ..

The Progreulve party steered dear of luues In

ProgressIve factions. The obstinate concepts of each party about devaluation may be said to be one 01 the deterrents that cut oU realJty. Wltbln the parties themselves, the debates have not ceased.

N the November contest, the party In power Iwhich Is more Intensely divided on the question but has the more capacity to settle dlssenslons at the crucial hour seems to be In a better position to subdue wters' prej~c:es.

In such an event, devaluation. meaning the intentional erosion of the peso Is doomed. Perhaps devaluation In Its less frlgbtenlng manifestations such as gradual decontrol of forelgn exchange may be accepted as a happy ccmpromlse.

Devaluatlonlats may swallow pride by agreeing to retreat to a COIDIDOD ground.

Gradual decontrol ol imports Is part of thIs aettInc· Senator Puyat, movlng spir.

It beblnd Senate Bill 85. the enabling act, IIUIIIIIW'lzes the Idea In this IIUIIIDI!I': "It abould be the pubUc pol1cy that allocation tor foreign ell!cb.an&e sbal1 be made accordlna to the degree of eaent1allty of the Items ol _ptlon aDd

To cushion any jarring lntpact of this alternative on American business Interests, the senator confess.. ed In .a recent speech before the Far East-Amerlcan Coundl of Industry and Commerce In New York.

He reported: "It may be said that our success In malntalnlng cost of Hving levels bas been made at the expense of our Internatlonal reserve wblch went down from $356 mlillon In 1950. the poet-war pMk. to $140 mDUon at the end of 1957.

ThIs may be 80 If we have not at the same time remitted from 1949 to 1957 to pay tor eapltal goods exdudlnc $2.5 bDUon worth of raw materials'" In an artful aesture to tum a predlcament Into a bulld-up, Puyat presaed 011: "At thIs Juncture pennit me to refer to the IncreaaIng requirement for foreign exchange l'l!IIOUl'CI!S to flnance the importation of raw materials wblcb bas cawred lIDdue ...-ore on the toretcn exchange l'l!IIOUl'CI!S of lIlY country. ''It appears that In our eagemeas to 80Ive _ p10yment we have llben1bIed the Ett1nc up of ..... JII'O" jects lDdudlng even taInduatrIal projects wIIlcb by tbetr nature caD tor tile s-

pendlture of a COIIIIIderable amount of toreJp exchange.

Suppose the devaluationbtl decide to hold out!

Who knows U a number of free.money advocates wm spring from among the senate 01' gubematorlal nomlnees! Or U the poHc:y-JJUiIdng aeeton of the bureaucracy wDl be infiltrated by men of the same Uk! The possIbfUt1es seem to be limitless.

Today'a critic may become

It wm stimulate our export trade especially with countries outside the United States. ThIs wm be especlaDy true In the beginning before the Internal price level bas started to Increase.

The Internal price level wm not be seriously dislocated as bas been the experience of those COWltries that have .cJevaIuated their currencies."

As a man who could not be denied of an oracle, he

ity should be between n.80 and P3.00 to the dollar. The evaluation was reckoned on retafl price and wage rate averages In the Philippines and the United States durIng a five..year span, interspersed by both boom and bust.

ILL the United States W as both friend and creditor approve any meddling with

the currency!

SUMULOMCl

PU'tAT

the peso must be approache(i with care tomorrow's convert or even its fanatic.

For even U the cause of devaluation has been struggling, It Is a movement that Is certa1Jily steadfast.

In 1936, an economic prophet (he foretold the comIng Into being of the Central Bank) named Dr. Andrea V. Castillo came forth with the ~tion (a gentIet- ....nn for devaluation) doctrine. At the same time perhaps, be was a YOWlg man who spoke too soon..

His bold piece of advice as carried .In one of his writIngs was detalled this way: "When greater currency autonomy is granted to the Commonwealth, one of the moat important aspects of our CIIn'eIICy probllm that bas to be considered is the advIsabfUty of revaluation of the peso. By.Ad 4199 _ haVe eollespondlnltly · revalued the peso so as to conform with the dollar at the ratio of 2 to L Doubts have heen raised as to whether the unit of ~ In the PhDlpplnes is high lor a relatively.poor eountry.

"Revaluation of the peso to one half of Its present theoret1caJ gold content or making the ratio of the peao with the dollar 4 to 1 would have Its advantages to the nation. For one thing

1958

went 00: "Every country needs a capable and responsible conservator of its currency system, a function that is best performed by a central bank. The Insular treasury bas performed this duty for die Phllipplnes with the aid of the governmen depositorles in the United States but In· all m0dern eountries much of these functions of the national treasury have been taken aver by a central bank.

"A central bank is the most logical and most effective institution of adjusting the supply of credit and currency to the demand of trade and lndustry. Increasing the supply of the means of payment to meet the demands of brisk trade and reducfng the supply when business is slack.

Speculative excesses both In seewities and commodities could be controlled best by a central bank."

It Is not a wondrous fact that the Idea to re-examine the value of the peso finds lIIIDCtuary In the thinking of some of our bright yoWlg economists. .

SIxto Roxaa. a member of the aame fraternity of ec0nomists, contends (with the pet'IIUII8ive fora! of tables -1IJ\d statistits) that the par-

Con~ who were aware 01 the Imminence of another electlon (1951). But the American fact-finder kept on with his survey and Ignored inhospitable critics.

But this was not all. Belore he went back to his bank, that worthy left a p0lite, almost bland reminder.

He sald: "One provision of the present Trade Agreement requires that no change In the par value of the peso shall be- made by the Philippine Government without the approval of the President of the United States.

"Such a provision Is not necessary to safeguard the Interests of the United States. As ·a member of the International M 0 net a r y Fund, the P hilippine Government cannot change the par value of the peso Wltil it has consulted with the Fund and for ~y change in , excess of 10 per cent of the present par value, unless It

has the concurrence of the Fund. This provlsion for considering any proposal for a change in the par value of the peso by an international organization provides adequate protection for the interests of the United States in the stabtUty of the Philippine currency.

"In practice, the present provislon does not offer assuranee agalnst the imposition of an undesfnble exchange pollcy. The need for exdIange control for a change in the par value of the peso may result from domestic policfes. The PresIdent of the United States has no responsibtUty for the tlscal, credit and investment policfes that may necessitate such action.. For this reason, be ought not to be burdened with the responslbtUty of giving formal approval for exd1ange rates U they should be needed. By the time such approval Is recotmHUfD NfXT ,AGE

SlGN oF~l QW\~

RGDSREll

Although it had been sald that -certain banking cartels had tried vainly to foist Such step, Washington officialdom has consistently been discreet Charges of Intervention usually break out during a presldentlsl election. It Is doubtful whether any of the psrtles during the c0mIng campaigns wm have the heart to resort to such charges considering that anti-Americanism as an issue has not fired any imaKination except perhaps among certain intellectual groups.

One thing sure, however, is that AmerIca wm not allow the RepubUe to slide down to an economic mo-

BRA..N'D

rass.

In 1950, the late PresIdent • Qulrlno invited a survey mission led by financier Danlel W. Bell (who was fated to be habitually mistaken for a namesake who authored the Phllipplne Trade Act, also known as the Bell Act) to look up what alled the country.

At the start, the irrepressible Mr. Bell made It c:Jear that be did not come to extend his sympathy but to 1Ind out the real state of thInp. For his candidness he drew fire from some admInlstration hotheads In

The ,,;;-tin.;-;;;-.h;"-;;;- DE HILO T-Shim an4 U.de,.t.' rt., JooIr. fo, the RED SHEU ' rand.

Thk n 'f'DVr glla,ante. of High Qu.lity.

79

DEYAlUATON

CONTINUED

quested, the situation has become critical, and It eouId not be withheld without doIng Irreparable damage to the country."

Four years later, Mr. Bell was dellghted to note that his stand was vindicated by the Laurel-Langley parleys. From the conference table came this cheerIng bit of news: "From the very ':leginnlng we stated that the power over the curreney of a country Is one of the most prized functions of a sovereign state and if we have to con-

SERVING THE NATION'S BASIC INDUSTRIES

suit the United States on matters of currency, the United States Government wo,"d be Infringing on our sovereign rights. We also stated that since the Philippines Is now a member of the international Mo~tary Fund, we are not In a position to freely and without llmlts change the ratio of the PhlUpplne peso to the United States dollar and that such action would require the unanimous consent of the other members of the Fund.

"It would also appear that the continuation of this proviso would Imply that the United States has no confidenoe In the Philippine Government's ability to maIn-

taIn the stablUty of the peso. The American delegation, from the very start, recognized the vaUdity of these points and agreed to the repeal of the proviso."

Foreign poUey speelaUst Senator Sumulong who was with the Laurel mission In 1954 acclaimed this concession by citing historical antecedents and drawIng comparisons with other former subject peoples. His asseverations were In this wise: "The Industrial revolution In l!.'ngJand which ushered In the age of m~ lzation and mass production, accentuated the scram-hIe among rival Industrial powers tor colonies or protectorates or spheres of In-

EFFECTIVE ecOllOmic development aIa,·t. from the graur""t., from the la"", from the prodUCe of the land - baoic raw materia13 that keep the whee13 Of b"';neao, trade and try ever wllirring to produce aU our eu.."tial Ileedo that .ecure to OUr people higher .landardo of living.

i""...

Freed from US dollar moorings, Filipinos

will

fend for themselves

f1uence which eouId serve as suppUers of raw materials and at the same time markets tor their muplus goods.

"As a result, the subject peoples of ARia stagnated In their backward and underdeveloped state, both poUtically, economically and s0cially. As It was the Intent of their colonial rulers to relegate them to the abject role of hewers of wood and drawers of water, It was considered dangerous to give them too much voice and parilclpation In the attalrs of government and no step was taken to IndustriaUze their economies so as to protect the monopoly from being enjoyed by the colonial rulers.

Senator Emmanuel Pelaez, also a foreign policy analyst of moderate temper, Is drcumspeetive about any scheme to mend the CUITeI1ey In disregard of method or purpose. He feels that In the exercise of sovereign rights, the country should not cast aside commitments to Its political and economIc allies.

Prodded by the demands of a respectable foreign p0lley, devaluation, for the moment, appears to be out of place. There Is now a frenzy to keep up face among friends and neighbors.

In spite of Its good points, devaluation can be mlsconstrued as a letdown In the national economy and from the outside, even regarded as a slgn of desperation.

Devaluation wlU bring down the value of forelgn holdlpgs In the country and drive away prospective investors. Such an act which attains the same end as expropriation may create lastIng resentments and affect international prestige.

It Is still equivocal whether the United States, the perennlal source of credit or subsidy, will readily torgive the country which seeks stablUty at the expense of reducing imports, the bulk of which carry the American trade-mark. Devaluation will aceompUsh just that. Cut away from her economic moorings, the Philippines will have to fend for benlelf, entirely. a way, hostlUtles In the I NFormosa straits may be consldered as a blessln~ In disguise. At no other time will the United States be

more concerned with t~e economic and political equilibrium of a country, pari of whose countryside is occupied by her milltary bas-

es.

These are conffngencies that the electorate should ponder n ext November.

Would-be office-holders can demonstrate their sincerity -on the assumption that they are well-grounded enough to understand - by reducing Issues to the level of comprehension of those who deliberate the affairs of state In the comer store, the jeepney and the barber shop.

Viewed in this light, the Philippine Cotton Develop. ",ent i3 doing commendable work ilt Dadiangu., Cotabato, where it i8 doing pioneerinu work u. largeocale cotton pla..ting, no leo. On a I,SOO-hectare area, for the country'. textile. ind... try, The Pacific B"ltkl"a Corporatio.. i. also doiNg it.

Mare iI. promoting proareu not onlll ill busineu and try but also in agric"U"re by extending II. laeilitiel ant! experience 13 aU that aeek to advance the economic developme>&t of the natio ...

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MORE SHIPS PHiliPPINES 8y TfRSO RODRIGUEZ

SINKING of the T HE motor-IaWlCh Prln«Y de Madrklejoll off the northern tip of Cebu last October and the loss of 136 lives marked thls year's worst sea tragedy. The disaster also pointed to the dismal state of interisland shipping In this 1nsuIar country, the lack of bottoms and the vessels plyIng our sea routes battered with age, sadly . needing repairs and facilities.

PrelIminary investigations on the sInIdng of the PrbI_ de Madrklejoll showed that the wooden launch was lealdng when It left Hagnaya, Cebu. with over 300 passengers bound for Masbate.

The launch bad a capadty for only 60 passeIII1!I"IL But overcrowding appNn to be a natural consequence of a merdlant marine wholE age-old cry bas been "more ships." There Is _ hope though that tbIa country with a tradltlon and a history IInJced with -.taring may get started once again

OUR OOVER: A fellc of • ~ _ , the sapit I•• .001... ~ of the T.-. .... _ of ""_. Its _ ....... n ito ..... loft. the ~ . . . . . . .1c6o -'F the~'........ ~ ... _ .... n... ...... ........ - - ......" the - . , ......... of • _ .." be .... _ , I_ t ............ of the South. _ e 4 kumplts (not In photo) .004 _ _ ...... w.-la ...... t ..... tIoe;. _ _ The .... 11lfI... Ia .., " _ V _ Jr.

__ ______________________________________ 8 ~ 2

~

__

~

on a shipbuilding industry.

That start bas been made with the establishment of dockyards at Marlveles. and the construction of a few vessels utilizing FIlIpIno workers and tec:hnldans.

It Is for customs and port authorities to Impose maritime regulations, but the problem of shipping In the Philippines cannot be helpl'd unless the govemmeut really embarks on a longrange prognom of shipbuildIng. For a ~time c0untry sucb as ours, tbIa pr0gram can have decisive effects not only on our _ omy but aJso on our Inter'national standiJIg.

L the

ONG before the Spudsb canquIstadores came to IsJands, the early FIlIpI. - had a f10uriIIhIng internaI

.. weD

..

~

trade.

The wrJtInp of early cbronIclenI made mendon of an active IsIand-to-lsIand C:Ollllllel'L"e dUl'1nc the period prI!C.'edIDa the COIIIInc of

________________________________

~~ ~ ~

THE BULK 0/ the interialand ahipping iw made up of veuelll 0/ Ul>eroti<m vintage. ( Left) An FS converted into a corgo-paasenger ship, like thia at Manflds Nmth.

Harbor, ia t ypiool 01 the waaeIIJ aertling the country.

M mt 0/ t hem ply .u..o, 8€0. lanea of the _tl&. One 01 the f elO drydocka which Tepai,." a nd aeroice3 local shipping ill the Battta Mella 8hipwaJlII (below). It halt started a ...odeIIt shipbuilding program toith the COII8tn.ction of/OUT t ltghoots which were finished in 1918. AU are now with /lIE compatlY'~ meroont~~ fleet and as TeplacementII.

Magellan. Trade between the inhabited Islands was carried on by small saWng craft, with the Musllmdomlnated ports in the Sulu ardlIpelago and at Manila 8I!I'V!ng as focal points of trade. 0l1nese vessels also called at these ports to exchange &ood.s, bringing porcelain and silks and returned to the mainland with beeswax, cotton, hemp and texUJes. '!'be establlsbment of Span1sb SOYen!lgnty in the ardlIpeI.ago brought about a vtrtual balt to the int.erlsland movementa. as wt!Il as the oveneu trade by the FIllplnos. 'l'be SpanIards found a policy of insular isolatkln desirable In order to prevent mass Inaurrectlon and to facilitate the conquests of the Islands.

All legal PhIllpplne external ClDII1IIM!I'Ce WIllI monopollstIailly channeled into the famed annual "Manila Galleon" cormecUons with the Mexican port of Mapulco, from where the merchandl"l.' found Ita way to Spain.

Changes in European economic philosophy gradually developed new pollcip.s of freer and llberal trade which then were applied to the Islands. Spain was practically forced to admit foreign ships and commercial representatives into the archlpeJago as early as the 19th century.

When the Americans toppled Spanish sovereignty in the Philippines, the archipelago's thriving world trade <'lltapulted to new heI!!:hts.

As the country's natura] resourt'eS were tapped by the new rulers, new products (coconuts and copra, logs and lumber, and minerals) were added 10 sugar cane, tobacco and Manila hemp which heretofore were the principal exports of the Islands. Pioneer shipping operators had to expand their fleets to meet these r.P.W demands.

The United States Coast Guard used their ships to develop new areas and then left them to local shipowners once they

were establlshecL

Thls .o-

~

mercanWe fleet which took years in buDding was virtually wiped out by the last war.

Despite the importance of the merchant marine to the country, this Industry has been left to shift by itself.

Since the maritime trade was revived In 1946, the IntRr-lsland fleet has Increased from Some 59 vessels to its present strength of 140. On the other hand, the offshore fleet has falled to grow and to date the Philippine overseas fleet Is composed of only 12 ships with a total tonnage of 58,713.57. With the dozen ocean·going ves· 51'ls, we have barely a two per cent participation on our own foreign shipping field leaving 98 per cent of the Iu.~h multi-mUllon trade to allen ship operators. Considering that local exporters and importers spend no less than $200 mUlion tor freight annually, the huge dollar CONTINUElI NEXT ,AG(

RURAL BANKERS ASSOCIATION of the PHILIPPINES Among member banJcs and their heads: MALAY.AUY IltaAL ...... 1. INC .

MDJaybalay. Bulddnon Juan M. Satan.

aUIAl lAoNt( Of TAAL-llMUtY, IN(.

~~~~ ~:~~OF "Me, INC

Lemery. Satlma"s Anfbnlo de las Alas. Sr.

Gor,onto VelDsCO 8A~GA IURAL lANK &1.n&3. Sota&iln

RUIA&. lANK 01 ALAMIHOS, INC. AlamJnos. Pan,caalnan GtJnzalo Montemay~r

RU.Al. lANK Of HOVAUCHIS. INC.

INC

Amado Y. _Gonzales

N'nvaUehea. Quezon Clty Antonio de las Alaa:

RURAL BANI OF lOXAS CITY. IHC Roxas City Ernesto M. Villareal

Llan , Batangas Al\,icl T LimJoco, Sr

' .... "'£I·S RUlAl .... NK. IHC

RUUL BANK Of TAGIlLAR"H. 1":(.

M.t.NAOAG RUIAL &A.HK, INC

Tal'bllaran. Boh?l Juan Concun

~nuoag

Paneaatnan EmUfano L . Abalos

RURAL BANK Of RINCONAOA. INC.

5UBIC RURAl lANK

Jrl«_ CanlClJinra Sur Mamerto S. C'nt%

Sublc Zamb»lea St:vcrino Saleng

IMUS RURAl lANK. IHC.

aulA&. IANI Of TUGUEGAI"O. IN(.

Tuguegorao , Ca&lIIyan Jose M. Torres

Imus. Cavlte EUienJo M

VUJanueva

aUTUAH CITY RURAL .,ANI(, INC. Butwin City. Agusan

Guillermo R

Sanchez.

JURAl lANK Of NUEVA CACERf!.. INC

RURAl. IIwHK Of SANTI"'GO. I,,",C. SanUago. IsobeJa Rosita F Navarro

Na&a City

CONCEPCION IUIAL lANK. IHC, Concepcion . TarJae

Anila J

Patricio Y

Hernandez

,-URAl BAHI OF MAltATI . INC. Mak.all RJ.za1 TeoCUo M.

SUva

Pineda

RURAL ....... 1 Of STA (LAGU .....). IHC.

CIUl

Sanla Cruz, Laguna GJieerio R Elayda

lURAL 8ANK Of CADIZ, IHC,

Cadiz. Nelroll Occidental Emillu Vda de Henart.·~

RUIAl. BANK OF AHGEllS. tHC

Angeles. Pampanga Antolln '1'1&1.0

MM.ARAYAT RURAL BANK. INC Lip.. Ctty

Ju5e R

RURAl lANK Of TARLAC

Tarlae. Tarlwc

Sqismundo

.Juse A . TabDmo RUUL BANK Of 8ACOLOD CITY. IHC.

H:.colod City

DAGUPAH CITY IURAL SA+tK

AJ(rc-do Montelibano

Dagupan City CMaoloao T . Zarate

RUUL IAto+I( OF 8A(001 . IHC.

Bacoor Cavite

II.AoNCrAV RURAL 'ANK , INC .

San Fernando, La Union'" Nl..meriana T . QL.erol

Josefina Angeles TALI SA-V RURAL 8AHK . IHC

T8Usay. N"cros Occidental Lydia L Uzarft PIfS . ROXAS IUR"'l 8"'HK

LacR

of adequate

t..oe.Jin

O'AHDO RURAL .... NK. INC

Obando. Bulacan Ceur Ruurrecdon

amount that leaves the country yearly, 11 channeled to the _ t r y's cotters,. wID undoubtedly Btrengtl1en our dollar reserv~. Although . the government has a standIng policy to use Philippine ships In the ferrying of incoming and outgoing cargoes, businessmen have no other recourse but to patronize foreign freighter.; due to the crftlcal shortage 01 bottoms. And while other local IndWltries have flourished with the years, the maritime Industry's growth has been stunted by the numerous complex problems that have saddled It from Its Inception.

'"URAl .... NK OF SAN JUl."', IHC. SolO Juan. Rlzal C.,rmen de la Paz, Vda de OnJtlltlkn ''''NK OF C"'NlU'AHC PLAHTEas. INC

lfAMIOH RUR..... IAHK, INC .

Mariklna, JUul IsJdoro B . Llam10n

'AsAY RUUL IAMK. IHC 2168 Taft Avenue, Pa.ay Cit)

Don Conulo Puyat "MAN IURAl ....NK

Sir\.,n. t...o.guna ,Filomeno 0 , Gana

IUR ... l

Calumba, Laguna "·dlx T. L~ mcaoco RURAL .AHK Of LUU ........ Itf(;

.AlUVAGAH RUI'" IAHK SrI" Carlos, Pan ... iran

Atry Juan T Suan stUal lANK Of DtPOlOG, IHC .

t..w:ena., Quezon

D lpolog. Zamboanlo del Nurlc

Jo.e V

YJorrntlno Saculn

Puez

MII,alanl'. PompanKa

RUAAl ,AHI( OF llliO. INC , Ullo. Laluna

,....I!"Hx M Na,ult

Ju.on PoUsUco

RUI.U ....... 1( OF M ...G"'UNG , INC .

all. Tile lOci/it"'" hace iell!ltllened "llMei! bill ."ot ad.--<llwte for lIhipbtlildj"!l pTO!JrGllI.

UI'e

shipbuilding facilities hamper

the expansion of the Philippine mercantile fleet

IHC

Pntlldenl Roxas. Cop1z

Jose C

RURAL aAHI( Of CAlOOCAH. IHC.

Caloocon, Rb..al J oae E Delliderio

STEEL PLATE for tht3 side 01'0 .7,ip 9 003 down NA8SCO drydock m MoTivele." Bata-

Offshore shipping In the Philippines Is a profitable trade which this country has failed to exploit; o;onsequently, most of It Is In the hands of foreigners. The local overseas fleet's stunted dPvelopment is attributed mostly to government neglect.

DespIte Its dependence to a considerable degree on a slJ'Ong merchant marine, the PhlUpplnes paradoxIcally has no maritime policy. WbDe eovemments of other countries, Including the great maritime powers like the United States, Great BrItain and Norway,

are doling out generous incentives (low rate loans, mall, construetlon-dlffnential and operatlonal-dIUerential subsidies) to encourage In every way those who are engaged In the shipping business, the PhlUpplne government has faUed to aid the local shipping men.

Flag laws protect the men.-antl1e fleets of other countries but 5hlps ot PhilIppine registry have no pr0tection whatsoever except perhaps a polley by the 10Vernment to give preference to Filipino ships In the movement of PhWpplnecontrolled cargoes. . But then, without the binding . power of a law, this policy, more often than not, is disregarded.

To compound the pr0blems of the Filipino shlpowners, they have no goypmment entity like the US Shlpplng CommlBsIon of the United States or the Ministry of Transportation of Japan to look after their interests. In justice to the government, however, several moves have been Initiated In the put In an effort to correct this lack, but the entitles c:reated by executive orders were left to wither on the vine until they had to fold up ,for lack of funcIs_ On November 28, INT,

the late PresIdent Roxas created with Executive arder No. 31, the Philippine Shipping CommisMon to manage and supervise the care, custody and disposal of shlps. This body was created mainly, however, to loolt alter the Interests of the interisland shipping whlch was just then being reorganized. Sooo It had to give way to the Philippine Maritime Committee created

by Executive Order No. 488 on January 4, 1952 when the need was felt tor another entity to embrace within Its jurisdiction foreign shipping also. Although the CommIttee was advisory, Investigative and llalaon In nature, It was hailed by shlpping quart~ as a step towards the setting In order of the prevailing chaotic! state of the maritime industry.

Although the office 0pe.rates without an appropriation, It has managed to funetlon on borrowed personnel and equipment of the Department of Commerce and Industry. For a time It passed for a maritime office for the Joeal shipping men.

Then several months later after the Philippine Maritime CornmJasIon bID failed to pass In Congress, It was finally abollsbed.

Conferences, or c:MteJa,

as they are better known outside of Shlpplng Row, exist In the Philippines.

Conferences are pools of shipowners fonned tor the JlUI1IOIiI! of regulating rates, charges and shipping schedules.

In the PhWpplnes, conferences are a powerful body as 98 per cent of the foreign shipping are controlled by aliens. Conferences have. so far, ntaintalned reasonable rates.

Prospects are now bright for the Filipino shipowners 8S the government has finally realized the vital role ot the merchant marine In the country. With the propo!Ied Implementation of Republic Act No. 1407, PhilIppine overseas shipping gets a badly-needed shot In the arm. The Act, otherwise known as the Philippine Overseas Act of 1955, provides for the private entities to acquire sea-going vessels.

Thirty-five per rent of the cost ",ill be ~houldered by the private shipping operators and the 75 per cent to be footed bv the government. Another booster to the maritime Industry was the announcement of President Garcia to coordinate the Use of all "reclit lines obtained lfrom the United States and J:1pan.

Reports recently have It that the National Development Company has agreed with PresIdent Garcia on the bulldlng of a large PhDIppine men:hant marine to be IDIderwrItten . by Japanese banks. As an initial phase of the enterprise, 12 ocean-going steamers of about 10,000 tons each will be bullt. They will have an average speed of 18 knots and wiD have an aggregate COlt of about 50 mlllIon dollars. It will be financed uncIer the 250-mlllIon do1lar loan In the reparations agreement. The COIIStrUc. tIon wiD be underwiitten by the Japanese undenvrIters 011 a aeven-year deferred payment at five per cent rate ot Interest.

The National Shipyards and Steel Corporation, more popularly known . . the NASSCQ, Is doing Its bit In the deveIopmeDt of the merc:hant marble. With Its expaded and better 8h1pp1ng fadIltles It bu _ abo mrtJed the bulk of 8I!l'VlcIna local MIS- IndudIng the OClIU-soInc Before the ftpIUISlon ot the NASSCO. locallllilpowoers had to III9Id their MIS- to Japan or Hon~ at a peat expeaR. But the NASSOO.

-a

which was created mainly to repair and service InterIsland vessels, has "OW embarked on a ship-building program to help directly In the development of the local merchant marine.

The Coastwise Shipping Act has appropriated Pl00'mUlion for the shlpbulldlng by the NASSCO under a five-year program. Each year 20 million is allotted for the purpose.

Under construction are two coastwise vessels, one for the General Shipping Company and the other for the Companla Maritima.

The 1,600-ton interisland ships will each cost P2,600,000. The first one Is expected to be launched sometime this year while the other is expected to be finished early next year.

This is the initial const.n.lction to be undertaken by the NASSCO which is financed by the RFC through a construction arrangement applied for by the shipping lines concerned. These two ~hips are part of the seven Interisland vessels, four tugboats and 12 barges which the NASSCO will ultimately construct under the five-year program.

Plans are also afoot for thP establishment of a steel plant In IUgan City, Mindanao, according to NASSCO General Manager Bernardo Abrera. The plant will be In operation some tIme In 1959, If plans do not miscarry. The establishment of this steel plant will be a vast help In the development of the shlpbuUdlng program. r.terlsllUld Shlppln«

When the rehabilitation of the Philippines went Into high gear in 1946, the d0mestic water transportation, laid waste by the last war, had high priority In the reconstruction program. With some 43 ships loaned by the United States, mostly FS and F type army surplus, the crippled Interisland shipping flickered back to life. The ships later turned over to the I'tIIllpplne government In accordance with the surplus property agreement of September 11, 1946, were later sold to the FIlipino ship operators. Twelve years alter It was rehablUtated, the domestic mercantUe fleet now has 140 vessels which serve the present needs of the Internal trade of the Islands. Of the 140 .shlpa, 75 of these operate out of J4anl\a while the rest

ply the routes out of O!bu City.

Since there Is a dearth of s hipping statistic.. private enterprises. such .,. the FIlipino Shipowners Assodation, have und~ ·taken .tudies of the dOl. estic trade. But among the n ~ny surveys made of the sl. 'pping. Industry, the study UI. · dertaken by the Standford Research Institute is by far the most -::omprehenslve.

All of the 75 principal ves..<:els which make up the Interisland fleet operating out of Manila. are of the United States surplus variety. Only ninE' were a cquired elsewhere. The FS \'e,;sels make up about 62 per cent of the. total fleet.

To provide additional cargo and passenger space. 16 of these FS vessels have 'been lengthened. On 37 ~hips , the bridge h as beE'n extended to the stern to add more passenger space. Pra c· ti~l1y all of these vessels were acquired fr('m thl' United States surplus military fleet.

Touching on the s urplu~ vessels, Col. Generoso F .

Ta nseco, President of the Filipino Shipowners Asso· ciation, sald that thp cry· ing rt€ed of the shipping industry is replacement. Tanseco also added t hat 95 per cent of the ships comprising the interisland fiel't are of the surplus variety. Since most of them were constructed for rnlUtary purposes, thE'Y are unsuitable for service as commercial vessels. Besides being slow and small. and despite the fact that they have ,made changes as to lengthening thE' ship, the defects are fundamental. He sald that the engines that propel the ships have seen so many years of service and should be replaced; but replacement of engines .at the moment Is out of the question as It wiU Involve great expense.

To aid thE' speedy devel· opment of the maritime industry, Tanseco believes that the government should subsidize the Industry. relax the restrictions of the dollar allocations and create an entity to look after the promotional aspects of the shipping Industry: 'The Publ',~ l'lhipplng Act of 1919 should be fully Implemented.

As summarized by re~archers of the Standford Research Institute, the prob_ lems facing the interisland shipping are: 1) There Is no governmental control and CONnNUID NEXT 'AG!

Air Permeability and Water Vapor Permeability --Two Ventilating Properties of Leather'

Anest~

ventilation of the human feet und.,.. tropical conditions favors Increased amount of p~plratlon , thus Inviting a variety of foot diseases. l ea'''ef, a basic material from animal skin, is proven to be 'he best choice as normal covering of the human feet. venti/allon Is a natural property of leather shoos because leather's fibrous strudure with fine, airy Interstices allows free passage of perspiration and heat, but at the same time resists wetting.

'00'

R H TRADING

(Retail)

444 p. Gomez, Meinila Tel. 3-98-71 ; 3-87-64

.

HERMOSO HNOSe, Inc. (Tanners) . 448 P. Gomez, Manila Tannery: Meycauayan, Bulacan

FOR PERMANENCE ...

"BEST

BY

TEST"

(faU PORTLAND CEMENT (0• DASMARI;;jAS. MANILA

*

TtL. No. 2-69-76

MORE SHIPS

CO_III

Outlying and uiKlerdeveioped ports depend on smaU

motorized boats for traffic HAGNAYA, in the northern part of Cebu, like mod outlyirtg ports 0/ the country ill

senled by big 00ata. People depmd on lautlche8 like the "Madridejo3" for trade.

II0t

§ SIEMENS-SCHUCKERT

t

and

SlEMENS-HALSKE Speed Philippine Industrialization with all types of eledrical power equipment and materials

have been installed in the Philippines

t

§

SIEMENS & HAlSKE

SIEMENS & SCHUCKERT

...... ,~ GO"'AHY

EII1AHGfN. GUMAHY

• POWER SUPPLY EQUIPMENT • ELECTRICAl. EQUIPMENT 'OR TaANSPOItTATION : MOTORS AND SWITCHGEARS • tNDUsnlAL IQUIPMENT

• • • • • •

TELECOMMUNICATIONS EQUIPMENT MEASURING AND MITUING EQUIPMENT ANTENItA SYmMS IIAILIIOAD AND TLUFIC SIGNAL SYSTEMS FIlii AND BURGLAR ALARM SYSTEMS l~~:i~~srAUATION nac:nIC a.oac: SYSTEMS L • LUMINOUS INDICATOR AND PAGING SYSTEMS , • CONVEYOR SYSTEMS ELECTROGERAT~.

ALL TYPES Of MODlIlN TELEPHONE SYSTEMS • ELECTRIC DOMEsrIC A"LlANCIS

SIEMENS

For

lurthe;~:~!;

_.

WOLFF" COMPID, INC.

410 SAN LUIS, lllMITA, MANILA

TEL. 5-19-16

regulation of ttK' s'andanls of service; 2) Ship operators have freedom to institute or suspend service as certificates of public ronvenlence and necessity are not granted; 3) Ineffective rate regulation; 4) Intense competition of the shipping operators have resulted In it rebate system; 5) To obtain favorable terms, shippers play one shipping firm against another by using bargainln!,: techniques; 6) Due te. the variations In the ra tes paid by the shippers and the degree of services oUered to the shlpJlers, there Is widespread dISt:rimInatiolL To solve the problems plaguing the maritime Industry, Jose M. de Amusategut, president of the Philippine Shipowners AssocIation, came out with several proposals 1. Call a conference of shipowners for a thorough round-table dL~ of th.. problems 01 lIhlpplng.

Such a conference will bring to the attention of the government many things which shipping men have long wanted the government to know_ 2. Undertake the rompllation of statistical data lor reference in pIilnnlng for the future of the shipping Industry. Such data Is sadly lacking. The government has no record 01 the exact number of the d1ffP.n!llt kinds of vessels opentlng In the country today. What Is presently available Is the total number 01 _15 which Is wholly unreliable becauae It Includes motor'boats, motor Iaunc:bes, barges, lighters and even sailboats. We have no records of cargo movements between ports avaDable for reference and Jrtudy unJesa anyone IntereSted In theBe fIgures anlzns a .taU 01

("Ierks to compile them trun thousands of bills of lading, etc.

3. Regulate spec\rlC routes of each shipping firm In accordance with the needs of each route.

ThIs means that operation of the so-called "tramp" ships in the coastwise trade should be restricted or entirety forbidden as this pr0motes the obnoxious and deadly cut-throat competition which harms the shipping Industry and eventually will hann the public because standards 01 the servIce will deteriorate. Our major ports are congested with all types of vesseJs and the ~tlc conditions ereated by this can well be Imaglnecl The ports in the underdeveloped _ areas of the archlpC'lago should be 0pened for trade and subsidized companies willing to take the routes of these ports. world that will soon I Na witness the multiplication of atom-powered ships, the Phlllppine merchant fleet Is !ltIll nothing but a congklmeratlon 01 primitive rafts, brightened 0IICf' in a whlle by CMCtravagances !IIIdt as the yacht which the President has ordered from Japan.

MarItime disasters, too, wtJl continue in spite 01 the

protestations of offidals whose responsibilities Include the safeguarding, not only of our commen:e, but of the lives of the paa.ngers such as those who perished in the Ill-fated !'rbI_ ole MadJ'We....

The alternatives which the government and buslness must take are very deer but to a people Ion& used to seeing IJ"UII crow under Its feet, theBe aJtema· 11_ will not be eastly accepted

The CSIS is eyer rea'" to contribute its -.IIare in nation-building. Dedicated to the ""ice of the nation. the GSIS has emborked upon a Iong-Nnge pfG9rom of assisting the gonmment in IOIYing its multifarious PNblems.

• POWER PROJEOS, ROADS & BRIDGES • HOSPITALS AND GOVERNMENT PROPERTIES • GOVERNMENT EMPLOYEES' SECURITY & BEHERTS • COMMERCIAL ENTERPRISES & HOUSING PROJEOS

GOVERNMENT SERVI(E INSURAN(E SYSTEM ARROCEROS COR. CONCEPCION ST.• MA~ILA:to P.O. BOX 782 :to TELEPHONE 3-44-11 (CONNECTING ALL DEPARTMENTS) BRANCH OFFICES :to Dagupan ~ity ~ Naga City :to Cebu City :to Iloilo City . :to Cagayan de Oro City :to Dayao City

F L ANKED IJy .,econd arul thi rd bests in broad jump is Visitacim. Badana.

1£110 ga1'e lite Philippines her first gold medal on tiTst day ot Third Asiad.

BREAST{NG the tape a/ ,'nish of 100-met61' dash is tile Philippines' {no('ellcia Soli:; :dlO captured a gold medal with winning time ofl2.5 secon;:L,.

T .... E

F.L ....NlO

Climate and physique have worked against our quest for world recognition in sports but the Filipino athlete IS

capable of greatness in select events

By WILLIE HERNANDEZ

HEREDITY. the FiB lipino athlete is blessed with quick reflexes. Through y

climatic conditions, diet and ex:gency, he has evolved into the slim, agile type.

Through the past three decades, Filipino basketball players and tennis aces have ruled Asia, a supremacy maintained to this day.

Boxing, another endeavor that demands quickness of feet, hands and eyes, has been dominated by the Filipino pugilist. We reached bottom in 1958 but the descent will be checked. In the professional rinK, the Flllpino stili rules the lighter divl~ions throughout Asia.

Volleyball, another agillly sport, was jOintly ruied by

PABLO SO.lfBLlNGO takes victory stand to>' l:oming second in tile 400!It <La••'/. lRight) Silve,' '1led/llists aTe members Of p.r. 400-M Te14y team.

Filipinos and Chinese since the early thirties. Our hrand has deteriorated primarUy due to negiect. In the foreseeable t u t u r e, we should make the climb back to the top.

In the sprints in athletics and swimming, Filipinos have always been at or near the top in both men's and women's divisions.

Through the years our quest ot success in weight and endurance events has been unsuccessful. This has been due primarily to our light frame rather than to lack Of perseverance or know-how.

The Philippines, once baseball ruler in the Far East lost its crown to Ja-

"an, Korea and China. Our waning skill is traced to the lack of baseball diamonds and the national trend of our youth to take to basketball instead.

The Filipino athlete has found, and wiU continue to find, success in basketball, tennis, boxing In the lighter divisions, volleyball and baseball. He could also, If be wlUs it, regain his high place in football.

The strength sports (weightllfting and the throwing events in athletics) and the endurance flvents (the marathon and long distance events In athletics and swimming) pose Insunnountable handicaps for the light frame ot the

FlIiplno. The almost perpetual summer in our country precludes the rebuilding ef· feets of winter that has built massive frames tor cold-country athletes.

In the past decades, the FiUplno pugilist, tennis ace and basketball player sought their fortunes In the United States and Europe.

After the war, the Filipino athletes have devoted their I'ampalgns more and more wlthin the bounds of Asia.

If they would direct their talents to the agility and skUl sports, they would continue to win.

Third Aslad, staged T HEat Tokyo the last fort-

night In May this year, was

~1 "~~l~3~ A JUBlLA 1,T PhilippiM basketball squad dances ",ith joy after being dec/at"ed first place in the cage tournament, winning through a point S1Jstem.

~ TI-ILETE

THOUGH we came in sccond in 400-M swimming relay, we toon event on lapan's di&qualification.

a huge, many-faceted showcase of host Japan's regained might. At no time In the history of games of this category has any nation so completely proved her versatllity as did the host nation's men and women. Sixty-seven Japanese athletes were crowned champions.

The PhIlIppines and Korea shared modest second-place honors with eight gold medals each. Newcomer Iran .tepped up on the victory ltand seven times, ChIna and I'aklatan produced six wInnen: each. india's national 'lJIthem was played flv~ times.

Of the rest of the field, NatlonaUat Ch1rta made the most gains - from 2 gold

lIN

TENNIS champs of Asia Felicisitllo Atllpon and Raymu"do Deyro win douhles gold m edaLâ&#x20AC;˘.

~ Sl~

SANUKA VON GIESE collected siltier medal for ptacing second in l00-M butterfly stroke.

medals in 1954 to 7 last May. The games highest honor, the decathlon crown, returned to China's Yang Chuan Kuang who proved his international caliber with a second-place finish to world champion Rater Johnson in the American decathlon championships staged two months later In the United States.

PHILIPPINE PARTICIPATION Filipino athletes gained second place in the overall placlngs to retain our 1954 finish. However, In the Third Aslad, Korea, China, and Iran crowded our athletes uncomfortably. Medals

In temll~ and swimming secure<! our second-place tinish to Japan.

On the surface, seemingly we made gains In 1958 over our efforts of 1954.

H<lwever, our 1958 awards gained In 12 sports.

1n 1954, only eight CVf'n!.s were ctmtested.

A true measure of our gains or losses Is dlscovpn>d In this comparatIve " medals" table In the sports on the Asian Games calendar of 19~4.

In th" eight events COIltested four y!!ars ago. we won 45 medals in 1954 ugainst only 38 in the same events In 1958.

Our gold medJlI drop was appalling -- trom 14 to 6.

w"""

3- 3

LOSING title f1UJtcll but coppinq second place i..

P.I.'s featherweight entry. Dioni&io Guevarra.

Losses in boxing and shooting VI ere truly grave.

There W!!l e five FilIpino boxing champions in 1954; none in 1958. Four Filipino marksmen were the best In Asia tour years ago, there was only one shooting champion tour years later.

In swimming, we gained five medals more in 1958 but our champions dropped from 4 to 1 and our only aquatic gold medal was not earned by prowess but through a technicality that dlsquallfled the first-place Japanese women'~ relay team.

We made startling gains In athletics with three gold medals after a drought of champions since 1951, the

advent of the Aslad.

We kept our own basketball crown but suffered a first loss (to ChIna) in our uninterrupted reign in this sport.

In weightUtting and wrestling, where our efforts had been mediocre, there was another drop towards the basement. We gained only one bronze medal apiece in each sport.

Our medals in the added sport of tennis (2 gold, 5 silver and 3 bronze) raised our 1958 output to 48 medals, three more than our 1954 take but even with this extra sport we produced only 8 champions last May against 14 w\ru:1ers in 1954.

COMnMUED HEXT 'AG!

89

FIOPINO ATHLETE

CCI(fII4UID

We may be humbled in other arenM but we can dominate OuT display of versatility is laudable enough but

this reporter feels sincerely that the Filipino lad and lass are best suited to the agility Mil skill sports rather than to those that demand strength and endurance.

It Is suggested that WE' continue our national eflorts in basketball and emphasize our quest lor proficiency in boxing, lootball, \'oJIe,yball, shooting, tennis,

and the sprints in athletics. for past records are testI· mony to our caphDillties in these endeavors.

BASKETBALL

1be PhilIppines retained basketbaU supremacy to rontInue Its uninterrupted reign since the advent of the AsIan Games In 1951.

Three countries, the Pbil· Ippines. ChIna and Japan tied lor first place, our MJU8d keeping the throne- on the quotient system, Involv· Ing scores by and against a team during the entire championship round.

In spite of our loss to Chi· na, the first basketball set· bade for us In three AsIan Games and the first Cb1nese victory ove:-' FUipino quln· tet in a1r _st three decades, this CE'JIOrtE'l' leels secure in the statement that the FnIplno basketball player wID be the Peer of AsIa lor the next decade at least.

It Is quite true that China, Japan and Korea, coun· tries more or less devoted to the sport and therefore our more serious threats, conti· nue to make gains in tech· nlque.

The Filipino youngster, however, Is not only l tercely devoted to the sport but

he is weaned on It. In 1a.I, It has become a way of Ute. Almost a mUllon FIlIpino youngsters, annually at one stage or another, go intensively Into ~tbalI . Tbe more successful become specialists and the e1ectr11y1ng leagues of the land add to their ~ their skills, their pel'SeVeraJICl'. _

The new s'tan (Alfonso Ma rquez of Ysmael is a good llIustratfon ),-are not the t all, gangUng a wkward types but they are graceful, standing close to six feet.

They possess all-round stills ""d can play any posIdon, The fans worship the basketball stars who In tum realize fully well that scores can take their places and perfonn with equal adroitness and success. Thus the competition is llerce and the sport has become- intenslvely vibrant.

Paying

customers

have

laid down well over four million pesos at the box office since the return of basketball in 1946. Basketball Is our money game. Its substantial bank account will continue to produce more and more of those dashing performers that have made this nation basketball's dedicated slave.

Height does not figure too prominently in basketball engagements for one AsIan Is as taU or as short as bis neighbor. In rhythm, In agility and in res0urcefulness the FUlpino boy rates second to none In Asia. Because of these fac· tors and our intense devotion to basketball, It Is my consldered opinion that a FIlIpino squad will sit In four out 01 five thrones In the next 20 years of the

bd A.a.4 111M Gold Slh-er . . . .

1 ., 1

5

Asian Games.

TENNIS The Philippines still rules Asia in men's tennis. Raymundo Deyro and FelIcls>mo Ampon swept the golo medal honors In singles and doubles at the 3rd AsIan Games.

It must be recorded here. if our appraisal of strength and future hopes 15 to be honest, that india's Ramanathan Krishnan and Na· resh Kumar, and Japan's Miyagi and K.aJI» ~d not compete. 1be Indians had by-passed the AsIan Games to fulfill their Davis CUp commitments in the Eur0pean Zone and the Japanese

were ailing.

........

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1 1

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SWDOIING

Facing up to the facts of Asian swimming. Japan has so far outdistanced the rest of Asia, her neighbors are now her poor relations.

the overlord of As!an IRffmmIng, Is hard put to pin two or three &Old medals III men's BWInunIDg aDd lisladies are sbnply ~

by Australian; AmerIcan.

British and European _ en.

Our dlmate Is an insurmountable hindraDce. Our

wann

waters lImJt our traIIIiDg schedule to no more than two hours a IlleS-

.

It is highly Improbable that Deyro and Ampon can . retain their klngshlp four years hence III the 4th Asian Games. Deyro wID be 36 then and Ampon two years past 40. The cunent crop of successors to our top "tennists" have not proved their worth.

Women's tennis here Is non-existent. The Japanese girls swept aJl gold medals in women's singles and dou· bles. The Japanese also won the mixed doubles crown for three championships to our two won.by Raymundo Deyro and Ampon.

1be future of Pbillpplne tennis is uncertain. The sport Is 1mmensely expensive and Its eompetftlve adherents no more than a score or so.

The present crop of Junior players Is negUglble.

1be PAAF continues to assist our upper level per· formers but the FtUpino lad eeeklng an outlet for his

60lil

bas nothing but Indifference for this aopblsdc:ated sport that requires a decade In the mastery of its many departments..

energies

2

2.

I 1 1 J8

DI8TANCE RUNNERS VIE FOR P081TION CLOBB "'0

Japan swept aU the gold medals in the AsIan games but had to fotfelt one due to a technicality when the Japanese anchor swimmer In tbe women's 400-meter relay took oU prematurely on the last lap. We won that medal for our only first place finish in ·AsIan swimming.

We came an out-dlstanoed .econd to Japan due primarily to our silver and brolJ2le medals but It Is noteworthy that in men's IndMdual events we failed to win a single slh.er medal while China won two which mt'tlllt victories over Japan· ese swimmers. We hold no such distinction.

There Is no future for PhlUpplne ~ in the AsIan Games. Olympic swimming medals are QlIIlpletely beyond WI lor Japan,

sIon as the effects of the high tempenture are ene!"vating, Japane!le and other international stars train at least four hours dally In preparatloft for competition.

A cooling S)'lltem In our pools would help but If!e genenl apathy of youth

and fans towards the sport presents a bleak future for this unexciting sport•

-BOXING

Tbe I'tIfJfpPnes suffft'ed a sbockIDe dedIroIleIIIeIlt In AsIan Gamel boxIDC· BrIlUaDt team wbmen In the Second AsIad at ManDa In 19M with five clivi-

sIoaaI aoId medals, we lost all our CI'OWM III the 1958 edition of the Gamel Jut liley, We pined oaJy ODe silver aDd two IInInae __

daJ& oo ________________________________________________________________

~&U~

__

Asia's basketball (Ourts To further pinpoint our pugfUstic decadence, our

LIght-Welterweight

entry,

Tundio CarlJungc:o, was knoclced out by Korea's Kim Deuk Bong. '1bJs wall the first Ibort-route defeat suffered by the Philippines In Asian competition.

Japan, with a Iooe champion In 19M, registered startling gains with six crowns In 1958 to become

In Tokyo last May had no more thaD half a dozen tights during the season preceding the ThIrd Aalad.

OUr descent to the bottom In this sports, In my estlmatlon, may be checked by our perennial Coach

..Aling" EnrIquez to international competition. In September of this season, he presented two pugillsts, stiU In the novice stage (A.

Our lightly regarded eleven finished surprisingly high--idxth In a field of 14 teams.

The

triumph

had

far-

reaching effectlI. Football activities have doubled with vigorous leadership by substantiaifootbaU enthusiasts.

Sportsman Pbilip Monserrat is chairman of our Football Committee and his plans have the full support of the PAAF. The secretary-treasurer of our Federation, Serafin Aquino, and ardent football man. Is another of our indefatigable leaders devoted to the proposition that the FIlIplno can regain his pre-war football stature.

Monaerrat's plans include Pbillpplne participation in the Asian Junior championships In Kuala' Lumpur in July, 1959, staging of the Aqlan CUp eliminations at Manila and participation of the PhIlIppines In the AU Asian Selection that will tour ..<sta, and perhaps EurOpe, annually.

FootbaU today Is awakenIng. Ita leaders are vigorous and the sport has gained hundreds of followers. More and more youngsters direct their efforts to the acqulslHon of football s\dIls. Football Is In a healthy situation. Added skllls must ensue.

prone position. Where these two Asians tied at Melbourne with Identical scores of 594, at the Asian Games the Japanese marksman took the gold medal.

We have lost the initiative in AsIan shooting, I am

afraid,

blem. With the appointment of a high ranking offldal to the Shooting Committee of the PAAF, our governing aporta body. this seemIng tnsunnountable obstacle may yet be hurdled.

~tJy.

Japan wlU continue its reign through the next Aslad for Its marksmen are annual participants In world shooting competitlollll, a wondrous experience entirely foreign to our exponents of the pistol and rille.

ChIna, conceivably, will d1siodge us as runners-up to Japan in 1962, year of the 4th Asiad.

There Is a glimmer of hope. Ammunition is our shooters' perplexing pro.

WEIGIlTLIFI'INO

The welghtllftlng sport (barbells) In the three exen:ises pre9Crlbed by the Olympic and AsIan Games

gained a measure of dignity In the PbIlIppInes during the Olympic Games immedIately after the war.

RodrIgo del Rosario and Pedro Landero, bantamweight llfters, tInlshed fourth and sixth In the

Olympiad of 1952. alHTlHutD HEXT 'AGE

OLD ENGINES REMANUFACTURED "KE NEW 0., precitio. surface griadi... _hi_ ca. meet the requirements of today'. high COIIIpresaicMI ...,iMl.

SHOO'DNG

INNER EDGE OF TRACK AT THIRD ASIAD IN TOKYO.

undisputed boxing rulers of the AsIan Games.

China surpassed the PhilIppines In final team standIngs. She prod\Ked one boxing champion, the first In her athletic career.

PhIlIppine boxing had no true leaders In the period 19M to 1958. In 1956, we suffered the humUlatlon of disqualification In the Melbourne Olympic Games through faulty technique of one of our lads. There was no system of junior development. As a consequence, the FtUpino youth became Indltferent to the sport. an IndUference that precludes buge partlc:lpation which In turn means light, sporadic fighting. A small aMual crop Is denied the intensive campaigns a huae field of contestants would Insure.

JIoR of 0lIl' !aU wbo fought

Ramirez and B. Ortega) who exhibited not only excellent sklll but the purely Olympic way of boxing which can best be descrlbed as "standing up and fighting."

Far Eastern University sportsman "Norlng" Reyes Is the Immense ln1\uence and financial backer of Enriquez and his boys. It Is a team-up that poBSeSSeS corteet knowledge of Olympic fighting and Is quite substantial.

The Far Eastern University lads mentioned should go on to win bertha on our Olympic boxing squad to Rome In 1960. There, win or 10000, these two will fight with 8klIl. ahilIty to evade or take a blow, and become brUlIant credits to the dlffkult and tsxIng aport of

amateur prize-flghtlng.

Filipino shooters were supreme In the 2nd Asian Games with a devastating "loot" of four gold, four sOvel" four bronze medals in 1954. Japan then was a distant second place finisher. . Four short years later, the tables were completely turned Japan excelled with a near-sweep of the gold medals. Five out of the six shooting champions crowned last May In Tokyo were Japanese. The best we could do was one gold, two sUver and two bronze. It was our tum to finish a distant secone!.

Adolfo Fellclano was our lone gold medalist - In the Free RUle. Japan'. Hosaka and the PhIlIppines Martin Goon renewed their rivalry In the SIlhouette (rapid-fire plstol) and as In the Melbourne Olympic Gamea of 1956 the Japanese finished u-d . .

Another n!IIl8tch of an Olympic Games meeting pitted 'Japan's Inokuma and the PbUlppInea' Cesar Jayme In the anall-bore ri11e,

our method< we REJolANUFACTURE engines Into standard factory specifications like brand new.

Thru

Our shop Is fully equipped with tile latest preclalon automotive. tnJc:k and diesel erudIte

R.EMANU FAC'IURING machineries.

AUTOMOTIVE ENGINE REBUILDERS Ba-.c 14K AadaIDeIa St.

St., JlaaUa

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TelepIIo.... :

Wo.5S

91

FILIPINO ATHLETE

CCNnNUElI

Del Rosario and Landero have since waned Into obUvlon. The honors they gained remain In memory but what Uttle following welghtUftlng a e qui ' e d through their efforts have been dIspe1Ied by the mediocrity of those who came after them and the sport's complete lack of spectator appeal for this basketballInsane country.

We never gained any real measures of sw:cess In AsIan welghtUftlng.

We had a modest haul of three silver medals and a bronze award In 1954.. Last May in Tokvo we continued plumettlng to the bottom. We wel"l' down to one bronze award. gained In the bantamweight division by Al· berto NopI".

Nogar. subsequently was dispatched by the Philippine .Amateur Athletic F edention to the World Champlonshlps at Stock· holm In December. The lad finished fifth In hIs bantam· weight division. The trip should prove a tonic for barbell·m I n d e d Filipino youngsters but Nogar's ef· forts merely serve to prove my point: welghtUftlng Is not for the slim, small· boned, naITOW·hipped FUl· plno.

The FlUplno ~ghtUfter was outclassed by Japan· ese, lranlan, Korean, ChIn· ese and Singapore rtva1s last May. In tum his utt· Ing peers are dismal faI· lures alopgslde Russian, American, Polish, Italian and French champions.

IranIans and Koreans m ay .some day become Olympic champions In the llghter divisions but as a whole the Americans, Russians and Europeans wU1 remain suo preme.

PhiUppine welghtUftlng is In an abject state and wU1 remain so during many generations - perhaps un· tll the omd of time. The 'ltrength sport Is simply beyond our capablUtles and that of AsIa's sma11·boned.

Inadequately fed people.

WRESTLING To the FlUplno layman this Is an exacting sport. completely lacldng In appeal Wrestling Is a skill sport that requires sound knowledge of its technlque

92

for a spectator to properly react to it.

Philippine wrestUng Is In total eclipse. It has no following and exists In expoverty.

Japanese and Iranian wrestlers completely dominated wrestling In the 3rd Asaln Games with 'a sweep of the gold medals. Japan produced five champions and Iran three. These two wrestUng countries are world leaders In this sport.

They shared Olympic honors In free style wrestling with Turkey In the Olympiad at Melbourne In 1958.

1bere Is no hope for Philippine wrestllng's rise out of mediocrity In the foreseeable future.

The cure would be a cessation of our overseas p;U-uclpation and Investment of the savings In the services of an international coad\.

treme

WATEBPOLO

Our squad was routed In all Its engagements against the rest of the field Champion Japan, runner· up SIngapore, Indonesia and Hongkong.

We eannot explain away the devastation with the contention that water polo Is new to us. We were participants In the 2nd Asian Games four years ago.

Our fallures must be traced to the prQper sources wrong techniques In swimming and execution plus the Inadequate train· Ing enforced upon us by our humid climate.

Water polo has neither charm nor suspense for FIlipino spectators. Its devotees are alarmingly Umlted. We shall continue at the bottom of the pool for the FUlplno youth has not responded to this taxing sport.

VOu.EYBALL

There were two competl· tions, ODe under the Inter· national System involving G-man squads and the Western variation with 9 men to a team.

We finished fourth In the G-man contests In a field of five countries and last In the 9-man competition.

In the Far Eastern Games of the early thirties,

we shared Gold Medal honors with China.

In time, with the return of volleyball to the schools. the FlUpIno will regain supremacy In this sport lor volleyball Is one of our natural outlets. We have the rhythm and the agility to play this sport welL TABLE TENNIS FIlipinO'S talents .:ouId scale International heights but everything Is against It. The Asian leaders are Japan and China, gold medalists In the seven depart. ments of the sport at the last Asian Games.

ThIs Is understandable.

The manufaeture of table tennis equipment, partfcularly In Japan, Is a vast enterprise and specializing In the sport Is subsl4lzed by manufacturer'S for obvious reasons, the major one beIng the sale of their products.

Table Tennis In the Phil· Ipplnes Is an out·and-out mendicant. It produces no revenue, the paddles made locally are SO Umlted In number. the revenue therefrom Is infinitesimal. Ta· ble tennis players do not get subsidies nor overseas trips.

In short It Is an endeavor that Is left to Its own devices. Manufacturers and clubs must organize junior development associations . that wU1 encourage the youth In the acquisition of Its fundamentals.

Four years hence, Japan and China will maintain their leadership with Viet· nam again running third.

No foreseeable glory for us In this endeavor.

The

CY(JLING

'IhIs Is not a manufacturing country and we, as a people, wU1 never go pedalling about our business.

The sport Is Just newly returned to us. The pr0fessional pbaae of the sport has become a national affair thanIaI to the generosity of sponsors San MIguel Brew· ery.

The amateur phase how· ever wU1 remain a curiosity practised by a very Umlted few.

A miracle If we ever win

GOLD MEDALISTS E. Ba"tiata, P. 8"bido, 1. Gomez and R • Vista C07nP1W the Philippine 400-M Telay team at T~1/O.

an Asian Games In this field.

medal

ATHLETICS Through the years, the Filipino athlete has held his own In the 32 men's and women's events of Track and Field only In the sprints and in the women's low hurdles.

In the last AsIan Games. we won three gold ' medals (one In the men's division and two In the women's group). This Is a distinct gain over the previous two Games when we suffered a gold medal drought.

We flnlshed sixth In the men's division In the ThIrd Asian Games. Our ladles did much better with a second place finish behind the Japanese girls.

Japan, Pakistan and In· dla shared gold medal supremacy In men's track and field events last May, each with five champions. The Japanese girls overwhelm· ed the field In their group, winning 7 first places to our two and none for India, China and Indonesia.

I foresee a dreary 4th Asian Games for us In ath· letics. Japan, Pakistan, In· dla, ChIna, Korea will con· tlnue supreme In their specialties In the men's dlvl· slon. Japanese girls will remain unbeatable, with FIllplnas again second to them. The rest of Asla's women are not devoted to track and field sports al· though the ChInese girls might surprise us by 1962. . In the men's sprints (100 and 200-meter dashes), the FlUplno wU1 remain a medal aspirant.

The endurance and mid· die distance runs, as It W>lS in the beginning, wU1 be the monopoly of those AsIan

countries bl~ with the four seasons.

The throwing events In athletics pose the same drawback: the slim, small boned FlUplno cannot acquire the strength of his stocky neighbors.

The same holds true for our fragUe women. They perform creditably In the speed ever.ts but In weight events they will remain below the standards of the more massive Japanese and ChInese ladles.

FIELD HOCKEY The sport Is unknown In the PhlUpplnes. It wU1 remain that way for the Fl· Uplno youth Is much too preoccupied with basket· ball.

We retained our basket· ball title, were exceptional In tennis, made remarkable gains In the sprints In ath· letics and women's broad jump, remained second best to Japan In swimming, al· though an out-dlstanced runner·up, and advanced In football In heartwarming fashion.

We suffered appalling losses In shooting and boxIng, continued our descent to the bottom In weight· lifting IIJ1d wrestling, were found sadly wanting In water polo, volleybaU, table tennis, and cycUng. Japanese athletes, organization and finances will continue to overwhelm the Asian field In thls generation. Our primary task L~ to keep ahead of Korea and China whose considerable gains In the last Aslad pinpoint them as the gravest threats to our perennial second·place t1nIsh

PROGRESS

TWO

ACHIEVEMENTS IN 1958 ILIPINOS won many friends in Asi8: when they cam~ to the aid of the Vietnamese in 1954. French Indo-Chma bad been cut in two as a convenient way out of war. To help the Vietnamese (the citizens ot the new state called Vietnam) the Filipino Jaycet'.s launched a progL路~m dubbed "Operation Brotherhood." It was not as extensive as the Marshall Plan or the Colombo Plan but in its modest way, OB succeeded in bringing together the Philippines and South Vietnam, a feat which possibly no amount of cultural exchanges between -the two countries could have achietred in so short a time.

In recognition for what Operation Brotherhood has done for the cause of humanity, it was honored this year with one of the first Magsaysay awards.

The citation read: "To Operation Brotherhood for advancing international understanding."

OriginaHy undertaken as a medical and relief service to Vietnamese refugees, OB soon expanded to include social work, and was soon being supported by the Jaycees of Asia.

The first OB team was composed of seven doctors and three nurses. By December 1956, OB in Vietnam had a personnel strength of 152. In January 1957, OB had a 50-member team in neighboring Laos.

President Ngo Dinh Diem, praising the work of OB, said: "The people of the Philippines have brought us the breath of courage and a share of <-that inner strength which only a free people know."

F

rr

HERE WAS little fanfare and a measly dollar allocation given the Bayanihan folk dance troupe when it flew to Brussels last summer to liven up the Philippine participation at the World Fair. But even before the troupe had arrived in Brussels, it bad already reaped a stonn of notices from Rome to Madrid, and Brussels was merely anticlimactic.

The Bayaniban's success cannot be measured in terms of happy reviews; in effect, it has brought prestige to the country.

The Bayanihan and the Operation Brotherhood are two Filipino ventures where more heart tha~ funds has shown up our great .. eapaclty for promoting goodwill r.nd understanding.

DB - Formula for Asian Friendship T

HE LAST DAY of August of tl••., year was a happy day for OSCQT .

Arellano. arthibect and private citizen, He recmt>ed in the name 01 Operation Brotherhood th'3 1958 Ramon MQ{J8ay.ay Award for International Understcmditlg. In his hand.. .vas $10,000 and tIDe great meanitlg IIwt it held : "The vroject will go on.~ Tlte in a way. is an architectural achievement becaU3e it i., a plan being made to work towards peace tl'1'Olig" understanding and lovo --<lnd it has not failed.. Prai:;e h~. rome abundantly from all over th.. world. Arellano has beetl decorated

by Preaident Ngo Dinh Diem of Soutl.

Vietnam as weU as by the Crown Prince of the Kingdom of Laos.• 0Pe1'ation Brotherhood has been mentioned for the Nobel Prize-and alway.

A )'ellono points to tire young people ('f OB as deseroing all tile praise.

The organization is composed of doctors, nurses, social tvorlrers . dentists, agriculturists and n"trit'oni..ts now grouped in tiny pockets widely _eparated from one another by river and forest and mountain In the K ingdom Of Lao:..

vroject,

PERATION BROTHEIRHOOD is not a new organization. U~til late 1956 the Republic 0.1 South Vietnam was enjoying th03 bene!.t3 of it. sertlice8. Initially supported by the Philippine Junior Chamber o! Commerce, which la.mcht'd it after Oscar Arellano, Junior Chamber Intenwti0714l Vios-Preaident for ABia in 1954. made a tour of Asia and saw the need to extend aid to re(U!Jee8 then crossing the 17th Parallel from North_ Vietnam after the division of the country by the Geneva Agrooment, the -project later became a vUal part CJf the new nation's machinery for rehabilitation and was able to enlist world support. In time medicalaMi..Iance was 110 longer it3 only concern.

Operation Brotherhood has expanded .'0 that it 1.003 also giving a hand to South Vietnam's socio-economic architect3 and emphasiziug the necessity tor mea8Urea to -pretJ61lt the cured from falling back into diaeaae and the healthy from aUpping into it.

While all this was happening a number Of young men' in the neighboring countTy of Laos had organized a Jaycee chapter Of their own, WId passing th.,oogh Saigon on their way to the SU:th Conference of Aalan Jaycees itt Singapore. their repreaentativee got a glimpse 01 Opon-ation Brotherhood, looked cloaeT and decided that thia WIllI a~hitlg the Kingdom of Laos nHded at the atage of growth the country was Itt. Before the withdrawal 0/ the last OperatlOft Brotherhood teama from South Vietnam a doctor and two nUl"_ from their took .o ff frinn Saigon to eatabluh the lirat contact bet_ tM Laotlana WId /I Jl'UipIn<>

O in

FOUNDER, Oatar Arellano, deLivers acceptance speech durin!} ceremony wherein tile Team received the MQ{Jsay~ay Award.

BUDDHIST monk ia treated by Dr. Ramon Pablo WId nurae C_ Apacible in Vi<mttane, OB moved to Lao3 after Vietnan •.

c.ao...

1'0""'"

medical tea"'At That Loong durillg the annual Buddhist festival in November, Olle of the features Of tile lair was an unusual booth wlun'e the three Filipln08, very much like tire Laotians in their appearance. introduoed themselvea into the comm"nity througl~ first-aid demQr13trations and actual di&pensanJ toork. WILe» they left a few days later they had made an imprint that wo.. not easy to look at withot,t nmrembering the brown fO)'eignen< who came to help a little.

In the 8ame mOlltll that the Uur tlans were git."1eIl the chance to look "pan thia OB shoto willdow brought "iglLt into tllei)' midst the Loo Jaycees were getting ready for the eventftll 6XJ:mment that ~. to bring more and large1' team.!! than this sample package into the countnJ. It was in November 1956 that the Jaycee World Congress at Wellington. atter acG03pling the Lao Jaycees as members of the international organization, approved Operation Brotherhood as a joint -project Of the Junior Chamber of Commerce o{ the Philippines lind tlwt of Laos.

The original agreement between the t wo Jaycee chapters was for the Philippine Jaycees to shoulder most of the heav y finallcia! burden of sending and maintaining fo"r teams and a re8e1'tJe unit at Vientiane for a period Of three months and transporting tllem back. All the necossary arrang..ments utith th" Royal Lao Government for g03tting all pers()nnel .wttled ill the country and Rafeguarded whi18 daing tlleir mission would be made by the IJao Ja1/cee.• , who would take tlpon the1ft8elvas the support of the project at the Lao end. -providing housing, trallsportation and subsistence in additioll to all facilities that may be lleeded in the operation of all t>eams.

With support coming ill from variOUS 80UrCe3, OB has managed to go on up to thu time.

G. Bu.-ce Bunao_ managing editor Of the Weekly Women's Magazine, describes the initial excursion at an 0peration Brotherhood roam into a Uur tian t.'i1lage. Bunao is more than qualified to apeak for the young .",en and Wome1t of OB. For nine montha, he was in Laos ol>3erving it3 work.

AM BAC Is a little village In t¥ N KIngdom of Laos. Its feet In the hurrying brown river that cuts It oU

from the makeshift airport whe1'e an anny unit drills Its men, it lies across Its own share of Lao land with Its head on a hill that holds a Buddhist pagoda and houses the boIues*, The sun stares at Nam Bac through coconut trees and pomelo trees and orange trees, and finding it alm..t difficult to see what the houses hold In them because they have only ODe window to look through, It drap Ita

glance across the yards and notes a few naked children among the Ill-dad ones, spots a number of healthy ducks grouped here and there, <!hases some chickens Into the shade and Is amused to find one dog of foreign breed lording It over on thl: square betore the government dispensary.

One wann day last year, people. very unusually, streamed Into the scene In the middle of the afternoon llke extras preparing to meet a shooting schedule and were caught In a huge flood of light.

The Laotians were meeting a FilIpino doctor doing medical duty for

VIETNAM Presidettt. Ngo DinA DMm, applauds at a program in SaigoII

Operation Brotherhood. He h"d come in by plane. a Canadian Beaver. With him were a Thai Interpreter (the Lao language belongs to the Thai Unguistic group and Thais can easily understand and speak Lao), four other Filipinos, two of them nurses, and 50 kilos of medicine and Instruments.

Before the day ended Dr_ Pedro Joaquin, surgeon by profession and dentist by necessity, had extracted a botherso!De tooth, made a few vlsJL~ to the very sick In the neighborhood an:! talked to the little government nurse about the use of the dLqpensar)' under his care.

In the ev<!nlng, at a dim-lit party in honor of his team and the depart• Buddhlsl moo>In. ~ lAo _ 8U'YeI • Ibort time of . . We _ _ _ In _ .., tile ......" pqvdao• ,tempJee) In ttw II:lftadacn.

ing mmmandallt, he watched several Laotlallll tie pieces of string alf.el'. nately around both his wrists as the \\1I01e gathering did among them· llelves (for luck) In a ceremony he had beCOlile U5ed to In his seven months ·In the AsIan country. Then he drank beer In tall bottles and ate gluttlnous rice and chicken with his hands, watched the nuB ...oag he nevt>r could dance and retired to the bamboo house the villagers had prepared for the team to stay In. THE SUN was barely up when the doctor and his nunres walked the next morning through a curious crowd to the dIspeDsary across the square.

Pete dIagnoIMid, the nlmll!8 filled his prescriptions and gave Injeetions, and they assisted him one after the other In mbtor operations (ptherldlum, harelip, cyst, hemorrhoid) which added up to 15 v.1thln the {"",. days ot

same humor Into sleep to snore until morning. All througb the forgetting and the remembering and the humor was work, hard work, so that the night before the team's scheduled departure Nurse Mely Kagahastian. seated on the bamboo floor In a flood of patient's CBTds, reported to Team Administrator Jose Alejo an average of 350 cases a day.

Even the 15 surgical cases taken care of In three of the five working da3III were no surprise Nurse Kagahastlan and Team Administrator Alejo, who both first came to know TuuDo (Lao for doctor) Pete when he was a.csa (Vietnamese) Pete IUIIOIIg the refugees from North Vietnam In 1.954-56, the time the organIzation he was CODDeCted with first drew the eyes 01 the world In. Pak· song Dr. Joaquin is remembered lor having done as many as 90 surgical operations in one month.

to

Sald Surgeon Pete: "A doctor must be a saJesman-and a showman. It is not easy to sell surgical know-how.

But you've got to C<IIlvlnce those who need an operation to submit to the scalpel. In Paksong It was just a!f difficult to start as anywhere else."

And the doctor gave his idea on how to start a surgical program in any new field station: You keep your eyes peeled for the simplest case, say a cyst, where there is almost no risk of talIure, get the patient to the operating table and release him after the operation Into the waiting crowd outside with a plaster in place of bls cyst and a story to tell about the painlessness of It f JI. In a few days, when the wound has healed, you have aU the sick coming to you and you have a simpler job getting at the more complicated cases. Should you tall once or twice only after so many

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Diem, flrab!/tIl to OB, cfecorCIted tile tBam 1m" U. _It. their stay.

Pete had been .dJeduled to talw his breU: and tIJouaht when he was pulled out 01 his field station In Pak-C, In the muthem .part of Laos. that thb _ It. Instead the field coordinator Introduced him to a new nurse recently BIped up by the Manila o.UIce, got them both btto a plane for IIuonc Sal. the nsrest field stadoa to Ham Bac: (25 minuta by plane), and told them that they were to be put of • 1lyInc mobDe tam reqIISted by the Royal lAo Govern_ t tIuvugh the IIlnIstry of Interior and the Presidence du eon.en. ., Ham Bac: the doctlir foraot for tIM: IDOIIIeIIt the withheld vacation, I'eIIII!IIIben! all the time his girt In Pabon&, tIIn!w around much raw, ID\poIJUed humor aU throuah his waJdna bourII and IIItd aut of that

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successful operations (any doctor Is bound to have his failures), the pe0ple will be ready to accept the inevitability much more easDy than if you tall In the beginning.

"Just beware of a wrong start," Pete emphasized. "People remember."

And people remember also when the start is impressive. They talk about It. The Laotians and the few Khas (a mountain tribe) In Nam Bac proper (population: 480) spread the word around the 23 villages (total population: 3,681) that the FilipinO doctor and his team had set up an Impromptu operating table at one end of the porch of the government dispensary and were performing surgical operations. Among the patients who came on foot (without footwear as well as without vehicles) from as far as the nearby mountains were women with real flowers for earrings and nothing above the waist except heavy silver necklaces. And all who came were poor people, each of them oppressed by Ignorauce and dirt and the simplest ot diseases, dragging themselves towards the dispensary

with curiosity and a desperate bid for medical care.

ON THE LAST DAY at the mission Nurse Lolita Lagao, tired and unused to her new job In an AsIan village out of touch with the rest of the world, had learned a few Lao worels essential to the work, recalled how different It was at the North General Hospital In Manila (where she spent her days as a student) and at the San Juan Hospital (where she was head nurse), and heard :Taamo Pete say: "You'll learn to adapt. Wheu there are no conveniences, create them. When you don't have the best, make the best of what you have.

When you must save a life, there Is no time tor the elaborate."

Nurse Kagahastlan knt:w that already. She was pleased with the work for the week. When the stitches were removed and the harelips were gone and the eyes operated on looked better, she was happy' for Nam Bac and she was happy for the whole team.

Dr. Pete drank beer again In the evening at the send-off party In the

square before the dispensary that had become a landmark 01 Philippine-Lao

friendship. He ate gluttinous nee with his hands, and chlckbI also, which was always In the menu the vi1IqerB served the team dlll'lng the whole week. He listened to the music and wben a young woman stood In front of him and clasped her hands before her as In prayer, Taamo Pete knew he was being asked to daDce, and everybody cheered the more than 80 kIlos'of ~d bloro- the ungraceful bulk tell victim at 1ut to the ram woq, and the doctor felt hls bands moving the way they do when he washes them before an operation.

"Walt till they hear of this In Paksong. Aurtng will surely burst out laugblng."

But that was part of the secret 01 good public relations. To Dr. Pete It was Important, just as Important as eating with the hands and drinking unbolled water at a party with those who do (and sulfaguanidine will take care Of the consequences). Maybe It was the doctor's skill at public relations that made headquarters choose

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won new friends, prestige him for the job of opening up an area for more work.

WHEN the team was about to leave after five and a half days in Nam Bac. the government nurse had been given instructions on post.operative care of the surgical cases, and the chao muoug (district head), who held office in distant Mu Nguol but stayed In Nam Bac to take care of the missioners, had received for the use 01 the population the medicines left over. The tasseng (town head), was all over the place ordering more than ten of his men to carry the luggage of the flying mobile team to the boat that was to ferry the FIlipinos and their interpreter across the river and to the airport.

SaId the short, dark chao muong with the fancy mustache to the stocky foreign doctor with the skillful hands: "This Is the first time a group \Ike yours ever came to Nam Bac. Of course, there was a French doctor once. He aIsu sewed up harelips.

Dr. fete smiled and thought: That young girl will now find It easier to

find a lover. And she can kiss better too.

And thinking of love and the girl he left in Paksong and their scheduled trip together back to Manila (just as soon as the Nam Bac assignment was completed, so he was promised), he was first to reach th~ river. The mission had been fruitful (for the trip back the team had pomelos and oranges and coconuts, some of them gifts, some bought).

The man who surprised the doctor by walking back home rlgh~ after hemorrhoidectomy had brought a chicken and two coconuts in a simple gesture of gratitude.

Now the government nurse, who had used only French drugs In his profession, wondered how he would learn to read the labels on the American drugs the team left, or the instructions that came with them, and the people wondered when they would i!ver have such medical care again.

But the team was coming back to teach the nurse to read the English labels and instructions'-8Jld to treat more of the sick. No oue In Nam Bac

knew when. Hoping it would be soon, the peopie followed the team with their eyes to the airport, waited for the ~ha() muong to board the motor boat that was to take him back to Mu Nguoi and slipped back quietly into the old pattern.

The farmer went back to his farm, the gardener inspected his small track garden for something to eat, the maker of knives settled back in his primitive shop with his little boy at the blowers, the housewife just across the suddenly dead square took the spool in her hand and starled weaving at her old wooden loom the cloth fOl all the family to use.

And the sun, through the coconuts and the oranges and the pomelos, found the same old quiet scene, except that there were a few chickens missing (the people had fed them to the missioners), as the village washed its feet In the hurrying brown river that cut it off from the airport where Dr. Pete, pacing the field Intpatiently while waiting for the plane and thinking the pilot had forgotten to come back for them, said to Lolita, "Maybe you removed the strings on your wrists before the third day was over. They say it's bar! l'lck to do that."

Before Lolita could deny it, the sound of an engine broke through the heat and the plane c;une down at noon.

•

ADOPTED SON, J08eph OB, oj Operation Brotherhood i., cared lor by one oj his 17 10000er va-rents, a Filipino nurse who served in Vietnam. J08eph was born after an emergency Cae3arean operation performed by OB doctors. Didraught pane'ntl lelt him. in the care of the team

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FILIPINO F OLK D .ANCE

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R,ed iscovery

8,. MARY R. TAGLE

BAGOBO TRIBAL DANCE is performed by Bayanihan trouper.' Jose Conrado Benitez andCecilia Carrion. Bayanihan adaptation retains original flauor.

Is anything I FthatTHERE speaks for the pre-

FANDANGO SA I LAW i3 per/ Uf'YI1.ed by tki3 Soutltem Luzon grandmot her during lollc dance l e8tiual at tlte Riml Memorial Stadium . She Iuus s/wwn that even without tkeatTicals. t lte f ol k dance can hold i ts own as good tkTeatre.

9

servation, and promotion of the Dance in the Philippines it Is the fact that out of the many facets of our na tional na ture, the Dance is the one thing which we have in common with the rest of Asia. While there seems to be no meeting ot thE' mind~ with regard to religion. politics, and specially government, and where even cultural ties diverge, when It comes to the dance, we can swing to the same tempo, and dance to any tunP. and thereby retain our terpsichorean kinship with the rest of AsIa. At no time has this been more pointed up than In 1958 wht:n the Bayanlhan troupe scored success in the International stage. Foreign audiences lauded these " dancers of Asia" thereby setting the recognition that the!le dancers belonged to Asia and were not borrowers of Ideas or cultures.

at course, the comparative success abroad of the Bayanlhan has moved many to make the wry observation tha~ give one a few Inches In the Stateside publications, and he's made.

"That, howevp.r. Is only half the truth: the Bayanlhan, make no mistake about It, Is good, Excellent. the BEST. But the FIlIpinos themselves ttld not realize this until the foreigner had done 110 first. After aU, didn't Walt WhItman go through the IUlIIIe 1nJtIation? And It Van C1Jbum ~tlll a promising ynung "ianlst - from TexaS didn't win a scholarship and high praise from Russia, would he have won the kudos of his countrymen?

Perhaps much the same thing has happened to the Bayanlhan troupe.

The PWU danr.e contlni"nt Is very good as tar as tolk dancing goes. And besides, the ~rs had excellent costumes, an excellent dance

director, and proll!' that left to be desired.

And finally. they had something which other groups fairly cried out for, but did not have: pluck and daring. Staggered by the prospect ot uncomfortable travel abroad (the Central Bank had not looked too kindly on their dollar appli· cation) they nevertheless went aJw,ad to Brussels and to tame. The Ed Sulllvan show followed. Upon Its return the local socIo-cultural set, usually averse to the Idee. ot sitting two hourR watchlrur tolk dances. tought lor choice seats durIng the troupe'! first pertomllince.

The nonna) courae would have been that talk on the troupe should have abated by now. But the BayanIhan girls are stlll being sought. and the latest word Is that the group has been signed up by the AmerIcan impresario Sol Hurok for an American tour middle of nest year. no~

PROGRESS

This will be the first major engagement of Philippine danc:e theatre on the professional stage abroad, II ~rage which has seen the best of India. 'fbailand, Indonesia, China, and Japan. from all this, B UTIt ASIDE a happy sign that Is

our folk dances have broken away from the near obllvion we had relegated them to.

Until I'~ Reyes went Into the ~ re..earchlng on native dances-, talk of Philippine danC<!5 and what we did have was ~trlctly limited. There Is the Tlalkliag, wbich Is standard fare at any blenvenida party for tourists. A folk dance showpiece, It has ('ontlnued In popularity here and abroad. It Is as Inevitable as the ~ato and ...I.bat at a barrio fiellta, and the Filipino going abroad was

tlon In the dances of the country. Our folk dances, are after all, lnDuenced by climatic conditions, which are not conducive to vigorous and strenuous diversions, so it Is said.

Now all this taik about the Bayanihan has awakened Interest In our native art. Philippine folk dances are said to pass the 200mark, and this is no gross exaggeration. Aside from the few basic dances, the rest are repptitions of the move.n-t ....

Not a single _ _ can be said to have movemenn.-..-.. cullar to it alone. The foot movements of the different dances are at most modifi- , cations of each other and any attempt to present a program of native dances of more than half a d07kn would do well to choose dances markedly different

RESEARCHER Mra. Francisca Reyes-Aqvino i3 intenliewed by A. G. PaUleo, Jr. 011 televiMon program. Mra. Aqvino u one of the folk pioneera in the Philippi_, is vocal about IIl10rlB to !.Cater down originality of our folk dance3-

careful she had memorized the "teps. A fast·stepplng lively dance, it !s named after the 1WbI&, a bird wh~ sprlgbtiy movements fonn the basis for the dance.

Two stout bamboo poles are set about and two people lIquat Ob the 1100r, manlpu· Iating the same whlle two sIdllful and daring dancer.l JumP in and out of the pole whUe they ar.. struck together in precise rhythmic beat, sldpping to the lett, to the right, to the right and to the ~ft.

After the tIaIJdmc, what!

It used to be programs at ~ always offered the and the raadaap. two languorous and slow'IIOVtng dances with almost p!Iltk: motion, which have retained their singular post-

a..u-

l,sa

from each other It he Is to hold the inlerP.st of the au· dience. A combination of all the dances would be the Sartldo, which contains the most complete assortment of l<b!ps of the different dances and combining mix, tures of VI sayan, Docano and Blrol dance steps.

T

HE FILIPINO dances for any reason at all.

The Pagtataaimaa is danced when planting rice. KIaa.... when the men go fishing, they sing happy birthday to the steps of the Pntoag, and In May time, there Is the BaIaIdaIaua. And the natiw swain will dance the Aril!:gladia«-gladiag, I or Rogel.. or CJarIa- or B.maw) when he goes a-<:aurting, and on the wedding day,

carrying the bride to the middle of the dance floor, he dances the SOry.... (or PadaIlg-padaag, If he is from Antique, F •• daa~o, from the Visayas or Luzon or the Gala if from Bata· nes) . Should he want a child and In a hurry, be goes to Obando to dance the SaD Pa.""ual BaIlOll in supplica. tion, and if the favor Is granted, he dances tbe Dug"0.

At this point, It may be as ked, if the Filipino does not do anything but dan..--e.

The Filipinos, admittedly, are a dancing people, and "'--"0 excuse at ail, will dance. ~tu:r countries of "'.sla, howeve~--bas to be some excuse, like a h:-ligious commemoration or a s tate function, but still the average of dances danced In the East is staggering.

The dance is, after ail, far more an Integral part of living in the East than it is in the West. In many coun· tries, as a matter of fact, it is actually' a n expression of wOr.lhlp a nd in the earlier days, existed merely as an "djunct to ancient magic rituals and cult of ancestor worship.

In Orientai countries, the burden of Interpretation is placed on the upper body, and generally, the hands play the most Important role. Each country has Its characteristic style.

The flat hands (pataka) of In· dIa, so beautiful to behold, so flexible, has its counterpart in other countries, al· though no two countries have the same movement.

From the hand movements of an Orientai aione, one car. say what country she comes from. However, the neck and shoulder.! aiso play an important role.

Bells accentuate rhyth. mic under.ltructure. Spn-ad knees are invariably seen only .in the masculine dances.

It Is perhaps pertinent to point out that whlle in other AsIan countries, the Influence on dances has predominantly been Indian, In the PhlUppines we have bonow. ed from France (the stately B1&od0ll, a must In any formai function), England (JI&.1agIes), from Spain (La Iota, A~ l'aadaqo), and PVefI America (1llrgIala, with polka·step beat).

The only truly native dances may be said to be the ones which retain stngu:arly pagan cbanns so sadly ' rnIs.<Ung In the TtnIldIJlg and the c..u- The G·strlng-

ed Igor ot dances to blood· tingling throb of ga ngsas a nd simulate combat. Hea· vily loaded with bracelets and beads, the women join the dance, their bare feet moving about on the ground In a rigid, ungraceful shuf· fle. The Igorot bangs ~way at sardine cans, beggmg fo! alms on ManIla's streets.

They do what may be claimed to be one of the few truly native dances. And In Moroland, a man and a woman don their brightest finery and in mOVP.lllents reminiscent of some Indonesian dances, perform to the accompaniment of kampllans.

There is a s triking simi· '""'tty. of the dances of our

non-Christian tribes to those of other AsIan countries like Burma and Vietnam.

The predominance of aimost j erky movements employing constant use of hands, which weave and cut patterns in the air, scoop the very air right out In tempo with staccato musle, while feet form right angles aiternateIy, iJlustralP this 51m1larity.

The hips, except in one or two dances, I'Pmain aimost stationary, th.. wrists doIng most of the work.

MERI, writing of the L Adances of Asia,

dra~

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FILIPINO FOLK DANCE

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In the dance, we have common kinship' with the rest of Asia FILIPINA DANCER, Mn. ~ ~JI'" (above) dance director 01 the plo"'l'",ne Women'. U"tvereity. perfOT1tlll a cl~~ .-.-paneae dance with tutor. (Below) Member- -.' ,'okyo Dance School stage Indian dance baaed on epic "RaolOyafl4;,""a popular theme 01 many da_ in Ana.

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by Hindu culture and 2) no two dances of AsIa are really alike. Hence, we have the Burmese dance, characterIzed by an out-curving backbone and bent knees, the face and general character being gay and smUing, as compared to Javanese dancing, whlch Is actually far !)lore difficult than It appears. The characteristic body line is alw a rigid ~tralght back, from which the head and limbs move In spiraling movement. At all times the dancers have a dead-pan look.

The Japanese art of dance and drama have been influenced by the ChInese and Indian dramatic arts. Before the last war, the Japane!'e was said to have the best-preservj'd of all eastern dances. Tradition was allve and the arl with aU its adjuncts, music, costume, was richly patronJzed. Pr0perties are much used by the Japanese dancer. A fan, for Instance, becomes a variety of things, so do flowers, spears, parasols and the

sleeves of the kimono. Slam and Cambodia have adopted the RamayaD& and the alahablaarata as the sources of their own dance-dramas. In Bali, the best-known and . most beautiful dance type is the ~~. a pantomimedance performed by two young girls. The movements are quick and com· blne at once moving brows, neck, shoulders, elbows, wrists, tlngers, knees and feet. The knees are bent.

In the ChInese dance, the mascullne and femlnJne technJques are rigidly divided; the spread knees of the man being the most ab. vIous example. Properties are often and elegantly used and the character1st1c backline is plumb-line s~ht.

How do our own FIlipino dances come close to these Asian counterparts!

At first glance, basing from the more popular performances held at every dawn of a school principal's birthday. one is hard put to give Asian Identity to our dances, except for the swaying arms

and native dress. As before mentioned, our dances have borrowed too muci) from Western countries 80 that any sharp regional delineation has become dIff1-

cult.

However. blood tells, and And lnvartsbly one tlnds common den0minators, wlUch set out more clearly our relationship with the rest of AsIa. Our pagan war dances, for one, have Incorporated some of the qualltles that characterize· Javanese dancing, including the stiff-backed. polen-faced look. From the Burmese. It is not amiss to conelude that we share ~ habit of keeping a gay smfUng flu:e as we wave our hands. move our bOdIes and flu:e the audience.

But if one comes right down to essentials, we find that our 1Iances. are. abOve all, pecul1arly Filipino. reflecting our pecul1ar psydIology, our culture - in a way that is both graceful, Ingratlattn&,. and 'all ours..

so does race.

________________________________________________________________

~PROGR~

THE SHAPERS OF

'FILIPINO CULTURE

be wrong to generalize and to state that no I T WOULD major advances in the cultural scene have transpired

in 1958. To a certain extent, thi'l is true. Still, the year will' be remembered for the efforts of all those who are helping shape cultural trends, conscientious artists who are trying to establish what has often been gl!-bly called our "national identity." There has been a delving among the writers into the Filipino soul in its untrammeled, quaint and almost isolated milieu. Evt'n Filipino movies have sought such 'In identity in turning out pictures dealing with history and the fortunes of a tribal hero.

Filipino writers 路have not bt'en as fruitful as in previous years. No signifil'.ant writing has materialized and the Filipino writer continued to be saddled with the perennial problem of keeping his art and holding on to,his job. This was a year of the short story, as usual, and the coming of the modern essay. This was a year when poetry seemed to have lost its markets. Reviewing the literary scene, th~ critic could find more to censure rather than to praise. This year also saw the formal affiliation of Filipino writers with the PEN international chapter. and the visits of Asian, American and European writers. Filipino movies continued to suffer from difficulties and defects.

Producers and directors maintained that the industry could not thrive on prestige productions under the usual economic circumstances and were prone to take box office receipts as a more reasonable standard for making pictures. Nevertheles.'l the year is memorable as Manila played host to visiting Asian stars and movie makers at the Fourth Asian Film Festival. This was also the year when more and more joint Philippine-Asian and Philippine-American film ventures were undertaken.

In radio and tele\;sion, there has been a mastery of technique though the art side of entertainment remained still a choice between pleasing a few over'the many. The local stage has produced quite a colorful list of new radio and TV stars, but much of the entertainment dished out, brilliant in many respects, was at its 'best borne of imitation. More and more homes sprouted TV antennaes but TV fare continued to bank on canned stuff. The radio now reaches out to the barrios but one may ask, what's new over the air?

THE FILIPINO

By NVM GOHZAW

TWENTY-FIVE nations 1rere represented at this PEN International CongTe3tl in Tokyo in 1948. Four hundred delegates (from the Philippines, Nick Joaquin)-all oJ them distinguiahed writer3-<iisCU83ed the literary 8ituation and agreed. on the conclu.!ion that Aaian literature should be made more readily a!JasZabZe in tramlation to the W elIt.

QUALITY publications like these are ignored by the larger bulk 01 the reading public in the Philippines.

Comment, a quarterly, ;8 published by Alberto D. Benipayo at a 1088 while the Dillman RevIew is BUbBidizby the State University.

OFFICERB 01 the Philippine Center of International PIiJN, among them, Dr. Alfredo T. Morales (left to right) Virginia Moreno and G. Burce Bunao visit 8eMtor Recto. The Benator was allked to deliver the first J 08e Rizal lecture 8pOn/lored by the Philippine Center, an ass0ciation of writers. The lecture was llChedUled in Baguio at the National Writers Conference.

known S EVERAL people, among them well-

T. Farrell. have that perhaps the come for books from Asia to come to the fore; Watem readers have overlooked them (with the recent exception of Japanese writing); or if they haven't been overlooked Western readers have asked of the writers from Asia as Western a view of their material as can posSibly be presented. This attltltde has kept away many able writers in Asia from readers of the West - a situation hardly encouraging in the light of the current need to understand the ~ed Asian mind.

All of which may be well taken. but the fact of the matter Is that writers in AsIa know each other even less than Western readers know them individually.

Nick Joaquin attests to this shoddne circumstance from his own experience at the International PEN Conference held in Tokyo last James opined

time has

year. Not that nothing can be done about It nor that what ought to be done need not be undertaken now; but we in the Philippines find ourselves burdened with the responslbUity of acting out all sorts of roles. Some would have us act as a bridge between East and West. others would have us spearhead a Pan-Asian literary awakening of some kind or other.

No one has so much as suggested that we write more and publish better books, or that we read more and cultivate a serious appreciation for things that literature brings.

We may not be prepared to admit It but there Is In AsIa a growing community of writers a good hall of the ctvUlzed world (the Philippines included) do not know anything about.

Nor Is It a fact that these writers know one another quite well. Who has read the novels of Raja Rao, R. K. Narayan, Ooka, and K. S. Karanth! Who can speak

with authority on the works of Chairll Anwar and Aarul San!! Not too long ago, at a Manila cocktail party, a twentyseven-year-old Chi n e s e novelist happened along, accompanied by an . interpreter. Who was she!

What things has she written! In English or in ChInese! She was wearing that evening the standard high-a>Uared. amp I y-sUt costume that ChInese w0men wear, and which proved more attractive than any literary performance her physical presence might have suggested to the senators, newspapermen. and serious writers in the company. She was on her way to AmerIca, It turned out.

There her latest novel was being translated, and may soon be published. She has been writing since I h e turned nineteen. All these details had to be attested to. however, by a newspaper clipping - which. to my mind, was the least appropriate proof that the st-

WR'TER 路- .--A STRANGER IN ASIA We begin In 1958 the Age of Identity and "Who am I" actually means "'What am I capable of?"

-ruatlon called for.

Japanese publlshers, who have made big business ot translations from Western literature into Japanese, have so far as I can ascertain up till now only one FIlipino In their list. A Japan Quarterly report for 1952-1955 llsts only seventeen (17) Chinese authors and that one (1) Philippine author, as having had c0pyright translations publlshed In that country during the three-year period.

On the other hand, a new situation has arisen. Carlos Qulrlno's work on Ramon Magsaysay finds today as avid readers In Cagayan de Oro as In Seoul, while It may well be R. K. Narayan, the Indian novel-' 1st and creator of Malgudl, who will write tl!e next Magsaysay biography that will be read the world over. "R. M.'s life has a story-a beginning, middle and end!" Is how Narayan looks at his delightful commitment. All of which, In any case, has come

about neither by accident nor by design, but rather "In the fullness of time". as active M AGAZlNEiS, galleries of culture, have been of Immense help.

After Pacific Spectator's pioneer Interest In serious literature from Asia emerged such reviews as Encounter, Vak, Comment, and Diliman Review. Also. governments as well as private associations have made a program of exchange of writers possible.

Australia, we may well recall, Is soon to launeh an anthology of Asian writing; and so will Japan.

If this is how things are shaping up, at no time then has the position of the Filipino writer become more promising. He has only to tell the Filipino story as he and his generation know it and be assured of a hearing. He may well take a lead from the writers of an earlier day who plucked the fruits with fingers crude, as a

J\lllton might say, aware of course that they were guavas and not apples, or that they were perhaps atis and not pears. Several displaced generations, though, were out looking for crab apples when coconuts were allover the pla ce. Today, as we might well ha ve done earlier, the FIlipino writer has a lesson from American literature to remember when, in Dean Howells' day, he warned a compatriot i m i t a 't i n g French symbolist poetry that a writer doesn't have a native country for nothing.

Force and relevance are the obvioUs benefits. But how resolve the many dilemmas peculiar to ourtime and place ? Strictly on the level of communIcation. one pressing question is whom must he reach? Will striving for an audience at home suffice and automatically make possible a hearing abroad? Or, conversely, will a reputation abroad generate a hearing

at home, among his own people? There are indeed a good many delicate questions, whose a nswers, however tentative, can point to a great路 number of dellcate possibilities. But, speaking as a mere practitioner and at the same time thinking out my 0 w n problems aloud, I'd say this : That I'd work with whatever I have, and say what I feel I have to say in the best way I know at the present time. I'd sidetrack the communication problem entirely, give only a fleeting thought to the audience question ; but I'd come to grips, if I m ight, with something pecuIiarly F'Uipin~nd the more particular the better. And I'd leave the rest to the devices of art and the grace of God. We begin in 1958, I believe, the Age of Identity.

"Who am I ?"--an age-old question. of course - but an alI-tao-important one just the same. The possibility that in a nuclear dis a s t e r graveyards and

markers will become terribly out of fashion makes for too awesome an inspiration. But on the more positive side, identity de,ices in due course a system of possibilities too exciting to miss. ''Who am I?" means, actually. '~at am I capable of?" And given the willingness to live as bountiful a life as the gifts of our good earth may prOvide, the answer comes readily enough. To carry one's identity card in the long run means setting up an embassy on behaif of the essential unity of man.

And this is not a truth too small for a writer to think about. The genius makes of It, as Tagore did, the center of his idea1lsm.

From there the import l'3dlates.

Kipling notwithstanding, East and West do meet. They have, in fact, no other alternative but to do so. By 1959, the Filipino writer ought to have begun In fuller measure his contribution to that inspiring certainty.

P ALANCA literary awa"d tvi,,YleTS f or 19511 were g llest.. at all aw ards dinner at t he Manila Hotel. From left, N ick Joaquin.

Carlos Palanca (donor) . Amado Hernanoo.., Teodoro E vangelista (guest :rpeaker) and Ponciano Peralta Pineda. J ooquin capped the English short story ,int prize, Hernandez and Pineda won in the 1'agalog drama and story divisions, r eapectively.

958

The character, growth and prospects_ of architecture In the Philippines

STRUCTURE gives special "acrer to the newly erected World Health Or ganiZation (WHO) headquarters in

Manila. This structure makeS usoe of the thi n shell concrete roof and makes possible wider range Of vision in interim'.

T .... E C .... ~ . .GING SKV'LIINE A

CLEAN LINES make t he Delgado B"others Building ion Port AT"'" one of the handsomest edifices to be f i nished laIIt year. Building shows archibectural functionalism.

By JESUS GUEVARRA CASUSO

104

M E RIC A N architect, f' rank I'.loyd Wright, once se.id : " Architecture is always engaged simultaneously in a debate of the moment and a conversation with the centuries."

0rly buildings with some degree of permanence in construction, the more enduring structures that satisfy the problems in the scale of aesthetics, structures, and construction, may be termed as architecture.

It is not merely the art and science of building. as Webster defines It, "but man's functional response to nature and environment as expressed in structure."

The development of preSpanish Philippine architecture runs parallel to the history of arc1litecture ali over the world. Malayan emigrants who drifted to our shores Invariably sought shelter from the elements In the most primitive way which nature afforded: natural rock shelters. Later on, (by 'later on we signify around fifty thousand years) as the number of emigrants l!Tew, the ade-

quate fortituous supply of rock shelters diminished in proportion to its inhabitants, and' so the simplest types of huts or lean-tos came into being. As habitation became more or less permanent, numerous proto' types of basic shelter were resorted to. Fragile poles were utilized for framing; leave$, thatching the roof; animal skins, wattles or mud and clay for walls.

A shrine for spirit worship, the cairn covering the remains of a glorified personage" a palisade of tree trunks for defense, were the other perishable improvislons which typified these primitives' attempt at elementary constructions.

From these elementary types were evolved rudimentary prototypes that were built with the first simple tools. The still surviving huts in our lowlands or in the lfugao uplands, as well as the dwellings of the Tausogs In the southernmost part of Mindanao which were built on stilts over the water. were the resulting products.

Out of the _majority of these structures built at that time, the nipa house is made as an exampljl because a research has been made on this type of dwelling as the most typical example of our early art, culture and craftsmanship.

The Nipa House Mel V. Calderon who made a thesis an this subject wrote that the Filipino nipa house is architecturally one of the most beautiful of contemporary residential structures today. It satisfies modern requirements of contemporary taste In (1) aesthetics, (2) construction and (3) structures, In consonance with local need.~ and surroundings_ First: In spite of our forefather's lack of architectural and engineering know-hOW, they succeeded In fashioning a house that has a universal appeal despite geographical and language barriers. The proportions of the nipa house, In height and scale, In time and space and In the dlspo-

PROGRESS

,Itlon of masses and voids, are of perfect balance.

In contemporary architecture, the universal theory and practice Is based on the credo' "Form Follows Function." ThIs- credo Is satisfactorily fulfilled by our Bahay Kubo In all departments: l. The elevation of the floor line. a meter or so gives the house com!>lete air circulation, eliminating the humidity that arises from the ground. There wa~ a time when the native Filipino house was raise<' bevond thE' reach of humar h~ds. to secure It from thE agl!TE'Sslons of enemy t.ribes, and at the same time to keeo It safe from wild animal â&#x20AC;˘.

While Europe and South America now claim credit for Introducine- the sun baffles to architecture. our ,,-andfathers long ae-o perfected sun bames. The windows of our bahsy knbo have efficlently solved our climatic problems.

The materials that go Into the nlpa hou>!! are, of course. available in the region where the house Is raised. These materials vary accordine- to the characteristics of that area. For example, In Quezon provInce. where coconut.s abound, thp. trunkS of these trees, as well as: the leaves, are standard 'materials In the houses. And in places where coe-on, nlpa. bamboo and rattan grow in abundance. dwellers take ~dvantage of these materials. Furthermore, house owners didn't paint their houses in appreclatlon of the natural beauty of the materials they use.

Some families, however, in deference to superstition, were known to paint their houses with a certain extract from the bark of trees. or with natural lime mixed

with water. The paint was supposed to drive evIl .splrIts away The planning ami arrangement of house units were also In perfect order. A study shows that our grandfather solved all their housIng problems according to the modem requirements of orientation, control, circulation and usage.

Second; The skill of our "anluwagi," when It comes to bamboo construction, was an art with our forefathers.

They mastered dimension and detail. such that the process of building was a simple process of mass production. Preparatlons of the roof segments were all done on the ground. The Simplicity of construction enabled the farmer and his wife to erect one for their use. The Ingenuity of the circular intersections of the round bamboos Is quite a problem in solid geometry as well as descriptive geometry, but this was apparently mastered by our elders.

Third, Aside from the Gothic Vault, the nlpa hut Is probably the only structure that uses three dimensional stresses. Our present structures are done In two dimensions only. But, a new school in England, Italy and the United States Is gaining ground In Its Introduction of stresses and strains In the third dimension.

Our nlpa house columns were made of bamboo and were all contrived to simulate stilts. In engineering, it Is a well-known fact that a circular hollow column is much stronger than a clr~ular soUd column of the same area. Bamboo, It was found out, has compressive and tensile strength, comparable to modem steel.

Bamboos are now being used as reinforcement, some-

times in place of steel, In reinforced concrete construction. Japan and the Philippines have pioneered In this method of construction, but other countries have exploited It further.

All these findings. according to Calderon could be the beginning of the flowering of our tradition In architecture and construction and structures which were hitherto ignored.

Other examples of early Filipino dwellings are the Zamboanga, Sulu, and Tausag huts and also those of the Maranao and Maginda, nao tribal houses which h2ve been influenced by Inrlonesian migrations. They comprise, together with the lowland and upland huts in Luzon, the foundations of the residential architecture prevalent before the coming of the Spaniards. " During this period there was no developed social or political system or systematlc religion; no permanent and durable materials for construction; no sufficiency of labor that would wield more perfected tools. Hence, these residential structures were not developed.

Spanish E.-a The Church In our country was also the physical center of a community. "The roads and byways of the poblacion beginning indeterminately on the. fringes of the outlying rice1Jelds, lead by design apd consent to the plaza and finally to the church." They were constructed on an elevated or commanding portion of the townsite. For practical purposes they were massive, earthquake-proof.

The Docos towns, Manila, Morong, were the early experimental grounds for the CONTINUED NEXT PAGE

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BARREL V,AULTS of the Delaney Hall at the Uni\JI8T8ity ot the Philippines campus in Diliman are all adaptation 0/ we3tem influence in Philippine building. They make for dramatic sll<I.dbws, and grace/ui shapes and de8ign3.

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FILIPINO ARCHITECTURE co,mHUED

OLD RESIDENCES such

as these which are found in the TlocOJJ region illustrate tke architectural fad that was in vogue a hundred years ago. Stone h.ou8e (above) h.as tile roof and airy interior. Iron grilL. and lattice of Vigan residence are done in tke ornate tradition of French and 8paniah colonial arch.i/lecture (left). Masrive building (below) with kip roof (cuatro aguas) is a carry over of tke builders 0/ tke late 19th century.

A former residence. it has been enlarged to hold classrooms and quarten 0/ nuns in Tloc08 Bur.

construction of these SUl1Ctures by the friars. They were Spanish In design, executed by Filipino laboro!rs under the guidance of Imported Chinese artiSans, and they curiously typlly the Baroque, and the conglomeration of Asiatic, G0thic, and the Romanesque Influences.

Simplicity both In plan and structure was their main theme. Unvarylngly, thP floor plans follov,:ed the conception of Romanesque architecture in their simpll· city for they were either crucHorm or basically tectangular. Walls were thick and butfressed, with a pyramidal aspect due to the method of construction which In turn was dietated by the building materials ot massive stone blocks titted together by mortar. A noted historian made the observation that the designer and

pressed In architecture.

Come tile Amerleaa.

T HEIng the AMERICANS durearly part of the twentieth century added "the buslne3SWise aspect of putting the operation ot PhUlpplne affairs on the ba..1s of a self-liquidating project." In the wake of change came the structures that became the predilEc tion ot tropical heat-conscious westerners. The Americans sought a means ot domes· tfc habitat to suit the tr0pical conditions. So, the tropical bungalow became the typical structure which found expression In plain public schools; the "classic" civic structure became the prototype of a style - massive, monolithic arcades &J1d r.olonades, steep roofs , and shell windows-which found apotheosis In the PhIllppln..

Bureaucracy has stifled tne artisans exercised the utmost art and ingenuity when It came to the facade p.nd interior embellishments.

He surmised that Ideas fnr the design of the facade were presumably derived from old prints and paint· Ings or were sub~tantially what the ~uoervl~lng friars recalled of churches In the Continent.

The stn:ctures erected by the Spaniards, therefore, mostly were churches but there were also monuments, walled fortresses and the more auspicious offlclal re~Idences of oUlcla1s lind functionaries.

Elegance and texture were the new additions to the archlt£'Ztural Idiom. The pro~perlty brought about by a more or less organized social ~vstem expressed Itself In the richness of desl.m and craftsmanship. Large. Continuous glass and sheIl windows, spacious rooms. grand stairways, low relief decorations on wall and door panels, wooden tUlgree, high. ornate· ceUlnl!S, palnt and polished wood, carved verandillas and ceUlng ventilators, classic ornaments such as columns. pediments and caryt1da, which were integral with structure, were earmarks of the new and splendid style. It was an age of romance, warmly ex-

General Hospital and the Manila Hotel. In the strictest sense, the style wa~ functional.

Our archlte<:tural history has been regarded as shaped and doll\inated by occidental traditions. Yet the basic values and institutions of thP FUlplno were determined in a pre-Spanish sett ng; the changes whkh have occurred within the historical period were adapted and reshaped to local patterns ot performance, hellef, and mentality.

The early architects In the PhUlpplnes were mostly Importations. There existed but a few FUlpino architects who studied abroad.

They brought In the concepts and' credos of a new architectural school of thoul!'ht that belonged basically to another time and clime.

It was th!! age of a great

transition In style and the tendency was to 'borrow' on a lump-sum basis which couid be Justltled because It was the vogue.

Modem architecture became a necessity because of the characteristics of new materials and new methoda of construction.

But Its mllmltlon to the PhlUppines was a case of mlaapDiJcation In tlie sense that there was wh01esale

PROGRESS

transplantation that ignored local oondItIons_ U at all, an:hItecta were abo conIUlted to "prettify" the indumiaI arcbitec:ture which hitherto wu bandied solely by engineers. It was in 110cial arcbitec:ture, such as structures and ed1lkes for health and residences for the rtcber client. that the impress of the style was felt.

Its philosophy was purely academic. It was the archIteBt's response to the problem of application and the awesome and monolithic grandeur which was undergoing a metamorphosis.

Another exciting topic for debate among nationalists (lIOmetJmes called nativists) and the disciples of Corbusleran theory Is Functionalism and Romanticism.

show the impress Of new methods and materials. A~ example Is the light-weight hung ceilings in which acoustic panels alternate with transIucent sheets conOO'lIIng f1uor_t tubes.

FILIPINO outlook.

T HEaccording to an essayIst, Is essentially romaniJc _motional, sentJmental. It cannot easlly accept "revolutions".

Besides. It is tne people. as clients. who are not receptive to sudden changes.

Add to this the unavailability of Imported materials due to the limitation ot dollar allocations. So thp Filipinos. the romantic Filipinos who comprise the majority, have to take exception of Functionalism, no matter how refreshing it Is in Its splendour. "The trend Is towards more freedom in the expression of

architectural development The proponents of R0manticism over Functionalism, an Idea and a formula which Is classlcal In Its passion for structural integrity and purity, nevE'r quite found root In the FIlipino way ot life.

The credo of the "modem" arcbltect was stated

by John W. Root, on the brilliant "ChIcago School" of architects that included the great Louls SullIvan.

SaId Root. spealcing of off ce buildings: "to lavish upon them profusion of a dellr.ate ornament Is wors" than useless. •. Rat her should they by their mass and proportion convey in IIOme large elemental sense an lilea of the great, stable, conserving force of modem

clvillzation."

Root's

viewpoint,

cast

aslde during the dreary interregnum of period styles, found expression in architecture's new technology.

Evl!l")'thing taken togeth-

er, bulldlng technology has made more progress in the Phlllpplnes in the last ten )I8ll"II than in the previous four decades. The traditional bullding-created by ma8OIIS, plaateul'ers, and other craftsmen - Is rapidly being supeneded by structures of factory-made componentL

Bullding

interiors

also

In

one's personality," conclude the romantics.

Hybrid aud IntrlD!l~, Vallles On~ columnist wittingly laments: "Filipinc· architecture which has come to reflect, especially since the war, the changing social customs of the country, is !;() much of a hodge-podge as the people for whom it is created."

Quezon City baroque Is a particularly painful example of this amorphous condition. Its most characteristic types range from Italian villas garnished with tiny balconles, balustrades and arcades, to California rank houses. burdene<l with grille-work and p~st ornaments. sprawling clumslly between a ChInese tlenda and a flooded street. ' Exceot for isolated cases of "riotous grote'lquerle, glorltylng in Indiscriminate imitation. and unlma~­ tlve fakeries" which followed thE' SE'cond World War, Philippine architecture has common sense and honesty.

It Is based on reason. It might take decades before it can arrive at a respet'table homogeneity and at the moment. it Is being directed more and more along the new spirit of design by our

architects who do credit to aN'.hltecture by exploiting the wealth and ingenulty thac would give way to moral dignity as well as culturdl integrity.

The question may well artse: Should not the taste of our people be changed first before !\rchltects attempt originality!

We are not cultura1 thorou~hbreds .

What Is described 'tS " <lellberate movement towards paring away of the grotesqueries and the inferior in the cultural mixture Is true in architecture. Competence and honesty are the words that denote Philippine architecture.

Concrete Examples The character of the Filipinos may be ' '''presented in the buildings on our varied architectura1

public buildings landscape ; such as for in!>tance, communities like the Forbes Park, San LorenZO Village, the Morelos compound, and Philamlife Homes. Rooted in the city, these suburban communities are the natura1 outgrowth ot the contemporary urban economy. They are the direct result of inten- . slve urban development like that of Manlla, expressed by the expansion of the focal point towards the peripheral areas.

These above-mentioned privately-financed communities are designed by private architects. The private architects have met their challenge in their search for form and new expressions by designing these orderly. ~ystematic, and planned growth. They would stand out in any part of the world as first rate and distinct types of residential structures.

And then there are, of course, the more complex structures of our tJme that are representative examples of Philippine ¥ChItecture.

The recent Montlnola. Magsaysay and Madrigal bulldIngs, plus the Garcia, Shurdut, Gonzaga, the Stanvac, Caltex, Shell and the National Press Club bulldlngs are worthy of mention.

COttnllUID IIDIT PAGl

SAMA L house sits on lean BtUtsln placid 8ul" waten. H0U8oes like these protected 8amal.! from surprise attaek.

In edessiasUcal edifices, "the Chapel of the Holy Cross and the U.P. Catholic Chapel strike the more contemporary note. The Monterey Apartments In Makati, the Petrona and Ramona apartments buildings together with the ones to "" found along the Malate and Ennita

districts are the typical examples of progress in vertical expansion, The Chronicle BroadcastIng Network Building. was cited for the acoustical treatment expertly incorporated in the efficient planping in the particular buildIng of this complexity,

Attempts in the flat slab system was eviOenced in the Namarco Building, while the U,P. Catholic Chapel and the Boy Scouts of the Phllippines Building pioneered with reinforced concrete sheU construction.

Simplicity found expression in the Ever theater, one of the more laudable work in the grandomania of entertainment building design.

As uncompromisingly honest buildings In Manila, the National Press Club BuUding and possibly the Petrona Apartments were praised by the more discriminating for their strict functionalism, emphasized by the discipline of conception and common sense.

The Mani\a Polo Club and the B. Banas Buildings,

t· IJ·

I.

FINE WOODWORK done on protnuUng buttre8& 0/ thill Ma,ranaw house; iUtl8trtJte8 craftMn4tt8hip 0/ LaIl40 buildera.

Native builders uSing Philippine materials .evolved unique and indigenous edifices

rolling along with Progress

•• ••• ••

-• ••

---108

The consistent patronage enjoyed by JD Transit is due to its efforts to satisfy the ever-changing demands of the riding public for more comfort, safety. better service.

JD Transit keeps pace with transportation progress.

due to the extensive use of wood veneers In interior as well as in the exterior facades are also successful.

Even factories, steel plants, and other industrial buildings are now built with the new conscIoU.!'ness. The vicinities in Makati and Highway 54 saw the burgPOning of industrial design.

The Colgate-Palmolive factory exemplifies economy and efficiency of design.

In the field of residential architecture, the Calderondesigned houses, as a con· trlbution to the distincth Filipino residence, ar~ among the best. These representative groups of build· ings are valid proofs of thE presence and effectiveness 01 Philippine architecture.

Arcllltecbi vs. Bureau Designers

920-922 AURORA BLVD. CUBAO, QUEZON OTY TEL. 7-26-31

It Is praiseworthy to note that due to the perseverance of the private architects, two groups of the proposed National Capitol Buildings of the Philippines, (to be constructed on Capitol Hili, Quezon City), were commissioned to professional architects. A third group (of buildings) was designed by the Bureau of Public Works. The total estimated cost of these three groups of buildings will amount to P50 million.

What the architects deplore Is that except for these commissions, which

they consider a precedentmaking victory for the professional architects, almost all other projects authorized under Republic Act Nos. 1200, 1411: and 1613 under the General Obligations Bonds, averaging P50 million yearly, were designed by the Bureau of Public Works, and/or offices under it. This Is obvious, a spokesman of the Bureau said, "because we expected to balance such advance planning with expected appropriations and releases of funds as shown In the Budgetary Message of Presiden t Garcia to Congress."

Public buildings also include our government-owned or government-controlled Industrial plants, warehouses; land, sea and air ports and terminals; hospitals and other· types' of social arhitecture. There are several mwti-mUlion public and semi-government projects that will be put up.

Thesp are for the Social Security System, the National Economic Council, Central Bank of the PhlUppines, Manila Railroad Compan} Station, NASSCO Steel Ml\1s in I\Jgan (Lanao), Farmers Cooperative Building, (ACCFA) and the Reparations Commission.

The private architects are naturally clamoring, "Where tlo we come In?" Despl<e t heir protestatlon~ the al· chltects lament the officla' apathy.

Meanwhlle, the

main bulk of designing anO planning remain the entrenched prerogative of the Bureau, "as a justification of the existence of its division of architecture."

Instead of the government competing with the private architects, the Bureau Is being urged by representalive sectors of the technological professions to perfonn its proper fuoctions.

It Is urged to main tain a division of architecture and other such related engineering offices which adhere or confine Itself to administrative and supervisory functions. It should concentrate more of Its a'~t1vitles to engineering surveys and Investigations, programming, maintenance or operation of completed works, undertaking only minor construction jobs and those of emergency nature or of urgent Importance as much as possible.

The issue remains unTesdlvP.d, due to a lack of sympathptic understanding between the architects and the government officL'\ls In charge of public works.

It is up to our more responsible public works officials to resolve the Issue.

Long cherished ideals, established good principles, and a fair measure of ethics must prevail at all times so that our private architects wl\1 be given their rightful share of participation in oue country's nation-buUdlng.

PROGRESS

I~

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Philippine writing -IN

\

•

0/ the ,inest cra/stmen in the country today. continues to dominate literary seene.

NICK JOAQUIN. one

THE LITERARY SITUATION: 1958 I, FRANCISCO AICELLANA

1958, after twelve years . of sovereignty, after half a century of popular reading in it (the life of our great contemporary, the Philippines Free Press) and higher education in It (the age of our state university), after almost a score of using it as an official language, and after almost a decade of this annual PROGRESS report, we ask of the FIlipino write!: in English the same question we did when first he began to write in English: why write in EngIish? does he have to? 1s . Filipino writing in English possible?

Does the FIlipino writer in English function? did he, ever! will he, at all?

Students of Filipino liter ature will remember 1958 as the year the FIlipino writer in English began seriously to doubt his survival. began to wonder if he isn' t dead wrong after all, started to consider giving up this strange sweet speech and switching to one of his own. The Filipino writer in Eoglish has been asked the questio]l oen tral to his being. lle thinks of IllmseIf in tenus of the horseback rider changing horses In midstream. He Imows that the image is not quite right.

The metaphor for him Is not of the rider trying to switch rides in midstream but of a bareback rider shooting the rapids and t h ink I n g of changing mounts at the same time.

He bas been asked the question but he does not walt for an answer.

The FilIpino writer in English today is given no chance to deceive himself that he Is more writer than he is FilIpino, that the Phi· lipplnes Is more AmerIca than she is Southeast AsIa, that these islands sooner form a part 0: the great Island chain called Polynesia than they form a part of the great land bridge to AsIa. Perhaps it Is IlCJt with love 115 It is with Filipino writIng in EnglishThough loven perish, love shall not Though FilIpino writing in English Is not possible.

FilIpino writers In English

are.

110

•

In

And the FilIpino writer in English who Is asked why he writes in English can turn the question back and ask: Why did Rizal writt' his poems and novels in S~? ~UBTEDLY

U terary event of thetheyearlihas been the publicatifjfi of Jose Garcta Villa's third

American book of poems (his fourth American titiP. hiS fifth volume of verse actually). The took is called "Selected Poems and New" and it is published by McDowell, Obolensky in New York (simultaneously by George McLeod LImited in Toronto). The poems cover the 20-year period from 1937 to 1957 although there are revised versions of early poems first written before the earlier date. !l'be book contains (a) 99 poems from "Have Come, Am Here" (his first American book of pc!!I1lS - his third volume of verse - which Viking published in 1942); (b) 55 poems from "Vol-ume Two" (his seoond American book of poems, his fourth volume of vet'Se, which New Directions published in 1949) including Caprices and the first and second series of Aphorisms; and (c) seven new poems. seven times seven (49) Adaptations, the third series of Aphorisms, and a final section of Early Poems (from his two Philippine volumes of verse ''Many Voices" by O. SevtIIa and ''Poems'' boY D9Veglion) composed of 20 lyrics and 15 poems of Philosophica.

There are only seven new poems in the book. 'Thls means that from 1949 when New Directions put out ''Volume Two" to 1956, the year of the most recent of the poems - a period of seven years - Villa wrote seven poems: a poem a year for seven years! The seven times seven adaptations of prose into poems are ~ riments.

The 1958 Palanca memorial awards were WOIl by ''La Vidal" by Nick Joaquin.

"The LlIJes of Yesterday"

by L Pablo Amansec, and "The Dwarf PIne Tree" by F1orenc1o GarcIa. Accordin8

English seeks to the auqwr himself, "La Vidal" was written in Spain during the first year of Joaquin's stint as Rockefeller Foundation fellow in creative writing; It Is a section of a longer wor'k beean in Spain and continued in the United States where he spent his second year as Rockefeller Foundation fellow and later in Mexico where he went as a Eugene F. Saxton fellow of Harper Brothers Publishers after the expiration of his creative \\!riting fellowship. Incidentally, Joaquin, who Is one of this year's.six SpanIsh govenunent scholars. Is going back to Spain to fi· nIsh the work that he began there. "The LIIies of Yesterday" was written for Katherine Anne Porter, perhaps America's most distinguished living woman short story writer. in the In·vc,r· slty of Michigan at Ann Arbor. and, along with other stories. won its writer. L Pablo Amansec. a Jules and Avery Hopwood award. Most of the action of "Thp Dwarf Pine Tree" by F1orencio Garcta takes place beyond the International Date Line but this Is no indication that It too was written outside the homeland.

Although local publication Is the only neressary thing to insure continuing life for the FilIpino writer in English, publication abroad (actual and future) is stili the one necessary thing for Instant acclamation. "Sweet Are the Hours," a novel written by EgmIdIo Alvarez EnrIquez for Marguerite Young in the State University of Iowa flctiOIl' workshop at Iowa City, has been scheduled for publication in Spring by Wang and Hill of New York. EnrIquez, who was in Iowa tor two yean!, at Yaddo (an art colo. ny in upstate New York) during the intervening summer, and at Huntington Hartford (another art colony at PaclfIc PalIsades) dw'ing his last haltyear in America and hadn't been home a year, Is now in SpaIn (as a Spanish govenunent scholar) to read proofs and write a new book.

All tar as foreign pubUc:ation Is eoncemed, the poets

PROGRESS

nationalisr direc:tion but IS still meager In quality and quantity have f~ rather better than the fictionists. This Is only natural: although they are not more knowing, the poets are more knowledgeable. A section of Philippine poetry in English (Villa.

Demetlllo, mo, Emmanuel Torres and Rolando Tinlo) in Botteghe Oscure has been followed by a group of poems by Emmanuel (ErIc) Torres in New Campus Writing NO.2. Torres has also appeared in Poetry, still the most distinguished poetry journal in the English-speaking world, which has been contemplating a Philippine number. Even as we write, a section of Filipino poetry has been reported as being plann~ for a future number of New World Writing.

N.V.M. Gonzal~ the publication of whose second -nove\, 'Season of Grace," was the literary event of the year of a couple of years !>ack, has finished his third路 which he has written both in English and Tagalog. ThP work in English, &cheduled for publication In two consecutive numbers of the occasional supplements of the Sunday Tinre.. ~fagazineJ marks a departure for Its writer: the action of the novel is set everywhere else in the world-Taipeh, Seoul, Tokyo, Palo Alto, Gambier, New York City, Bread Loaf -except Mindoro.

Gonzalez, who had to take leave from teaching to be able to write the novel on a Rockefeller Foundation grant, also made it possible for the Diliman R6I1iew to publish R. W. Stallman's selection of "Seventeen American Poets" In Its only issue this year.

The next number of the DiUman Reuiew wfll be devoted entirely to "La Via", Ricaredo Demetillo's latest book of poems. Demetlllo, whoee first book, "No Certain Weather", appeared only not thFee years ago, Is already at work on his ~ long poem about hili Island ' home, Panay, which may well be our first Uter&ry epic In English.

The Gonzalez novel has aIIo been scheduled for pubUeation u one year's Issue of the Dil'_ ReIMw_

Another book of fiction scheduled for publica~on sometime this year is a collection of short stories

by Bienvenido N. Santos who is now in Iowa City working with Paul Engle and Vance Bourjaily in the poetry and fiction workshops of the State University of Iowa. The book, to be called "Brother, My Brother", is Santos' third, his second book of stories. The first two are "The Wounded Stag", (poems) and "You Lovely People" (stories).

These books of poems, novels, collections of short stories, published or scheduled for publication thi.. year, are not the only manuscripts all set for printing. Carlos A. Angeles has a manuscript book of poems called "The Knifed Horizon"; so has Amado Unite, Amador T. Daguio, Emmanuel (Eric) Torres, and Rolando S. Tlnio.

rary weekly (the first of which, after the war, he had won) by joining its staff, there was speculation for a while as to whose shoulder finally would fall the mantle he had relinquished as that magazine's most distinguished fictionist. The speculation didn't last very long. Since that first postwar award to Joaquin, a young writer who began to write only after- wards has won the bi!!,

selected poems G/nd new

they hav/) A LTHOUGH not begun to think (at least not audibly or in . print) of publication in terms of books, we have writers who should, this year or any year after this (and the sooner, the better), begin to think so.

The first writer that comes to one's mind is Estrella D. Alfon who has only this year begun publishing again after a long silence in the sl!Ort story: she should get her best stories together (including those which Macmillan wanted to see) in a book.

When Wallace Stegner came to the Philippines almost a decade ago. he paid public homage to the work of only one writer in the coun~.

In an open forum, he read this writer's work-a description of fallIng rain-and said It was writing that he would have been proud to have done himself; no mean compliment. The writer was Kerima Polo tan. Since then, P(olotan has written enough stories no less distinguished as writing to make a volume.

Eight years ago, when Nick Joaquin disqualified himself from competing for the big annual short story prize of a contempo-

;" lrotIlt(fio" fI,

dauu' ((li th sit u'ell

LATEST VOLUME put ou(

by ViUa has foreword Uy Dame SitwelZ, distinguished British poet and critic.

prize three times (some critics think he should have won it all the years he entered the competition). This writer Is Gregorio C. Brlllantes who, in the words of the account written by N. V. M. Gonzalez for that contemporary's golden jubilee issue, "after Nick Joaquin, has contributed most to 'the beautiful development of the Filipino short story in English" The phrase is Jose Garcia Villa's.

Since "Manong Ramon", Brillantes has written "The Living and the Dead", "A Wind Over the Earth".

"The Distance to Andromeda" ,-all brilliant short stories-and other stories as knowing if not as know-

ledgeable.

As, if not m ore, dedicated to the short story Is the fluent Gilda Corde ro who has been writing the story a!' long. Since " The Morning Before Us", Cordero h as written "Sunburn", "High Fashion", "Anti路 christ", and : other stories which are, it not just as distinguished, c e r t a I nl:r skilled - e nough to m ake a book. Rony V. Diaz. who has written as m any strikingly skillfull stories as the years h e has beeh working in the form, should very soon have enough stories to fill a good size volume; and you can say the same t hing just as soon if not sooner of S. V. E pistola.

After a year as a Guggenheim fellow at the Univers ity of Denver and a year as a t eaching fellow in a college in Mount Vernon, Iowa,_ Edilberto K. Tiempo. who h as written the first Filipino novel ' in E nglish to be published as an original paperback , " Watch in the Night", should have enough fiction to fill a book of s tories ; and Edith, his wife, w h ose first n ovel was serialized in a weekend literary supplement of a Manila daily two years ago, would h ave both fiction and poetry in store. Their re turn this year to Silliman should intensify writing in tha t se<1shore c a m pus whe re the burden for the past couple of years h as been borne by David V. Quemada .

T

HAT'S IT: the literary s ituation of the year, more or less. The Filipino writer in English s till h as his language problem- but the n who has not?-only, with bini, it Is a second language problem : when the Filipino decided to write in English, whether he realized It or not, he also inherited all the ills that the English language Is h eir to and also all Its versatilitip.s; 110t to mention the fac t that It Is not his language. The Filipino writer in English must learn to live with his .econd language problem and like it-or he can lump it; or try to.

But language is not the

only problem; It is never the only one: there is the problem of materi8..t too. This year the Palanca aware play in Tagalog is by Amado V. Hernandez and It is called "Muntinglupa" - a kind of the poor man's notes from the underground. This is the sort of thing that can happen only among Tagalog writers: as a matter of fact. it is the sort of thing that k~ps happening all the time only among Tagalog writers. It is possible to say that among Filipino writers in Englisl\ this sort of thing would be inconceivable. What is wrong with the Filipino writer in English?

Is it really just a matter ot language? Does a Filipino's use of English automatically cut him off from all forms of Filipino life?

And what about trends?

D uring the year of our Lord 1958 what direction did Filipino writing in English seem to take? The a nswer is of course in the writing itself: in the work of individual writers, the influence of university grou ps and publications. the quality of the work preferred and given publication by periodicals of both general and limited circulation. and public response to young journals.

Villa of course has always been a Il'ovement all by h imself. The direction that Joaquin represents begins a nd ends with him. Gonzalez who may be said to have written the last word on Mindoro kaingins in his second novel strikes out io!' the territory ahead in his thi rd. S peak of' the sense of direction: all threP writers are determined, all three are going good, all three are going some place; it is not necessarily the same place.

Is Filipino writing In English going nationalistic too - with the rest of the COuntry? The Filipino writer In English likes to think he i.. writing in English for the same reason that R izal wrote in Spanish. Why not?

It is ag reed that nationalism is the cure for wha t alis us ; It is m ore than COHn HUED NEXT PAGF

LITERARY TETE-A-T E TE cemera on HorteMa CaliBher, American wri6er (third from left) recent Manila viaitor.

LITERARY SITUATION

CO'<TINJEC

agreed that nationalism is the only cure. rs Filipino writing In English going political? Assuredly. If it is going nationalistic, it is going political. Consider our only legitimate journal of Ideas: Comment. It is a true journal ot Ideas. It is on Its second year and it has shown no signs of weakening. No reason why it should show signs of weakening. But Comment is a sign. Our writers In English In 1958 are 'picking up where OUr writers in Spanish left oft In ' 1898. What kind of a lag is this? Comment is symptomatic: conscientiously e d i ted and tastefully printed, it has set the scene for the pamphleteer. the polemic writer, the political commentator. the propagandist (in Marcelo

H. del Pilar's sense) to take over. Comment has prepared the ground for commentary.

Consider the fortnie'htly caUed Inquiry. Now In a state of suspended publication, not as ambitious as Its elder brother. Comment, shall it was felt most distinctly to fill a vacancy in the cultural life of the people. It is a fact that w e can't have enough of magazines like these. But It is also a fact that we can't have enough of the other kind of magazine either.

Now consider Signaturea. the only PhUipplne journal of poetry. Self-described as a quarterly, it hasn't been able to do better than appear twice a year. Begun by Alejandrino G. Hufana, it was taken over by Leonidas V. Benesa who reduced its format and changed its

typeface. Benesa, who had spent a year at Berkeley working wit h Josephine Miles, has gone to Laos and Emmanuel Torres has taken the magazine over: another Issue for the year Is contemplated before the year is over. While there are buyers for joumals like Com. ment and inquirY. there are non for Sipatores: or hardly any. What does this mean? They say that politicians are faUed poets : poets at poetry turn to who politics. (They used to say this of novelists-that (hey are falled poets.) Why? The wife of the most distinguished poet-rurned-politiclan In the country today says: "There is more money In politics." More money In politiC" than there is In poet-

tan

and other writers who are not only political but also sharp and shrewd politicianS. Is FilipinO writing In English g 0 I n g Engtlsh T This Is not just being cute; It is actually Intended as a very smart, very acute 0bservation: after a number of false 'starts this year, a Philippine chapter of PEN International has tInally been organized. The mother organization of PEN International is In England. But although It Is English, It is also International. Alfredo T . Morales Is chairman. In the brief time since Its organization, It has sponsored two visits: Hortense CalIsher, the American writer, In September-October and Sidney Hook, the American

ha!:I. What this magazine has done for the FilIpino short story In English has not been adequately assessed; there is no way of knowIng what stIU It can do. We know that It L'I the only magazine that has been able to stick to Its orlglnal policy of Including fiction as a regular weekly feature and therefore It has published stories for a longer period of time and It has published more of tbem. What It has done for the FUlplno short story In English Is not its only distinction: what It has done for Philippine journalism is just as Incalculable. (Teodoro M. Locs1n, one of this Year's "Journalist of the Year" Is a PFP man - the other is Carmen NakpU.) In Its spe-

Critic believes that "if a writer is ry? Is there money In poetry at all? Was there ever money In poetry?

Is FUlplno wri.tlng In English going political? Consider what is happening in the university. The state university has published Teodoro A. Agoncillo's (Jose Ortega Y Gasset's?l "The Revolt of the Masses" and Cesar Majul's book on the Filipino Revolution. The UP Writers Club Is dominated by a boy who thinks that he thinks like Albert Camus (but does not write like

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phUosopher, In November; it has organized a wtIters conference In Bagulo for December when writers and teachers and students of writing can get together and talk about the writer's craft; It has projected a serIes o( what it hopes will be the deflnitlve anthologies of Filipino poems, short storIes, plays and essays.

Is Filipino writing In English going good! This year, two Institutions which have had a great deal to do with Filipino writing in English celebrated Golden JubUeesthe University of t,he PhUlppines and the Philippines Free Press. The state university Is commemorating the event with convocations, lecture series, art exhibits, concerts, plays and publications. It is also sponsoring a literary contest. The way this contest goes should indicate the r 0 I e that the university will play In the subsequent developml'ot of writing In English In the country today. Our great contemporary marked Its golden jubilee with a big Issue where It reprinted the short story that won first prize In Its first short story contest-a story caUed "Mirlnlsa" by a young writer, Jose Garcia VUla. The Phll路 tpploes Free PI'fIM short story contest was the first of Its kind; It is now the oldest contest In the country; It Is also In point of contlnulty the longest literary contest we have ever

clal field, this weekly is qulte unrivalled.

(Speaking of anniversaries, another institution intimately connected with FilipIno writing In English also celebrated this year. Founded a full score after the the' granting of the UP Charter, the UP Writers Club marked Its 30th annlversaty this year. When It was founded, the club was dominated by Federico Mangahas, Jose Garcia Vl1Ia, and Arturo B. Rotor. Ma路 ngahas who was even then by way ~f being a political commentator was a Ph B student; V 111 a was un. ashamedly Interested only In art; Rotor was a medlcal student who was also leamIng !low to play the plano and very Interested In orchids. Today the club Is headed by Eplfanlo San Juan, essentially a poet, an AB student who started out to be a doctor and changed his mind, who Is unashamedly Interested only In-not orchids-but politics.

(Incidentally, Federico Mangahas, whose sustained Interest In FUlplno writing In English is one of the most touching aspects of that phenomenon. has been chosen to edlt a Philippine number of an American literary review. Mangahas is PRO for the UP and edlts the UP CarIllon a recent lssue of which reprints Dame EdIth Sitwell's pra!se1W preface to Vl1Ia's latest book.)

ESS

Is FUiplno writing In English going good! Hortense CalIsher who was here for a ~week visit In September-October thinks It Is. MIss CalIsher came at the Invitation of the Philippine chapter of PEN International on a State Department grant similar to the one that brought WIlliam Faulkner three years ago. She spoke to writers and writers groups. She had one mesage for the writers which she never stopped saying over and over again. "With me, with my writing," she said, " the meaning comes first." She very movingly testified that she didn't really begin to write until she discovered that always meaning must come first; that this was something

useful, he

IS

much the same things that other writers had said to our writers. He had also saId that, If anything, he wrote from what he calls his "overbearing sense of place." It was-and, I suppose, still Is--a kind of brag with him that there was no place on the face of the earth-and Stegner Is a traveller-he had ever visited that he couldn't write a story about. Thus it Is that he has written stories set In places as far apart In more ways than geographically as New York City and Istanbul. As soon as he spoke ot his overbearing sense of place, one had no choice except to walt for the story that he would write eventually about the Philippines.

That was almost a decade

good."

THE THINKING HEART The Defty said: .. H is mind is 8teady, w ho, being without attachment8 anyw here fee13 no exultation

- from the

ago. It Is true that shortly after that he published an article in the Saturday B&vIew of Literature- which was obviously something written to keep the pot boDing~n the literary phenomenon In our land : our writing In JDany tongues.

But that wasn't it : that wasn't what one was waitIng for. "Something Spurious from the Mindanao ,Deep" Is what we were waltlng for and In it, Mr. Stegner has written a memorable story. It took him almost a decade but he did it-his overbearing sense of place operating-and he did It the only way It can be done. There is a moral here somewhere not only for Filipino writers In English who suffer from a sense of allenaton because of the language In whic\1 they function but also lor the writers among us whose continuity with Filipino life and the Philippine scene Is sturdy and unbroken.)

I don't know that Stegner, and Miss CalIsher spoke out of politeness but it is possible that they did not: they are much too honest as writers for tliat.

In any case, It Filipino writing in English Is going nationalistic and international, political and impolitIc, It must be going good: I imagine that It should suffice It Is going somewhere (even It It Is somewhere where I shall never travel) and well )lIong the way.

BHAGAVADGITA

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Be h in d thi s s LOccessh tl ('ntty of h~at\·c~ r u b ber producu In the local market is the :;cle nUfic car e a n d consummate skill of our foreign·t r.nned l.ngm~s. c hemists a n d laboratory techni('jau5. wh o would not allow ')oy defective or untested p roduct to len"'e t he (~c \ ory .

M od ~"ty

that took her time, a long time to discover-but discover It she- did. She spoke to the UP English faculty, Philippine PEN, the UP Writers Club, the Ateneo de ManIla, the Catholic Writers GuDd, Sillman University.

(NUss Callsher who has one book of short stories called "In the Absence of Angels" has almost done a first novel to be called "False Entry." Craftwlse and Identified with the New Yorker writers, she is really one of America's most distinguished fictionIsts. She was writer In residence at the State University of Iowa writers workshop where she worked with Wallace Stegner and Richard Scowcrott.)

Is FUlplno writing In English going good? Wallace Stegner thought so when he was here for a visit almost a decade ago.

(Until it was disproved recently by a later depth,taking expedition, we had the distinction ot having the deepest deep In the world. ThIs was a distinction - and not dubious. I don't know that this has anything to do with our tabled skU! as deep sea divers -If we are skilled as divers.

In August this year Barpen carried a story called "Something Spurious from the Mindanao Deep." It Is a story by Wallace Stegner.

Stegner, as a visitor to our Islands, had said pretty

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113

The success of popular programs illustrates the effectiveness of radio and television as

•

E

E

IVIASSES

by T. D. AGCAOILI

to the printed N EXT word, the spoken word ill generally considered the most eUective medium for mass communication in the PhUlpplnes todav.

On the other hand, films. shown in commercial thea· tres. on television and those shown by audio-visual mobile units. wield their own special persuasive force.

Television, which uses in most prograplR ucanned" films from the United States. is In the ascenGancy as more TV receivlnl( sets are being bought and addl· tlonal channels are going Into operation. The Alto Broadcasting S y s t e m (A.B.~) w h I c h operate!!

DZAO-TV, Channel 3, has made available for sponsor· ship by Interested compa' nleg SPIIeral good ,mterlalllment films, running from 15 to 30 minutes, and somp 'even as long "s an hour, that can be telecast at wee k I y Intervals. These films are ot varlf'd types:

some are farces and com,,dies; others are Westerns; many are detective-mysteries. There are several good mu,lcal series too.

There is among many businessmen and advertisIng executives an C/warenes.q of the increasing value ot television as an aid In sellIng goods and services to the general public. A special quality, Which unifies the most desirable features ot radio and tIIm, makes television a potent medium ot communication. It Is audiovisual. and being one, even the illlterate ean understand what is being commun1ca ted through the mpdlum. Distractions come easily in radio-listening, Sf> ea~lIy that the tenuou~ thread ot attention can be broken by the movements anI! noises that abound in a home. But In television. thp visual Image, Integratf'd with the aural communlr.atlon, has powp,r to holl! attention and also to

Invite concentration that Is lacking in radio. .

Unlike radio, television ministers to both the ear and the eye, to both the auditory and visual senses.

It provides direct experience and makes up for actual physical presence. We can witness directly In front of us scenes and events happening In the world outside. We see In our Jiving rooms tanks rollIng down the Luneta, and soldiers marching to martial music, the President at the reviewing stand, salutIng as the colors pass; we see riots In Algeria, a missile firing at Cape Canaveral. President Eisenhower explaining at a press conference In Washington the U.S. stand on the Quemoy situation; we see, recreated before us the violence erupting In a Western cowtown of the 1880's, a San Francisco murderer being tracked down by the city poUce; we are brought be-

_ _U&____________________________________

~

lore underwater scenes to

behold the strange beauty of undersea flora and fauna.

The barriers of time and space, of foreign languages and cultures, are torn down.

The whole wide world itself IS brought Into our living room, through the magic of television.

At any rate, there are at this writing only two channels In commercial use In Manila: Channel 3, which went Into operation In 1953. and Channel 9, which began formally . telecasting only late In 1958. There Is another TV station, Channel 8, which Is operated by the U.S. Air Forces at Clark Field about 60 miles north of Manila and whose programs can be receivP.C1

by TV sets In the city only through powerful and spec I a 11 y-lnsta11ed antennae.

Channel 8 Is non-commercia!, and with the lnataU.tlon of Channe1 9, which IS close to Channel 8, the programs from the latter TV

station have become dittl· cult to tune to in ManIla. TV programs go on the air starting at 6 in the evening, sometimes earlier when there Is a special events program; TV programs close at 10 o'clock at night, sometimes later on Sundays when the late show Of the TV Theatre usually an old feature film that has been shown as many times In the same tlrogram - extends heyond the usual siin-oU time.

On the other hand. radio programs gO on the air L' early as 5 o'clock In tbP morning, usually with popular music. Some stations begin the day with a pro:;:ram specially designed for fanners In the provinces or rural areas. The theory bebind thla progrlmmlna Is premised on a bellef that farmers wake up early and that with battery-operated receiving sets they would I~ to listen to a show which gives out advice on

______________________________________

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CULTURAL FREEDOM There are many da'ligert to cultural freedom tn Asia today. The moin threat has

lleen mentioJ'ed as c?",ing

TYPICAL of the successful progromB

on

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from totalitarianism., •• Another threat _ must realize come&, 1 think from the ignorance Of the 1IIlI88e8-

is

-Mochtar Lobis la CULTURAL FREEDOM IN ASIA

" Dancetime", a full-h our medley of songs every Tuesday '8UefIiftg. Conceived as a freewheeling 8how ift 1957 i t started as a 30-minute program featuring such diverse tolents as Toot's Vila and his combo (right) and crooner Diomedes ,Vaturan (below)

ALL IBRU THE YEARS WE WILL BE AT YOUR SERVICE

When it celebrated its f i r st anniversary in 1958 (left). it already h<Ui a big cast by l ocal staftdard.. . a 'tory-line. guest-personali ties. OocasWnally, it goes on a make-believe excunri()7I to 1tn usual

p lac~.

how to use the Margate or rnasagana system of fanning, the efficacy of fertilizers, the way to raise more egg-layers. DYRC, the Cebu City radio station, has one such program: "Tlus Is Our Barrio" ; another Is uFann Pro g ram" over DZRH. Considered the best of this type is "Juan, the Fanner," broadcast daily from 5:30 AM. to 6 :30 A.M. over DYRI In lloilo.

The TImes station, DZMT, sIgns on with "Wake up with the Times," whIch contaln.~ a news summary from the day's Manila Times issue.

Sign-off time for most Man i I a stations is 12 o'clock midnIght, excepting DZMY which goes off the air at one o'clock In the morning. The hotlr before sign-off time is usually devoted to 80ft and sweet muSIC, and the titles of the programs indicate the Idnd of music that is played: DZIIT, ''Encores''; DZMB.

"Night Owl"; DZAQ, "Ginoong Romantico"; DZBB, "Double B Dream ing Time"; DZBC, " Hlmig ng Hating Gabi," DZWS, The Women's Stat ion, ends the broadcasting day with "Reflexions" at midnight.

ANE distinct V that radio

advantage holds over television at present is the availability of the medium.

There are tadio stations all over the country, while the telecasting power of TV is limited to a radius of 75 kilometers, Until the TV sta· tions can set up relay stations, TV programs emanating from Manila will not be enjoyed beyond parts ot Tarlac and Nueva Eclja to the north and Batangas anI! parts of Quezon to the south. Outside of Manila and probably Cebu no television stations are being contemplated at present and the only opportunIty for Northern Luzon, the Visayas, and Mindanao to re-

ceive TV pl'Ogmms lies in a 'plan oj AS S to set up relay stations in th ose areas. At least two more channels are ('xpected LO open in Manila in the immediate future.

When this hllPpens Manila will have more TV stations t ha n any cit y of its size and population. In fact, as it is lIOW. ours is the only count ry in t he wor ld,. " " tsid,· of the United , t" tf'S whose T V stations are not !(overnment-owned. What is e ven more significant and possibly distressin!! is the fact that t he two commer cial TV stations are controlled by only one fam· -->Iv. Television is considered t he most potential force In mass media that has ever been devised by moder,, man so that countries lik,· J apa n. Br itain ano Fl'a n~'" have restricted the operation o f their TV stations to t he i r respective gc.vemments. Of course, it is wellknown that mass commun~­ cation. whether it is des igned for sheer enter tainment or pure information, never thr ives fully under government control. It h as been proven tha t the best shows are create<! in an atmosDhere of f r e e d 0 m . where the a r tist 01' technician is left untrammelled to develop his crea tive faculties. But television, or a ny mass media for that maTter. if controlled or ownPd solel)l by one interest . s tands the risk of serving unpopular ends. It is for this reason that many pe0ple look forwa rd to the establishment of additional TV s tations in the PhiJlpDin"" At any rate. while thp.re are two commercial teleVIsion sta tions servine a f(4 CONTINUED NEXT PAGE

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SHAKUNTALA DEVI. young Indian mathematical wizard, who can do quick computa tions in. heI' mind, amazea audience at th'3 DZMT atudio where 3he demomtrated ability

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lativelv Iimjt~ area in thP. Philippines, the r e are a r 0 u n d 30 commercial radio stations and several llon-commerclal ones, like the ones operated by the ~atlonal Teachers' College, .the University 01 Santo Tomas. Silliman University in Dumaguete City, and the stations owned by U.S. religious groups which play beautiful classical and sym. phonic music. In fact It was this group which started the trend on continuous mu· ,Ic·muslcal recordings unin· terrupted by any "sell" or commercial except during quater·hour or half·hour lreaks.

Today's leading radio sta· t Ion s are DZAQ·radio. which has an effective ra· dlated power (Eat') of SO.' 000 watts; DZXL, whOSP over 9O,OOO-watt ERP I... complemented by modem broadcasting and studio fa· c01tles; DZRH, which oper· ates on 27,000 watts; and DZMT, which introduced. with Ita s I 8 t e r • station DZWS, stereophonic radio broadcasting In the PhDlppines and whose proeram· minE reveals keen awareness of llsteners' preferenCO! for excellent recorded mu· sic. DZWS 1& ~ oniy wom· en's radio station in th" world and th1& fact alone can make It one of the most Influential radio stations In the Philippu-, especially since _ are 8Uppoaecl

to be responsible for more than 80 per cent of the pur· chases 01 consumer goods.

ACCOrdinE to surveys made by Robot Statistics. the radio progrant with the hiJdlest listener rating iq PMC's ''Tawag ng Tangha· Ian." This show, a full· hour program of amateur entertainers with a "Cham· pion of the Week" gimmick to c:rP.ate continuing interest and an annual Grand National Finals night· to make the weekly contest in· t.t>.restlng. Is telecast over DZAQ·TV at the same time that It Is being. broall· cast over DZAQ-radlo every Monday evening at 7:30. ''Tawag'' has been on tile :Ur for seven years, and has so expanded as to have sev· en counterparts In seVen regions outside of the ManIla· Central Luzon area. The 'Tawag" counterparts are-

broadcast over DZRI in Da· gupan City, DZRB In Naga City, DZRC in Cebu City, DYRI In Dono, DXCC In Cagayan de Oro Cit y , DXAW In Davao City, and DXMX In Cotabato City.

"Sebya, Mahal Klta." spon· sored by San Miguel Brewery over DZXL, 1& the second top show In radio. It 1& produced by the same team that made "Edong Mapa· ngarap" the . second top show In radio two years ago, Pl'elleJlted by La TondelIa over DZF!a. Vlrgfilo Flores. Lbil! F1or's younRer

brother, writes the script, with Eddie San Jose and Sylvia 1a Torre in the stel· Iar cast. Third top-show in radio, according to media surveys, Is Stanvac's "Ku· lang Sa Pito," broadcast over DZRH which stars movie comedians Dolphy and Panchito Alba. A show that 1& popular among teenagers Is the daytime program em· ceed by Lena BenItez, "Stu· dent Canteen," presented dally except Sundays ov.er DZXL from 12 o'clock noon to 1 o'clock. It features young amateur instrument· aIIsts, combos, and vocaI1sts.

It has produced, like 'Ta· wag ng Tanghalan," a good number of entertainers who have graduated to professional status and are now maldng a living singing In radio, teIevlslon. lIlms and stage shows. Several of them have found jobs with name bands and not a few have become recording ar· t1&ta.

Student Canteeners who are now in the blgtlme In· c Iud e ElIzabeth "Asus" Ramsey, Eddie Mesa, "the Elvis Presley of the Philippines." Joseph Polk. who Is bOled at the ManIla Grand Opera House as "the Nat 'KIng' Cole 01 the PJilllppines," Nick Balbona, called "the Pat Boone of the PhD· Ipplnes," and CarIna AfabJe, one .of the Jeadlng vocallsts of the popular TV·radio show•• ~ Jlrancettme~"

MOTHER AND DAUGHTER TEAM Rae Fal>ek and Yay Mar king with DZWS, only w<l11Ien's radio station in the world, listen to broadC48t replay. DZWS is DMZT sister station

stations were established In 1958 The amateur entertainers who became professional artists via "'fawag ng Tanghalan" inclurle Diomedes Maturan, 1958 winner of "Tawag's" grand national finals. who is now a movie star at the LVN studios; Susan de la Victoria. regional champion of Northern Visayas, now a stage star at Manila Grand Opera House; the Lovers' Trio, Lettie PangiUnan, Liberty PalUeo, Pastor San Miguel. who placed second to Maturan in the 1958 national grand finals and who is now appearing in one of Manila's stage theatres where he is. like Balbona, billed as "the Pat Boone of the Philippines." Another "Tawag" winner who became a professional entertainer is Armando Ramos. whose recordings of Tagalog songs are popular and salable.

LIke Cannen Rosales, the young Bicol soprano who tied for second place with him in the ''Tawag'' grand national finals two years ago, Ramos has appeared on the stage and In several radio shows.

RADIO has indeed opened many job opportunities for young talents, both in ManUa and the provinces.

Radio is still the cheapest means of communication. the most popular form of entertainment. 'the cost of broadCl'~t time and talent is

low considered in terms . of the cost per person wl!o can be reached. A sid e from radio repair shops which make, as a sideline, radio rece~vers out of imported radio spare parts, there are at least four major firms licensed to manufacture wellknown radio brands, Rehco, Radiowealth, Carlsound, and Constellation.

The distribution of free radio receivers to barrio councils and rural community organizations also contr'butes to the popularity of the medium m the Phlllppines. Programs emanating from the_ different regions make use of - local talent. leading personalities of the community, native materials and situations, and they are broadcast in the particular region's dialect.

ThIs b'Pe of programming provides the radio medium with a quality of immediacy.

Aside from the Manila Times' DZMT on both A.M. and P.M. and DZWS, the other leading radio stations are ManUa Broadcasting Company's DZRH and DZMB; Philippine . Broadcasting Corporation's DZPI. Alto Broadcasting System's DZAQ, DZBC, DZMM, DZRI, DZRB, and DYBC; Republic Broadcasting S y s t em's DZBB and DZXX; the government-owned s tat Ion s DZFM and DZRM; and the Chronicle Broadcasting Net-

work's DZXL. DZQL, DZMY and DZXL-fm. There are other s t ations, of less commercial value bu t nonetheless good sources of fine music - DZFE, DZAS and ))ZST. Broadcasting time rates are generally classified under four categories. Class "A." which starts from 6 PM to 9 PM. is the most expensive since it makes use of the time when most peovie are at home listening to the radio. Class ''B'' is the second - b est. broadcasting time. and It coveljS two periods. one from ~:30 to 6 o'clock PM. the other from 9 o'clock to 9:30 PM. Class "C" covers four periods; the first from 6 to 8:30 AM. the second from 12 noon to 2 o'clock PM. the thlrd from 5 to 5 :30 In the afternoon, and the fourth from 9 :30 to 10 o'clock PM. All other tlmes are classified as Class

"D." The airtime for TV shows wherein films are used costs cheaper because films require less technical faclllties and personnel tban a live show. A remote show Is even more expensive because of the mobUe unit that has to be brought to the program's point of origin.

Because of tho! element of competition, sponsors and TV producers are compelled to look for better programs than their rivals' on the

other channel. However, since most TV shows are "canned" stuff, brought to Manila as film series from Hollywood or New York, there is not much that a sponsor can do to Improve or alter his shows once he has signed up for several weeks of sponsorship. Outside of "Tawag n g TanghaIan" and "Chelsea Dancetime." the other worthwhile and engrossing TV shows are films. There used t o be many "live" shows on TV, but one by one they aU went out of the channel. F or example. "Plsta ng Caltex" featuring Pugo, Patsy, and Loplto, enjoyed a periad" of popularity. It was a weekly half-hour com e d y show, with a new story each 路week.

It was designed and conceived primarily as a radio show. wltbout m uch regard or feeling for visual or TV values. In fact, It was simultaneously broadcast and telecast. As a radio show, It was fair; but as a TV fare, aU the faults of continuity. dlrectlon, and acting stood out clearly, visible and real to the TV-viewer . The faUlngs of the scrip ts-the lack of original situations, the absence of character delineation. the anemic lines, the stale jokes-were starkly defined on the TV screen路 And 路not even the virtuosity of the principal players could save tbe show. The situation was a ggravated by tbe increasing Use of " canned" TV films from the United States which p rovided a point of reference for televiewers to judge the quality ot' the locally produced show. When tbe program was finally dropped, a sigh of relief went up among TV audiences.

The case of the Pugo-Pat. sy-Loplto show is cited merely to illustrate tne dearth of knOW-ledge possessed by writers, producers, and directors who worked on the first local TV shows. There was '\ lack 01 understanding. or even an a wareness, of tbe special problems and needs Inherent in TV show production. The . writers and directors who moved Into the new medium came from radio, and they sailed Into their new tasks without pausing to survey tbe special features of tbe new entertainment form.

Many apparently thought that television was merely radio witb visual categories, and that by simply photo2Taphing a radio show with TV cameras a TV program cOuld be made.

There are. of course. ra-

dio programs, like ''Tawag''

and '4Chelsea Dancetlme," which lend themselves ea8Ily to the TV medium. 1bese are shows which require no special dramatic values, pose no complex continuity problems, and seek no solid histrionic talent. Their main demands are made op good music, both orchestral and vocal, brilliant emceeing. and a framework within which aU the musicians, tbe singers and dancers can be contained and unified.

But to expect a wellscripted, well-acted, and well-dlrected farce or drama to be presented on television by a "live" group on a week-to-week basis !Ieem8 impossible at this stage of PhfUpplne TV dewlopment, unless directors like LamDerto v. AveUana. Narciso PImentel, Jr., Ramon A.. Esteila. Gregorio Fernandez. and Armando Garces, whose experience In film and stage work could be applied beneflclally on TV show production. can be drawn to the new entertalnment medium.

T elevision techniques hav!' closer affinity to tbe art of film-making than to radio p roduction metbods.

THE meantime, TV I Nset-owners may enjoy

such television series as s.c.

Johnson's ''The Ray Milland Show." "Susie," and "Fatber Knows Best," three of tbe best faroes now nmnIng on TV; Cosmos' ''T 0 m b s ton e Territory," Magnolia Milk's "Fury." ''Brave Eagle." and "Annie Oakley," which are well路 made 3O-minute Westerns; GoodrIch's "Highway Patrol," Serg's "state Trooper," "San Franclsco Beat." and "Mr. District Attorney," which are thr\l1Ing action series; "Sea Hunt."

"Alfred IDtchcock Presents," ''Mystery Is My Business," and "Mystery Tbeatre," which are suspense tales ; ' 'The MlllIonaire" and SMa's "Stage 7," which are dramatic; and ''The R0semary Clooney Sbow," ''The Perry Como Sbow," and ''The Firestone S ho w:' which are bea utifully arranged and well-staged musicals.

TIr\ng of these, one can always shut off the TV set and open the radio where. of the 20 or m ore local radio stations, there should at least be one with a smooth and perfected "live talent" program. Radio, after aU. has successfully been wltb us for more than 30 years. while television Is still a relatively new thlng.

OOD

THE TAGALOG MOTION PICTURE:

GfFTce

FURN.IURE

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about FfllT HEpinoTRUTH movies of today

: : : : : INDUSTRIAL SHELVING lIlIRARY SHELVING FlUNG & STORAGE : CAIliNETS ~

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dio PROs and the severe castigations of critics like Johnny Tuvera w ho, writing sometime in 1952 prophesied: "Producers . .. unI\en;tandable Idolatry for t he god Commerce and their complete artistic atheism eannot go hand In hand without disaster."

How "bad," really: 1I.re FIUpino movies of today? It is to be feared that few of our established critics of arts eM claim to have seen a meager ten per eent of all the movies made locally.

Does It then follow that they are so bad. artIstIealJy speaking, beeause of this lack of audlenee fro m among the more intelligent of our movie goers? The 10gle Is wrong, but perhaps tile answer derived Is not too far from the mogieal system of reasoning U8ed.

As works of art, Filipino mavtes are certainly worlds Apart from prize whming films as ''Torment'' or "BIeyele Thief." The stories are inferior. the acting laeltlng In the same em 0 t lonal depths and heights, the complete works at best glossing over realltles but never quite plumbing the true measures of truth and beauty and 118Uness. which. as most critics wID claim. are tlle yardsticks by which film footage should be judged.

At least 1n this respeet, there Is no argument. For movie produeers of today

make very little daim of being involved in the world of Art. Theirs Is a vl.8ual media which they · hardly reel belong to the same genre as painting, creative writing, coneert mUSIe. Rather. they would more easily cia s s themselves along with radio and television. the popular magazines and Ffllpino comics.

They derive the air they breathe. not from the !'IlI"efled atmosphere of art. but from the more proletarian oxygen of industry. In fact that Is the way they refer to them.selves-movie industries. And if as artistic ventures, to which they do not aspire, they prove distinct fallures, as industrlal propositions. despite a number of odds. they have become IUC-

Ing the movie. loeal companies am afford only about 25,000 to 35,000 feet for the regular 13 reels for each movie, thus allowing them to cast away only balf of the fUrns used up. 'nIe editing jOO has to do the best It can out of keeping what Is the better portion of a reel 2 . Outdated eqaipmea' - Most producers however agn!e that this really Is DO big stumbUng block. as far as production of

artistic movies are and if . anything, It Is only photography that suffers from thIL And even on this score, enough . .tienee and inventiveconcerned,

cesaeII.

What are th_ odds, then. whleh most of the producers aver- are the same stumbllng bloeks which prevent them from making what. ironically, Is commonly referred to as "prestige" films, and despite which theY' have managed to mala! of their productions paying propositions ! 'nIe morl' material complaints are:

1. Ladl of

ru.. footap

- WhIle In the United States they are alloweG an average 01 500,000 feet of film for nine or ten reels, thus allowing a wastage of about 90% of the films used in mak-

ness can surmount this obstacle.

3 . LAd! of We - , - 1bere Is not enough capital in the PhWppines to realJy produce super-productions. "R0berta." an all time box office smaaber, was made with P37.000. In the United !';tates somethInc liIre "KwaI" would cost about baH a mIllJon dollars.

4.

s-u ....u.ee'nIe audience in the PbWppines Is not big enough to guaraatee reeelpta suf·

~hen

can art

be :mad.e to :make :money?

8, NITA U. BERTHELSEN

ficient _ to cover large expenses.

S . Buies - Export . of local, films to foreign countries where our movies might have ' some market are regulated. Only cash sales of films are allowed by our government, and foreign buyers re-

fuse to pay anything more than $2,500, lor goods they are not certain will sell. Usually the price Is lower, and when the money is converted into pesos by the Central Bank it is only equal to the gate reCONTINUED NEXT PAGE

THREE FILIPINO STARS reap Golden Harvest awards in the last A';an Film Festival held in Manila. For giving best performance in the "child-actor" categ01"Y, Boy Planas <left) received a special award. Character actress Re· becca del Rio won th'll "Best Supporting Actress" atCa,.d, while Romeo Vasquez cO'[fped the "Best Actor" trophy. In previottll film festivals, the PILil'ppines was a consk'tent winner in tlte many categorie3 of movie production.

THE FILIPINO MOTION PICTURE IN SOUTHEAST ASIA year 1958 witnessed one major event THE the world of Philippine movies, when

in the FIfth .Allan Movie Festival was held In Ma-

nna

last April. . Representatives of different AsIan nations -stars, directors. producers, came to ManIla and shoWed wares that ranged from the highly artistic to the averagely entertaining. All In all, the affair. more than just fulfilllng the acclaimed role of unWer of Asian cultures.

• (" •...U&e movie industry in Asia hall thia ,or achieved more thon wluU diplomota htJd ill the fll4intenance 01 international goodwill among nationa!' - Foreign Affairs Secretary FeJIxberto Sen-ano.

"BI/ wor1dtlg togetMr on joint productiDM we _ _tribute towards better underatGn4lng 4tIIoIIg U&e ~ of AMa."-Run Run Shaw) provided a blood transfusion to the circulatory IIJIteID of ,local movies, In Ita wake. new projects were launched, eo-procIqctIona between the Philippines and other Aatan countries initiated, and the way paved far the I!lQICJI1IdIon of our actors and actresses tv other countrtea. where they could both give and take of theJr native talenta, their native ~ aDd theJr native customs.

Within the )'1!111'. Director Bert AveDana fIP.w til SInppore to work with Run Run Shaw, and fit expacted to JO to Hoqkong arid Tokyo In tile _ future to fIIlfill dIn!ctoriaJ engagenllDt In thole lands. Pandlo and Tlta Magalona.

Gloria .Romero, Barbara Perez, Jaime de la Rosa, count among those who have had their stints of semi-foreign assignments, making movies that could run to full houses both in the PhUIpplnes and other Asian countries.

In the meantime, how do our local movies tare In foreign lands? Even before the F estival our f'lIms had gained some sort of foothold in Astdn, as weD as Western countries. Hawaii, for one, has always been a good market for our movies, but wlth the aUdience there for our stock predominantly coming from the Filipino community.

Of late thel'e has been a ruing demand for our movies in other Asian countries.

Only lately, the one-time Festival winning "Badjao" was sold to Indonesia by LVN. "Diyosa" will a'so be sent to tfJe same country by Sampaguita anytime now.

Probably no more than ten per cent of FIlipino movll!fl ever get Into the foreign market.

"Ithough the pay for these films is not much, (from what we /!,ot from one producer, this averages around $2,000.00 per fUm, flat rate) movie companies Uke being able to sell their productions, partly for the business side of It. JIlilrtly lor some sort of prestige, and partly, since their request for extra dollars from the Central Bank, aside from the regular allocations Is likely to get a favorable answer considering that the sales in dollars add to the Central Bank cofters.

Actually the taste of most Asian movie go-

ers is not too difficUlt to meet, and there actually is quite a number of our productions which could go over big in other lands. Fantasy and action pictures seem to take the lead, as far as Indi,., Indonesia, and Malaya are concerned. According to a fo,..,Jgn informant, although some Asian countries manage to produce some really outstanding films which could rompete with the best in the world. the mass of productions In other countries are largely made up of the same tear-jerking emotion-rending plots that we have.

To these Is added a larger dose of fantastic situatlons, replete with magiCians and ghosts rising from the dead.

However,--and this does make a difference-while producing these mass-satiSfying movies, there have been enough instances which prove that most Asian movie producers are quite engrossed in making quallty productions which counterbalance their more light·hearted ventures.

In the last few years. the presence of any artistic sensibility In a production was a sure passport to box-office failure; this year's better fUms have managed to meet the expenses. and have in fact, made neat profits.

And In the years to come, one maY.'itill see movie critics and producers standing on the same side of the river, sifting the same dregs of culture from the mainstream and preserving art In celluloid.

119

MOVIES

COHnHUfD

ceipts for half a day of a mediocre GIG1'Ia Romero picture.

6 . Box office reoelpl8 - First run movies require a holdover figure from local films. This figure Is set In pesos and centavos. If In a certain number of days the receipts do not reach the amount, the film is suspended. In the movie houses where local films are shown, curious movie gaers who would like to view a local film now and then are discouraged by the crowd~, the heat, and here and there the cockroaches.

N D E R S TANDABLY

U enough producers will never admit that the acTHE FAMAS AWARD

tors we have are not exact-

ly talented, that Q\4I' directors cannot compare with. say, John Ford, that script writers are a sorry lot. Although amusedly, they will agree that supporting roles are not always well hanllled, and extras, specially, can make a mess of good toolage.

And certainly, Rita Gomez can compare with say, Lana Turner, Alicia Vergel with Maureen O'Hara. But there are no claims for any Anna Magnani, Ingrid Bergmans, Bette Davies or Anne Baxters ol the Philippines.

W hen comparisons are made, they are always physical.

Is It becauSl! In the PhilIppines actol'S are bereft of talent, or is it because there are no opportunities, or better. need, for Improvement. maturity?

Perhaps, befol'P going into thp. less tangible phases of what is felt to be plaguing Philippine movle~, mention of critics complaints of local productions should be made. Where some ten years al!O it would be quite justified to claim that local movies lacked

both art and common sense, as well as a great degree of sensibility, It must be admitted that the need for common sense has been filled, and mass sensibility satisfied.

All the defects could easily be summed up in the accusatlon: Lack of artistry.

But art is not a layman's term, and reduced to prosaic shreds, here Is what Is gathered as what is wrong with local movies: 1 . Leading actol'S and actresses are more good-looking than talented. To have a young pretty face counts more than to have Intelligence and ability to interpret a role.

2. Dialogues are often ledjous, prolonged, unreal.

3. Action fends to be either too gruesome, as in bloody scenes; 100 fantastic, when spectacular, lavish Rhows are made; or taa sentimental, whenever love is involved.

1956 1957

4. Stories, although at times having some promise with bettp.r treatment, become mlsshappen before a production Is over. _ 5 . There are some inconsistencies which Me plainly unforglvIlble, usually In matter of time. sequence. continuity.

6. SP.ts, locations, usually give llttle genuineness, specially In the case ' of historical pictures.

7 'Somehow - and thi~ is harder to translate Into words -there is missing an element of truth that one finds a glimmer a f, i n "Anak Dalita," locally produced, and to full satisfaction In "Torment," a foreign film.

When the above criticisms nre made, the blame naturally always falls on the produC!!rs. They are. after all. the fountainhead of the celluloid, and they are the

1958

General Oftl"",,:

201 WUoon Bldg., luan Luna, Monlla TeL %-10-411

MUla 1, %, & S 1101-1108 North Bay Tondo, ManU&.

120

Blvd~

Qagalongln,

PROGRESS

most IoJlca1 people on whom to cast the aspersions. In the same way, when some~ goes wrong with our refriCerator, our Income taX. our elections. It Is the administration that we blame.

They are there to take care of us, aren't they!

The producel'S are there to make movies, and when these happen not to be 11:000, who else should be blamed? Perhaps it would be fair to give some of the answers we received to some of the complaints. First, of the producers. to the critics and second, of the critics to the producers.

Thus. with regard to lack of film footage, one critic suggests t hat companies then make shorter movies, say eight or nine reels. Also, says another, why not make fewer productions. and thus be able to dedicate more film footage to fewer films of better qUality. The produ-. ers' answers to these: ''The local movie audience want • their movies long, In fact It possible longer than what lhl')' are getting now."

Very recently, one movie rorr,pany revealed plans to

produce movies that would last two and a half hol1I'8, Instead of the usual two.

They were acting on the wlsIu!s of the FilIpinO audience. Most movies are based on publlahed novels, radio plays, or serialized comics. According to one studio executive, the ·moment a scene Is cut oU from the original, the audience complains, "We have been cheated," and, concludes this executive, of a major industry, "The customer Is always right."

To make fewer movies using more film footage mean additional expense. lessened Income. As it is now. movie companies make pro f I table business. To change their proportion of productions would mean a loss In returns for them.

Not much capital Is required to make a really good movie, continue the critics. But, say the producers. some capital Is still needed, and' believe It or not. "in most productions we are really working on a minimum basis. to make ends meet. We have to pay our

TR IUMVIRATE composed Of Dolores Vera (upper left). Adela H . Santiago (left) and N arcisa V da. de Loon (above) hold the purse strings of the Filipino movie industry. Mrs. Vera is the titular head of Sampaguita Pictures; Mrs. de Loon TIUlSterminds L VN OJ:'zratiOll4 and Mrs. Santiago is Premiere Productions' top official.

CONTINUED NEXT '''GE

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men good salaries, after all they are working hard. " This does not answer the question, says the critic.

Take good actors, good direction, and a good story, and without much trimming you can have a quallty pIcture.

"But will it sell?" asks the producer, "and sell enough to cover the cost of expenses?" In the Philippines, the "J'Owd who will go for pre.-~e movies, granting that suen could be made, and on a shoestring or even on enough rope , is not enough to stop the production from hanging itsel! on a limb. }'irst run movies would show local films if they were good enough to attract the first run movie house patrons. But it is a vicious circle. It is almost automatic for a Hollywood movie addict to shy away from a 10cal movie, and so local movies do not make productions aimed at attracting the people on the other side ot the fence. _ Producers, answering critics, do not manage to say the last word either In the verbal tussle. Say, for intance. In the matter of leading actors and actresses, where the complalnt Is that looks are more weighty than ability, the producers answer: 'that Is the wish ot the mass ot movie goers.

They want their actors young, handsome, freshfaced. In attempt to remedy the bad acting situation, some studios have put up Speech IIlld ActIng classes. but there is still a long way to go. Although the age of wooden-actors Is over. and as one caustic critic admitted, ''these are rubber kewples we now have, who CAll move arms and

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lel:s, walk, drink, and wet their diapers. They are certainly more lifelike than the celullold dolls of a decade nast."

It is true that dialogues are prolonged, and often tedious. But, remintls a producer, Tagalog is really a lengthy language. Tran· slate English into the ver· nacular, what was a sentence becomes practically a paragraph. In an American movie a h/!ro and heroine look at each other they fall Into each other's arms, kiss.

Do tha t to a local movie, the audience howls, the moral crusaders run after you.

For these inconsistencies, no comments are made by the producers, whose com· panles mIght have committed them. Of course there aJ,!"ain is the matter of time element, the hurry and scurry to finish a picture lIl!'ainst hour and weather, and in so doing the S!DalI details are missed. But that, says the critic, is no excuse. And it J'sn't.

W up,

all is summed two facts stand out with regards to thP. situation of the movie in· dustry. One, MONEY, Two, THE MASSES. The Industry wants to make money. That is what they set themselves up for in the first place.

To make the money. they have to please the masses.

From gate receipts, it seems that what pleases the masses today are lachrYmose or tantastic stories starring Gloria Romero. rock and roll or slP-Sica productions playing up ZaJdy Zshomack and Eddie Mesa, popl$.r melodic tantasles with pedestrian plots starring Diomedes Maturan and Charito Solls, teen-ager shows with Susan Races.

Amalia Fuentes, Romeo Vasquez and Jose Mart.

Is it JK)'ISible to both please the Jna.SSe!I, make money, anll at the same time produce creditable works! The movie "Biidge on the River Kwal," is put up as an example of a good thing that Is also a good seller. (Of course ''Kwal'' was made with what, to local producers way of budgetting, Is a staggering amount of money.. And then again. while ''Jew'' won the Academy Award. and while it Is spectacular, colossal, entertaining, and HEN

CHA.COAL rLATJIlOH

PROGRESS

F A. M A. 5 A. W A. R D 5-

1957

1955

1956

Best Actor

Ben Perez, Premiere

Jo"" PadlUa Jr. LVN

Fred Montilla, Sampagu:ta

Rogello de la Rosa LVN

Eddie del Mar P eople's Pictures

Sampaguita

Best Actress

Alicia Vergel.

Gloria lWmero.

Sampagulta

Carmen Rosales.

Sampagu:ta

Sampagu!ta

Rosa Rosal LVN

Lolita Rodriguez, Sampagu:ta

Paraluman SampaguJta

Best Production

"Sawa Sa Lumang Simborlo" Premiere

·'Huk sa Bagong Pamumuhay" LViii

·'Salabusab" Premiere

"Higlt sa Labat" LVN

"Luksang Tagumpay: ' LVN

"Kallbre 45" Premiere

Best Direction

GerardO de Leon, Premiere

Bert A v~llana.

LVN

Cesar Gallardo.

Premiere

Gregorio Fernandez, LVN

Ramon Estella, People's Picture..

Cesar Galllm10 Premiere

Ariston Ave!:no

Tony Maiquez, Premiere

Tony Maiquez

Tony MILquez

Tony Malquez

1951

1953

Julio Esteban AneuJta

Best Musical Score Best Supporting Actor

----

1954

Van de Leon

Gil de Leon

Leroy Salvador

Ruben Rustia

Panchito Alba

Ramon D'Salva

Eddie Garc:a

Nida Blanca I..VN

Katy de 1a Cruz

Carol Varga

Celia Fuentes

Rosa MIa

Etang Discher

Teodor:co Santos

Teodorico Santos

Susana de Guzman

Ding de Jesus and GU de Leor.

AultWlto Buena· ventura

Best cinematography

Ricardo Marcelino

Felipe Sacdalan

Tommy Marcellno

Reml2io Young ,

Mike Accion

BeST 30Und recording

C Larraga

Judy Hidalgo

Judy Hidalgo

Demetrio rie San· tos

D. de Santos

Best Film Editing

A. Verches

Jose H. Tarna te

Ike J arlego

Vic Calub

G. Santos

""This 15 My

"Witbout ~·ear of Tomorrow·'

--------Best Supporting Actress Best Script

-------

Best Documentary

full of a lesson that goes beyond the more obvioUS propagandizing, it is still subject to faults of top transparent symbollsms, hyperbolic stressing of situations, and romantldsrn.)

To some, ability to make movies like Hollywood does would seem to be fulfillment of the urge for "quality."

And yet, are Hollywood movies any gauge of artIstk: sensibilities In the world of movies! Are not the general nm of Hollywood movies. again, a reflection of the taste of the masses which they patronize! Of course there are a number of exceptions (on a percentage basis a greater number of exceptions than local movies can c1ahn for themselves. In the matter of quality movies as apInst mllS5satlafylng movies).

But then. there are tID many more mlDion discriminating movie goers In the United States, by dint of havin& &0 much IarRer a population.

True. the AmerIcan JIllIOS taste Is nowhere like the Fl-

Phll;ppines"Lebran

mlcry of 1I1e.

Few will dare to judge which is better. or worse. !he taste of our masses .or !he taste of the American piasse5. It is easy to suspect that one has Influenced the other a great deal. and that Qte chasm of untruth and superficlaUty which most of our movies cannot jump Over are but channels for the most part eroded In our cultural son by the weather of foreign Intluences. That our foundations have not been strong euough to withstand outside forces is our own fault, and therein, perhaps. lies the plaint of the critics - Why, for one, can't the movie producers be standard bearers!

UT, It fair to the B movie Industry, to expect to the buris

them bear den Art on thetr shoulders, when, after all, they were set up as Industries!

It would seem that when one takes up a vocation, tho!

responsibilities accompany-

Upino mass taste. Our first. nm moviegoen who adore Elizabeth Taylor and who

Ing It are recognlzed. and also taken UII. When one takes up the career of medicine, It is with the under--

never mtss a Gregory Peck picture typify the averqe AmerieJm IDOYie«oer-. For one, they ~ 11 not expect acting ability, at least a tolerable amount of mi-

Btandlng that healing, above money or re1axatlon. camel! tlrBt. When one builds a Ichoo1. It is education, over and above profit considerations, that is taken into ac-

""unt. When one sells a product, the answer to whether the product is of the best quality, and not what Its price is, should be what is Important. The same should hold true for the movie Industry, and does.

But while all the other vocations, trades, and industries. do not abide by the unwritten rules, can one really expect the Movie Industry to do so1 It has very often been ~a1d that this is the Age of C'.ompromise. True, compromised is an old word, but never has It been found so completely natural, sensible, and In fact essential to give In to the current mores than In this postwar generation.

There was a time when thP. artist, the writer, and the rich man were exempt from having <0 swim In the malnI'tream of mass culture.

That Is no longer so.

The Movle Industry, thrivIng product of this age, be1~ to this generation, and

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'lbI! Home 01 QualIb'Sfor Wcmen . and Oilldron

_

TOM'S

In 1958, artistic activity suffered no letdown. The sculptors and the painters-particularly the modernists-ushered

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By RICAREDO DEMETILLO

CRIOCSLY. the most C significant e\'ent in the field of Philippine art in 1958 received "en' little public attention. . Except for Ihe usual notices In one or two metropolitan papers and one short write-up which appeared in t\\'o Chi路 ne.>e路owned pa~rs at about the sa'll<:' time. this event I=assed almost unnoticed.'

I refer to the exhibitil)n I)f the Bacolod school of painters. comp')sed of Jesse Ayco Emilio Lopez. Conrado Judith. Francisco Allmo". and George Jhl)csonthe last. a boy of fifteen.

Personally, I think this is the most sig;,ifl:ant event in the field of painting. not be:ause the five young Ba~..,Iod artists are the best p~inters technically (they arle not) or that their exhibltir>!) was a sell-out (only thN!:? or four works got sold). but because for t he fIrst time In the cultural hi~t"ry I)f the country, an ',riglnal hatch of paintings from the provinces was exhibited In Manlla, and won thp. respect of the more discriminating painters and critic.. Heretofore, the movement had been from ManlJa tl) the provinces; some paintings from. say, the PAC: or the AAl' ;.;rould be

bundled off to the Interiors to be duly stared at or viIi fled. then returned to their pla:es of origin, with a little damage.

But this rear. the reverse procedure started and It is the opinion of the infonned that this may Initiate a cultural trend. This means that artist. from the provinces will enrich our art with new fonns. as these Bacolod I=ainters are doing.

The honors for this significant event should go primarily to the Bacolod r;ainters themselves. Seconda~lly, they should be accorded to the Contemp:lrary Arl. Callery on Mabini Street, Ennlta. owned and managed by the well-known painter. Manuel Rodriguez.

Let It be said In passing that the Contemporary Arts C:allery Is (Dst becoming the mec=a of art lovers In Manila because of s"me of lis exciting exhibitions. In fact. siner the PAC's Quartl'TS at Mablnl路Arqulza have I:",'n decreased and some of Its exhibitions transferred tn Que7.0n City. the Rodriguez gallery has become a no tural gathering place for seve"al of the modernists.

Coming hack to the Ba"'lod painters. The group Is led by Jesse Ayco, who Is

known locaJly as one of the b est exponents of the "drip," a technique of painting with enamel, minus brush or palette. With this technique, Ayeo has created highly decorative and romantic non-objective works which strongly remind one of landscaJX!S. The titles are indicative of the romantic strain In Ayco: "Vigan Cathedrai," "Aldebaran No. 5," etc. Possibly. the paintings are a little too decorative. too flashy. to be rcally deeply moving. but the artist is young and is willing to eXp;!riment.

The same may be said for the other members of the RrouP. Emilio LoDez Is capable of Interesting, som ... times strong ,,(feets; but he hl!~ not a=hleved a definite style as yet. Perhaps, his work a. sales manager for International Harveo<;tl'r In the Eastern Vlsayas and Mindanao mav explain why he has not achieved his Individual style a. yet. The yoUnl'!'e3t of the group. namely : Allmon and Jhocson have very Individual styles. Allmon pllints his "Lattices" and Jhocson, his non-obJectives (rough but freshly vigorous). Conrado Judith, like Lopez, oscillates among two or three

different manners.

As

the public becomes more art-conscious and as more Filipinos take to wielding the brush. the example set by the Bacolod group will be emulated. As .of now. it is worthy of special notice.

Several one-man shows this year have been highly provocative aestheti=ally. In their order of importance. I would mention the one-man shows (.f Jose Joya. Ferna,,do Zobel. and J. Elizalde Navarro. In sculpture. the most i"terestlng was that of Abu(!\'ll.

These three ('xhibitol's drmonstrnte th" fact that Philippine art today Is derived from vmiousl\, Inlernational souJ'c('s. both Oriental and Occldenlal. with the Occldrntal dominating.

Joya's wo,路ks. Ihl' larg<'S1 canvases e"hlblt('(l In Manila so far. are Ih" r('Sulls of his studlps In bolh Spain and the United S I a I e s (Cranbrook) .

Before his trip to Cranbrook. 1 ..... membered Joya painting In ~ curiously Ught mannl'r; but after his return. his paintings had undergone a . break-through stylistically.

Freedom. dynamism. bravura. with a mingling of the

~oetic. now mark the style of Jose Joya - certainly. the most happy achievement Individually In the field of painting.

The Joya style is a blend of O~cidentl'.l and Oriental Insights Into painting. Specificail\". this style is derived 'from American expressionism. which In turn learned Its important lessons from Orientai calligraphy. In Joya. the combination has resulted in an unusual technique made possibil" by sweeping brushstrokI"s. calculated overpainting and under-paintIng and thl' US(' of spatial tensions th ..ough blocks of colors or color patterns. Jo"a's "Yeserlas" and "Land;"apes of the Inn('r Eye" a ..e th(' best of their kind done locally.

Th(' ~obel paintings. specillcally. his 8MtlU. art! possihly our most completeIv non-objective paintings.

Thr\' are divested of all thai could suggest any objccl WI' know; they are highly calligraphically muskal. and entice us by their vrry restrained qualities.

Zobel Is moving more and more Inlo Ihe realm of pure abstl'llction. Again, as ~n Joya's C8.e. the sources of de..lvation are both Oriental

,..

NEW FORMS IN SCULPTURE CULPTURE whose traditional material has been stone and metal has S found new expression in the Philippines in the works of young sculptors who choose to work with bamboo and wood:. Three such sculptors experimenting with these materials have achieved what may be described naively as a "different" effect. Cenon Rivera worked on ply-

wood Joya chose cuttings of lumber and Abueva came out with creations'ln bamboo. The works of these three artist~ (three represented on this page) 路p oint to the refreshing versatility of native materials.

Joya'. MAN MOVING

Abueya'. CHILDBIRTH

1tiYu.'. BAGOIO DANCER

and Occidental. More specifically, they are strongly Spanish and American. A painter, after all. reflects his own personal Innuences.

J. Elizalde Navarro's exhibition was very Interesting from the OrIental perspl!Ctive. Showing the obvious Innuences of his s0journ In Japan the past year or so, the paintings of Navarro are Japanese In subject mattpr, In colors, and In forms. HIs colors remind .one of Japanese paper kites and lanterns, as well as ot Japanese brightly banded kimonos. With quite

a roving eye, Navarro has caught in his works the Japanese scene and given it the Japanese "feel" Technically, I felt that his -line drawings are far more interesting than the paintings; the draWings are done In rapid strokes, very deftly expressive.

The Abueva exhibits In sculpture also elicited interest. Napoleon Abueva, by the way, received a merit diploma as one of UP's most well-known alumni for the year. HIs two exhibits (one at PAG and the lither at UP) got varied response.

HIs works that merited most praise were his more nearly realistic abstractions: the "Rice Planters" and "Woman Big With Child." The first Is done In wood, well sculptured and original In form; the other, done on marble, Is very selfcontained and poetic. The bamboo sculptures, while novel, did not attract much attention. Perhaps, the use of bamboo carries too much limitation In torm; It lacks the masslvlty or solidity of stone or wood, the malleability of Iron, plastics, steel, or aluminum or

bronze. Some of the other Abueva pieces disappointed by being too literal to arouse imaginative response.

Jose Joya, too, has some sculptures done. Uke his paintings, the sculptures are an effort to achieve new forms. He used left-over pieces of lumber. nailed them together to create patterns and depths reminiscent ot cubist sculpture and painting. To add to his painterly effects, he painted some of the wooden pieces In off-whites or greys.

Uniike painting, PhIlIppine sculpture. though, suf-

fers from a lack of public Interest and from a dearth ot practitioners. Off-hand, I'd say that the country's best sculptor is still Tolentino.

Of reputations earned by FilIpinos abroad, the most resonant have been those of Federico Aguilar and Jose Joya. Aguilar has been In SpaIn for the last ' thtee years and has won various awards and medals.

The latest of these Is the first prize medal won by him In a contest sponsored this year by the French governCONTINUED NEXT 'AG(

NEW TRENDS

Filipino modernists no longer need

CONnMUUI

HE country has done T Itself proud by an AM-sponsored Asian Tour of Philippine Art. Since February, this art tour has drawn big crowds In Hongkong, Tokyo, Osaka, Bangkok and other cities. Of it, Leonidas Benesa, president of the AAP, says that It Is

SAETA by Fernando Zobel repre3fl1lt3 the latut e/fort .at ~elt-exprC3Sion in painting by Manila'. modernists.

menl, the Concurso Cerc/e Maillol. In which- some pf the more well-known names in European painting participated. The critic of Gran Mundo in Spain has written of the painter: "Ese gran milagro de la pintura Ie ha conseguido realizar Federico Aguilar a edad temprana y tecnica muy personal."

Jose Joya won high praise for his one-man exhibits in the United States

before his

return to the P hilippines. One critic called him "the exciting new talent on the American scene."

Another painter , Romeo Tabuena, has also exhibited in two or three places in Mexico and the United States. Tabuena has been studying mural techIllques in TIju ana. About a year or so ago, Ta buena did the mUT.ds for the Philippine Embassy In New York City.

a complete success, "a

fea~

ther to the cap of local art and Philippine culture."

The painters represented in this Asian Tour of PhilIppine Art belong to the older school of the avantgarde. This choice, on the whole, has been very fortunate, although demurs have been raised regarding the exclusion of the younger avant-garde. Anyway, t he paintings of Rogerio Luz, Hernando Ocampo. Vicente Manansala, Fernando Zobel, Cesar Lega spi, Constancio Bernardo. and one or t wo others, with the sculptures of Abueva, are the

prizes pieces of the exhibit -a splendid collection qualitatively. In some cities, the exhibits drew flfteenthousand or more people In awe e k or so of exhibition, This, It hail been claimed, is a record in painting exhibitions attendance. The newspapers have touted the cultural achievements of the Philippine Womens' University Bayanihan Dance Group - with good reason; but, curiously, It has not accorded enough attention to this Asian Tour of PhilIppine Art. The older avant-garde composed of Ocampo, Luz. Manan"llla, Zobel, Legaspi, Magsa.::;ay - H 0, Legaspi, Bernardo, Oteyza, and Rodriguez are still holding their own as the leaders of Philippine painting, at least in the quality of their best works. Ocampo has perfected his bright, tapestry-

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rich canvases. The decorative quality of these latest Ocampos are very Oriental In their abstract designs,

with Its proliferations of forms reminding one of the profusions In details of Indian sculpture or indonesian decorative motifs.

The blend of OrientaUsm and OccIdentaUsm In Ocampo as in Zobel and Joya and for that matter In most of our modernists - Is evident in the use of pointillstic textures and the geometrical shapes, the colors and the profuse designs. The exorclstlc has almost totally disappeared now in Ocampo; he has entered into a new phase - Is It an Indian summer?

Vicente Manansala has been busy with his murals at the College of Medicine at Santo Tomas University.

He has become, perhaps, the most commissioned mural painter of the country

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126

PROGRESS

apologists; they need critics today. His UP Stations of the Cross are undoubtedly the best of their kind hereabouts - one of the country's points of cultural hiterest.

Constancio Bernardo IS painting a lot, too, though he has not held a one-man show so far this year. He I.!; expected to exhibit on the occasion of the UP Golden Jubilee at the College of LJberal Arts lobby, Dillman. His works have achieved a new kind of exl>resslveness, a new vigor and freedom. With Joya and Abueva, he forms the avant-garde at the state uni-' versity's school of paintIng. His Influence Is being felt more and more as evidenced by the fact that the school's recent graduates are winning art contests lIlmost regularly.

Talking of the UP Golden Jubilee Art exhibitions, these series have been made

possible largely through the efforts of Jose Joya, exhibition chairman. So far, there have been more than half a dozen exhibitions; two In sculpture, the rest In painting. The most interesting of these shoYlS have been those of Joya hbnself, the Bacolod painters, Napoleon Abueva, the PAG anniversary show, the Contemporary Art Gallery show. Domlnador Castaneda's one-man show, with that of Professor Miranda's, have elicited their own Q..uiet kind of Interest.

The publication of the drawings of Rogerio Luz has been one of the wel<!Ome cultural events of the year. Printed by Fernando Zobel, the drawings indicate the type of work that go into the preparation of Luz' paintings, tho ugh some of them are In themselves beautiful, f!rushed art works. The drawings of

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J. Elizalde Navarro, Manansala, Constancio Bernardo and a few others merit book publication, too.

The y would find a ready, if limited, market Luz, by the way, won the major award in the last AAP art contests. His en· tries, like those he exhibited at the PAG, are elegant, restrained understatements of. his subjects-a cityscape or a camlval scene.

I have indicated the emergence of a new, younger avant-garde in the country. Such painters as J9ya, Lee Aguinaldo, Ayco, Alimon, and a few others-all very young, all talentedare the new bright hopes of Philippine painting. From what I h a ve seen of Lee Aguinaldo's works, I can sa y that. they are some of the most beautiful things being done h ere today. A more controlled exponent COHTINU£D HlXT PAGE

VICENTE M ANANSALA, shown above with two of his rep7'e8entative studies on the Filipino seene, continues to enliven the cultural milieu. Manansala's academic training carried him to Canada and France. He is also a muralist.

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NEW TRENDS

COHTIHUID

of the "drip" technique.

He has done some very evocative pieces that rellect his International Influences.

One of the younger men. too. has been elected president of the AAP- Leonidas Benesa. J ust back f rom a year's stay in the United Sta tes. young Benesa has been writing art articles. has exhibited with the " Primitives" (they are not really so in feeling and techniques). and is teaching at Ateneo.

This yea r. too. appre-

dative articles appeared in the weeklies about the older artists-Fernando Amorsolo and the sculptor. Guillermo Tolentino. Undoubtedly. these two are the <leans of painting and sculpture, respectively. though both represent the mOrE conservative group. Amorsolo Is the most soughtafter portraitest of the country ; and Tolentino has the most remunerative comm issions for sculpture.

There is today in the Philippines a greater public

ART goes to the masse" m thi3 exhibition by the Academy 01 Filipino arlGroup at the Luneta. Thi3 annual e1.'l3nt ' draw /I pe'>ple and created mas.' interest' in culture, notably in painting.

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J28

Interest in the works of the painters. That interest had been achieved earlier by such gallery-owners as Lyd Arguilla. as well as direct ors like Purita Kalaw Ledesll1a. with the backing of the older avant-gardists_ So today, there are ro more a pologetics being written to justify the "Horrors" of the modernists ; instead. the public follows the exhibitions with interest and a few who ca n afford them. buy the paintings.

Another trend w h I c h augers well for the Philip· pine.. art situation is that more classes in the Huma nities are being held In, the colleges while a greater art a ppreciation Is being encour aged in the elementary and high school levels.

Private business companies find it good. publicity to sponsor art contests. thus Inadvertently providing a needed boost to painting.

Soon the time will come when we shall. have a responsive, art-consctous public on a poJ:ular level to which painters cah appeal.

There are also researches going on regarding Philippine religious sculptures In particular. Fernando Zobel has been enthusiastically going a r 0 u n d In old churches looking for examples of religious sculpture done by native workers during the Spanish period before the Suez canal brought In the plaster statues of saints. and the • agrada lama/a from Bel-

guim,-statues that curtaUed the business of local craftsmen. Zobel expects to publish his findings In possibly two volumes-which, 1 am sure. will become highly important as refer~nces for students of art.

HE question is asked: T What Is Oriental about modern Philippine art? I have already. partly suggested . the answer in the earlier portion of this essay. The Orlentallsm Is in the feeling for color, which is often richly brilliant; in the decorative tendency; In the \!alUgraphic techniques; in the subject matter of .• ome painters. These are wedded to Occidental elements, evolving a blend t hat represents a new achievement In vitality and meaningfulness.

More than a year ago, at the AAP-sponsored contest for Asian artists. the first .prize winner was from Indonesia. But the painting of batik weavers was reminiscent of the Matisse use of lines and colors. The fact Is Indicative of what Is happening In Oriental paintIngs today - the tradition· al Is giving way to the Influences from abroad, just as In the days of the Impressionists In France, the painters were Influenced by the wood-block prints of Hokusal and other Japan-

ese.

Today, In America and Europe,' the painters derlv!' their techniques from part•

Iy Oriental sources. So, these cross-currents of Influences are the order of the day: we cannot avoid them; we can oniy stuitUy ourselves culturally. The vitality of Philippine paintIng Is to be partiy attrlbutP.d to these currents, which enliven and Inspire.

We of the Philippines are fortunate In that our culture Is a blend of the Oriental. the Spanish and the American. Many of our painters go to Spain and America for graduate studies. a~d the results are challenging works of art.

Luz, Joya. Zobel. Aguilar.

Manansaia, Aguinaldo, Tabuena. Magsaysay-Ho. Constancio Bernardo--all these have been Influenced by their stay abroad. Even those who have Dever gone out of the country have also been subjected to these Influences-by their readIngs of art books, their studies of the excellent reproductions being published. and by seeing !be works of those who have been abroad. Exhibitions of Spanish, American, and Chinese paintings are common In Manila also.

In a country where the literary arts have been partly held In check by language difficulties, It Is inevitable that we should develop painting as our loremost art today_ This development will, I am ,ure, continue; and we should expect a richer harvest from !be artists,

PROGRESS

THE VERNACULAR WRITER MEETS A CHALLENGE Tagalog literature must derive its sustenance from good writing TAGALOG poem is recited by g;rl ;n Nueva Ecija duplo contest.

By ANDRES CRISTOBAL CRUZ

BARD exto13 ;n poetry a young l.adY'3 beauty during poet ic duel.

HE Filipino of today Is T confronted with alternatives that will deterthe

mine whether he, is to be liberated from the enslaving forces of Western ecanomic colonialism, religious intolerance, and alien attempts at economic domination.

It will be a difficult choice; nevertheless he has to make it enmeshed as he is in a morally corrupt

society, his na tional life threatened both economically and politically.

But while his Southeast Asian neighbours are redirecting their dedications tawards their own national survivals, the Filipino has yet to decide on making the leap from an ancient bondage to a new freedom.

Having been alienated from his beginnings, because of his 'long subservience to

the Western approach to almost every phase of life, the Filipino is already bt!ginning to forget that, as an Asian, he has his own system of culture and modes of expressions.

He confuses between the Western approach to art which tenaciously upholds the individual, and the Eastern artist's belief in the universal; he is at a loss whether to identify himself with the

Western artist who would anchor himself to earth in order to express himself to the littlest of details, or with the Eastern artist who goes well beyond himself, reaching out to the inscrutably unattainable by simply re-creating the essential idea behind the object.

Although it is presumed today that Filipino society and culture were magnaniCONTINUED

NUT PAGE

VERNACULAR

COHTlHCED

It remains for the vernacular writer to define human experience

mously guided by both Spanish and American traditions, the Filipino people's basic way of liIe already enjoyed an identi ty of its own in the pre-Spanish t Jlles.

This Is evidenced in the country's literary tradition that Is rich not only In m odes of expressions, but also in the InteJlectua l and spirt tual as well as in the aesthetic aspects of its m essage and vaIue. From the age of m a gIc incantations, folktales, legends, a nd ritual songs came a FIlipino epoch of epics which reflected the conDuences of the MalayaOriental cult ures in the Islands: the Vishayan epIcs M&~, Hlnllawod, Lagda, Hanyaw, and Har! 11& BuIdt; the Mindanao Moro Bantupn, Indarapatraat, SuJaym.... Daramold a Bahay and SlduarI; the J)a.. r;oy and Sud&od of the Tagbanwa-Palawan groups; ParaDJ Sablr of Sulu; Blag ni Lam-Anr; of the Dokanos; the Benguet-Ibaloy epics Kabualaa and BendiaD; the Itugao Hndhud and Alim.

However, because of governmental and academic neglect and Indifference, the oral literatures of the past are dying in the memories of old men and women In the hinterlands and mountains who have received these epIcs from the past, but who now find no audience to whom to transmit a people's history and

130

myth. To begin \\ith, our primitive literature had no chance against the inroads of Christian Indoctrination and orientation. Out of this cultural and literary tampering resulted the works of friar-scholars, and later on, the Introduction of literary forms evolved from a Spanish-Moorish civilization. Filipino priests wrote their versions of the Passion Play and. as the metrical romances in vogue abroad were a daoted, there began the period of awlt.! and eorrldos, the tirst eomedlas or mor<>IDol'Otl that became the forerunners of the kanJat&n, duplo, zarzuela and the Ba~.

It was not until the Propaganda Period that FIlipino literature's potential Influence upon the thinking of the masses was to be feit.

In P10rante at LAura Francisco Baltazar (Balagtas) allegorized the abusive practices of the Spanish friars and civil administrators. Dr. Jose P. RIzal's Noll Me Tangere attempted to "reproduce the conditions of his country faithfully and wlthnut fear, raising away the veil that hides the evil."

Marcelo del Pilar, Mariano Ponce. Antonio Luna, Andres Bonifacio. Emlllo Jaeinto, and Apollnarlo Mabl.,,1. in words and deeds, gen"rated the beginnings of a national self-awareness that eventually exploded In the vIolence of the Katlpunan.

MAN WITH the fancy hat is BUpp03ed to represent aome globe-beanr19 character in a "moro mora" play ataged by Paraftaque troupe at the Luneta aa part Of touriBm campaign.

Then came the early American perIod In the Philippines which was characterIzed more by polemics than by signifIcant advances In literature. Taking Ideological positions on the !Ul'rent political Issues of the period were Sergio Osmefta's EI Nuevo DIa, Rafael Palma's EI Renaclmlento, and Pascual Poblete's EI Grlto del Pueblo which, Incidentally, were among the first newspapers. Severino (Lola Basyang) Reyes, Ananlas Zorllla, and Aurelio Tolentino presented plays, while Cecillo Apostol, Claro M. Recto, Fernando Ma. Guerrero, Manuel Bernabe, and Jesus Balmorl experimented successfully In traditional verse and prose.

Vicente 5otto, the Father nf Cebuano writing, Buenaventura Rodriguez, VIcenLt! Rama, mdarlco Alvlola,

and Piux A. Kabahar are to Cebuano literature what Eriberto Gumban and Magdalena J alandoni are to Dongo literature as-MaI"Celino Crlsologo and Leon PIchay are to Docano writIngs. Comparatively speakIng, of the six major languages (Tagalog, Cebuano, nongo, Docano, Blcol, and Samar-Leyte) 01 a total of 87, Tagalog and Cebuano literature are richer.

For the contemporary FIlipinO vernacular wrltIlIg, one looks towards the successfully circulated vernacular magazines, the "smaIl magazines" and the houseorgans come to existence before deadline time for the annual Palanca Memorial Awards for Uterature, and also In the campus literary pages. In them as In the English publications one finds a hybrid fonn of wrlt-

ing that finds sustenance in foreign stereotypes and cliches. Both the FUipino writer In English or the Filipino writer in the vernacular, are faced with the same dilemma of their s0ciety: they have become strangers In their own land.

In the past there has been a divisive attitude between the Filipino writer in English and the FUipino writer In the vernacular. It was an attitude of Indifference and snobbery. The FIlipino writer in English ignored his counterpart in the vernacular who In tum, retaliated In equal measure. Incidentally some vernacular writers are under the impression that FUiplno writers In English are a class higher. ThIs Is a mlsleadtnK Impression tor In spite 01 the lact that some FUiplno writers In EngUah have

PROGRE$S

~~ ~ o..t ~e.aU'\ _~

ÂŤmes

to celebrate victory over the piTot'ZS.

been publisbed abroad thru

Hterary agents, they are, at best comparable to the beginner in the vernacular and to the established hack who will never be the artl5t becaUlle he has become a literuy hustle!', When! then Is the Flliplno vernacular literature!

Or to be spedIIc, where Is Taplog literature 01 the pn!IeI\t! the majority 01 TaT opJoc writers, Is radio COIDIDe!'dal the

ney

m0-

In

tranIlations and advertising c:npIes, in radio commentaries and soap opera. But the pot of gold Is in the m0vies. Towards this end, a Jot of them are bent on attracting the attention 01 I!IOYte producers by slanting tbelr literary output lor IIImJnIt potelltlaUties. One Is Ia laet, IndIDed to ....

peet that almost every Tagalog novelist has adapted his writing lor movie prospeets, forgetting the fact that cinemagraphk interpretation of the novel or story Is the producer's and the director's job. This pernicious practice Is lurtber abetted. unwrlttingly, by the masses whose dictates at the box olflce ultimately rleclde tbe type of Tagalog literature in clreulatlon.

In the field of poetry the contemporary output Is lean as always. Tagalog poetry has a world of tradition all Its own ""olved 1rom the incantations. the sawlkabaa and Ioooct_ the exhortative verses of the trlbal JtI'OUJIS, with a cbaracterlstc beauty. intelligence. and thought. That It should abound with morall~tlc and re10nning llnes. and that It should Ilmtt iblelf to the

v

New ~ New flavor! ~~-=- texture!

GAUDILY DRESSED Bpontah 80ldiers 'duel in a "mOT<HnOl"O" play, a natwe .Iage preuntation aaid to have originated d â&#x20AC;˘.,.itIg the BpcmMh

.

conventional metrics Is of course to be regretted; and there is little hope for a refreshing change as long as Its practitioners refuse or are not able to strike out with eXJl!!rlmentai poetry.

Fortunately, Alejandro G Abadllla, Manuel Principe Bautista, Manuel Car. Santiago, and Gonzalo K. Flores have already attempted innovations in Tagalog poetry. with Abadllla providing the extreme in terms of image and thought, whUe EustaQulo G. Cabras and Leonardo C. Dlokno are doing the same with Cebuano poetry.

In the case of the Tagalog essay. the appeal'lllla! 01 Aliwan, a L1wayway Publication weekly may yet provide legitimate outlet lor Its practitioner. It regularly leatures Emilio Aguilar Cruz's .........,.. (Free lor COHnHUfD HEXT P/.1a

131

VERNACULAR

CO NTlNUl O

All ... ) and now and then Amado V. Hernandez1s subtly humorous and anecdotal articles. In the past, the late Macario Pineda's column Sabl ni Ingkong Terong in DlUlg-Dang and also the late Jesus A . Arceo's essays pro-

vided literary thought a nd chann, while in his &gong ~

column EdJlberto Parulan wrote on the imponderables of life. The last Imown collection of essays in Tagalog is GemUiano Pineda's Sanaysay (Essays).

The year 1957 saw Tagalog literary rebel Alejandro G. Abadilla being cited by the institute oJ National Language for his contribu路 tion to Tagalog literature as exemplified In his book of poetry Ako Ang Daigdig

II Am the World). Abadilla Is a writer who astonishes his better-Infonned colleague with his obstinate lack of background on even the writing trends of two decades ago. His readings are mostly confined to the D. H. Lawrence, Sigmund Freud, and Alberto Moravia school oJ sex and lltera~ The year 1957 also saw the anthology of short stories MailIdIDg Kalba ng 20 Pangnnahiug Awtnr, published by Pangwlka Publishing House, t he main lifeline of which Is a fortnightly booklet of th e latest song hits. As the AbadlllaPBPPineda anthology was published "liter aturewil;E>" it h ad to contradict itself by selling its authors.

Although It had complalned about "commercial writIng" , the anthology published several which first saw print In the L1wayway.

ThIs year Pangwlka Publishing House also published Alejandro G, AbadUla and Genaro Kapulong's PagkamuJat nl Magdalena which challenges the most Catholic of taste with an ambitiously handied theme of sex and nationalism. The original jacket design of the book Is a brilliant example of ludicrously poor taste iI. book .:elllng. No soonerwas it oUered to leading bookstnres In the city than It was quickly asked to put on another jacke!. The book has yet to be reviewed in context for all the recom-

ALE JANDRO ABADILLA, with Ponciano B. PeraltaPineda, has put out an anthology of Tagalog 8hort atorle3.

LUPE K . SANTOS,

ack-

nowledged dean Of TagoUJg writers, has been awarded

lor

literary

distinction.

A . C. FABIAN, novelist, and general manager o.f Li.cayway Publications, helped eet writers' workMop.

Vernacular writers need

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132

mendatory statements wellmeaning and polite. but less critical sympathizers have on the jacket flaps.

Last year, the Carlos Palanca Memorial Awards for Uterature prize stories from 1950 to 1955 were published between covers. the Tagalog short stories included, thus providing a particular body of supposed路 ly good writing in the vernacular.

Last year also the "Lubas sa Dagang 8lsaya" an organization of Cebuano Visayan writers awarded prizes to. winners of its first short story contest. The first prize of P150.00 went to Eugenio A. Viacrucls tDr his Saclb (Survivor); the second prize of P75.00 for Fomarlna Enemedo's ADg Katrintas Np Haa61 (Sampagulta Necklace); and the third prize of PSO.OO to lila)' U ..

Ka

Patay

Dp

PUDoaD

(There's a dead tree trunk)

by Dlosdado C. MantaJaba.

At present, there are only three magazines publishIng Cebuano fiction, the BI-

say. which has the widest clrculatlon( the AIIm),CNIo and the SIla....

Last December Df 1957 this writer went on a cultural sojourn In tbe south to tape CebuanD poetry by the poets themselves. CebuanD songs. recitations and other pieces. The project was a personal one tor the library Df the institute Df National Language, but It Is hDped that a Cebuano group In Manila may yet be Interested well enough to sponsor the first pubUc presentation Df the tape-recorded materials.

HERE It Isn't plain W difference or Ignorance that hampers the florescence

in-

Df vernacular writing, Dther causes Just as destructive and distractive could be found. The following Is indicative: A few months ago., this year, an editor fDr an anthology Df Tagalog short IItDries asked a young writer fDr his piece. ThIs particular young writer wrote the editor asIdng the Idnd of

mate; It merely hints an exfor having nothing really of worth. Even those who savagely decry against so-called commercial writIng are merely rhetorical, never aesthetic, nor at the least. artistic about It. Overbearingly disgruntled for no reason at all, the young writers In Tagalog becuse

•

PWX A. KABAHAR, noueliat, ia ranked with Vicente Botto, Uldarico AltlioZa,

and otller Oebuano greate.

J08E VILLA PANGANIBAN, noted alwrt .tory writer of the early tlli"*, M LmIgtuJge Ina'. /lead.

have Uke Uterary juvenile deUnquents. By their manuscripts, one can deduce that they are suUering from the wrong impression that to imitate thI~ author's style or that one's technique, Is to assure pubUcation. Jmltatl", without knowing why they spend so Uttle time keeping their third eye on

CONTINUED NEXT ,AGE

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lOBE DOMINGO KARA81G. fOVtUJed the Kllusang Makabansa, an organization advocating FtlipiniMn.

". ". ".

to develop (raft, insight

". 'f.

'" ".

audience the proposed anthology would address Itself to so he would know the kind of story he would send.

He. also asked quite frankly If there was anything to be expected by way of remuneration. Why Is It? the young writer wrote, that when It comes to money matters we seem to feel shame •.• In less than a week the answer came. The editor was oUended and sUghted and In so Dlany words expressed the common, but unhaopy beUef that writers must not expect rewards, and that anthologies of such Jdnd (addressed to students with the blessing perhaps of the Textbook Board) do not profit. The young writer sent his piece written as the phrase goes "In blood and _ t and tears." But It came back with a piece of note, unsigned, from the editor saying that the manuscript came too late tor the press. ThIs In less than a month and halt-time!

Many writers In Tagalog,

their story. Most of the beginnJng writers do not seem to realize that even editors can get fed up with the same themes and subjects and manner of writing. They have a remarkable tendency to be shallow and not even entertaining.

When not engaged In

particularly among the elder ones, believe in the myth of the writer as a bohemian, with a lean and hungry look, and as a special Jdnd of person with tendencies of a psychopath. For him a lot of girls must fall, he must more or less hug the bottle as often as possible, and he must be regarded as one blessed with the gift of the gods from Olympus. A criticism of their work Is considered a personal oUense and he who oUended must suftel'" the consequencesostracism and back-stabbing, a prejudice of long standing against the oUender's life and works past and present and In the future.

U among Flllploo writers In EngUsh there bave been cliques and coteries ot various hue and cry, the worst can be found among writers In Tagalog where there Is so much boasting going around. "too much wind, "to use a vernacular image, but very little writIng really to be truly proud about. The pride Is Illegltl·

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133

VERNACULAR

CON11NUED

The vernacular writer has a rich literary tradition to uphold bickerings our so-called established writers In Tagalog are either busy with social functions or with the mirror ol their achievements. Some of them can be as Immature and shallow as the young, hlindJy eagef' ones becau..<e they refuse to grow within. to be Involved In the daily realities of 1i1e; or that having had no personal crisis or crises they remain emptied, after several accidental writings. That too much generous b1endshlp tends towards clIcbes In spirit and aims responsible.

In turn, for a clique of writIr.g L~ hannful and should not be overlooked.

Those who keep on, among

the young and the old, are thQse who labor quJet1y and slowly and are newr bothered if the f'ditor's frame of mind tor the moment retJect.<: a lack of understanding of the 'recent criteria for effective, wholesome and worthwhile writing and also a suspicion of any new style, which Is termed "literary writing" when It Is just plain old fashioned good writing, witb a beginning, a middle, and an end.

year. 1958, the LIL AST wayway Publications and opened :II writing workshop In the rompany resthouse in Cabeaben, Marlveles, Bataan for organi2>ed

st.aff members. With tbe modest opinion that "even so-called popular writing should be written well," A. C. Fabian, general manager and novelist and the LI'Nayway writers Intend to ,\Tite several months' supply of stories so that after a tUne the writers can take it easy on their own pieces as _11 as encourage young and new writers.

Story-wise and reader-wise there is an In-路 formalIy serious discussion before or after a story is wrltren. During one of tbese discussions at the Cabcaben workshop the need lor lortifying the skeletal Tagalog short story by effective characterization, dialogue,

EMILIO AQUILAR Cnu ia one 01 Filipino writera who divide time bet_ EngliM a" d vemacular writitlg_

description W8~ pinpointed.

Thereafter, bnprovements In vernacular stuff can be expected. The workshop Is the only one of its kind In the country, and perhaps In the whole SoutheaSt AsIa. Comparatively speaking, FtUpino writers are paid higher than writers In Southeast Asia. ' excluding Japan when! writers could live on the patronage of their audience.

Last year, 1958, Tagalog writing has again earned added lustre by the return of Amado V. Hernandez to a re-Invlgorated writing.

His short stories and his articles happily bring a new hope for honest-to goodness, unclutten!d writing.

His play "Muntinlupa" won the first prize this year In the Palanca Awards. Fortunately, the vemaatlar comics (and the movies) have not claimed him yet for its next votary as it had CIodualdo del Mundo, who. In spite of becamlng a threat to Mars Ravelo. the undisputed dean of Tagalog comics writers,

still maintains a sensible

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and sensitive critical eye.

1958 also saw the founding of the Kit-c ....... ban.sa (NdoMIIst ~ beaded by Jose Doatlngo Karasig, lID orgardzation advocating patriotic support ot FilIpino 1Ileways, and of the KapaUru II&; JIp AIapd IIC ...........

-c WIIwIc PIlIplao (KAPAWIPI) for the dessImInalion and enrichment 01 FIlJ. pino art and culture with aD awe-inspiring cen!lDony and symbl>logy not unJJke that of Freemasonry. The KA. PAWIPI was conceived by Jose Joson Santoyo and Lazaro Francisco. botb writei'll of note, the latter being one of the very lew who _ _ mand respect lor_pro. mIad novels witb a broad bue 01 IIOdal _ .

_t,

'I'M year 1957-'58 has served to indicate more po!Iitively new trends In vemacu!at literature. For one thtD&'. vernacular writing is eon!tng to terms with the human condition and the social situation; the craft of ftetton among vemacular practitioners Is slowly belnc examined In spite of aD acute absence of textual criticism on the best existIng materials. HappDy lor the vernacular writer, he has no critic to worry aboIn, e>reept the board of judges of the Palanca Awards..

It remains for the vemacular writer to define, with etbical oonscIousDess, human experience elther personal or societal- from an emotional and Intellectual distance, controlling It with consummate artistry and with organic unity. He hu to have firm convIcdon on humllD folly and wisdom. human stress imd strain &It he Uves and as he wortar, guided by the one oblIpdon of his Cl'I!aUve gift: to do what he has to do In terms moat aulb!d to his apeci1Ic utterance.

When the FWpino wrltI!r'. either in English or In the vernacular finally comes to beliew in the potent tOfte of \ltentul'e, whm be preserves with humDity and lranlmess the wrltteD bopIs and aspirations ot his I'!IIendons and by theBe Ieam and live and be free, wilen he becomes deeply aware of the tIdDp wttbIn htm and without, wben In his . . and In his poetry he 1euDs to find, as his countrymen did, the deathlea and teDJua reeord 01 the rise 01 the FIBpO- from their begtJmings In the love of God, of man. of eountry. and 1Ind theBe apIn. then and anly then can lie rededicate himIIelf as an aru.t and as a FIllpInG to Nt and to LIfe.

PROGRESS

TRAVE L ...... L ........ ES

T

HE Philippines, rich in scenic beauties and historic and cultural attractions, enters this year with a more determined effort to boost the local tourist industry. The country, however, as a tourist spot is located in an area where competition for patronage and dollars is rather stiff. Most certainly, we have not developed our tourist sites and the adjuncts of the tourist trade with as much care and attention as say, Japan or Hongkong. Our facilities are not as adequate as our tourist industry people would have them. Then, there is the interest which Filipinos themselves have toward travel in their own country. While it cannot be \laid that the Filipino has no love for travel, still it is a fact that tourism in the islands is not as popular as basketball or cockfighting. Selling the Philippines to the Filipinos has become a problem of tourism, but efforts have been made and are steadily being directed toward getting more and more Filipinos every year to see their own country.

What is being contemplated is to provide the Filipino with easy facilities to travel farther and see more of this beautiful archipelago. This is an objective of the tourist industry in the Philippines, something which if realized can prove a boon to small industries thriving on travelers' pesos. The other problem, which most people consider disheartening in the face of rival tourist industries, involve simply the capture of a good portion of the tourist traffic that annually moves from the American mainland toward this side of the Pacific.

But, as some people glossing over the problem would say, what have we got to offer foreign travelers? Simply getting Americans ro make up their minds to visit the Philippines is an immediate problem. Promotions then, some say, should be stepped up. But this is not as easy as it sounds. The basic problem remains: what can we offer tourists in the way of a novel experience without making them feel that they have arrived at another U.S. City? A suggestion that has long been wanting some concrete implementation is restoring the Walled City and turning its environs into some sort of a tourist town. Then, there is also need for developing other tourist sites besides Mayon Volcano, Tagaytay and Baguio. But what i.. certainly needed is more literature on other picturesque Philippine spots which can excite the imagination.

T ... E

r

BAGOBO datv in Daooo weora the

costume and ear ""ga 01 Ilu rank.

HE SOUTH-meanlng the Island ot Mlndarlao

and the Sulu ArchIpelago - beckons and the things which the South can show, tts lure of mystery and material bounties, are at this moment within the reach of all those possesg"d with enough .courage and verve to try.

Distance does not matter anymore for Mindanao, th~ second largest Island In the country and also the least developed, Is a mere three hours away

by PAL Viscount. And by boat, on any of the airconditioned vessels which drop anchor at the ports of Zamboanga. Davao, Cotabato and Jolo, It Is a week away of leisurely sailing.

From the air or from the sea, Mindanao Is green. It's an invitation to wider vistas and new experiences, whether one drops by air Into the plateau of Rukldnon or sails Into a smuggler's cove In Sulu. In this first encounter with the South, one lllways gets a feeling akin to discovery.

MUDDY riVaT, lined with muUi-colored buntings, u a main street lor the citizens of Taraka, in LaMa. On the banks 01 thu river, the Moroa-men /1M

136

ElE~UT.FUL

Touristlcally, It Is Mindanao's Moslem provInces and its still uncharted hIn!lerlands that have the most attraction because they evoke all that Is culturally impregnable. To those searehIng for purity In cultural roots-MIndanao ofters just this kind of reward .

Mindanao's DOn-Christian tribes number more than 20 and they Include the expert horsemen ot tho Cotabato cogonals-the Bilaans-and the sea gypsies of Tawi-taw!, the Badjaos.

It's the Moslems, however, who dominate the cultural past and present of the South, the Maranaws of Lanao, the Magulndanaos of Cotabato and the Tausogs of Sulu.

To understand the South, one must understand Mohammedanlsm, Its tenets and how It came to MIndanao, Sulu and Palawan. thousands of miles aWllY from Arabia ' where it burgeoned and became the potent faith which embraces to-

women-perlorm their dtJtJy /lbilitions. ThfI stream, 0116 01 tile - J I wh;ell; emptfea into LaIoe Lonoo, reoches out to the heart 01 the Ma_to coutltry.

PROGRESS

&OI.lT'" day a seventh of the world's population.

Around a mUllon and a haU Moslems live in Mindanao and their faith Wall Introduced to the reeion in 1380 by an Arab judge named Mak· dum. The ruins of the mosque he bullt were dis· covered centuries later in Simunul island, in Sulu.

Rajah Bagulnda. one of the nobles who ruled Su· lu, continued the missionary work of ~akdum and some five decades later, another Arab mission· ary, Abu Bakar, came ·to Sulu. He married Paramlsuall. the daughter of Bagulnda, and upon the death of his father·in·law. Abu Bakar too~ over the authority of the Rajah and proclaimed him· self the first Sultan of Sulu.

Today, the sultans of Solu bear the wunIs· takable imprint of their Arabian ancestry, the finely chlselled features. the high acquiline noses and the olive tinted complexions of their Arab

JUDGMENT rock in TBTGka (center) 1DG8 eze. cution llite befMe early Americofta rome.

SULTAN IIJfltlJBl Kiram and hill wife attend a prayer meeting in Maimbung in regal finery.

CONTINUED NEXT 'AGE

DAVAO lG1Id8cope includu a fertile field a.1d in the dilltonce, the photograph. ieaUJI .,ueiw "'t. A~, MindGnGo's highat 7J6Ok. Like Mayon Volcano, the

1958

mountain ill always cloud-draped OM ill &eldom sewm e:xoept in the cleGnl3t W6Cther. Some of the /ine3t timber lond3 in the oountry are at its bose.

BEAUTIFUL SOUTH

(O>mHUED

Placid, crystal waters provide the Southerner a

BAMBOO arch 8p<In8 the Taraka river in Lanao. Whole length3 01 bamboo are bundled together then stretched OCT038 the stream.

forebears.

There Is apalling poverty In the presence of profligate wealth In the South and sociologists and all those who have lived In MIndanao attribute this poverty to many things: to Ignorance, to lack of undl!l"Standing and communication between the Moslems. the pagan tribes and the Christiana, and to exploitation of the ignorant by Moslem and Christian alike.

One wanders along the narrow alleyways supported on sttlts along the shorelines of Jola. in Tawl·tawl; one meanders through the hinter· land towns of Lanao, Zamboanga, Davao and Cotobato and, always, one sees in these so-ailled settlements the same pallid faces and bloated bel· lIes--the aftcr-eUeets of malnutrition and diRase.

T has often said that the ' more quaint a Ifacllities. place Is, the more primitive Its plmnbing In the beautlfu) south, this observation been

Is

TOY OOnca8 loaded with INky young8ter8 dart about the calm wateTlt surrounding thu Tauaog viZlGge in the shores of J oW.

Is true. One follows the RIo Grande of Cotabato, the many rivers that empty into Lake Lanao. the convoluted shores of the Islands in Sulu and Tawi· tawl and in all these places, one sees a certain pri. mitiveness in hy~ene. The rivet· Is not only an in· strument of transportation; it Is also a source of drinking watt'r and the very stage for the tions that are part of the Moslem faith.

,.

SAJIAL boat, 1Dit1IooIt outriggers, moin canal ill SUangkai.

0

~

alotIg 1M

tmique village

from

DUSK daceIIda 011 0 c:luCer of 10. BoMOl boat cIIDeIlera ,...

s-oI boota 011 Jof1IIl , tMIIII tAer ~

138

PROGRESS

self-contained way of life Minor blCOlhEilfences such as irregular t:nmIF portation, bad roads and poor plwnblng, however, can be overlooked. And once the tnlveiler JJKM!5 deeper, he cannot but be lmpn!SSed by the quaintness of the South, as well as by 1m bigness. In fact, the first thing aboUt MIndanao that strIJIes the eye Is Its vastness, the tallness of Its tn..!s aDd the flatnes.'1 of Its plains. It's essentially a pIoDeer's country and exotic names 1lIce Takurong, PIang, and Dadlangas (all In Cotabato) a ... actually locales of grand adventure In nation bUilding.

Take Cotabato. '!be approadl to the capital 01 this provtnce---the biggest, the Texas, of all PhilIppine provinces-is the RIo Grande-the brown mlgbty river that could mean 110 mudl to the future of Cotabato. You enter Cotabato via this river- In one of the many small banaul that carry foodstufh and passengers Inland from ships docked In the bay. Mangroove swamps spread out on both sIdeI. of this river aDd some have already been dug out and ronveried into fishponds. lJke the Agusan River In Agusan province, the Rio Grande Is navigable and there was a time when big vessels could proceed from the sea up_ to I.Jguuan Marsh In the Interior. Today. Cotabato town has an aura of ImperlDllJlellee because the RIo Grande -300 miles Jong-continues to carry down sUt from the mountains in the north and from BukldClOImNUED NEXT

,AGâ&#x201A;Ź

where OIWI CGII _ BtmI80 ocroea the atraits. Sito"lJ1cfd " typ1wot&-/rH, _ OfICe pirate m.}rie.

°

BEAUTIFUL SOUTH

COHTlHUED

TARAKA LASS manipulates the kol'ntang, a series of brass gongs of vaTYing sizes.

THE DUGSO, a dance held by t he M an0b03 of Buladnon during /r.arout, i3 performed by these

Malaybalay schoolgirls. They wear authentic Macom~te with headgear IJftd beGda.

nobo costume,

The South sustains its native (ultures non and this slIt has obstructed traffic. Thus, the cost of living In Cotabato---even In the midst of plenitude - Is high. Improved navigation could easily be accomplished by the application of a dredge _0 that even FC boats may drop anchor In Cotabato Itself.

Take Lanao: from DJgan City, you endure a bus ride to Dansaian (now Marawl City) and look down on a lake, crystal clear In the sunlight.

The lake, of course, Is the fabled Lake Lanao and on Its bottom lies the wreckage of Maranaw and Spanish war vessels. lJke Cotabato, the Maranaws also need better roads, better communications and all the Induce路 ments necessary for trade within the province and Its neighboring regions.

The Maranaws of Lanao, like the Magulndanaws and the Tausogs, are concerned with "face" and this concern has been aptly called "maratabat" It Is a passion for pride, for the dignity of the individual, that has been expressed In various and often devious ways. "Maratabat" can make a Maranaw make a mosque single-handed, establish a college (and this has been done) to make his pe0ple more conscious of their faith. On the other h and, "maratabat" can also make the Maranaw a br~ gg:u-t, a slave-holder, and, as It has happened with frightening frequency, a killer motivated by the slightest and flimsiest reason : a hurt prick:.

And what about Davao, Agusan, Bukldnon, Zamboanga and all the other provinces In Mlnda140

nao which do not have well-defined Moslem communities? Their problems are not dissimilar. One jOl1s along through the bad roads of these provlnCP.!I and sees forests still waiting for the settler's axe, strange fauna and, In places where the logging camps have already been established, new CQmmunlties and the pagan tribes-the Manobos, the Bilaans--being driven to the deeper forest.

Mindanao Is a land for new crops, new agrirultural techniques, and--Inevltably-路new social clashes. You ascend the pine-studded plateau of Bukldnon and see fields of pineapple. Bukldnon has been found by the pineapple combines that worked Hawaii to be a perfect garden for this delicious tropical plant.

Mechanization Is just the thing for MIndanao and thousands of hectares have already been planted by mechanization to cotton, coffee and, In the Interior of Cotabato, that wonder-plant, ramie.

One of the biggest corporations In Cotabato Is engaged In ramie development and Its operations are an Index of the good times that may yet develop from the Moslem-Chrlstlan cooperation.

Moro landholders who couldn't get much from their Idle lands have teamed up with the entrepreneurs from Luzon and now, the corporation Is sending regular shipments of the fiber down the Rio Grande to Cotabato where It Is picked up by steamers for shipment to Manila and Japan.

Ther.. Is much to be gained by Moslem-Chrlstlan cooperation but unfortunately, 'there have

SKIRTED MARANAW brave /r.andJoell bru&s gong. the loudeat kol.ntang 'II3trument.

81NGKlL per/armed by thue Doll3alan coeds i3 a populllr but dexterous martial dance.

CONTINUED HEXT '''GI

PROGRESS

WEDDING DANCE &6t to the quick tempo 01 a brlWJ gcing clim4zea the briel ""JItilJl ritea 01 the Bilootl& The Biloona illhabtt the wilda between Cotobato

1958

and Doooo and lead a nomadic li/ e, hunting and kaingin larming. They a,路e olao e:Jtperl hora6m4m and at tima, they tl4ll16 a ateed more than their wille....

141

ABANDONED MeletofI 0/0 8etUer's " .toft4a 1m CotaboW plom. BMiftd ia Jlt. MotvtuIIL

LOG pond 01 LonGo JIl~ IocforÂĽ ia IUled to aapocity. Jlinddnoo loruttJ Gboulld in JIlYiDOOd.

MOsqUE near Donaolon ia propped by slender pola. rile Jlo.lenur neglecC temple repair.

BEAUTIFUL SOUTH

CIINT1NUÂŁ&

With its vastness and its wildness, the been clashes between Moslem and Christian Interests...-dashl'S that are the result more of benightedness and Ignorance than of religious Intolerance.

The division Is SOllN'tlmes heightened by unscrupulllUs poJitl~lan&-both MoslPlft and Christian - and it Is this canmct that has It'd to movements presslrrg for thp. division of Cotabato. 'l1Ie days of Mos\enK:tuistian battiea ao aptly pictured In the Morn-mort' plays staged In Central Luzon towns are ovel', however, and the majority of the Moslems and their Christian neighbors are learning more and more to cooperate with one anot"~er. Thi.s spirit of cooperation has had invigorating effects in many regions In Mindanao; It has hurried up the opening of forftl areas and the settlement of emlgre-farmenr.

This cooperation can do wonders to Sulu but then, Sulu 18 an entirely different domain. a creation 01 the relentless spirit of the Tauaog warrior.

HE climax of southern tour Is the Sulu ArT chipelago, thCl!1e jungly Islands set on a

3

142

transluscent, emer-ald _ , typhoon fret, and forever enchanting In tact and myth. 'l1Ie myth: the TaUSOCS who are the most warUke of the Sulu trtbs assure themselves a niche In paradlae by IdIlIng a Christian dog. Fact: juramentados who are creatures of circumStanCeS, just as amolal In the crowded tenementa of HaniIa are, are quite e.rtiDet. In their pIaoe are the common bandits whlcb the Sulu countryside has a surfeit of.

Myth: the Sultans of Sulu are powerful p0tentates whose word Is law, whoae palaces are actually protllgate harems. Fact: the sultans are emasculated rulen and there are too many of them but not one IUDOIIg them who can really be a pinnacle of eoooomIc and poUtica1 strength.

But In spite of their lack of power, the sultans are still a stabilizing force In the social and reUgious IllOI'eS of Sulu. 'l1Iey preside over the apma courts which determine tines and mett! justice to those who go against the Mora code.

The sultans are aocIable and any visitor to

PROGRESS

South IS made to ord~r for the pioneer Jolo can make a visit to the residence 01 Sultan Ismael Kiram and find this soft-spoken and handsome man the complete opposite of the stern image graven in the average Cbnstlan Filipino's mind.

The waters of Sulu are ealm and in the Tawitawi group, at the very doorstep of Borneo, the traveler will come upon Sitangkai, a vUlage which stands in aQuamarine stUlness, unbot hered by moonson winds. Reefs surrounding the vUlage have rendered it a perfect haven for shallow bottomed craft and the vU1age itself could be a perfect hideout for pirates and smugglers. The pirates have long disappeared from Sitangkai, hounded by the steam gunboats of the 20th century. Once, in the not so distant past, Sitangkal's white sands were the graveyard of the clippers and the rich merehant ships that sailed Oceania; they were taken there by the fierce Sarnal pirates who made Sitangkal tbelr base.

As for the smugglers, they are still in Sitanekal and Its environs. Let there be no doubt

1958

about the legitimacy of their trade ; while the government frowns upon their activities, who will deny them the fact that Sitangkai, and Jolo for that matter, is closer to Borneo and Sandakan than to any Phl1lppine port of importance ? And haven't the Moros been trading for路 centuries with Borneo?

Quaintness, beauty-these aren't the only things which the South brims with. Above .aU, the south has energy, wealth and all those verities that make for sw"Vival.

"I have brought some foreign foresters to my lumber concession," says a Davao lumberman ; "And they have cried in shet!r joy, looking at the towering Iauan trees - so huge It takes ten men with outstretched arms to embrace their trunks! " And the minerals, the secret velns of the mountains, and the sleeping land-what do these imply? They evoke everything that Is invigorating and hymnal, and then the vision crystallizes and we see that the beautiful south Is also the bountlfuJ south. May we reap its bounties yet.

BUKTDNON range is "anching country. Bukidnon is Mindanao'3 pineapple-producing region .

.V A R ANAW datu /wld.s his prized po33e33Wn;

0

" " ge golden-plated kri8 handle worth P2,OOO.

143

OT. .EFI VERY year, the typical Filipino vacationist Is contronted.

E with a minor dilemma which, despite Its annual recurrence, never seems to compel him strongly enough to settle It for good. Every year when he asks: "Where will I go this summer?" It Is merely to toy with a theoretical question, tor in the end he decides on the same tavorlte haunts: BaguJo, Tagaytay, Pagsanjan, Los Bafios-an unchanging litany that betrays his lack ot acquaintance with the many Interesting geographical features ot his country.

That he has been to these scenic spots several times in the past, it not year after year, hardly seems to bother him, since his summertime jaunts are more or less detennined by the size ot his pocketbook and he can be no less mortified by his Inevitable choice than it he chooses some other interesting but expensive objective.

For one whose travel whims are no dlfterent from, say the American or the Ellropean tourist, there need not be any

OTI-4EFI tourist problem at all. Motivated as he Is by a personal quest (or relaxation and pleasure, it would do him well to tie this up with the realization ot an opportunity to satisfy his inherent curiosity about unusual locales. Distance and expense should pose no hindrance tor him, tor a travel time-table and limitations ot funds may be adjusted accordlng to his particular circumstances.

Since he Is only too willing to save up for a trip abroad, there Is no reason why he cannot do likewise for a tour of his own, his native land, where the scenic grandeur ot spectacular wonders equal it not surpass those found elsewhere In the world.

On thiS spread and In the following pa&es are a few of the places that the Filipino tourist might want to visit. it only to reassure himself that his country Is well worth the expense that he would have set aside for a Stateside or European junket.

L"'~E

GOD AND UNIVERSAL LAW 'It 18 po88ible to reaaon out the e:Ntence 0/ God. to a limited extent . There 18 an orderlineu in the Univerae. there i8 an ull4lterable law governing everythi ng and

(PTTA PHOTO')

every being that emu or litJe3. It i8 not a blind law. lor no blind law can govern the conduct 01 human beinga. .. That law then which governa aU li!e i8 God ....

- Mabatma Gandhi

BULUSAN LAKE, SORSOGON A wide variety of trees palms and ferns. orr.hlds. , and wild flowers abounds In this Bicol (Sorsogon) resort. It is ~uipped with su~h un1que features as the floating pavilions situated In the middle of the lake and rustlc resthouses for tourist accommodlltlons. Average expense for trip from Manila to Legaspi by train and from Legaspi to Sorsogon by bus is about P40-SO per person.

THE TERRACES OF SAGADA Terrace cultq,re is practised all over Mountain Province and In the subprovince of Bontoe. the best example of such a culture is In the town of Sagada. It small Bagulo surrounded by limestune bluffs. The Sagada terraces are neater than those found In Banaue; for one, they utilize stone and l'OCKWork to thc maXimum. Sagada has an elevation similar to Bagulo and Its lures. aside from the terraces. include the huge caverns which were used as burial grounds. Sagada is a "mission"

OUR HUMBLE CONTRIBUTION TO PHILIPPINE RURAL PROGRESS!

For 30 years we have bee n consistently contributing to the Ph ilippi ne Progress by giving the people of Southern Luzon the m 0 s t economical transportation service.

We strive to do our part today and in the years to come.

LAGUNA-TAYABAS BUS CO.路 BATANGAS TRANS. CO. San Pablo City Tel. 27

Batangas. Batangas

town whose

life hinges around an Anglican mission in the heart of the community.

14 5

..., OTHER PLACES

7

CONTlN"E.

A Hat-shaped Island~ A Perfect (one And a Southern Beach

Your vacation begins the _ moment you set foot on your American President Unel'-and every minute of it will be just as you want .it.

Regarded as one of the most perfect cones in the world. it attracts a large percentage of foreign patronage. particularly from America. Sights...ers con-

tinue to flock to Albay not only to view it from the surroundtng towns of Daraga. Camallg, Libog. Ligao, Malinao, Guinobatan, Tabaco, Oas and

Deck sports or dancing - swimming or sunning .. . reading, resting or eating (superb food and service!) ... Everything's more fun on a luxurious air - conditioned President Liner. Stay seven to twelve days in beautiful, exciting Japan (or longer it you wish). Or, If necessary, go one way by air. Ask your travel agent about the special sea-air combination trip, and about the 251;1fare reduction on the round trip by ship.

M.ry ..... , .. h 1141.

Utfo_.hrtA...

T...........

3-0S-31

146

TALISAY BEACH. CEBU

Clean strip of beach, a mecca for Cebuanos during the summer .months, is a halt-hour's drive away h-om Cebu.

Those who prefer fresh-water swimming have about a dozen pools to go to. Talisay also has sevel'lll dancing pavilions and many fine eateries.

REDISCOVERING THE The Ted~,covery "/loken Of i. f"af by tlte We.te~ viHitor 1<'110 ",ill fhld 11011' TIO.rerful and far-Tearllinq 1111.. !Jeen tile impact 01 hiH cutture; that &y tile EMtern tri-

PHILIPPINES

.>'i/1 be proud to find unm;.,tai'able trace., of ancient kin."lip, and that by ollr.•elue.• who hace lot/g taken I£I,at .re lIave lor granted.

H.tor .d,o

-from tbe PHILIPPCI."E INDUSTRY A.~D TRADE

Legazpl City but also to .cale its slopes.

Tabaco i~ usually the starting point for the ascent by car to the Mayon resthouse.

Rate for car-hire Is P30; guides P10.

MANCO SPEOAlDES

U,,"

DUI.OCORE Towi.., and Moo';", POWER TRANSMISSION ROPE OIL WELL CORDAGE. DRILLING CAlLES tAl.lAT ROPE, HAID FilER TYING ."eI FISHING TWINES COPrEI.IZED, T AaaED aael IEGULAR fiSHERMAN'S lOPE

SOMBRERO ISLAND, BATANGAS Batanga~ accounts for the presenCt' along Its shoreline of natur.. 1 beaches like this one. So-called because of the hat-like hilly structure, the site I, Ideal as an 8CC<!t1SIbll' week-end retr"t'at for Manilans. Olhe.· Batangas lWaslde resorts are JIIasugbu. Bauar.

Tallsay, Lempry. Maricaban and Malabungkay .

The peculiar topography of

1958

MANILA CORDAGE COMPANY MANUFACI'VRER8 OF ROPE AND TWINES C.raer eJ'b1o.u •

OC.. .'reeta, Pace IIaAlla. PIlIUP.lDes TelLI '·''''51; S.U.~J

C.~t".:

"MANCO" JllANOA.

Vnlle. .&ace. Offlcel Zli ..... IStrHt CaIU'oJ'll1&, U .SA. C.,_", ""AN CO" IAN r&,,\.NC.aCQ

............. t.

147

OTHER PLACES

CONnNUED

Some Mementoes of a 路Spanish Past.

FORT PRAR, ZAMBOANGA This is the Intramuros of the South and like its Manila counterpart it has massive moss-grown walls of solid stan;!. broad ramparts. medieval-styled turrets. huge canaan placements, etc. The architecture is highly typical of Spanish era fortincations.

Site is now some sort of pilgrims' mEcca where Catholic devotees corue to view an image of the Blessed V irgin embossed irl limestone in front of the fort's northwest wall Inter-island boat rates are P113.90, (lsi class), P79.70 (2nd), P42.50 (3rd) .

Complete Banking Facilities CHECKING ACCOUNT TIME 0' FIXED DEPOSIT BUSINESS & PERSONAL LOANS FOREIGN aftd DOMESTIC COLLECTIONSREMITTANCES

SAVINGS ACCOUNT SAFE DEPOStT BOXES EXPORT and IMPORT FINANCING

MAGELLAN MONUMENT, MACTAN ISLAND Ornate ~tructure with heavily gilded art-work embossed on tacades marks exact spot where the navigator fell durIng historiC' battle of Mactan. A national park will be built. around it to preserve the site. Locale 拢an be reached by launeh from Cebu City which Is two Ms. 20 min. from Manila by plime (P73.00) and two days by boat (P65.30).

TRAVELLERS CHECKS and LETTERS OF CREDIT

TRUST SERVICES Correspondents in oil Principal Citie8 0/ the World

MANUFACTURERS BANK AND TRUST COMPANY 422 DASMARIRAS STREET MANILA. PHIUPPINES

SAN JOSE RURAL BANK, INC. SAN

JOSE,

NUEVA

macario

e.

ECIJA

:lui, Sr.

PRESIDENT AND CHAIRMAN OF THE BOARD OF DlRECfORS

MEMBERS OF THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS JOAQUIN MANIEGO DR. VIVENCIO DEL PILAR EUFEMIO SURATOS MRS. MARTHA RAMOS

148

lAPULAPU'S MONUMENT, MACTAN ISlAND This white-washed statue of the first Filipino who fought Spain stands In the town plaza of Opon. Local superstition centers around It. Sometime ago, the statue held a bow and arrow that was pointed to the town hall. After two town mayors died. lhe arrow was substituted with a lanC'e. Opon can be reached conyenlently from Cebu.

PROGRESS

LA MALLORCA PAMBUSCO MARCHES ON WITH

PHILIPPINE PROGRESS We are proud of tile l'rog~s of our country . . . and equally llroud that we are keeping l,ace with it. We hOI,e to serve progr .. sS through the lleoille eveu beller in lhe years to come as l'rogre~s has beell a I,art of Ollr l,ast and llle plall <)f our future.

Modem bUJ~J o,~ added ,eguIGlI. to f~ lM' tied tOf better se-n;te "ecofiOfl and lowirls buses ore

alwtrys (I'IoHoWc.

'and ot

fml fo"i stn';co dial 2- 17-21 rhe ftoeQtcsf Lo MalIOleo "tolC; .

..ii' pick ,ou up.

LMP opcta'es " reliable "t!;ghr ,,,,,,We se#Viu fo most of Luzon.

po,"

LAMALLORCA PAMBUSCO MA~N

SHOPS & OFFICES -

GEMINIANO F. YABUT '''£SIOEHT

SAN FERNANDO, PAMPANGA GERONIMO ENRIOUEZ GENERAL MANAGER

IS

Cultural homogeneity illustrated In old-~orld

THE CHURCHES OF THE ILOCOS

PADAY WÂŁ

I

Brigllt coIorea fishes abound In the lily-surfaced waters of this lake. Legend has it that th.,,;e are the former r.atives of the place whom an old mysteri~i1s beggar, displeased witn their inhospitality, had changed into their present form. The _site is popular with fishing enthusiasts. Paoay, a thriving Docano clOth weaving r.ommunity Is near Laoag, which Is two hours 30 min. from Manila by PAL, rates P34.00 Trip lasts 14 hours.

The San Nicolas church (above) and the Paoay church (extreme rigM) both in llocos Norte are typical of the religious edifices erected by the Spaniards utilizing Filipino labor.-With the exception of the Paoay church, most of the llocos churches are bunt along the misslon-style a:rchItecture popular In the West ilthougb the facadl!s and the interiors are touched up by native craftsmanship bearing traces of HIndu or Siamese decorative art influence. As with other public works projects of that era, t hey are liullt of durable materials, of stone and mortar.

Many have been tPe occasions when townspeople sought shelte~ in them agal~t natural furies. , The Paoay church has fIRe iron work such as that lavished on its doors ( right) One of the most unique edifices In the country, it badly needs rehabUitatlon. The years have started to show In its mossy look and general decrepit condition.

I MODERNIZE I J YOUR HOME MODERN CONSTRUCTION DEMANDS GLASS OF THE HIGHEST QUALITY!

QUIRIND'S RESIDENCE, VlGAN

FOR QUALITY GLASS INSIST ON GLASS FROM

SUPER GLASS SUPPLY IMPORTERS 1030 RIZAL A. \'E.

t

MANUFACTURERS

.

Eighteenth century furniture and conversation pIeees, as well as priceless art coDector's ilem8 make 01 the late president's residence a veritable cultural center. OIl copy of Luna's famous SpoUarIum Is In background. ResIdence alst> holds many weD-preserved articles of value to historical researchers, abo some treasured famlly heirlooms.

PROGRESS

of the lIo(os region residences, unique (hur(hes

e .I. c. WALKER

JOIN ********************* PM I TH£ MUCHANT MARINE OR NAVY

NAUTICAL SCHOOL

*********** •

SHOES OF DISTINOION

COURSES OFFEIIED:

_ ... ~ ,="

THE

NEW

DIMENSION IN SHOE SOLES

HAND-SEWN " EL ECONOMICO" NEOLITE .1t.SO BOU DIS TRlBVTOR& OP

'io

NAUTICAL A two-yea, program leading 10 th" titl. of Associate in Nauti· cal Science IA.N,S.1

'io

MARINE ENGINE ElliNG A two-year program loading 10 the titl" of Associale in Marine Engineering IA. Ma,. E.)

'io

NAVAL ROTC .

For Commission In Ih. PhlUppin. Navy

'io

CUSTOMS ADMINISTRATION Covers tariH, customs worlcs, warehousing, shipping, cargo handling and forwarding wilh the titl.. of Assodole In Cus10m. Admlnlolrotion IA.C.AJ

~wardson .

t.

'I

",.' ...

WHOLESALE & RET AI L

PMI Building, 419 DavId 51.

Inea, Eocolta Manila T,,1. 3-23·93·3-16-43

SPORTSMAN'S SHOE STORt 651 GANDARA ST., MANILA

TEL 2-68-52

151

OTHER PLACES

CONrlNU'D

PINEAPPLE PLANTATION, BUKIDNON The Del Monte pineapple plantation in t he Bu kidnon pia leau covers several thousand hectares and fields such as t he one at right stretch as far as the eye can see. The harvest is brough t ctown to a cannery in Bugo. near Cagayan de Oro. The plateau is cool and pinestudded. I>eJ Monte has a beautiful gol f course.

the best

by /artravel VIa

Train travel is' the most in modern travel You can partake of a de路 lightful snack or meal prepared the way you like it in the coach or in the dining car

A plantation

In

Bukidnon~ an institution

. enJoy all the comfort and conveniences MRR trains offer while you travel in safety

.. reach your destination on time, relaxed ,nd refreshed.

MANILA RAILROAD COMPANY TVTU.AN STATION. AZCARAAGA. MANILA

. . , -""" /

152

T.12路55-41-2-55-5 1 ICHCUT AJJrO UHf' LUZON IUS LH .. MANIA JIOIf savfCl

PUERTO SALEM, MINDORO Tranquil wa ters and lush vegetation heighten the charm of this Intriguing locale noted tor Its fabulous underwater

gardens. It will soon be included in tuture itineraries of the Manila Bay cruise. popular with foreign_ tourists.

PROGRESS

PASONANCA PARK, ZAMBOANGA This beautiful park. replete with a swimming pool is a must to,· Zamboanga visitors. Easily reached by car from the city. the Park is aotually a botanical garden which holds Mindanao's rare flowering plants and coral rock gardens. Plane trip costs 1'110.

In

Zamboanga and a lagoon in Mindoro

Th,s is only "ONE" of the comprehensive range of-

,: '

"CASTELL" PRECISION SLIDE RULE

•

Avail.,le for the va,iOl.lS professions

SAN RAMON PENAL COLONY, ZAMBOAHGA Penal Institution, built on a beach at the base of a mountain, is on( of Zamboanga's uljusual tourist baits. Colonis ts In this lann selJ beautiful hand-carvcd items. Zamboanga Is 4 hrs. by plane from Manila.

1958

•

SPECIAL OFFER: CAmLL STUDENT SLIDE RULES - PI.9S uch FIEt

~ ~-~~.k.~ -;eu'l£

S<oIo DOoIrilnll<n:

(;OnONA SUPPLY (;0.

153

FRUIT TRAY made 0/ bea~ bra&3 with a dmincti1Nl decoration and design i3 product 01 Maranaw arti3ans.

Filipino artisans demonstrate their craftsmanship with Philippine materials

industry in any country is a dollar-earnT HEIng TOURIST enterprise where more goodwill than goods, more charm than cash constitute a capital investment. Tourists fall In love with a spot of earth not so much for Its terrestrial beauty but very often because of Its delightful charmso travel folders proclaim. And much of the charm of a country is In its people. A charming people helps sell Its country's products to travelers. who buy a particular Item not so much for its practical use but for Its related mementoes.

Such articles are known as souvenirs.

For the visiting tourist. Philippine-made souvenirs range from polished carabao horns shaped into various artistic and functional shapes (shoe horns, table piece. wall路decoratlons). woodcraft (ashtrays, utensils, bookends of distinctive Igorot design), textiles (jusl. piiia, llocano cloth. etc.). pearl and coral products, embroidered cloth. native dolls, native jewelry and what not. The line of goods is not very extensive, but what It lacks in variety It makes up In uniqueness.

Much of what Is displayed in souvenir-selling stores comes from Philippine cottage Industries, that sector of PhilIppine economy that has received more publicity than aid and Ideas.

There certainly Is no comparison between what the Japanese can manufacture and what our artisans can make. On the production level alone, our output Is little - which perhaps explains why our souvenirs are expensive. WhIle the Japanese have gone Into the assembly-line production of a thousand and one Items for tourists, Filipino techniques have remained practically the same for centuries, with only some change in the use of tools and the choice of materials. Such would be true of exquisite Igorot carvings stlll being done by craftsmen utilizing skills as old as the terraced hilJs of COICTlNUED NEXT PAG!

WOODEN IMAGE 01 an Igarot bulol at" granary god. (lelt) i3 0ISe item 01 Mountain Province woodcralt desired by dl4cnmtnating touriau. 'l'h.e finely ooroed tamaraw head (abovE') i3 ivat the right thing on the wall of a 8OUII6ttlr collector who 1II4J1 not how the nerve to go after real gafM tn Mfttdoro. Bet agaiMt hatld WO\I6n Igarot cloth (right) are decorative apoon and lark 01 high-qualitJl hardwood., lor m~ aakuf.

YOUR

}ami.I.q

HOTEL

Offers comfortable air-<:onditioned rooms at moderate rentals, pleasant housekeeping """'ice, complete and generous bathroom supplies and a cultured clientele.

The employes and staff of Luneta Hotel are .dedicated to their responsibility to lOve its client.. the best in hotel service.

LUNETA

·ABANAIV BIU.BBIVABB, tONpotII and all _ ~ _ 01 t1wI /fttat -rca 0/ CfW/"- til t1wI1A1tIe LawID _ _

'-..

I!

",,-

j

I j , ~. I

.. ~ .. --.-! ....

BOOKENDS 0/ tlGt'YifIg daigfta jill "P tM aAelwIe 01 .. More 3elliftg PIIiUppitIe - - !lira. Item. are 0/ l irteat P J . IuJrdwood.

-~

~:--'

HO-rEL 414 SAN WIS

•

TEL. 5·16-81

-. .~

1-"'.:"

.

, S1YLE QUAUlY COMFORT exdusive seller of

SLIM SHOES 155

SHOPPING

cop<nHUlO

CONTRIBUTING TO A STRONGER ECONOM THROUGH THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE MINERAL RESOURCES OF THE COUNTRY

the Mountain Province. Machines have not entered into these small industries. and t)Jere lies the difference between what we can oHer and what Japan can sell.

Our woodcraft can well compare with the same line of exotic handiworks like those produced by Indonesian artisans. but we can't quite approach the delicacy and artistic polbh of filigreed ivory items wrought by Chinese ivory carvers.

And certainly, we have not yet acquired the originality and the finesse of Japanese doUmakers and artisans.

Nevertheless. in unlque... rs. Of design, Philippine souvenln; stand out among the world's line of tourist articles. We have some truly fascinating Items. such as the beaten brassware from the Lanao Lake district. the finely-spun jus! cloth from Arevalo. Iloilo. the distinctive ceramics .p roducts from TlwI. Albay. the colorfully designed Ilocano cloth, the exquisitely carved items of the Ifugaos and the sea shell products of the South.

For the tourist who enjoys shopping on location. a tour of the Philippines can bring him an assortment 01 articles that make UP a small but exotic FIliplniana collection. He can buy Ifugao spears In Banaup or Hapao. old ChInese icons of brass from some junk shop, a Negrito bow and arrow. and many such artifacts that have an exciting value.

Any other item which he may have missed In his shopping itinerary can be found in tourist shops that have sprouted In hotel compounds or located nearby. All these and a great array of articles for home and wall.

TItls sale of souvenirs forms part of the tourist trade. and it Is 'an essential part of that trade bec2USP. in every Item that is offered on the counter can be found the heart of the people.

Natural products of sea and land

ORIGINAL DECOR fur table is efjected by cltulter of coconut "!13k, fluwen Gnd fiber.

BENGUET CONSOLIDATED INC. 156

BUBBLE LAMP of aMU " ' agoitUt oomboo CIInGili ia OM 01 mGII~ locGl shell producta th.4t _ diatiftcttw.

PROGRESS

'I'ABLE SET 01 mother 01 pearl a1ld abeU pane table ill simply unique.

make distinctive Philippine . souvenirs SHELL PANE bulb lamp does not only tone cfoum light bvt giw8 decorative touch to room.

ARR AY 01 m other of pearl article8 iUmtratea thill product's versatility.

young and old ... we are your family shoe store

11'AN-SHAPED LAMP SHADE 01 tDicke> with MrTCI prop relietIU drabnesa 01 wall.

DESIGN 01 these wicker lamp 3~ 10113 inapired by fillh Crops used in paddies-.

in the

retail busmess

OUR EXPANDING NEW SATELLITE communities aTe mOl/ely located i,~ tile ell~~ro"" o( Q.C. Proximity to !lfanila where mho路 hitlllt/" earn living i3 primary consideration of sitE.

SUBURBIA

By DANNY VI.LLANUEVA

NRATLY LAID-OUT howring pojects like the QllirilW district (above) al'" detinite impovements over the typical elmtered Filipino tOW'L They aTe -erected to give low-income .families homes.

With the government housing program bogging down, it remains for private enterprise to assist In solving Manila's hegira to the suburbs

HE evils of congestion are far-reaching. To a bustling city like Manila, it has a subtly devastating effect. Since the liberation, in the struggle for better existence, the lure of the city has continued unabetted to attract people, even those from the remotest barrios.

Coupled with an internal growth common to any dynamic city, the provinCial migration has helped create an overcrowded Manila.

With space becoming scarcer, rentals cihot up. Families were forced to pay, on their small income, e.'Ccessive rent for cramped apartments. The lp<;s fortunate ,have been condemned t.o squat in crowded ~nanties in places unfit for habitativn, creating slums that constantly pose a threat not only to themselves but to the health and safety of the who:e city. As proven by the notorious Binondo "casbah", the complex problems of vice ju路 venile delinquency go hand in hand with the growth of slums.

As a solution to a perennial problem having serious social and economic impacts, further aggravated by the devastations wrought by the past war, the government has initiated a housing program with the very sound objective of diverting part of Manila's two路 million population to satellite communities and easing the present overcrowding. Thus we witnessed the birth of the phenomenon now familiarly known to everybody as the "housing project."

T

CONTINUED NEXT 'AGE

HOUSING

CONTU\UID

Undisciplined buying sites has stunted

A SUCCESSFUL private venture, the Philamlile community i8 composed m03tly 01 projeMiornJl gTOUp&. The houBe3 are paid on an installment ba3i3 lor twenty year3.

AVCl·age monthly payment lor ttOo-bedroom house alld a big lot is about P150.

As early as 1938, the government had launched attempts to stem the then already growing slums and housing shortage. But It was only in 1949 that the first really successful housing project, named Roxas district after the late President Roxas; was realized. The housing project was initiated by the government to provide decent and inexpensive homes to low-income groups. Later on, private firms finding it a lucrative venture, entered the field.

Before the outbreak of the war, the government, through the erstwhile People's Homesite Corporation, had erected three housing projects - the Vista Tenement houses in Tondo, the Barrio Obrero community in Quezon City and a housing project near the Prltll market in Tondo. These early efforts went to waste when the tenants, quick to latch on to a get-rich opportunity and abetted by the fledgeling experience of hOUSing officlals at the

time, adopted the flagrant practice of selling their rights to these dwelling places at a profit.

So far, the PHHC (People's Homesite and Housing Corporation), present government housing agency, has limited its activities In the environs of Manlla.

It has also procured sites for future projects in such provinces like Davao, Bulacan, Pampanga and Sol"S9" gon - land buys that have become the subject of investigation by the Senate Blue Ribbon Committee.

The PHHC jobs are: Roxas district, Quirino district, Bagong 8aranggay in Pandacan, Project 6, Project 7 and Project 8. These were realized with the ald extended by the PhilcusaFOA entitles (now lCA), the sales of bonds and with loans from the GSIS and RFC, aside from an authorized 20-miUfon capital ot the PHHC. In an ambitious try to expand Its activities, the PHHC has procured contra-

M. S. "BUSUANGA" 10,300 h. D,W,-IB linob of the new modena lDO&orlblps ....Ioagia&" to THE EAST ASIATIC co_ otlerlDr r..t aDd rerula ..... moe from OIIe

MANILA and

PHILIPPINE OUTPORTS to

BEYROUTH GENOA ANTWERP ROTTERDAM HAMBURG OSLO GOTHENBURG KARLSHAMN COPENHAGEN For detaU.

or aaiUna.

and apace pleue can

THE EAST ASIATIC CO., LTD.

THE EAST ASIATIC COMPANY,.LTD.

Hongkon,

~

Manila araacla Shanahat Bank 8141'.

Juan Luna St.

Tel 3-87.41 P.O. Box3?O

H.ail Off/ ••: COPENHAGEN

Worldwld. Trod. and Shlppln, Or,anhratlon 160

PROGRIS&

of proposed project governmen~ housing program versiaJ lands which were subjects of Senate scrutiny.

A most serious charge levelled against this age~ was the allegedly "indiscrirnina te buying of lands at fantastlcaUy high prices." Singled out were the 752-hectare Sapang Palay hacienda in Bulacan and the l()()·hec· tare lot in Montalban. Rizal purchases.

The Sapang Palay estate. official inquiries revealed. was purchased for P3,600,000 from a private corporation which had only a few days before its deal with the PHHC bought the land from its original owners for Pl.900,OOO. AsIde from the excessive cost, a question was raised as to whether the land was more fit for farming than housing.

The Montalban, R.izaI land buy was criticl2l!d as "8 tract of hiDs and ravines unfit for housing." All these questiooable transactions of the PHHC totalling more than PS,OOO,OOO were ordered CllIIC@lIed by the PresIdent.

The two foreign hOUSing experts hired by the President to look into the mud· dled housing situation criticized the PHHC land buys on the grounds that they were too expensive. thus killing the possibility of redistributing lots cheaply to low-income groups or eve" average earning families.

The two experts also pointed out that the sites - were too far away from cities or crowded urban cel\tel"S. Their bad- locations defeated a prime obj~tive behind their purchase.

The housing project communities are not self-sufficient satellites but bodies dependent upon the city for their subsistence. Quirino district families. for instance, are mostly working people in government offices located In the city. Ow' public facilities have yet to move out to the caDitol site in Dillman. philaDilite residPnts are a 9O-per cent professional group with activities centered in Manila The sites of the housing projects

TYPICAL BUNGALOWS in Project 7 are built with pre-fa.brit:ated concrete wa1l8, tlDt I&ollot.o blOOb. Like mOBt of PHHC

15

then are always selected in relation to the city plan and Its service facilities. Thus the commuting distance to . the city becomes a very Imporiant factor.

At present, the housing projects are happily located within hailing distance. But in the future when suburba;l real estate becomes very scarce and therefore mueh too expensive. the construe· tIon of future hotL<Ung projects in the, accepted manner of spreading them out hOrizontally will pose a big problem. A solution would be to complement p'e present housing projects with the erection of tenement houses either within the city itself 01' in its immediate outside vicinIties.

The topography of the site is aI:;o an important consideration. A rough topography usually does not favor a good drainage system and the cheap construction of roads and streets. It also affects the arrangement of the dwelling units in re-

BAGONG BARANGGAI- tenemeJlt hou3e3 in PIIftdactm district an provided IDith ,Gide Iaum3 T1ria project which is ill Manila wos built IDith P4ilcWlll-FOA ~

YSS LABORATORIES licensee of

CONTINUED NEXT PAGE-

"".its, these llOll3fl8 lack privacy. Their :'oofiflgs are made of loctiIly produced mbe.•t06 00ar.u. Th.ev have flO ceiliflQ3 ifl3ide.

Merck & Co., Inc. Rahway, N. J.,

u. s. A.

YAOBLDG. BONIFACIO DRIVE PORT AREA MANILA TELEPHONE: 3-55-77

161

HOUSING

CDHnNUlD

Wrong emphasis may turn PH He projects into slums lation to sunlight, prevailing breezes and good views, besides the general layout of the community as to whether It will result in the usual grid-iron patterns or superblocks.

Community facilities (like sites for playgrounds, churches, schools, markets, !<hopping centers) should be planned with an eye not only to the present but to " future growing neighborhood.

Other Asian countries too have been meeting the same challenge by maIntaining housing programs generally oriented to the benefit of destitute families.

AsIa. rich in population but poor in means, is plagued by the problem of providIng for the basic needs of about a bUlion and a half people, one of which Is housing. A consequence of underdeveloped economies that could not keep up fast enough with an ever-increasing population, the Asians are not only undernourished but literally homeless. The poor of Calcutta live and sleep In the streets. Many Chinese Indigent families still reside in sampans crowding the big port-cities. The average indonesian has only a flimsy hut for a home. Conditions are understandably more acute in india and

China, the two densiest countries, than In the Philippines. Robert Guliaime, a French journalist who stayed in China before the war, then' for two years during the early Communist regime and had recently returned from another visit to Red China, observed that the Chinese are comparatively better off today than before.

In Chandlgarh, capital of East Punjab, india has rome out with a gigantic undertaking that dwarfs PhilIppine attempts In housing -in terms of sodal, technical as well as aesthetic considerations.

No less than the famous LeO>rbuseir was commissJoned for the design of an enormous peasant oommunlty which was moulded in brick and concrete from a vast bulldozed wasteland.

He tackled the entire project, from the model dwellings for the indian working family to the governmental core consisting of the Governor's palace, the supreme <:our!, assembly and secretaria t, as well as schools and recreational facilities, down to the disposition of these various uses. He capped his achievement by personally_ embellishing the public buildings with his sculptures murals.

When it comes to 10W"COSl

an"

,:;VE8TIGATION 01 the PHHC cor&dItcbed by the 8enote Bh&e Ribbon Commit'- brought to the fore queationablf?

dwellings, housing becomes a very delicate business.

The attempt to square ofl a dream with a limited budget has something in common with tightrope walking, specially in housing projects where a mistake multipli"" many times the number oj houses. Small concessions in an " inexpensive" dwelling add up to increase into a cost that the low-in::ome family cannot afford. The prospective house owner may wake up to find that he Is stuck with a mortgage instead of a home. On the other hand, with too much paring, one gets a sorry result that hardly satisfies anyone.

The PHHC housing projects have not turned out to be the whooping success that the optimists had expected of them. The PHHC apparently encounters great difficulty in treading the middle path. Too much stress on the financial rather than the overall aspect 01 the housing project bas only succeeded in producing drab communities like the Bagong Baranggay tenements and Roxas dist:ri-ct.

Both have quickly deteriorated physically and technically in the short years following their erection.

The PHHC housing projects have similar, depressing uni mag inative appearances.

All painted in drab grey. It was only lately starting In Project 6 that the PHHC has taken paIns to vary their color scheme. A Io:-.al wag calls them "expensive slums."

To get a picture of the size and scope of a government housing project, Project 6 for instance cost 5 million. It consists of 1,393 apartments to accommodate 12,781 individuals, 140 single houses with two to three bedrooms, 205 twin houses with two bedrooms each and 31 with three bedrooms. The rest are row houses of four, six and twelve apartments and two story duplexes with two bedrooms in each apartment.

A bright spot in the PHHC housing projects was the use of tl,te "tilt-up" construction in Project 7.

On the floor of the house itself are cast the concrete fonns for the walls and partitions in a horizontal position together with their required steel reinforcements and the minimum of form lumber needed for the sides.

After the concrete bas hardened, the walls can easUy be tilted up with a crane and their lumber forms '" quickly dismantled and transferred to the next housing uniL ThIs method reduces labor and materials.

deal3 transacted by the organization. Above, Mrs. JOilefina Buendia (right) and PHHC Hood Lad,..".a toke the stand.

Ord1nar11y, the PHHC uses hollow blocks for walls In all Its projectlt. It bas Its own hollow block factory.

Families in local .1OUSing projects are more or less permanent residents. 1bey are definitely not transients unlike their American counterparts. Except In veterans housing, American families usually shuttle from one housing project to an路 other near industrial sites.

Of course, there will always be FUlplnos whose families will not be satisfied living In housing projects in the same way that many are happUy settled down. Some look upon the housing project as a jumping board to lusher pastures. 'A resident of Quirlno district anticipates his moving to a betfer place or dreams' of the days when he can save money to model his house. A Philamilfe resident's next target Is Forbes Park.

On private housing projects, Philamilfe officials have encouraged low hedges or picket fences to give this subdivision a stateside look in the manner of California houses.

Occupants of private housing proje::ts are decidedly happier than recipients of PHHC houses.

They look at their house and lot as a good investment. What with the price of real estate steadUy going up, they can always sell out at a profit.

Propinquity which Is inevitable in multi-housing does not bother local residents. A Filipino famUy, usually composed of three generations, Is used to close contact living and definitely a very gregarious one.

Factors which in American' housing projects set up artificial barriers among residents like the width of streets, location of the house In the block, etc. do not apply locally. Propinquity Is a big factor that discourages the success ot the housing project in the United States. In the PhilIppines, It is only their dlscouraging looks that make people shy away from the PHHC housing projects.

Unless the PHHC adopts a new attitude towuds the housing project, even the poorest FtUpino f a m II y which needs a house badly will regard the PHHC dwellIngs not as a happy home but a poor choice between two evils.. For, between the slums and the project h0uses. the desperate cbooees the lesser evil.

FOCUS ON THE

FARME路R F ASIA'S ASPIRATIONS to modernize and to progress Iformed are to be l'eaiwd, the A.,ian village, which has for centuries the region's mlit of religious, political. cultural and economic organization must change. The village revolution sweeping Southeast Asia today is the result of the new knowledge that the powrty, the stagnation, the ill-health and the ignorance the A.,ian barrio has long accepted as the eternal human condition is not inevitable, and that man can achieve a minimum of comfort during his brief stay on earth. It is this revolution of expectations whose pressure for change rocks Southeast Asia of our time.

Traditionally, the Asian yillage formed a haven of stability and security against boLl} anarchy and Empire. The Asian Utopia was a community of villages, each completely isolated from the other. each living in perfect peace - and stagnation. .

The Asian village was but little disturbed by the coming colonial powers. Where villages conflicted with Western designs, they were uprootl'd, as the Molucca clove-planters were extirpated by the Dutch. But through the Western dominance, Asian village I!enerations passed their lives in the ancient pursuits, idealized by !Jhilosophers and poets. caring little for the events in thE' great world beyond their fields.

The past fE'W decades. with the swift changes in the technology of health, communication, and industry, shattered this spell. PopUlation pressure as health improved and mortality declined made the village's subsistence agriculture more and more inadequate to support its people. The advance of communications, and the new demands of industrialization, meant that the village'S physical isolation is breached, with all its implications for restlessness, new desires, and a will to change. These desires and knowledges must be channelized into fruitful activity if the new countries are ~ survive and progress.

Its people must adapt themselves to the new conditions of life. The barrio must learn new skills, new disciplines, new trades, new ways. In short, the barrio can not be saved but by its acceptance of change in its entire economic, political and social structm'e, and its assimilation into the larger s0cial unit modernization demands.

This implies a great work of education. Two ways of accomp1ishing this have been set up as examples for all Asia The first, exemplified by the Communist experiment in mainland China, is teaching by terror and compulsion. The second, embarked on by India, is education by persuasion and cooperative endeavor.

Our country has chosen the democratic alternative.

Much of our teaching, therefore, must be by example. This means that in the end, the success of the peaceful and beneficial change in the free Asian village lies in the willingness of those ~ho today sit in the positions of power, those who today enJoy the bounty of wealth, those who possess the keys of knowledge. to Share their gifts with those of their countrymen who are less fortunate. The barrio will change and prosper only if the present-day elites learn to give, to share, in the name of a common nationality, a true brotherhood.

1958

163

FOR THOSE YOU LOVE, GIVE PW & ED BONDS Your future financial security and the happiness of your lOlled ones depend on the manner you prepare for it today.

One of the most syste-

matic way s of s a v i n g is through the PW & ED Bonds' Payroll Sari..,. Plait.

If you

are regularly employed. you may start to awn PW 6- ED IcMtds for as little as 1'5.00 a month. (Contact your Disburs路 ing Officer for details). If you are self-employed. you may buy bonds at the Central Bank

or through your local bank Buy PW 6' ED Bond, today and watch your money grow.

PW &: ED BONDS are t..:Ix fret" negotiable. eonvltrtf,ble to cash . gOOd eol. lateral. Rood for bonding and earn " "annual interut collectible every I'1X

montha: ,

Write in today (or your tree copIes of the bf'OChura THE PW &: ED BONDS STORY aDd SAVE AND EARN. P ' _ speM1y whether you want them in D'I(lUb or Tagalog ven1oQ .

FOOTBRIDGE acroaa a atTeam in a ban'io in MaltIGr, Bat angaa, ia symboliC Of the peopZ68 emerging enthuaiaam to

N PANGASINAN, the munldpal 01 IJacinto donated his salary mayor

San

for four months to the com-

munity

~t

pm of his

pro-

town.

In BarrIo Pao, Blnmaley, of the same provtnce, the people constructed a barrio road without any assistance from the govft'IIIDI!Ilt because they.-led the road, and the government couldn't give It to them right away. When the provfndal government learned about It, It extended assistance to them even though Pao

WIllI

a Ubeni burio.

The southenlmost town of Sta. CalalIna In Negros

164

OrIental does not have a water supply system. but Its BarrIo JIanaloDgon and two othens have IndlvIdual faucets to each bouIIe. Tbe ~ pie, with the asslstaDce 01 community de vel opment WOI"ker's, tapped a ...,mg on a well a IdIometer away, constructed a reserwIr and piped the water dowD to the vlIlqe. more __ ter than the people could ~t:

consume lor their daJly needs.

In Jetafe, a town ill the Bohol hinterlands. the pe0ple of one of Its barrlaa met sometime last JIa)', and dedded that the (lQIIIIIIUIIIty IIhould have a bulldlng to bOU!le the barrio govern-

PROGRESS

·T. .E

F.L . . . . . . O

BA

HI

•

•

By GODOFREDO M. ROPEROS

hop.. and I hc same objecth°e-.

A hap!>y change is going un in our barnos t(Klay. And although Ihl' change is 510w (oul)" about 1 4 of some 19.000 barn ... arC' heing ben..tittod wilh some form of ("ommunity dp\'(:'lopmenl assistan(~). t h~ prugres..t;; is sleetdy. :mcl tb(- prosJ>('Ct wry hright.

Somethin~ is chanJ..:'ing in tilt-' minds and IW;lrl" 0>[ tilt' barl"io folks "nc!· Ih.· change is visible nol O)nly in th(· !>hysical mak~-up or lh.· village. hut also in tht' atlitudt' find thinking of th .. p",,!>le.

"'''y..

lttnnelr

for a helte>' lile, joinIng. their old witlt t/IF. TI,;', rf'JillJN" /.ltmbon .• tructurt'ran;el/ away by/fOO/f.•.

ment. The y construc:ted a 8I!IJ1i-concrete bufIdjng whIdI they now rail the Public AdmInIstration BulldIng. About five yean ago, the people In the town of LIla, Bobol. were migrating to JIJndaDao. They were DOt getting enough loqd fnJm the hilly terTaiJI of the munldpalIty. Tbe rice ten'aces that they built could DOt crow enough rice because rain . . . acarce. They tapped a river and a aprIng and built an Irrtptlon system.

Now, the LIla farmers are worried: they don't have any more land to tW. They have cultivated and planted

1958

even the IIJIIU'I!S between COClOIl\It treelJ, In Batangas, Nueva Eclja, Cebu, Albay, M1samIs

to rice

0rIeatal, SIIrIgao, C8p1z, Samar and other provIDces 01 the country, the IllUDe situation holds, demonstrating the IllUDe enthuslaRn of the people, and their spirit of cooperatioll and desire to do thlngs for themselves.

A barrio here Is workIDg on poultry projects, hoping to develop later on a breed that will give them the IDUImIDD rewards In eggs and meat; a barrio there Is de· veloplng tI)e govemment's awtne-cbaIn grants - In-aid program with the same

Y .... rs ago. thl' p ....spE'l'l ul lit(a in the rural ar(·as was not only bleak but also delIilitatingl)" deeadent. The "ar had rava~ed the rounIry and th .. farmer became lost in the swirl of conflicting force.; engulfing him.

Unable 10 d ....am or hope ;(,1' a better life. he languished in apathy and indiffe.·('Jl(.-e.

HE> was evron afraid to d ....am because he might only reap frustration

David Riesman. inlhe IDdlvldual Reoousidrred, attributed this kind of fear to hope. to dream and to strive for a better life among th~ common folk to their Incapability to develop what he called th .. "nerve of~" that is the ablllrf"and the strength to "face the possIbility of defeat without feeling morally crushed."

In this manner, the fllrmer attained by his fears a sense of resignation. HI! knew that so much had been attempted by the govern-

ment to uplift him from his poverty but all these remained mere words. or just blue-prints. and never did reach the implementation stage.

It was shortly after 1945 that a flurry for rural development started. The reason was obviom;: agrarian unrest was spreading like did fire in Central Lu· wn and some VL<;ayan provin-:($. Cummunist deceit compoundro the unrest: democracy in the Philippine>; was endangerPd and the on· Iy way to saY<' It was to rekindle the faith of the mas· st.>S in t hl' governQ"lent.

All government agendl'S were mubilized to achieve this program. The Huk movement in 1!4!! was on the verge of taking over the country. and th" only way to destroy that th ....at was through a systematic "givethe-barrio-the-th I n g s . i tnt'NIs" program. And the governme'lt. under the then Presidl"flt Quirino poured millions into the rural areas.

The projects however instead of helping the impoverished villager stand on his two feet. and use his own strength in attaining a better way of life. .converted that barrio into a dependent. paraslti-: organism, waiting to be spoon· fed. He became mo.... despondent the moment the handout failed to come.

Clearly, there was a definite need for a new and lucid policy In the community development pro g ram.

There was gross overlapping of runctions, dupUca-

tion of work, and confllcts in the application of basic com m unity development principles. conIlicts which often erupted into painful controversies among the policy-making officials at the national leveL Fieldmen were sent out to the barrios with the preswnption that the rural residents were mechankal creations, without feelings and, as such, would be automatic in their adoption of a change. Th"y were never more wrong, as they later found ouL In 1948 the first attempt to coordinate and correlate the work of these fieldmen was made by the late President Elpidio Quirino when he created the Presidential Action Committee on Social Amelioration (P A C S A) _ Pla=ed under the Commissioner on Social Welfare.

PACSA was charged with the duties of putting an end to the aimless. wasteful and inefficient campaign for rural developmenL This new office had all the noble intentions but it did not succeed espetlaUy in its major aims. Too eager to bring about material improvements in the village. the nfficials of the new offr.e failed to comprehend the needs of the people in the light of their traditions, mental attitudes and socionomic conditions.

~

• a new era carne

with the election of the late President Magsaysay. The "man of the masses" did DOt initiate rural development but his approach to it Wns CONTINUED NUT 'AGO

165

NEGROS SHOWS THE WAY of the barriO T RANSFORMATION from its lethargic state into an

alive so~al unit is being illustrated today with invigcrating clality in the province of Negros Oriental.

Negros Oriental with a land area of 501 ,951 hectares and a population of about half a million, is basically agricultural country. The province has an income of P1,155,883. Through the program of community development, it hopes to stir up more agricultural activity and find incentives for opening new industries.

The PACD program initiated only in March this year, has already shown promise The increased number of poul'ry raisers , water wells, feeder roads, hous€s , new cottage iudl.,tries and even new outhouses are t ..e more obvious results of the community development idea in the province.

On the less appre'; iable side, community development in Negros Oriental as well as in other provinces has been notEworthy for the fa ~t that it has madE the people 111 the barrio aware of themselves and their place in the ~ocial ~conomic and pOlitical order.

Community development has actually brought the people closel' to the government than visiting politicians. The

FILIPINO BARRIO

linking of the provincial roads between Negros Occidental and Negros Oriental has brought together the econcmies of the island, a cash economy based on the sugar industry, on one hand , and a com and rice producing area on the other.

But Community development in the form of the feeder roads (ostensibly to provide farmers with a channel for marketing their produce) has not been designed . to solve a basic e::onomic problem, namely, land distribution and management. In Negros Oriental and elsewhere in the Philippines, we frod big landlid estates and tenant farmers. The small farmers are not too many nor their combined acreage big enough to help their production and income As long as this basic agrarian problem remains unsolved, the ~ommun­ ity development program becomes a . mere palliative and cannot, i,n the lcng run, establish definite cUfes. It is, therefore, a superficial effort whose success must hinge, necessarily cn the achievements of agencies like the NARRA, the ACCFA, the Land Tenure Administration and the many other government institutions designed to erase tenancy.

COHTINU.D

Politics pose basic hindrance to rural community upliftment program

,'eaHstk', By 1954, the Community Development P Jan n i n g Council (COPC) wa._ ('reat· l>d by President Magsay"ay 10 sunrey and plan the bas ic approach to the needs of the rural population. When the COPC submiHed its findings. it also recommended the creations of an implementing body . . T his is known as th.. office or thE' Presidential A~$h:;tant on Community Development.

Executive Order No. 156 creating the otfi~e specified that the PACD shall. "plan and implement the President's community development program in bal'rio~, municipalities and chartered ci~ies, and coordinate and integrate .the . activities of all and "ach of the department and offices of the Government engaged In community development in

________________________________________ 166

~

DEEP WETJL (top) ia dug by vil/agfml IJ8 II source of watm.

111 places where pipe system ia workable, they inBtDll th<f symnn themsehle:l. Abot>6, N~ larmera unload culllfi1U.

ord"r to increase their c tfectiv .. nes.~. achieve maximum benefits and avoid duplication and overlapping of activi ties, develop a grants-in-aid program to stimulate participation of barl"io citizens in community development: promote thl' organization of Community Development Councils "t the provincial and ·municipal levels, and Barrio Councils according to law; recommend to the President legislation contributing to the economic and social bet terment of the l'Ural areas, and the strengthening of local government ... " HAT is community deW velopment In the first place? It is a world-wide movement involving a planned, systematic process of improving the majority of a country's population. Such

countries as India and Ceylon have embarked on community development years ago. In Europe and America the continuing process of community development is their recognition of the importance of the movement. They have established working commissions on community development.

Community development is slow. It recognizes lhl' solution of one problem as leading to the consequent solution 01 other inter-related problems. It is aware 01 the lag of progress caused by the passionless existence 01 the Inhabitants and their complete absence 01 civicconsciousness. It recognizes the truth that Indolence of mind is the basic cause of that lag.

The. redirection of human activities and a cbange In the attitudes of village In-

_______________________________________

PR~

habitants Is, therefore, the ultimate aJm of the pr0gram. nus Is a vital aspect of the PACD progrnm. It believes further that the government's approach to the problem Is merely secondary, the primary one being reserved exclusively lor the people who alone can effect the cataclysm of change, when the old ways give In to the new.

Community development is a way of life "designed to create conditions of ec0nomic and social progress lor the whole community through the active participation and largely upon the Inltistlve of the people." It Is local improvement makIng use of local action and strenE(th. The lnitlai. result of this way of life, Introduced with the use of a .~ubtle. self-effacing system, can be seen in more than nne fourth 01 the country's 19.000 barrios which are now reacting to the idea of helDing themselves.

In the g ran ts-In-aid I GIA) program conducted

by PACD to aid self-help barrio projects, the people's participation In the form of Jabor. available resources. and maintenance covers 71 % of the whole undertakIng. Government participation is subdivided in 1) technical age n e i e s, i.e.

NWSA, BAE, etc., 21 local governments (provindal and municipal) and 3) the PACD. The benefit from the GIA is tw()-foJd: firstly, the PT()jects accomplished contribute to the ma terial im; provement of the barrio. secondly, they de vel 0 p self-dependence and self-im. provement. The projects in this regard are categorized Into three: 1) those contributing to Increased production and income, 2) public improvement and 3) health and sanitation.

Under the three categories, GIA projects so far accomplished are of 17 kinds, and include: 90 Animal Dispersals; 442 Swine Chains; 300 Cockerel Exchanges; 185 Poultry Raising Pro路 jects ; 39 Fruits Tree DispersaIs; 220 Communal Nurseries; 250 Plant Pest "Control Projects; 33 Communal Irrigations; 71 Certified Seed Projects; 2 Communal Oyster Fanns; 60 Commu路 nity Centers; 63 Footbridges., 2 Playgrounds; 2 Repairs; PrA Buildings.

351 Water Supplies; 156 Communal Toilets; and 1 Garbage Disposal. The PT()-

1958

jects totalled

2,267 In aU the estimated value amounted to P2,034,684.74 with barrio share of Pl,003,515.96 in local materials and labor contributed. local gov"ImnI!IIt share of Pl8,265.96 in municipal and provincial appropriations. technical agencies' share of P70,003.96 in teclmlcal services and assistance. and PACD shan> of P942.899.44. and

FROM the three A SIDE basic categories. the PACD Is alsc

helping the

Bureau of Education in Its literacy program. the bureau 01 Health in the maintenance of some of Its rural health units. and the Bureau of Agricultural Extension in. lts extension work.

The International Coo~ era t ion Administration (lCA) features prominently In the rural Improvement program. Since 1951 up to the present, some $450 million have been poured into the barrios. Viewed against the ~nonnity of the community developmenl program ,

the a m ount is a mere drop In the , bucket. However, since about 61'fr 01 the materials and the labor come from the barrio, the drop in the bucke t h as expanded into a multi-million peso worth of improvement In three years. These are In the form. of roads. waler systems, pu blic recreation centel s, plant pest antI disease con trol j:""OJects. health and sanll " 1i,, " campaigns and oth" 1 incomeincreasing and ,vvd producing programs. The little

amount that the government and the lCA give as aid serves only as a stimulus which prods th" people to assert them..<eJves In a t taining their needed tIDprovements.

On the road pmject.q alone, the most recent count released shows 238 projl!C18 initiated by the people With assistance from the agt.'flcy.

To date. about 1,044.47 kilometers of self-help barrio roads are either compleled CONTIHUfD ON PAGE 169

&...,...g - THE EDUCATIONAL AND BUSINESS NEEDS OF THE NATION

SQUEZ!~:I He. VASQUEZ BLDG., 1855 AZCARRAGA ., TEl. 3-49-86 11 PLAZA STA. CRUZ" TEl. 3-35-51 740 R. HIDALGO * TEl. 3-25-26 BARBOSA cor. R. HIDALGO ., TEL 3.25-26 167

Our country is embarked on a tremendous economic enterprise. Our people are anxious to increase our wealtn to create greater opportunities for employment, hike real incOme. and improve our social scale of living.

We are weary of ignorance, poverty and disease. In order to achieve all these. we dig minerals from our soil, grow croPs and plants in our fields and highlands. explcit our forest resources. and trap the riches of our rivers and .seas.

We build highways over which we transport raw materials and finished producta for commeroe. We build foundries and factories that process our raw materials into finishlld commodities. We build ships that carry

time and ccst is a ~ret of success in all economic enterpnses. We pioneer toward the production of time and ~ ~aving materials for agriculture. industry, commerce, and construction.

Now, the only plastic"factory sening all the essential industries ot our country, PLASTICS INCORPORATED. joins the common anxiety for progress and prosperity.

A pioneer in the plastic field, it continues to provide our essen!.ial industries with time and cost saving materials.

It helps agriculture, iv,dustry, commeree and construction achieve economy and realize greater profits. It contributes to the Cl'elltion of more wealth for our counhoy snd people.

cargres to markets overseas.

In agriculture, industry, commerce. and CODStructic.n, production continues to seek materials that reduce time and cost to the veJy minimum. For economy in

*

*

TELEPHONES: 6-35-61 6-35-62 6-35-63 ESPANA EXT_. QUEZON CITY

AUPINO BARRIO

COtO'iHUm

Four-fifths of our barrios are not benefited by PACD plan un~

construction or wallIng construction.

The govemment"s program for artesian well has set 61,000 wells as Its goal.

The barrio people however, are hastening the constructlon not of the small pumpwell type, but of water supply systems through na tural spring development. The communal water supply systems do · not only solve the problem of drinking wa· ter; they are also being utilIzed as multi-purpose sys· tems for irrigation and flood control. During the present fiscal period such water system projects number 840 inVOlving an amount of P . 1,615,858.69 of whiCh P888.113.80 Is .contrlbuted by the barrio people. The people have geared their activities to food production projects In coordination with the President's Increased food production program. Out of tbe total · of about 13,000 projects for the year excluding barrio roads, twothirds represent the projects aimed at contributing to an Increased food production and famlly Income.

The PACD envisions the accomplishment of about 12.410 projects all over the country. These will include goat and pig dispersal, fOOtbridge, playground and wa· ter supply systems. bome industries, threshing mach; IneS and sea transp.ort grant-In-aid projects.

The food production program has become all embracing. It Is what the pe0ple want and not what the government wants them to have that Is oonsldere..t. The total cost of the 1958 program Is estimated at no,508,139.38. Broken down according to the shares, the cost Is as fonows: 1) BarrIo people's share, P7,252,567.74 (69.ciI%); ~) local government's share, P77,877.68 (.74%); 3) technical agency's share, P585,527.13 (5.58%) ; and 4) PACD share, P2,581,363.25 (24.60%).

Tbus far the eft1clent manaJrl!lllellt Of the program can be traced to the organizational teaming up with PA(;O ot 811 agencies con-

1958

cerned starting

from

the Inter~vepartamental Coor· dinatlng Committee down to the Barrio Council.

The IDCC, composed of heads of bureaus and agen· cies pdrnarlly charged with carrying out specific rural development activities in the field, has been assisting the PAC!).

Charged with the responsibility of planning. coor· dination, and administration at the provincial community development pro· gram is the Provincial Community Development Council (PeDe), local counterpart of the IDCC. This council is composed of the Governor as chaJnnan, ·the provincial representatives of all government agencies, th~ Provlnci:.l CommUnity Development OUicer. (who also acts as the executiVE' secretary) and two prlvatt citlzens active In communi!} development work.

The Municipal Communi· ty Development Councils are organizations at the municipal level, composed of tbe municipal mayor, as chainnan, • and municipal representatives oi all government agencies engaged in rural betterment work, two private citizens active In community development activities, the municipal community development officer, (who also acts as executive secretary) as members.

Also established In every PACD-operated municipalIty Is a team, composed of the community development officer, the agriculturist, home demonstrator, SO<!ial welfare worker. ruraJ health unit (doctor, nurse. midwife, and sanitary inspector). public works foreman, livestock inspector or veterinarian. The barrio head teacher automatically becomes a member of the team when the latter goes to the barrio.

The BarrIo CouncIl Is the basic orPnizational unit.

At the .rtart, aInce there did DOt seem to be enough enthusiasm among the barrio people to organize their community council, the

Auroiac* provides

PACD set to organize councils. One of the very first things that a communit} development worker does the moment he arrives at his assignment. is to m2ke sure that the barrio council exists. and is active.

The election at barrio muncHors held In January.

1958, constitute another proof of the resurgent in· terest among the people to participate in any form of endeavor which would reo dound to the improvemenf of their lives. It is very apparent from the !",!port, about the results of the elec· tion, that the interest gel\, eratedby the Barrio Coun· cil law was unprecedentedly nationwide. ThIs Interest is demonstrated in a Batangas barrio which held elections the night before the legal date set by the law.

However, the canvassing of returns was not aOne until after mldnlgbt, \bus makIng the election legal.

Still, there seems to be a need to evaluate and chart the course of the program's prot;reSS. To go on and on without glancing back might make the men behind the move:nent lose track of their original alms. There Is a danger of veering away from the original track which they have set to follow consequently.

To offset this, the UP Community Development Research CouncD was created in the middle of last year, through a memorandum of understanding signed lJe... tween the State University and the Office of the PrelIIdential Assistant on Community Development.

DurIng the period from August, 1957, to June 30.

1958, nineteen research 1»"0jects were submitted to the rouncil for consideration.

Of these, 11 projects costing a total of P87,166 were' approved . . M;ost of the it pro· jects to ci8.te are still In the data-gathering stage although analysis of two have already been started. Pr0jects placed before the Council are being conducted by the faculty members

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169

FILIPINO BARRIO

(".COOlMUIO

, ..,EN 0/ PaltC16ajalt, Bul<JCGIt, dig canal, a joint project 0/ barrio and PAOD. whIch will serve

/J3

08

irTi,qatioll 1DGterwoy dut iftg IIIImmer and drainage canal during the rainy aeoaon.

The barrios are beginning

PHILIPPINE NATIONAL LINES (NATIONAl DEVR.OPMENT

co.)

.FAST REGULAR fREICHT NID PASSE.NG:R SERVIC£

and graduate students of the University of the Phil· ipplnes. one by a professor at Silliman University, and another by some faculty members of Xavier University In Misamls Oriental.

The results of the stud· ies of the Research Council are made available to the PACD which disseminates the same to the fieldmen.

B UTty while the communi· program seems to have achieved a

clear-alt

system of attalnlng definite results. sInce the start ot

DONA ALICIA • M.S. • M.S.

A. V. ROCHA IIOOKlNG AGENT

170

DoHA AURORA DoNA NAn 5 . 1 _ ........

•. 0. _

" •. _

T ... . - . .

operations three years ago, nnly a small fraction ot our barrio, has as yet been bertP.fited by the movement.

The expansion of the program is steady, but slow hecause its emphasis Is hased not on the quantity but on the quality of the accomplishments.

The movement ·can be hastened If help-financial nnd moraJ- can be furnish. ed to It from ooth private and publl~ sources. Cong. rn.o;s can further the cause nr the common man by rhannellng pork barrel ~hares to the PACD when> the money can best be utll17.ed to achieve maximum uselulness to their constltu· ents. Instead 01 concentrat-

ing his program of improvement to his particular dis· trlct. and disbursing his share Indlscrlminately In projects where only a few people will benefit. each congressman can tum over the whole amount to the PACD along with a list of his Intended projects. Pmjects which are really needed. can be constructed under the management of PACD workers. and governed by PACD principles. '!be waste of money. time and effort which has characterized all "POrk barrel" projects since the pre-war years can be avnlded.

This suggestion is given with the assumption that the PACD Is tree. anti can continue to be free from po.

IItical encroachment. It is possible that the organlza· tion has been able, so far, to maintain Its noo·polltlcal status, but how long can It stay that way! Already politicians are eyeln~ it not only as a possible dumping ground of proteges but also as a powerful system that may bring about either 8 Nacionallsta or a Uberal victory In 1959.

The fact that it belongs to the Office of the PresIdent and as such, Is subordinate to the administrative

whims 'of whoever occupies Malaeaiian, is already an In· herent weakness that·counts heavily against Its officers and men no matter how In· tegrlty·wise they may be.

Many were the times, revealed a ranking PACD of· ficer, when politicians would strut Into his oUice demand· Ing patr-mage and seeking favors with the ''I can destroy you If I want to un· less you play ball with me" attitude. U the PACD has been able to 'c,l Ye oU this pressure. it i< " Iy because the Office enJvJ'" the back· Ing of Malaeaiiang. What If Malacailang should be the one to demand political support from It! For one thing, the PACD Is an organization which depends on politlclar" for Its flnandal support. Even Its key administrative p0sitions are occupied by men who are political appointees, or men wbo have to depend upon the tide of polIdc.aI fortunes for their continuance In office. '!be various CD councils. from the national level down to the barrio, are oomposed of men who are occupylnl/: either appointive or elective positions 80 that. either way. they are wlnerable to politics. nus Impermanence 01

ONCE TRim, ALWAYS USED

• Guaranteed Gripper Fast_ • Elastic Waist ' Band YILLAGERS 01 NtJgfJahm. 1IIarillw. BtolacmJ, 100rk together to !Itri1d 4 1I.ulti-purpoae COIn-

mwtity C<Iftter. ProjecU like th""" Teillic/ "...01 commu"ity cooperation Olld ;"itiati,,,,.

SOlD AT

AlllEADlllG

DEPAlTlIBIJ SlOIfS

to reach for the better life tenure of some members in various CD roundJs tend to hamper rather than hasten ImplementaUon of the pr0-

gram.

Consequently, lor the PACD to continue its good work, It has to sustain Its poHtIcal Immunity. Serious thinking poIIUcIans and national leaders can worlt for Its Independence from poll-tical control by giving It perhaps, a corporate or a commission status, and then assure It with continued fl· nandal support for as long as the men' who nm It main· taln the quality of work that they are doing now.

But there Is always the danger of laxity and corruption setting In when the element 01 lmecurity Is 1Ina1Iy 0Yft"C'ClIIIe. For It Is true that the great motivatIng power that drives the PACD offidals and men to do the best they can and Impose regimented dIsdplIDe upon theInRIves Is the c-Inc feeUnc of 1n8ecurity, 01 being continuously watched bY UeaemIes" wbo will pouIICIe upon them the IDOIIII!Ilt they <:an find a wInerabIe spot.

'Ibe eeemlngJy pervasive dsIre of community de¥eIopment olllcers and men to win pubHc opmJon bY their

1958

performance Is a deft!n.o;e that betrays And this· atUtude may become the one thing that will destroy the PACD the moment It can attain security. ()r an lndependent position.

RegImented operation has the tendency to backfire the moment the regimenting force is lifted.

At any rate, whether this thing will come to pass or not, the fact still remains that the PACD is doing something for our villages, however slow It is. And It can be made to go faster through the support of our Congress and civic conscious and capable cltl2ms.

In the PhillWines today, there are a number 01 InsUtutions which are also embarItlng on a community development program of their own and are experimenting on a number of barrios. For ~ there Is the PhUIppiDe Rural ReCIIIISUUC'tlon M 0 v e men t (PRRMl and the YMCA. For inore comprebenslve effldency, these groups would do well to .".,mmnbe their programs with the government's own program, ..., that the bette- tedmlques wh.1ch they have so far developed may be Integrab!d mechanism their fears.

thft of the latte r , anti togethei- IallllCh a concert~~1 and more vltaUzed rural development campaign.

Private Institutions and weI\-{)rganlzed civic groups wch as the Jaycees, Uons' Club, .Rotarians. and KnIghts of Columbus among others, can band together and form a financial pool which they can tum over for managpment and wise dLsbursement to the government community development agency.

And In tum. they can act as critics waching the actuations of the PACD. And Instead 01 vying with each other to gain prominence through sparse grants of assistance to scattered 1.'OIJlJDunltles, these clyte groups can achieve more.

'Ibe community development program of the PhilIppines ha~ stJII a long way to go. More money. eflurt and time· are needed to reach that point In the luture when the average Fillr!no Iarmeo-, 1lvIng In an a Vf'rage F1Uptno village, can look with pride at himself and at his famDy. be<:au.e he Is no ~ saddled with the ancestnll poverty, Igwith

norance :ind soclRl

CLORE ENVELOPES TOPS

MORE

PEOPLE USE

IN QUAUTY IN VAlliE

GLOBE ENVELOPES

mAN AU.. OTHER BRANDS PUT ~

fIfoaId-

enre that has been his lot sInee the time be can re-

member.

... N _

8t..

* 17 1

A BANK IN EVERY OR CENTURIES F people in the rural communities have suffered from the

. Rural banks are a CIVIC

venture designed to

solve ancient problems of poverty and servitude of the small fanner

The ManiJo 2'imea I.&&ue of October 1. 1957, editorialIzed the rural banks. Com· mented the leading morning dally:

the cupidl~ and ruthlessness of usurers and un&enIpulous money lenders.

Peripatetic "baftken" The coming of rural banks who loaned money to has ended more than five farmers at UltUnou. illdecades of frustration and tm-ut predlcted tIuJ coldespair in the vain and UJpBe Of the bank,fruitless search by the goviltg ",,8tem ill two yeara, ernment for effective rural thillkiltg that small pickcredit and lending agencies. lItgB atId aubmaf"gitUll Now the small farmers, the small merchants and small ~ ill runzl areas would dishearten all but induslTiallsts are no longer the patriotic well-heeled helpless pawns, as It were. banker. , in the bands of bilious Rural bank8 ill' the Philusurers. ippi_ have Bi_ multiWhen Republic Act No. plied in number and hove 720, grown famous as the been holtdliltg <In impresRural Banks Act, was signsive volume of buBineBB ed into law by the late Presthat more tllM anythiltg ident Qulrino way back on June 6, 1952, many enter- _ ellle shows tIuJ. productive tained fears and misgivings potential 01 rural areaB. on Its possible outcome. 'FIle .

Many Of them lend money at interest rateB that rural banks program was rewould put the usurer out ceived with skepticism and Of buBi_; some hove a gloomy picture of the pro· accumulated savings fU.uU gram was painted even be-

".;.az

beginnings in PasIg, RIzaJ, when the Rodriguez Rural Bank, Inc. was Inaugurated on December 11. 1952. The KalIbo Rural Bank, Inc. in KaIIbo, Aldan, which thn!w its doors open to the pubUc on January 15. 1953. barely a few weeks after the first rural bank was bom, earned the distinction of beIng the second to be esta· . bUshed. Recently added to the ever-increasing and ever-expandlng rural bankin"g network on September 20, 1958 iB the Rural Bank of Tacurong. Inc. in Tacu· rong, Cotabato. which iB the 115th rural bank in the country. Rural banks in operation are geographically distributed as fonows:

La.- . . . . . . . . . .

81

ViBaJIUI '" .. " " "' Mindanao ". ..

1'7 1'7

.. 113

Total The

number

of

rural

MODEST PROVINOIAL BANKS SUOH AS THEBE ARE PROVIDING INOENTIVES FOR GROWTH IN THE FARMING OOMMUNITIES. THEIR

fore the first rural bank was

'y NEILD T. ALTaE

112

born. TIme, however, baa dispelled those cIoubU and misgivings.

Rural baDb have 110 ~ with eadl passing year that PresIdent Arsenio z. zi&on of the PhDIppine National Bank ventured a remark that "It g not unlikely that IIOIIIt!time in the future. the rural banking syBtem of the country wlI1 be larger and more Important than the 1!OII1IDet"cial banking syBtem itself. n

rural baIt1ar 1aave <:OIIII8f'votively iIlwsW. A few l&4toe f10Ite 80 far CD to offflr c:1Iec1ciftg IIe7'VicB • • • To ulldel8COIe and emphasize the role of the. rural banks, a ' presidential proclamation wu Iaued this year declaring the period April .23 to 30. 1958,

as Rural Bank Week.

T

HE ROMANCE of rural banking bad its

banks baa grown impreaiveIy _ the years. F1gure 1 • how. grapIIJcaIly the growth of the rural bIIIIklog system. AsIde from the 115 rural bImb DOW abtIng. the IIoneCary Board of the Central Bank of the PhDIppine8 bas IlJIIIl'Oftd the establ&hment of 33 more rural banb. wbich are now in the procI!IIII of organization. Many more appIIt'IltiODII are mmIng inScheduIeci to opeu before

PROGRESS

TOWN the year ends are 20 more

In granting loans, the ru-

rural banks.

The Influence that our rural banks have exerted In the solution of our country's qe-01d credit problems ,has tranacended our national boundaries. ThIs year no less than !leVen foreign mlsslons purposely came to the Philippines to study and observe what makes rural banks tick. The seven foreign missions were the Korean mission numbering 11, the Vietnamese group of eight missioners, the Cambodian group of five men, the Indonesian group of two participants. the Iranian group of seven members. the ThaI group of two men and two women, and thP two visiting Indonesian acboJars studying at . the University of the Philip-

fa) banks follow a system

pinel.

Rural Banks have been ooncelved not so much for the promIlIe of monetary gain to the bank owners as

of credit priorities as prescribed by the Central Rank: first priority farmers whose cash . requirements are small; second prlorltysmall farmers as well as small merchants and cooperatlves; and third priorIty - rural industries and other business enterprises other than those In 1 and 2.

The rural banks law defines a small farmer as one cultivating not more than 50 hectares of land and a small merchant, business, or Industry as one with capItal Investment not exceedIng P25,OOO. nte loan " operations of rural banks may be divided broadly into four categories: (1) agricultural loans, (2) commercial loans, (3) industrial loans, and (4 ) other loans and advances.

Statistics show that this year as In 1957, the bulk of the loanable funds of rural

per annum or 1 % per month.

When the rural bank lends money. the borrowers themselves are the best security for the loans. Their character and their ability to pay are the best guarantees. The hank accepts se(1Jrlties which are generally considered "poor" by commercial banking Institutions, like chattel mortgage on growing. harvested or 'tored crops, farm tools, farm animals, etc .. and collaterals like the pledge of tangible assets like a house. household furniture and motor vehicles; Intangible properties like stocks, bonds and quedan8.

The most important agricultural crop that is fi-

nanced by the rur81 Danks is rice. this cereal being the staple product of the country. Agricultural 10l\n5 for production expense and subsistence, purchase of Implements and livestock. farm Improvements and miscellaneous uses account for a high percentage of this type of loan. Farm loans are also made lor the purchase of plows, hoes. Irrigation equipment, work animals and "feeder" livestock such as cows. pigs, and chickens which the farmer buys to fatten and sell for profit.

The rural banks in the lit)cos provinces have given the bulk of their loanable funds to the Virginia tobacco Industry. Those In Pangaslnan like the Rural Bank of

L1ngayen have boosted the production of the bagoong and the fishing Industries by the use of their credit assIstance.

Since rural banks are also prlmarilyconcerned with meeting the credit needs of small businesses In their communities, it is not altogether surprising that small trade concerns comprise the largest group of borrowers of commercial loans. These loans are invested by the borrowers In retail trade. grocery and ,;arl-sari stores, dry goods and drug stores.

Other users of commercial loans are those engaged In the wearIng apparel, home furnishing, jewelry and metal products enterprises; and CONTINUED NEXT PAGE

HOW YOUR PESOS

CROW¡

YOU WILL HAVE WITH uS IN

IN

IN

IN

SYee"

tOY.. n

UYea"

20Y""

p-

PI.-

n,273

p),2.I7

PIO

1,295

2.7"

.,su

605"

20

1.903

.,199

6.119

'.161

30

..,

:1,591

5.599

9._

n.1"1

11.36'

IMJ4

50

3,231

6,9"

FIRST PRIORITY CREDITORS ARE FARMERS. â&#x20AC;˘ Savings depooits earn compounded quarterly

a

~

venture and a mea-

. . - to 80lve centuries-old credit problems and eue tile pcJY'I!rty, mI8ery and _-eervttude of tile IIIIall fanDen. WIth rural baDb WI!I'I! expect.ed Increued rural productioIl througb etfeetIve. _ _ credit; general Improvement and beIDc of the rural eomJDUDttIeI througb Increued farm and tamny 1Dcome; and raIIdIIc tile staDdanIa of Uvlac of tile nD'IIl folk.

wen-

banks went to agricultural loans. ThIs Is not the least surprising as the Philippines Is an agricultural country.

SmalJ merchants and enterpri8en ranked second In the number' of loans secured from the country banks 'l1Ie table on the "Trend of Rural Bank Lendlnp. FIscaJ Year 1953-1958" mUSlrates thls point clearly. Rural banks dIarge only a nominal Intere.t on loans granted wbIch does not exceed 12%

3~~

Interest

Mata 0UIee:

270-2"l6 J. Luna, ManIle Tel 2-98-81 Phi.orla _ c b : 622 M. de Santos

TeIs.: 2-&1-18 or 2-98-81

Arnuoqoe _ :

Quia"" BnlDcb: 129 Echague TeIs.: 3-S8-OO or 2-98-81

733 T. Alonzo Tels.: 3-4-')..16 or 2-98-81

COrres............. Trade Cealiera 01

u..

World

RURAL BANKS

COMtINUIO

In the transportation and I'I!Cft8tioIl El'Yices..

IDdustrial loans putake of the nature of advaDeel for Industrtes llke the thdvDIg Ilarildna sboe Industry which Is ~ loan 0sIstnooe from the KariIdna Rural Bank. and the bGhIt and duck-raising industries of Pateros. RlzaL the "'.mlal hat Industry and the lPOOden sboe (bakya) Industry.

Food products. texdle weaving. cbemlcals, bevenges and tobaoco products are other Industrles lInanced tram Industrial loans.

Rural banks also act as depoGtories of savings. AccepUlDce of savings deposits

P-ChIeves a

~fold

pur-

po6e. One Is to encourage thrift among the lnhabltants 110 that they will not suffer the pinch of hard dmes when It sets In; the second Is to provide a wider latitude of operation lnstmd of circumscribing theIJ' scope of operation to mere credit extension; and the third Is to fmmel out Idle

Banking service to small farmers

savlng5 and marshall them Into flnandng household and o1beI- productive enterprises.

Of the US operating rural bauks, 82 are authorized by the Monetary Board of the Central Bank to accept savings deposits. The following table shows the outstanding deposit balances of the rural banks: <see graph) Aside from the acceptance of savlng5 and time deposits, rural banks may open current or checldng ac-

counts, act as correspondent for their financial institutions and as collection agent.

To belp these small country banks grow and to pr0mote and expand effectively the rural economy. the government grants to them certain exemptions and prlvI1eges which -commerdal banklng institutions do not enjoy. Rural banks with net assets not exceeding P700.000 are exempted from the payment of all kinds 01 taxes. cbarges and fees o~

0 ............. DepoUts _ ., J _ 30. 1957 .... 1951 As 01

Demand Depoalts Savings Deposits TIme DeposIts 'I'otaJ

p 'JJ1't)B1 4,6411,952

".110.058

P4,856.839

whatever kind and desCI-iption. Tbe justices of the peace and the register of deeds are enjoined by law to render free notarial services and free Inscriptions of credi Instruments oot exceeding P2,OOO_ Aside from the8e exemptions and privileges granted by law, the government gives financial <see table on FInancial Assltance to Rural Banks)

health the greatest gift ...

a..p

nnt Hall

... p U4,l24 8,552.680 143,254

lII'7

a~ well as technical assistance. Under Section 7 of Republic Act No. 720, as amended, the Development Bank of the PhlUpplnes (fonnerly Rehabfiltatlon FInance Corporation) pr0vides supplemental capital by subscribing to the preferred shares of stock. which are non-voting, of rural banks In an amount ..qual ·to the am,'regate in-

.a-t

. . 0.&

P 206,237 3,903,728 143,254 1'4.253,219

99 IK 100 - iii

vestment of private shareholders. Private and government Invelltments In ltv> rural banks aa of June 30.

1957 and 1958 Is ...... here. <_ f'ab:OZ).

Again. under SIdlaa-ll of the same Act. rural bUb MlJl secure loans from die Development Bank at die Phllipplnes payable wIddn ten years with lDlereIt lit 2~ ; per annum If the ___-

Truer than ever before. the greatest gift is HEALTH. From the destitute to the affluent. and from the infant to the senile. hNlth is one Godgiven endowment that each and everyone should safeguard and enjoy.

The health sciences team of-the physic~. the pharmacist, the dentist, the nurse. the midwife and the social worker~ther work 365 days a year to safeguard your hNlth. 1hey give you the world's greatest gift - Human Health. all the hours of day Of' night.

Such persons of skill and integrity are penonified by every graduate of the Manila Central University. where young men and women .,. imbued. not only with the professional knowledge and technical skill. but more important with the sense of duty responsibility and integrity characteristic: of the

hNlth professionals all OYer the world.

* GRADUATE SCHOOL - Doctor of Pharmacy.

M. Sc. in Pharmacy. Master in Business Administration * MEDICINE • DENTISTRY * PHARMACY • NURSING· EDUCATION * BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION • HOME ECONOMICS • LIBERAl ARTS • SOCIAL WORK • NORMAL • MI~ WIFERY • High School and Elementary.

MANILA CENTRAL UNIVERSITY

will free them from usury ~ofl.ral"'"

Aa of J _ 30, 1957 .... 1958

'_III,

1J58 Pll,48"l.2T1 9,031,500

PrIvate Govt>mment

P20,s18;ffi

'I......... .

ces of the rural bank are inadequate to meet legitimate credit requirements. or It there is a dearth of private capital and the stockholders are DOt in a p0sition to Increaae the paldup capital of the bank.

In case of financial exigency. the Rural Banks Act authorizes the Central Bank to grant loans as well as to provide rediscounting fad-

US-PI FOREIGN RELATIONS "We COlI if we choose, reject «peeial relations with th.e United Statea. We COlI orient our foreign relations Q8 we determine beat.

We CIm become allied with Chi..... with Siam, with Englafld. or with l'rtmee.

COft become allied with S0viet RUII8ia. We have fun freedom of choice. That is implicit in tM grlJ1lt of 80vereignty.

But I 038UTe you tllot .... far .... I am concerned, and I think I have 80me influenc" in tM matter, we toill do none of tM things I have ;ust mentioned. TIle magnetic pole of our foreignpolicy gravitation 'Will be tllf' United Stetes.

we

-Manuel Roxas

ON COLONIALISM "My friend. it is patl..,tic to me to hear you talk 80. lt is truly patlletic. You say you are here to trade' Of course YOI' are. Could tM Burmese trade for them8elves1 Can they make macllinery, .Mpa. railways, roads' Tiley are iIelples. without you. What would happen to the Burmese 1958

'_III, III'J

P 1,958,123 6.691,800 P14,Gd,923

litles to rural banks at a nominal rate of interest - ~~ of 1 % per annum. The rediscoUnting facilities extended by the Central Bank Is the primary source of financial assistance to rural . banks. During the fin-t half of 1958, niial bank. borrowings in the Central Bank amounted to PlO,637,000 compared to PS.100.98O in 1957. Rural banks may

forests if tM Englillh were not here. TIley UIOI,ld be sold immediat.ely to tM Jopanese, who would gut them and ruin them. 1",,lead Of which, in your hands, actually they ore improved. And while your bu8ine8s trnm develop tM resources of our country, your otficiah are civilizing U3, elevating us to their le'lel, from pure public spirit.

It is a magnificent record of self-8aCTifice."

MBO<Jh, my dear doctor.

We teacll tM young men to d,;nk _ wl,isky and play football, I admit, but precioua little else. Look at our schools-Iactories for cheap clerks. We've never taught a single useful manual trade to tM Indians. We daren't; frightened Of the competition in industry. 'W e've even CTWIlied various industries.

Wh.ere are tM Indian muslims Back in 1M '/ortiea or thereabouts' they were building seagoing Ithipe in Indio. and manning them as weU. The only Easte.... races tllat lIave developed at all quickly are tM independent ones. I won't lor instance Japan, -. but take the c....e ot Siam-"

~

.a-t

P3.529,l48 2,339,700 P5,868,848

Per Celtt 44.3-1 34.96

40.06

also rediscount paper ' with the Philippine National Bank, the Development Bank and other banks.

The operation of rural banks Is tied up with the fwlction of the Rural Banks Administration of the Central Bank. which conducts vigorous promotlonal campaigns in rural communities 01 the Philippines.

Before a rural bank can

open its doors to prospective cllents~ its key personnel must train in the Rural Banks Administration or ru1"81 banking techniques, operation and management. accounting practices and procedures and the rudiments of agricultural eronomics.

Thereafter the rural bank receives technical· guidance from the Rural Banks Administration.

To provide a ready supply of men with executive depth and ability to handle the reins of the rural banks, the In."'::itute of Rural BankIng. an educational and training center of the Rural Banks Administration. 01fers round-the-year classes.

Its curriculum covers -a variety of subjects from bankIng to eronomics, commetdal laws to public relations and management.

The Farm Advisory and Extension Service of the Rural Banks Administration h e Ips larmer-borrowers achieve fann productivity througtt the use 01 better seedlings. better fann Impiements and the latest fann producing techniques and know-how such as fertillza-

CONTlMIIID NIXT ,AQ

/

IN STEP WITH PROGRESS

~ ~-,# ~~.~~ .-

~

-_ -_ _... ...

-............... -. .... .. ...... ..... -..-..

.... _1951 _ _ •

....,.

....... •

__ . . - i c

. . . political life.

........... 111 ....

....,

. ,. . . . . . 111_-.".

ne

PHIU"INE aAH" OF COMMEICE,

" ' - " its faItIohi __

"--e .. . . -

---..-

...., __ .. '11, ..... ..

now'

-George 0 .....,,11 In BURMESE DAYS

tion. farm mechanizatiton and land use.

A rural bankers CODY*'" tion is "L..., heJd every year to thresh out the problem.' encountered by the rural banks and to find better and fresher approaches toward., the improvements and strengthening of the rural banking system.

Commodity assistance is also extended to the rural banks in the fonn of savings posting machines which are sold at coot and on in· stalIment hasis.

And, finally, acting as the gentle Cerberus (if the analogy is pardonable). the Central Bank of the Philippines, through the Rural Banks Administration. In the exercise of its supervisory power over rural banks, conducts periodic audit examinations of the cash. accounts ~nd operations of rural banks in order to determine whether infractions on the laws. rules and regulations governing their op<"ratlons have heeD committed. and to prevent mismanagement and the c0mmission of anomalies.

;Pia

111 .... - - ...... ..... _ i t s ...... 111 ...~

a_ ...................

-"iWIIIs.

PIONEER PRIVATE FILIPINO BANK

_ St......... _ 0 ._ - - ah4 a-

THE

PHILIPPINE

.ank of

~omm£rtt

-.1J1'D'ftde!:

UeMnJty '" . . hit

_.r.....

175

:1

RURAL BANKS

most In his mind. Rural bankers arc not exempted from this state of mind. The rural banking business is not a lucrative enterprise from the point of view 01 monetary returns, unlike other businesses and enterprises. Rural banks are more of a civic venture to help the less fortunate FilIpinos and to drive away the modern Shylocks who "exact their pounds of flesh" and their establishment and operation Is a matter affected with public interest.

a»mHUE"

LTHOUGH the A banking made great strides, It

system

rural

has Is al-

so beset with several problems. The program itself Is

faced with the serious question of how to provide more loanable funds to meet the increasing demands tor fund assIstanoe to rural banks.

Because of the limited amount for lending purposes at the disposal of the rural banks, their lending operations are constricted and confined only to the servicing of short-tenn credit.

Small enterprises which are also badly in need of longterm loans to finance investments and the expandon of \vorking capital cannot be given credit assIstance. and may eventually wither away or tum to the nearest money lender. This pro b 1 e m has disturbed President Garcia who, in his state of the nation address this year, stressed the need of enlarging the lending capacity of rural banks

SMALL TOWN farmsra kJke their m.oney for Ba/6 keeping in a bank in Upa Oity. through the assIsiance of government banks or financial institutions.

Poor managerial ability Is another problem though not quite serious. This has resulted in mlsmanagement. foreing the Central Bank to take drastic measures and to take over the management and control of the erring rural banks. Instances of mismanagement , however, are few and do not Jll'I!'sent an alarming situation.

By affordAng banking facilitie8 to the "'1'01 areas, banb curtail activiti&l of U8Urers.

The problem of competent management Is being corrected with the training of men and women rural bank executives In the Institute of Rural Banking which gives them a rounded banking edueation.

As rural banks are only of recent origin, they must necessarily reckon with a certain apathy to them and slow recognition and acceptance by the people whom they seek to serve. In many

PHILIPPINE POSTAL SAVINGS' BANK dIows the right way to FRUGALITY AND THRln ••• and Ita.... the cIIilclretl right toward a liable aael fruitful life in their later ,earL The Philippine POIIal SaYill,' Bank has braaches ia almost aU to_I thnNl!Jhout the COYIItrJ ••• inquire " - fOUl' local P...... for partiealan ••• be the half_illi. depoaiton of the laak ••• the GoYerameM guorontnl ,our cIepasib.

0_,

BUREAU OF

176

POSTS

MANILA

rural communities of thE' Philippines rural banks are .till unheard of institutions.

Recause they are new they are regarded with suspicion -and indifference. This is being gradually overcome' by the extensive and vigorous use of the various ·'tools" of promotion and public relations.

Rural banks are also confronted with stiff competition offered by entrenched usurers. Conscious of the threat rural banks present to the thriving money-lending business, usurers entice their clientele with all sorts of attractions and InduceAttuned to the ments. ways of the usurers. the rural folk have to be informPd of the role rural banks play In their economic lives and why these banks are established. There are some Instance wherein the money lenders conduct smear campaigns against rural banks - the rural folk are told that these small country banks are hard to deal with; there Is so much paper work and red tape Involved In obtaining loans.

The overlapping of the sphere of operations especially between nearby rural banks poses another problem among the rural banks themselves. BoJTOWl!l'S secure loans fnlm one rural bank and then file another appUcation in an 0 the r, thereby diminishing the borrowers' repaying capacity. This ls,,Jlowever, being m.InIm1z.ed with the conducting of prior investigations of the borrower's credit worthiness before his loan appllcation Is epnsjdered.

Another problem Is the state of mind of the FIlIpino capitalist. Once he sinks In capital he expects to rake in immediate profits-a return of his capital Is at once fore-

doubt, the reWITHOUT sults accomplished by

rural banks are beyond cavil They have accelerated the economic growth and development of their surr 0 u n din g communities. boosted the expansion of cottage Industries, raised the standards of living of the rural folk, and are driv· ing usury out of existence.

The best testament of what the rural banks have aceom· pllshed was eloquently summed up in a few words by the late President Magsaysay: "Never before have our small farmers and tenants been afforded so much cheap credit, freeing them from the evils of usury and helping them to improve their lot."

More rural banks. however, are needed In the country to saturate the countryside with liberal credit facilities. PresIdent Magsaysay set a goal of 500 rural banks in the country. Whether or not this goal. can be achieved remains yet to ~ seen. The prospect, however, is bright.

Director Augusto F. Espiritu of the Department of Loans and CredIt and Rural Banks Administration expressed confiden-:e in the future of these small country banks when be said that "rural banks are here to stay not only because they are owned and managed by Individuals residing in the communities where they are establishe.t but also because they are the symbol of hope and in whose fortunes the people have a stake." Referring to the rural banks program, Director Espiritu further said t hat -'the scheme Is dynamic becaUSE It Is loaded with In ':'E!ntives.

It Is richly rewarding because Its participants could help usher In a new era 01 material progress. which means so much to our farmer--folk, long suffering from sub human conditions of life." ·

PROGRESS

lLOCANO FARMERS (above) Uaten to CI YACOJIA official e.:cplCIi>< ftlflCtton 0/ cooperatit.lea. Below. Ute late Prelrid.ent JltJglJClyat.lll /4yB 1M contrmItone of CI rejrigerotion plmtt in PooogClBi-. After II /f1tD yean oj ~ .,..iBtfJllCe. will the ACe F A abt:mdoft, the farmera r

I. ANATOUO LlTONJUA

Dissensions and demoralization threaten to destroy the agency that could be the farmer's best friend HE AcrIcultural Credit and Cooperative Flnanclng Admlalatradon (AOCFA) which Is living on bonowed money, is aI80 living 011 borrowed time. Enjoying Its fiDest hour during the ~y administration, this government agency has retnJcr-.t ., much during the last twelve months that many obRrven have expressed deep concern over Its future.

I would like to DOtI! at the outBet the ~tions of two ICA offtcIab whom I have DO reason to suspect of being tainted with bias for or against the AOCFA.. It was my privilege to haw been taken Into the confidence of these two men whose job . . . to keep track of the rural development program here.

On - . l occuIona, they privately expressed to me their far that the AOCFA was not being admlnlsten!d as well as It

T

1958

should be. Their observations were based on a close study of the developments of the AOCFA program and the factors that were hindering its progress. 'Their unanimous observation was that the malady that is politics has infested the AOCFA organization and, by inevitable contagion, the FaOlMas (farmeI'S c0operative marketing associations). so badly that nothing less than a major surgical operation was needed to save the patient..

It should be reiterated that these men's views could DOt be prejudiced because their official act Insofar as the AOCFA was conoemed. was motivated by their genuine concern for the success of the cooperative movement In the PhlUppines. 'Their mission was solely to give technical adville on the different asCOIC11NUlD NEXT 'AGE

117

ACCFA

~

Political interference has started to gnaw at the peets of the ACCFA pro-

gram:

It the AC CFA coatinued to surgr forward toward Its primary ob~ 01 improving the candldoIIII of as m an y farmers as would JEed its help, these advisors would be YB')' aratelul that they had bad a modest part in the building of a progressive rural program in this part of the world It, on the other hand, the ACCFA program was showIng signs 01 deterioration due to ''internal matters" such as poliHcal sbeDanlgaDism and corrupt pl'actIces over wh1cb tbev had no CODtroI, the advtsors would be as sorry about such state of a1falrs.

bad been the P OLlTICS baDe of other cooperative

movements in this COIIIltry in the past and was

primarily

responsible for their brief and dismal exIstI!oce. Sbortly after the ACCFA was orgaDJzed in 1952, a writer pointed out that one cause of the failure of previous attempts to implant the cooperative _ t here was "poIJtical inter1en!DCe in management, especlally in the extensioD and coJIectlon of loaDS as well as in the employment of penronnel in the dlffereut state ageDck:s created to promote coopI."

The poliUcal IDOIISter has

reared Its ugly bead once more in the AOCFA. Persons 01 ditfereut penruasIons who an> m equipped to know the needs of the people in the rural areas but have strong political bacldng, . have been a~ pointal to key positions in the organlzatJon. Vetenln penonnel who had grown old with the AOCFA and were holding an unblemished record of !k!l'VIce were eased out.

Hand, in hand with political skulduggery are the increasing cases 01 corru~ Hon and graft in the ACCFA and the FaCoMas wh1cb have lately come to the attention 01 the alert press.

The revelations made recently by an AOCFA field offidal operating In a northern Luzon province leave DO I'OIUI lor optimism. .

He deplored the "enonnous amount of misapplied ,AOCF A funds wh1cb caqnot be 1egaHzed." The so-called. misapplied funds involved mostly undistributed crop and f a r m Improvement loans, loan coIlecHoDS which were never remitted, and cash shortages of FaCoMa 01fldals.

Citing the case of a secretary-treasurer of a FaCoMa, the field oftldal dlsclosed that the man under tire was found short in the amount of P186,OOO In his custody. To quote the ACCFA official, "EYeD U we

hang him (the eniDg

8I!C-

relary-treuure') with live ropes, we can ooIy kID him but we cannot get back the ACCFA money that he squandered."

In one region administered by a field offk:iaI, It was estimated that unscrupulous FaCoMa offidals misapplied a total Pf Pl,277,602.70 of ACCFA funds.

Of this amount, only about P287,OOO could be legalized In accordance with reguIadons.

There is a definite downward treDd In the repayment of loans taken 路 by

farmer-members of FaCoWhDe some three years ago under the administration of Col. Osmundo Mondoiiedo, the FaCoMas had a better than 75 per

Mas.

cent of ~yment. late last year the percentage of repayment on the ditfer-ent types of loans had droped to the lower sixties. A 15 per cent downgrade could mean a serious disslpaHon

of funds, considering that the ACCFA as a financing Institution has released a total of Pl70 mmton for loans and spec1aI projects.

All funds handled by the ACCFA to fIDance the c0operatives and so-ca1Ied special projects are borrowed. The fund IIOUI'CI!S Include government subscriptions to the revolving fund, borrowings from the Central Bank and the NEC-

THE ACCFA HQ 011 Taft AOOII1Ie: wMt's hoppInd"fl with'" its air~OOIIed oflica' HM the lea;' that politics 1DiU disn&pt its aen>ices become a NltJlitJl'

FACOMA LEADER, H. FarioItu, of MagaiftgflGl,lIocoe SIIr, explains to tobGcc:o f--- tile nI480Il wAy t1t.q MOIIl4 svpport F ACOMA actMIisa. 2'M cooperatiw 1Iaa frwtI tltem fram the ~ of ~ tradmt.

lCA project.

Fever-ish attempts were made early this year to sd congressional 3lmctlon so that the authorbed capttaUzatJon of the ACCFA could tie doubled from its present路 PlOO million, but the lawmakers apparently were not convinced.

WOULD be a I Ttragedy for the

major

PbIU~ pines if the AOCFA pr0-

In the rural areas. which is the most successful cooperative ; movement the country has had, would go the way of aU the others through . maladQ)lnlstratloo and poUUcal sabotage.

Created by act of C0ngress ~g the latter' part of the QuIrino admIDIstrat1on, the AOCFA, UIre aU other agencies 011 rural ~颅 eIopmeDt, J'ftelved Its most vigorous Impetus during the Jlagsaysay rectmeThe objectlves of the ACCFA are: L To provide Cft!dIt to amall farmen dIrouah c0operatives ; 2. To meet the tInandal

gram

requIremeIlts of agricultural marketing ...-:Iatlons; 3. To fumish supervision

to agrleu1tura1 c:ooperatlves and their fedenlUons; and 4. To uaist the establishment of Independent pr0ducer - _trolled cooper-atIves tIJroqh whIeh farmer--memben may obtain Cft!dIt, procees. store, and

JDIlI'ket their produce; and buy eseentlal commodities.

From the IDItIal group of 22 farm c:ooperatlves oqaDbed during ACCFA's 1Irst year, 1952-53. the number totalled 484 FaCoMas middle of last year and might have reacbed the 5OO-mark last December'.

WhIJe the fast growth of the c:ooperatlves is remarkable, the quantitatJve factor of course, should not be the sole crfteriaa for the success of the movemmt. All was lnfer-red above, the way the FaCoIIas are ad-

ministered, w h e the r as ~ cqanIzatIoas or as parasitic. \IDIIadpllDed --=ladoas w'only ~ for exIsteDce Is the Cft!dIt assistance It

sound

could aet .from the ACCFA. wm detenn1ne the future of the cooperatives as well as that of the ACCFAThere Is DO cIenyIDc that sene IlUbataDtIal pIDs have been achieved cIurIDc the last m years of the AOCFA-FaOoIIa program. the . - t notewIlI'lhy of whIdI Is the _tIDuInc fICht apInst the strancJeboId of usury wbJeb had apt - amall fannerII UDdeI' -

mk:

.erfdom

for

many

years.

Another dramatic - pUabmeDt _ the part that the ACCFA pIQed In the prmpII'Ity of the ~ fannerII In northem ~ after that qeaey at-

PROGRESS

SOCIAL REFORMS

foundations of the ACCFA

" T h e re/<YrmJl froll~ the placeB are allluLlled lower circles, thanks "ices Of all, thanks,

emanate

which hi!}her In the to the for in-

stance, to tile eager desire to (Jet rich in a .hort time. and to the ignorance of the people, who C01l3ellt to

everything.

I

-lose Rial ill THE SOCIAL CANCER

by Congn!IIs the additional responsfbOlty of administering a price support and purdIue procram for VIrpma leaf tot.cx:o. Even this proJed of the ACCFA has beI!D 8OIII'ed of late by repaI1B of widespread venalIdes In ~ 0perations In .-them Luzon.

Tben. there was the controvendaI tobacco barter several months qo which roclIied the ACCFA to Its .fOundations and caused the mass resignation of four prestIgioua members of the board of governors.

One more pitfall that the ACCFA t.ces In Ita baDdling of the VIrIIDIa leaf tobIIalo buylDe aperatloos Is the defecdve law providing price .upport for Virginia leaf tobIIa:o. DapIte the eamest etforU at. tile AceFA a~ dlIrIDc tile last four yean to have Congress ameud Republlc Act 1194, the VIrgInIa leaf tobacco price support law, 80 as to exclude the sundried gradeII (1Dferior tobacco) from the price support program, heavy pre&_ eIIIeI1I!d by IDfIueDtiIII polItIdaDs from tile IIOI'tb bas dr!faIaI all attI!mpta.

TIle existing law requires the ACCFA to buy all grades of VIrgInIa leaf toRem otfI!red to It by fumen aDd deden. '1'II1II eoClIJIIn&'fS tile producdoIl of Infaiar aup of tile JI!I)ow leaf _ In tile IIErm ~of~La足

- . It _ ' t be big _ wIleD tile ACCFA wouJd ftDd Itself uddJed with tremendoua lItoclaI of bad toRem _ t e d by local clgarette IIWI\Ifactun!rL

If

the ... III not ameaded ....

11 ... If no profitable OIltiet III IouDd for the Inferior toRem fonled 011 the ACCFA aDd pOl CJIlt of Ita fImds. the ~ bonaIIIa wID lIIIJ'ely blow up within the tobuco Industry Itself and IIbatter the ACCFA to bits.

Another project tumed over to the ACCFA wlddt III ca.mc a lot of cUacontent III tile haIIdlIng and . dlstrIbudOD of fertIIlIIeI'II at lI'beMhrd pdees. TIle AceFA aJUId DOt _ to aet eIIIIUIb ttmdII to buy IIuae amoun1II at. fertllIlr2n that the bIlE aDd -an w--. of tile DeI!IL ' Added

-tt,

to this problem Is the " xis tence of bJacJanarketing In subsidized fertilizers distributed all over the country.

The ramie project Is a

feather in ACCFA's cap.

This agency was designated to handle the purchase and

exportation of ramie fiber and the importation of ramie goods processed from 100 per cent Philippine ramie tiber. With the cooperation of the domestic producers of ramie fiber, the ACCFA, and the Central Cooperative E x c han g e (CCE), national marketing agency of the FaCoMas, the price of ramie cloth In the Philippine market bas considerably gone down, thus contributing to the increased popularity of ramie In this COIlntry.

DurIng the year UDder review, there were attempts on the part of the ACCFA to intensify Its eopra tradIng operations in order to wrest part of the profits going to enterprising aliens but the results were disappointing. The unsatisfactory results in copra trading operations in Southern Lumil bJcludIng the BlcoI provtDces were attributed to the following: L Lack of tnterest and dedicated efforts of FaCoMa otficlals and members to Improve their busIDe!m; 2. lDadertuate flIdIltles for traDspartatloa and storage; aDd 3 InSllfficlent ttmdII for

tbbproject.

The few FaCoMas maIdng fair profits OIlt of copra trading wlddt were given

Often repeated and proven-

DESIGN - FABRICATIONEllCTlON OF STEEL STRUCTURES - LIGHT. MED IUM AND HEAVYBRIDGES. BUILDINGS .

STORAGE TANKS, BINS. PENSTOCKS, HEAD FRAMES, Etc. TECHNICAL SERVICES AND

SALES OF AGRICULTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL EQUIPMENT- (Pooled resources of over 40 major U.S. ana European industrial equipment manufacturers represented by AG&P are available to Philippine industrialists) .

MODERN MECHANICAL FACILITIES COMPLETELY EQU IPPED STRUCTURAL STEEL FABRICATING SHOP - MACHINE SHOPFOUNDRY INDUSTRiAl WELDING SHOP-MARINE REPAIR SHOP WOOD PRESSURE TRIATING PLANT "WOlMANIZED. LUMBER AND WOOD PRODUCTS. CREOSOTED STRUCTURAL TIMBER, PIlES, POSTS, TIES, CROSSARMS. Etc. SALES - INSTAllATIONSEIlVICE OF COMPLETE PLANTS OR EQUIPMENT IN ANY INDUSTRIAl FIELD

not more than the PlO,OOO loan Ilmlt, clamored for addlUonal Ioana but they were tumed down.

The pUay trading operations of the ACCFA last year were not judldously administered with the result that no Jess than P2 mUllon In loans Issued to a provindaI federation of FaCoMas. was the subject of a court UtlgaUon. CertaIn oftIclala of the teder'aUon were IICI:WIeIl of having "1Dl8appUed" such a. huge fund.

The c:on1IIct between the HARle and the ACCFA on the oereal problem continued

r.-m- NIX1' .Aa 179

ACCFA

COMnMUED

SELY

NEW WAREHOUSE gOO3 up in Aliaga, Nueva Ecija. 'l?ae WOTIIwas built lYy tILe farmers who are msmberll 01 a cooperanvs.

/1Ot/SC

f:WITH A REALTOR

last

MAGDALENA ESTATE, INC. 7TH FlOOR, DON .ROMAN SANTOS BLDG. PLAZA GOITI, MANILA

Manila Blue Prinlint Co., Inc. I!5H'6% ARU:Gl' J, QI ·JAI'O

MANUFACTURERS OF DIRECT -LINE REPRODUCTION PAPERS BRUNING ··COPYFLEX ·' WrllTEPRINT PAPERS

I

MANIFLOR

WHITEPRINT P~PERS ~1_Wr' b Ammol"ua Procc so;c')

=T~EC~N--'F~L~O-R------------~I '" HITEPRINT PAPERS

I

MANIFLOR

BLUEPRINT PAPERS

I

VAN DYKE

'·SEPIA" PAPERS

.

I

Manila Blue Prin/inllnl., Co. nt:mNA. 81.DG., SI8 DAVID

with

Considering the time of

less heat and fury than the

year

although

seed germination, it Is llke-

previous year. Basically, ly that the initial results at the ACCFA had been acthe ambitious program will cusing the NARIC of workbe seen early this year, Ing at cross purposes to the if plans do not miscarry. great disadvantage of the WhIle the ramie project thousands of fanners who of the Central Cooperative needed all the Incentives to \ Exchange continued to be increase the production of virtually the only redeemrice. What irked ACCFA Ing feature of CCE operaplanners milst was what tions, several other projects VIaS tenned as an obsession handled by the CCE and fiof the NARIC to import nanced out of ACCFA funds regularly huge stock of rice sustained losses last year. from abroad thUs· offering Among these may be ina stiff competition with the cluded the sugar tradlng Iccal cereal growers. project and the so-called Alarmed by recurrent rice food crops project covering shortages, the President last garlic, onion, and vegeta~·ear launched a project de-. bles. signed as a direct attack to S u gar merchandistng ~uch problem and in which loans secured by the CCE the ACCFA was given an from the ACCFA remained important role. With the for the most part unUquiconcurrence of Congress, a dated. Because of the poor program was initiated for . trading operations tn garlic, Increased rice and com proliquidation of loans for garduction for which an aplic was "sadly poor." OnIon propriation of P20 million trading was likewise weak W :lS set aside. and because of the anticipOf the -f'20 million approated negligible profits by priation, the amount of the CCE, onion buying was 1"13,600,000 was eannarked suspended by the middle of for Its development of cerlast year. In the case ot titled seeds. If certified trading operations in potapalay seeds are put into toes, cabbage and other Baurlversal use in domestic gulo vegetables. the inabllirice productIoD, the rice ex· ty of the Mountain Province perts are confident that Federation of FaCoMas to this device alone would secure an adequate mer· bring about a substantial chandlsing loan fon:ed that Inaease In the average rict> federation last year to chan· yield.

Several important nel Its products through pilot areas were put up by private sources other than the ACCFA laRt yea.. In. the CCE. Luzon with I1l4' cooperation The Central Cooperative ot other government entiExchange, which started ties to prepare for the devauspiciously as the "nationelopment of the certified al tederatIon of FaCoMaa" ""'1!d prognun. The certiand as the national fied seed.~ to be produced tn keting agency for the eothe pnot an>a8 set up under operatives, has never had the joint auspice!' of the the fullest support · 01 the ACcFA and the FaCoMas FaCoMas. Far more grievwfll be distributed primous Is the fact that It has arily to FaCoMa farmen suffered heavy losaes tn the and I1l4' balance to be different projects It banpalmPd out to non-FaCoMa dled. It would be int.erestlng farmers later. to lind out how much of

mar·

ACCFA's millions haw gone down the CCE draIn. that the sodal I TandIS said economic Impact of the ACCFA program on the r u r a I population has brought intangible benefits as well as material gains.

In money value, It was estimated that from September 8, 1952 to June 30, 1958. the addltIonal tncome that went to the tanners as a result of ACCFA operations carried a total value of 588.70 mUlion pesos broken down as follows: Savings from usury, P6O40 million; stabUizatIOD of farm prices, P42 million; production of Increased crops such as tobacco, palay, and com, P85 million: shifts to a more favorable sharing b"yStem, PS.60 million; and direct sales of CODsumer goods. P7.70 million.

In assaying the year-toyear developments at the A C C F A program, ODI' should not overlook the fact that the cooperatIvr movement Is an extn!mely sensitive soc I a - economic system so that whatevel· gains may h a ve been achieved so far may be neutralized by any __ talned and overt move to break down the sYstem.

ThIs Is the crisis that faces the ACCFA today, more than at any time tn Its six years of existence.

1ben! Is atlIl time to save It 11 ~ tn the higher- lev· eIs of government act firm· Iy and fast. Nothirl£ short of a direct attack of the ACCFA problem, with a complete dlsreganI of political coasIdentlons, will secure ACCFA's c:rumbUne toundatlons and restore It to the soUd edI1k:e that It ..... few years ago wben It was looked up to as a symbol of bope for the mil· lIoaI ID the rural .....

years of grolNth progress...

A new and modem home the Rita Legarda Building in SIa. Mesa - today houses the principal offices of Del Rosario Bros., Inc.... symbolic of its significant growth as a progressive F"dipino company.

Now observing its fifth anniversary, DRB is proud to record its notable contributions to economic self-suHicieRf}' and prosperity:

• A. modem store with a wide array or stodu. to fill the needs of tbe ave~ge Filipino famiJy.

• A woridng Coree of 1,911 ~"'Orken with 6,099 dIrect dependents. from a analI foree 01 11 in 1953.

• The productioo aDd marketing of esRntial goods tta.t contribute to • higher ItandanI or living.

• DRB br.mcbes strategically located aU to bona RJ"\'e

CQll5WDel'S

O\'ft'

1M Phillpplnes

everywhtre.

• Plant and fadlit:iea with bI&blY IIk1IJed ~ to manufac..... dolJar_vinK prGduclo for tho ~.

U/lDN TlHjueg.rao

10_ ~up.a"

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t.g.up;

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Coi>u T.........

110010

IoooIod " - ' City

','Ls·.iaLn.,J..:. 'lULl" ••••

Rila legot:d4 Bldg .• Sla. M.... and Goil; Bldg., Manila T.lephone 6-25-41

THE lABOR FRONT The promises were plenty but the gains were nil Iy RODOLFO G. TUPAS

THE END OF 19S11. thl' .Filipino w(,rker B ynun;c<1 a few happy memories. Thel'(' was th~ pubJicity-churning Labor-Manal!ement Cong'I't'SS, convened from ~tober 16 to 111. which

Il'nt glamour and a bit of grandeur to the labor mO\'l.'m(·nt. He could fondly recall Labor cL,y on ~Iaylst when he marched past the Lunet .. grand", and, breast out, before the nation's hlgh!'St officials who came to honor him And he "'dn still delight in the memnry of 1958's Christmas p3rtiel<, the toa~t hI.' made together with his ~ployer. the back.;lapping and merry exchange of jokes he indulged in with his fellow ~ployees. The Filipino worker felt. alter basking in the headlines, that he had the right to be proud and exalted.

But alter the kilometric !ipeeches of the L-M C"ngrcss had dimmro out. the ChrL~tmas light. ,witched oU and the Labor day band music faded Into another tlay, the Filipino worker wp.nt home to rediscover his poverty.

Unrnnlinrlng Aruoterity

19i8 abolit the

th,· Filipino worker still worrying ne.~t meal and still looking for a hero to rescue him from his painful economic diU!· ('ultles. It was a year of unconvincing austerity and a 1'5,000,000 Presidential yacht. 1958 was a year when thousand.. of fishermen and thpir families In Central Luzon faced starvation after fi.hpontl owners had built dikes that virtu:>Jly I'mptled their fL,hing waters. .

The Filipino worker. like his brothp.rs In Asia, wa. tired"of the nightmare of a .ecmlngly ~r­ manent crisis, tired of telng Ignored and negJect.ed, tired of chasing the clJrnblng cost of living, tired of being offrred charity when he was screaming for justice.

But 1958 also witnCSS(.'(j a sector of the labor loovement catching fire with the nationaUsm ('OnDagration that tu", been swerping Asia for the palIt yean!. It was expressed In resolution after resolution presented by labor In the LaborManagement Congress now agit.atlng for a nationalization of labor, now clamoring for a I!1't'3ter percentage at Filipino capital In basic industries.

In 1958 too, the Filipino work!!!' began to sense a teeling of neighborliness with the rest of Asia.

Major unions entertained visiting labor officials from Indonesia, Thaliand, Japan and AustraI1a.

One labor oUiclal, Edmundo Nolasco at the }O~, took aU for Indonesia where he was C!fI. tertalned In return for two months, aU In the "plrit of good will and frlmdship. And aU these went on despite charges at "American !lIatelUte" !;3W

182

I>r.ing hllrled at thl' Philippine< in thp. United Nations by tht' Aft-u-A.ian bloc.

Labo...lIanagement

('A)~

There were Quite a number of startl.i.ng revelations that cropp!!(! up in thP. ~tober LaborManagement Congl'ess. On the last day of the Congress, Ignacio Lacsina of NATU astonlshl'd the Congress by urging it to advocate the adoption of "Democratic SocialIsm," a philosophy akin to tl1e European brand of Socialism. This divided the ranks of labor and Luis Mauricio of PTUC. leading the opposltl!ln. branded the proposal as an infringement on the civil rights of the citizens. l.acsina's proposal was defeated and although bL~ view exaggerated the philosophy of the labor movement, it somehow symbolized the gro\1oing impatience of organized labor over Its slow and agonizing progress In 1958.

Alongside I..acsirul's ~rprise proposal were other resolutions sponsored by !abor that significantly e.'<Pressed increasing depE'ndence on the ("..ovl'rnment's roll' in the economic development (If the country.

One lab9r-sponsore<! N'SOlution askf'd that "govemment, whilp. giving the fullpst encouragement to private enterprise. should pioneer In those industrip.s In which private enterprise Is wanting and Inadequate and those Involving the development of the nation's .trategk: resources, if possible in joint venture with private capltal ...

This resolution. a\.'<:I!ptablp to llnd amended by the managem~nt panel, was finally approved.

Another resoh.tlon called for the government "to clearly lay down its policy concerning the respective spheres of private and public enterprise annaunclng a claSlliflcation of Industries along the following 1Ines 1) Industries where government will have exclusive monopoly; 2) Industries where existing private enterprise will be allowed to continue under private ownet'Shlp and will be given aU facilities tor efficien. workIng and reasonable expansion for a certain period. but In which the establlshntl.>nt of all new undertaldngs Is to be the exclusive re5pOlIl!lbntty of the government; 3) Industries will be suI:ject to close regulation and contrQI by the government; and 4) The remaining IhdustJjes wbIcb will nonnaDy be open to private ent.er'prise with a minimum of governJlUlllt regulation and control" Stili another resolutloo that Indicated Iabor's mood of frustration was the resolution that asked the gavemmeut to Implement the IDduatrial priorities fonnula. 1be resolution c0mplained that "the government's industrial dev-

FEMALE PICKET LINE .-ef_ to "!"lge itl tTIe path. 0/ a (nu:k durlttg IIJ .trike i ..

elopment policy and Implemenlatioo have resulted In an Inefficient, haphazard and abnormal Industrial growth...

While It could be pointed out in retrospect that after all Is said and done more l~ usually said, It would be unfair to destTibe the Congress as jlll.-t another vollUDe of speeches and resolutions. of the Labor-1IanagP.T HEmentTHEME Congress, "Joint Action Agaln!;t Un!OeCOIld

employment" represented an exciting dtaUengp.

It would be unreasonable, therefore, to expect the Congress to come out with the discovery of an overnight panacea to the greatest and most

pressing problem of unemployment.

In an Interview for Prop-. Director Bernanlino Abes of the Bureau of Industrial Relations, who acted as general secretary of the Congress said, '"nle main task of the Congress ill promotions. TIK' Congress cannot be expect...'t\ to produce immediate results. Before, during and after the Congress our job Is to call the attention of ('.ongress and the Government to the resolutions passed by the Labor-MaDRgement Congress and to see that these resolutions, If embodied Into law. will be Implemented. It Is encouraging to DOte, however, how many of our top economists have vohmteered to !IIleiI: s0lutions to the unemployment problem and how many delegate< !rom labor and capitIIl enthuslastIca1ly participated In the Congress. '!'be future wlll decide whetbel' our Congress Is • me:-

cess

01" not."

WhDe It Is true that the results of the CcIagress have yet to be realized. this year'a ~ Management Oangrea brought a In!sb _ of urgencyItto_ the aunemployment problIm. In that respect _

11-...,..&

Unemployment, a critical Index to the

1Ita~

of an _ y , remalned Iabor'a most beutbrealdng problem. '!'be trqie part about unemployment Is that It Is DOt merely IIC8dImIc-

PROGRESS

TmsonlyUNl'SUAL number of employed women emphasizes once more relatively

the low income of ....a ge earners. 1957 figures on national Income which reached P8799 mJillon in 1957 show that 41.5 per cent of this amount represented the ....ages and salaries of employes and workers whUe 52.8 per cent went to entrepreneurs and property owners as their income.

This does not compare favorably with J:lpan which, according to statistics gathered by the International Labor Office. reported 49.1 per cent as Japan's labor Income for 1954, nor with Australia which had 58.7 per ce.nt as labor's , hare of the national Income. Highly industrialized countries show labor receiving a far greater share than in underdeveloped countries like the Philippines.

OU I'

Our indices of our national Income, however. reveal that the disturbingly low level of Income shared by agricultural worker; contribute a great deal to the wide difference In income between workers. Moreover, by the end of 19511 It was apparent that only about 10 per cent of the labor force Is organized and less than 10 per cent effectively organized.

Statistics on national income possibly point out the fact that the wages of labor have not quite grown proportionately with the profits of ..ntrepreneurs.

• Qw!mft City. There were hurt ill thi3 atrike w/una the warnell fomJ£d the bloc/ctlde. Strilres

It Is an urgent, flesh and blood problem which thousands of FlUplnos 1iIithout jobl;, who insist

on eating regularly three times a day, fully understand.

Koreo\oer, the existence of mass unem!)loyII1mt was one of the reasons why labor's organization drive. which wa.~ 5Wee!ling and massive In the immediate post-Magna Carta years, ,;Jowed down considerably. As of 1957, the Natlnnal Economic Council projection based on the atatlstic:al survey of households counted 700,000 or about 11% of the total labor force of about 8.5 mUllon, as unemployed. Administration critics, however, view this figure with serious doubt and insist there art! well over a mUlIon unemployed. Whatever the case, this nwnber of unemployed represents, In the eyes of labor lead. ers, an army of potential scabs.

In such a cllmate, organized labor found gre2t dlf.fJcuIty recruiting new members Into the fold of the labor IIl<M!IDeIlt and Injecting militancy In the old members to press their economic cImwIds. The Employmeat of WomeD Another Interesting revelation Is the number of women employed In industry, a sign that In most cases the woman In thc famBy is asked to Increase Its Income. According. to sample survey conducted by the PhWppIne Survey of Households In 1956, It was estimated that 5.32T,OOO are 111m and 2,980,000 are _ _ It Ia surprIalng to note that In the number of employed In the manufacturing industry, whII!h represents 12.3% of the total labor force. 675,2118 are estimated to be women and filii)' 351,582 men. In short, In the manufacturInc Industry, the women outnwnber the men l'O\I8bIy by 3 to L 'l'IIla seems plausfble since, In the PbDJpplnes, lIUUIIlfacturing thus far hal; beeII dlaracterizled by light industries. Tbt>y Indade such operations as the textlle, embroidery,' cIprette and cottage Industries.

What . . more alplllamt were the rea-

;n 1958 weren't, as a whole, violent they alwtoed aU 1008 not (]IIlet' on labO! Irollt. <ans that compelled the women to wdrk. Sonia Marquez, a graduate student at the Ateneo d..

Manila w,\o recently conducted a sample survey in offices and factories for her thesis on the employment of women. oUers several Interesting clues as to the reasons women work.

In a big textile finn whe.re the women outnumber the men almost 4 to I , 139 female workers out of lSi' Interviewed by Marqu£'Z, gave economic reasons to explain why t.lJey '<Ought wor k. 55 women said they are supporting or either helping support a family and, in many cases, dependents who are not Immediate members of the family. 15 female workers (mostly wunarrled) answered they want to be economically independent, 34 want to earn money to educalP their children, 21 hope to buy a house of their own evenPJal.ly, and 14 need money for emergencies.

Of the rest, 19 replied they love their kind of work, 16 want to acquire the experieme. 4 hope to meet new acquaintances, 9 had nothing to do at horne and only two declared they were after more luxuries than they are enj oying at the moment.

Out of 57 women Interviewed, 10 !'eVt'.aIed they are the sole providers, seven self-supporting and 40 are partial providers. Of this 40, 46 said th~y shan> half of their Income expenses with their husbands. The average Income of the husbands with whom they share 50% of their household expenses, ranges from P100 to P149. 'IllIs Indicates that families find It extremely difficult to live decently with an Income of only PlOO to Pl49.

In a big Insurance finn, the pattern was dltferent. Of the women polled bY'Marquez, ales· ser number repUed they were employed to help support dependents. However, out of zt Interviewed, 9 answered they helped share the expenses with their husbands whose incomes avenged from P300 to 1'349, indicating that they are. maintaining a standard of living ap\II'Oximately two to three times higher than that of the factory workers.

lDdustrlal Relations

Labor's most articulate voke is still in the field of labor relations. The system of free colfective bargaining, introduced in 1953 bv the enactment of the Magna Carta of I:.abor. continued to be the main preoccupation of labor in 1958.

But somehow, lJe.=ause of Its inability to sustain a massive organizing drive, labor falled to approximate the overall bargaining power of Capital a fact that seemed to have been expressed in the reluctance of union members to press too hard for their wage demands and eagerness to settle for binge benefits Instead.

The idea of the Magna Carta was to give labor tho! opportunity to develop strength to equal management's bargaining power. The Magna Carta expressed the baIan~f-power doctrine which brings about a kind of lICacc through stalemate. It seemed, however, that in most cases management still held. the upperhand.

Nevertheless, despite labor's organizational weakness, labor unions today find thcInsfolves barga.lnlng under a more favorable atmosphere than the pre-Magna Carta years.

After the passage of Republic Act. 875, better known as the Magna Carta of Labor, the num.. ber of labor unions increased phenomenally by 300% but the fight for wages and better workIng conditions ~Ifted from the Court of IndusttiaI Relations to the collective bargaining table and conciliation service of the Dt'partment of Labor. Director of Bureau of industrial ReIali ons Abes notes that while there seemed to be an upsurge of labor strikes In the beginning of 1958 the number of disputes levelled of! towards the end of th e year.

Industtial relations under the system of free collective bargaining In 1958 was still relatively good. There are approximately 1,300 collective bargaining agreements today and approximately one out of every nine negotiations for a contract ends In a strike.

The nwnber of disputes In 1958 as well as the past years indicates that Industtial peace, all other t hings being equal, Is apparently m ore dlUlcult to achieve In a country suffering from an ailing economy than In a prosperous nation.

Furthennore, the wave of labor disputes C»I(Tl HUED HEXT

rAG( 183

LABOI coom-

Labor's demands were tempered by the government's austerity appeal that followed the pa=tge of RepubUc Act 875 merely shows that collective bargaining had Its crude beglnniDgs and that labor and mlllUlgement were experiencing the pain of adju'ltlng themselves from the old method of compulsory arbitration to the present procedure of bargaining across the tab1e between themsehoes without .Government interference.

It must also be noted that the rise In dlsputes does not necessarily I"E'flect the opl!lling of old disputes. In recent years, the number of manufacturing industnes, where the bulk of organized labor Is, has increased significantly.

Development Bank President Eduardo Romual1Iez. fonner NEe presiding officer, estimated that there are now about 13,000 manufacturing rums operating in the Philippines.

Labor Divided 1958 also saw labor still divided but exert. crting effort towards a labor unity movement.

The Philippines has one of the mdSt highly organized labor movements not only in AsIa but In the whole world. This year, with a little prodding from the ICFTU. the major unions In" the Philippines decided once more to try for a unit00 labor movement.

Discussions on the grand merger have been slow and rather frequent for the first time. ThIs procedure is not premeditated but merely the reresult of labor's desire to avoid the haste that led to Its uneasy alliance and subsequent breakup some five years ago.

Apparently labor's main problem in the unity movement is effecting a unity based on principles. Unity based merely on number does not offer stability. Labor leaders, long pre-

occupied with feuds against one anotber. have yet to show that they can get along with one another In one big federation. Much. however, of the bitterness that characterized the past feuds have gradually diminished since 12 major unions banded together to form the largely ineffective Pbillpp~ Labor PoUtlcal Action Congress in 1~.

The temperament of labor leaders and the makeup of their federations, it seems, demand that If there Is to be any merger it necessarily has to be a loose one. It is always a practical principle to allow affiliated unions to retain substantial autonomy.

It appears that the first product of uniflcation, the Philippine Trade Union Congress, was too tight for its affiliated members. Eulogio Lerum of the National Labor Union complained that the PTUC was in fact competing with its alfiIiates by offering less dues for locals that alfiIiated .directly to It. It appears, moreover, that the executive officers of the PTUC were allowed to negotiate contracts, a function that is strange to such advanced confederation,.; as the Rrittsh Trade Union Congress and the United States AFL-CIO. Nonetheless, labor recognizes the inherent defects and weaknesses that go with dlsurJty. A number of labor leaders this year also toyed wlth the idea of forming a political labor party_ It Is douttlul If such an idea can whip up a sustained support for its adoption. In countries where the labor movement either preceded or l!XllI!Wed or equalled the strength of a political party i~ decided to work through, the arrangements It entered into worked for the benefit of unions without their having to surrender their authority. England is a perfect example of this

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184

PRESIDENT GARCIA opens the lA_ bor-Managemem COfI{P'633. tIle moet Mgni/iront e:nra-curricular labor event in 1958. The CongretJll ended with labor divUI8d Oft whether ur not to accept u.s prillcipl'e 0/ aociallam in the Philippinea.

theory. In rountrle!<, iloM!vcr, where the political parties either precede or overshadow the labor unions, ~ political parties dominatP. the labor unions. A case In point Is India where one leading Indian labor leader admitted, In a recent seminal' held in Michigan State University, that the three ma~r labor federations are merely "kite tails" of tbe three major political parties, the two soeIalist parties and the communists.

This Is the consequence. he Said. of a labor movement that Is weaker than and draws inspiration from the political parties. In Thailand, for instance, in order to initiate a U'3de union movement the Government, according to a Siamese labor leader in a mllf'ting of Asian labor officials under the auspices of the Colombo Plan two years ago, had to subsidize his labor federation in its infancy.

Laell of Direetion

IS difficult to forecast at this juncture thl!

I Tfuture of the labor movement since It seems

to lack a sense of direction. Labor, In the turbulent pre-Magna Carta years, was primarily, II not solely, engaged in the ~iolent struggle to toe recognized. Labor was immature, impulsiVe, irritated and rigl\teously indigoant. Practically all strikes, in fact, were staged to win recognition from the Government and from employers.

The first two years of the Magna Carta of Labor witnessed an amazing rush to join unions.

Since then recognized unions have shifted their demands to economic security and wage demands after realizing that their problem was not merciy to organize but to stay organized.

ThIs problem of organizing and staying organized has stayed with the' labor movement to the end of 1958 and it accounts much for many of the shortcomings of labor.

At the start of 19511 labor's demands were tempered by the Government's appeal for austerity but by the end of the year 1abor was appalled by its non-{)!)servance. Austerity, It appeared, was not one of the Administration's virtues.

An austerity program that empJoyen found as a I'e3dy argument for freezing demands, a rising cost of living that deflated its gains,-all contributed to labor's frustration at year's end.

Nevertheless, despite this agonlzing stalemate, labor can be expected tQ continue its fight to wI.n a better life and a better day for the Filipino worker. But the labor movement can om,. progress with the economy of the nation and it wID have to content itse1f with slow gains.

The heaviest burden. unfortunately, falls 011 the Filipino worker. He",111 have to c:mrtImIe aerclsing patience over the measured miracles 01 a young, democratic country.

But in spIte of aU its setbacks, _ - ' not be pessimistic about the future of labor. Philippine labor bas travelled a long way. a way sometimes spilled with blood aDd ~ and It bas brought the nation &ong with It. Tbe greatest reassurauce is in the FlUplno worker himself, one of the main rescuing reasons that makes one proud of being a Fillpmo. HIs CIlUl'age and his determination have been tested over the countries. And although hie present and future battles may DOt be as dramaUe as the past his gallantry and hie intelllgeDce wDI __ tlnue to be telted In union meetings, In coUeedve bargaining tables, In the· facUlries aDd In the rice fields. 'lbeI'e Is little reason to doubt that new trlumpha await him in the yeIII'II to come.

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THE FILIPINA IN ASIA

FIRST FILIPIN.1 11MBASSAVOR, MRS. TRINIDAD LEGARDA, PRE/'1ENTS

HER CREDENTIALS TO VIETNAM PRESIDEN7' NCO DINH DIEM路

Her chances for service 'to home and country 'have vastly multiplied Iy LUISA H_ A. UMSANGAM

sees depends W onHATone'sonepoint !)f view.

.0

To the Occidental, 'nured Western mores, the FlUplno woman Is Oriental enough.

To her eo-OrIentals, who usually judge her by their !'1andards, she Is "too westendzed."

ObvIously, what Is taken for granted Is seldom taken Into account. An Oriental visitor, sightseeing In Manila, 15 apt to Ignore the things which by the very reason of their familiarity tan to make themselves felt.

He sees what he seeks to ~ee: the unusual, the untamt;&r. the allen, the Western.

'1 .. , '''me Is true of the Occidental visitor. He sees only the OrIental, the exotlc.

Uke her country, the Fl-

aY)"

llpino woman finds herself at the focal point of crossbearing: the product of a mixed heritage. Confused enough because some wellmeaning soap-box orators insist on apologizfug for what they illogically, unjustifiably, stupIdly call their country's lack of 3 culture of its own, misunderstood by her Asian sisters who Interpret the donning of Western dress as a negation of Oriental feeling. and plagw:d with doubts as to the validity of an EastWest blend In the face of a world made up of countries either blatantly Western or' asceticallY Eastern. It Is a wonder that the FIlipino woman has survived mteUectuallyat alI.

truism that what I TtheIs aFIlipino woman Is. what she has leamed to enjoy on.one hand and take In her stride on the other, she owes to the countless generations before ber. She has managed to pick her way through an assortment of sometimes conflicting lnfIuences-hanging on possessively to some. disdainfully nosln~ asIde others, and emerging triumphantly with combinatIons that on occasIon tend to be heady but .for the most part are sober and salutary.

From the West, the Filipino woman received the e!'sentials of the Christian faith which she promptly and conscientiously wrapped In the _fanaticism of the

East. She has woven OrIental fatalism and the Spanish tlJalia>I" habit Into a fascinating, exasperating pattern of cool ba1Iala-tIa psycbolo-. gy-and dotted it with OCC&!lional bursts of Latin primadonna temper! She Is innately shy and retlr'lng but is perfectly capable of enjoying the noisy excitement of a fiesta. She may have adopted SOlDe of the giddy ways of the West but has succeeded in retalnlng the inscrutability of -the East. Her emotional make-up, like the mixed blood that courses through her veins, Is a homogenous blend ' resulting from the varied Influences of numerous factors, extraneous and oth~ut as a FIlipino woman she stands

apart with a mind of her own. Her reaction to a given situation would then!fore be neither that of an Occidental nor that of an Or1enta1-it"would be that of a FIlipina.

It Is the bl-valent naturt> ~metimes Western. s0metimes Eastern, IIIiIni often a combination of both-of the FIlipino woman that has caused her to he envied and .' ldmired and respected by her fellow Asian women. It Is also this that has made her the subject of scorn and rIdicule directed at her, also by her fellow Asian women.

A freak, they call her. Hardy, sincere, lnteiugent and 'progressive, but a freak nonetheil!l;S. What matters Is CONTIIIUED NEXT PA/OI

187

two ABOUT lormer Senator T. Pecson,

years ago.

nima turned

IN TOKYO. Senator Pacita Gonzflles take"

tile podium atilt

addt"flllSfl8

THE FlliPINA

COMnMutD

til" ''1''''liJlg ses-

sio?l of the United Nations S'3minar on ,'e!liona/ pla>minq as head of P.I. delegatio.._

from a trip to Southeast AsIan CQUIltries. urged the appointment of women to the Pbillpplne dlplomatle 5eI'vice. She said that the world "recogn1zes the need for women's viewpoints in International understanding" and recommended the appointment of FIlipino women as ambassadors. ministers and delegates路 to the United Nations.

Two months ago. on October 7. to be ~ct, Mrs. TrInIdad Fernandez Legar<fa. was sworn in by PresIdent Garcia as Philippine ambassador to Vietnam.

The .first woman to be appointed ambassador by the Philippine government. the one-ttme Miss Philippines, lonner schoolteacher and

general. Elected to the _ t e in 1!H7, IIhe baa IIIinee tiel ~ known .. tile Pbillpplne's first woman _tor. She was the first woman member to be eIecceel to the Executive Board of the Unesco and bas served as chairman of the program commission of the UDe5CO National CommIss.ion ot the PhlUppines .. well as chairman of the PhlUppine delegatfon to the Unesco. Mrs. Pecson Is now the chairman of the Unesco National Commission and as sueh Is a strong link In the PhlUpplnes' cultural ties to the free natfons Of the world.

This brings us next to the United Nations General Assembly which, this year lor the flrst time. saw a FIlIpino woman delegate to the UN social, cultural and hu-

tion which had for its aim the emancipation of woman and the improvPlDent of ner position was not established until 1928. And it was only in 1949 that Indones!an active civic leader is also manitarian committee. Pa路 women obtalned suffrage that the FIllpino woman . the lirst and only woman e1ta Madrlgai Gonzales, the rights. holds her head high and reenvoy from Southeast Asia. only woman member of !hi' Cambodia, where women fuses to think of herself as Mrs. Legarda bas reprePhilippine Senate, turns out have no voting rights. has one. sented the PhUipplnes In to be not only the youngest one Woman in the cJiplomaShe may take her own several international conwoman delegate to the lIN lie Service and no woman sweet time, but she will go ferences abroad, notably general assembly but also legislators. In Vietnam, plaa!s. That she took her those of the Unesco. the the first and only woman where women have enjoyed own sweet time at finding General Federation of Wodelegate from a Southeast suffrage only the last three herself was due in part to men'2 Clubs, the Pan PaclAsian country. years. people are quite used three centuries of subserlic Women's Association, In July, she headed a s.. to the. sight of women pavience and to the tact that and the Philippine Amerimember Pbllippine delegarachutists. who are in the before the latter part at can Women's Association. tion to the UN semfnar on Vietnamese army as reguthe 19th century the slow As head of the Philippine regional planning In urbanIlar members of the Wopace of women's progress delegation to the EIght ?.atlon and industrialization men's Airborne Battalion. in other parts of the world Conference Of the Pan Paof Asla and the Far East.

In the Philippines, where had not been accelerated. which was lield in Tokyo.

It was not until 1893 that higher education was open- , clfic and Southeast Asia Women's Assoc:iatlon last . The meeting was attended (!d to women earlier than New Zealand gave her August, Mrs. Legarda was by some 50 delegates from In any other country of women. the first in this lauded by a .Japanese news16 countries, and the prorespect. the right to vote.

Southeast Asia. we have paper as "ODe of the three blems discussed inciuded more women doctors, lawAustralla came next, In '-t-known women in Asla" city planning, pubUc utili1902 Women in the United yers. engineers, architects, and as "sharing with Maties. transportation, traffic States had no franchI.!w ('.hemist~, pharmacists. acdame Pandlt the honor of and housing. As seminar unUl 1920, Frenchwomen countants and edUcators in being one of the two women vice-chairman. to which p0had to walt unUl 1944 and relation to population than ambassadors from aU A..<tIa." sition she was elected after the women of Italy could any other Southeast Asian But the signal booor acthe meeting opened, Paelta not vote until 1945. country .. In the same ratio. corded by the Phillpptnes Gonzales - who Is also Among the- Southeast we also have more neVlSchairman of the Philippine Asian countries, the Philpaperwomen. more munici- . to Mrs. Legarda in particular and to aU Of Its woSenate Committee 00 social ippines came second to pal mayors and vice mamen in general Is far from justice, _community devel0pThalland in giving women yors. more women in the being the only feather addtheir rI,dtt of suffrage. ment and welfare - was radio and TV industry. ed this year of 1958 to the "nlai women were granted the subject of undisguised The FIlipino woman bas FIlIpino woman's cap. franchise in 1932. FiUpino admiration on the part of also made great strides In GeronIma T. Pecson Is a the Japanese delegates (aDd women got theirs five yean< international. rnpresentation. mies. woman her countrymenlater. In Indonesia. because generaJ public) who had She has represented her and-women are proud of. of the bloody struggle for probably never seen a w0country more and more In Indonesia. which had An outstanding flgure in freedOm. women had to man pn!Sfdlng with "deftIts first woman doctor in often in the last few years the fields of education and wait until 1949 for their 1922 (late. as compared to In more than just the usual ness aDd dignity" over an social work, she devoted Intematlollal . ccnfen!Dc:e.

1ull poUtical emancipation. 'lUr own Honoria Acosta women's conventions and the greater part Of her poVietnamese women were Sison who graduated in welfare conferences, and l'he bad of the .JapaDl!lll!

Utlcal career to the ameliodven the vote only three delegatioo ' ls reported to 1909) and its first woman has made quite a name for years ago; and in Camboration of the Dving standjurist In 1921 (early. as herseI1 in fields that until have said: "I wander If a dia and La08, women have mfDpar'eil to our Natividatl n:cently were dominated by, ards of the public edIool Japanese lady could attmcl not to date acquired the Almeda Lopez. appointed in or limlted to, male particit.eacJ-. and the social to sudI Important affaIra pation. . rl2ht to. vote.

1935). the fIrat organJzawith IIUdl dignified _powell-being of tJie public in __ ______________________________________________________________________ __ ~ 1 8 ~ 8

But we find that getting the vote early is no indication of how much or how effectively it win be put to 1Ise. Let's take Tbailal)d. where. in 1932. equality ll;l status for women was provided for by the Constitution. The acquisition by women at this right was obviously made possiblc througp the broadmindedness and cooperation of the men while women at some other nations had to go through an ordeal to obtain the same status. With freedom of education, ther.. came to be almost as big a number of women as men In the live Thal universities.

But while there are many Thai women In public 01flce. there has not 'yet been a woman judge or diplomaL Also. some women have to work for as long as 10 hours a day for only a lew tical because there is no legislation tor women in labor or industries despilP proposed measures on thP employment Of women and children submitted by the Rureau of Women's Culture. On the other hand Thailand bas four women sit tin g in Parliament (w1hch has 123 membersl and several women wtruetors in m1lftarv acade-

Ger... just re-

Public school system

~

p~

aure."

In the field of med1c:IDe, tbIs year'. credit for bring- . fDa tile PhlUpplDes Into wodd fDc:us ~ to Dr. Fe del JIuDdo, fOUDder of the Oilldrm'. JIemorisl HospitaL About 500 women phyIIIclans from all over the world will gather In MaIPIa In 1962 for the 9th Congress of the MedIcal Women'. International AssoclatbI.. the first time that this world body wID hold their ~ In Southeast Asia.

Accordlng to Dr. RosIta RIvera Ramirez, president of the Philippine Medical WOII\I!B'S Association and deleRate to the London conI!J'I!SS. Dr. Del Mundo who was n!e1ect'!d regional vil:e-president of the world organization during the Lnndon meet last .July would have been elected

ClOUDdI of ~ loternational Federation of W _ Lawyers following her nomination by A.. VIola SmIth, representative of the IFWL to the United Nations. Tbe IFWL. on consultative status with the United Nations, has a world-wide membership In 53 collntriea and Is concerned with the advancement of the science of jurlBprudence In all its phases. The outer space committee, of which Atty. ' Austria Is vice-chainnan, Is headed by an American woman judge.

Atty. Fernanda Balboa, civic leader, lawyer and feminist wbo last year was Invited to and did attend an international women's convention In Moscow, was unanimously re-eleded thls year as. president of the 17nation Pan Pacific and

1'eacher Award for 1958.

It 'will be remembered that the Centrol EscoIar de Sefiorltas. torenmners of the present unIvenlty .headed

by Dr. AgufIa was amona the fir B t non-sectarian achpola for women In the country. Before Institutions of this type opened its doors. the education of young girls. and women In the I;'billpplnes was In the hands of the Cathollc nUDS. Women doctors, lawyers. politicians and educators are not the only ones wbo brought honor to their country In 1958.

The Asian Games held in Tokyo six months ago gave the Filipino woman the chance to prove her mettle In sports. The women athletes, twenty two altogether, came bome with enough medals to Impress

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opened opportunities for Filipino women M_ _

president had It not been for the unfortunate deatb of ber rival to the presidency while the meet was m congres.~.

10 view of this contingency, Dr. Del Mundo withdrew from the race and a United Kingdom delegate was e1ect.ed to the position.

The 500 d~legates recognlz- ' ed the spirit of sportsmanship on the part of Dr. Del Mundo and as a gesture of appreciation picked 'Pofanila as the site of the 1962 ,.'onference. Considering that the Philippines has been a member of the world body for only 10 years, Dr. Ramirez considers the choice of Manila as the seat of the next congress as a signal honor to this country.

Among the oountry's woen Jawyen. special mention goes to RemedIos Mijares Austria. U.O. WILOCI president for 1957-58. and Femauda Salcedo Balboa, adIng chalrman of .the Women'. JUgbts Movement.

Atty. AustrIa, fonnerly c:bIer of the civil aeronautka administration legal aDd ecoDOIIIIr affairs divi- . . . aDd the recipient of a 8dIo1ar6Jp In Intematlonal • . Jaw, was delegate to two legal C!OIlferenceII spon...m by tIM: international dvtl av1atIon organization.

A few months 11&0, the 7UUD& Filipino woman Jaw:ra' was eIeded vkle-cbaJrmaD of the outer IIp8I)e CDIIIIIIttee by the executive

1958

1it

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anyone. In the track-andtIeId events they garnered 6 medals (as against 5 won by their male counterparts) and In tbe swimming tilts. they got themselves 8 medals (as against the same number' won by the bigger m8Je contingent). 'l'be group Included broad jumper Vi-

tIilnal organization.

And then, of CDUI'Be. we bave Dr. ConcepcIon AgufIa. president of the Centro Eseolar University, who reCleIved t b e International

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Sandra wn Giese.

But the belt amIIaaadDrI of goodwln for the

PIIllIpplnes thls year were the youthlUl Bayanlhan dancers who captivated au. dIenc:es tn Europe and the United States during their dashing and brllllant pre8efttations of Philipptne folk daDc:es. They gave a total of 30 perfonnances tn 61 days, reachtng an estimated audfence of 40,000 not tneluding mllllons of television viewers tn Europe, the United States and AsIa. At the Grand Audftorlum tn an-Is World's Fair, they scored their greatest ·success, drawtng seven curtatn calls and getttng a request for a repeat perfonn-

board nrom In.. actIDg governor of the country'a largest povIDce, foIlowlnc ber appointment by the President. to serve tn the ab8I!DIle Of Governor Conrado F. Estrella who was on an nfflcial mls$lon In the United States for the NARIC. Atty. Sison was elected councilor In 1951. anti senior member ot the provfndal board tn 1955.

In another field tMt Is predomtnantly male, Car; !nen Guerrero Nakpil, whose pen brings out the truth unerringly and bears down on hypocrisy relentlessly. scorecl a victory when she won the award for Journalist of the Year tn the ihlrd annual Standard Vacuum Journalism Awards "for her nationalistic column which bas the most

establlshment. by act of congress, af the IIusIc Pr0motion FOUDdatlon Of the PhJIlppInes. and abe now holds the position of chairman of Its board of trustees. She Is also the president of the Artists' Guild of the Philippines. head of the voice department of the UP Conservatory of Music and of the Holy Ghost CoUege. and member nf the Bach Soclety ot the PhllIpptnes.

ServIce to thelr country nnd their fellow-women Is not Umlted to those who In nnp. way or another achJeved public recognitlon tor their efforts and accomplishments. There are the countless women who day In and day out wori< qutetI)" efficiently and perseverlngly to reach the goal they have set tor them"",,ves-a ."ru which more

The Filipino woman is a success in Politics ance. So eminently successful was their tour that they liave received to date several offer" for return engagements to Europe and the United States next year on a professional basis. Helena BenItez, head of the troupe, belleves that the Bayanlhan dancers have to their credit the "biggest adlievement made by the Philippines In professtonal Itage abroad."

MIss BenItez, president of the PIIllIpptne Aseoctation Of University Women. also n!IIft8l!I1ted the organlzatlon ~ the InfBnationaJ Fedel'atioll Of University Wcmeu ClOIIfermIles held at V _ ~_ Last JuI7. abe atteDded the third pIeDary ...... symposium of the 9th International Conerea of Home EconoInial held tn Maryland and

... cbaIrmaD .taD.

of the _

LL the foregotng boils down to what Is obvious at 1lrIt glance: the FIlIpIno _ _ IaI doing bel' share In ~ttnc bel' country abIoIId BDd regardJess of wbetber abe dills the Job

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as a

medIdne. a a daDcer, abe acClIJIIIlIlIIhs a million and doctoI' of

lawyer

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die tint - - . . avvemor elf Kra. Sl__die• PIIllIppI_ _ _ IINVIndaI

Mrs. F1ernmul4 S. Balboa. p,.esid.ent Of tile Pan Pacif ic and Southeast Asia Women'a A .<&ociation. premtU.s at Tokyo meet.

STU! is firat Filipina to t:isit Rllssia after· World Wa,' 1/

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effect

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the pub-

lic.." That Teodoro M. Loc-sin got the same citation and shared the honor with her - resulting tn each betng referred to as Co-J ournalIst of the Year - In no way lessens recognition of her merit. Several women writers have walked away with awards In journalism and literature, but this Is the first time tn the Philippines or anywhere else that a ''bIuestoc:klnR'' romps away with the JoumaUst of the Year title, In recognition of what she bas clone for the cause of music tn the Philippines _ . whether as performer, eoacb or organizer - Jovita Fuentl!a was awarded the PresIdential MedaJ of lierIt for 1958 by PresIdent Garda. JIIa Fuentes ..

Ia.qely reapon8Ible for the

often than not is set not only for their own ~l glorification or prestige but tor the good of FIlipino women and the Philippines In general.

Fni-emost among these unasswnlng, self - effacing FIlipino wori<tng women ..

NIeves Baens del Rosario.

deputy COllUDlssloner tn the Workmen's Compensation Commission. who has repeatedly caJIed attention to the need for the establishment of a women and minors' bureau tn the PhilIppines to 80Ive juvmJIe deltnquency problems and fA) end exploitation Of w0men worken. KrL del R0sario was a PhJIlpplne deIepte to the 8th TrIennIaJ Conference of Pan Padfle and Soutmut AsIa Wo-

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DlSTRl8\Tt'ORS - UIPORTERS - WHOLESALERS "'HOUSE OF WHOLESALER SUPPLn.S"'

191

THE FILIPINA

COtinNURI

The Filipina's sense of values esteems the home above 'all

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WE KEEP APACE WITH PROGRESS ... Weavial t.e

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men's Association In Tokyo. She stressed that If the Philippines had a women's and minors' bureau, juvenile delinquency and illegal recruitment of minors could be tackled.

Commissioner Del Rosario maintains that the growing tempo of the country's industrialization, a process that tends to m a k e employer-employee relations Impersonal. should be accompanied by a corresponding expansion of the labor services of the j!Overnment.

If Mrs. del Rosario succeeds In getting the Philippine government to establish the women's and minors' bureau to replace the understaffed women's and minor's division In the Labor Bureau. the Filipino woman will have attained a larger measure of securIty than that pn!Sently afforded by the new revised civil code and the other laws protecting women ' and

children. lL all, the year 1958 A Is evidence enough of the Filipino woman's In

grow-

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192

Monlcine'

Notion building is a continuing process. To the pursuit ot this task, every loom that represents the textile'industry st9nds today in developing our resources and industries which help stabilize our economy. With a total capitalization of "P230 million, the 15-membercompanies ot the Textile Mills Association ot the Philippines keep pace with the notion's growth, upholding the tradition of weaving quality fabrics to supply the notion's clothing needs. It is our contribution to , the notion's economy. . . the expansion of the industry. .. . the country's progress ... and a people's way of life.

TEXTILE MILlS ASSOOAnOl OF THE PHIUPPlIES, IIC• Suites 33 & 34, Zo_ ....

An_.

Mooolia " - I • Toll, ~71 Loe.. 366; 3-«1-2$ & 07-2055

ing consciousness of hpr stature and the place accorded her In public affairs.

She has found her place beyond the confines of her home, although Invariably she stili shares the conviction with all the members of her sex regardless of differences in race, creed and nationality that home an" family constitute the main reason for her being. She has obtained political emancipation. attained social equality and economic independence hand In hand with I)pPOrtunitles for edueational advancement - and with all that these bring her, she has opened ber eyes to the importaJlce with which the feminine point Of view Is regarded In national planning and development. .

It matters not that she Isn't a dyed-In-the-wool Oriental nor a trIed-and. true Occldental - for who Is really one or the other!

It Is enough that she has found the meaning of bein&': a FIllpina and as such adjusting heneI.f to the de-mands Of modem living without losing the traits that proclaim her as the daughter Of her eounUy.

PROGRESS

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Keeps engines so clean, guards them so well, cars will last years longer.