CPU-00028 World War II Historical and Cultural Matters

WORLD WAR II Historical

and Cultural Matters

GUERRILLA RESISTANCE MOVEMENTS IN THE PHILIPPINES General Headquarters, Southwest Pacific Area

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SOUTHWEST PACIFIC AREA 31 March 1945

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This;'public#ion, "Guerrilla Resistance Movements in the Philippin es",

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~oll~ti~ ': 9f ,~onographs

section,

'previously published by the PhiJipplne Sub-

.O?2; ,,. ,~1l~' ~~,~~ :,l:IeadqUarters~ Southwest Pacific Area.

, These' --st\jdfes\have been corrected with information available since their .' !. .... .':' .. ; '" . , original

p~tlic~1i;d

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but have not been revised and are ther efore arranged in

the order in wJ.1.ich they were originally published.

The data presented form an accurate picture, with the knowledge avail:

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able at the time of preparation. be

sub~tan_tially

In general, this information has proven to

correct and beca me of considerable value for planning purposes

and generai field -use and is now reproduced in book fOlm for convenient reference purposes and as a historica l record of a great national movement.

By command of General MacARTHUR:

R. K. SUTHERLAND, Lieutenant General, U. S. A., Chief of Staff. '

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INTRODUCTION

"Still hoping grass arrives before the horse dies", are the patient words of one of the guerrilla commanders begging for supplies for his forces early in 1943. That need for supplies to resist the Japanese, to fight back after Japanese reigns of terror over Filipino communities, and to protect innocent civilians from wanton destruction has been the keynote of many a radio message from the Philippines in the dark days of 1942, 1943 and even 1944.

That cry was also the symbol of the hope of the Filipino people to maintain their integrity in the face of a powerful enemy; it is characteristic of their patient loyalty to the United States and their confidence in Allied forces ultimately to redeem their country.

Guerrillas sprang up independently in all parts of the islands in mid-1942 and, due to terrain and variable Japanese occupation, remained largely independent until communications were improved and support from~ Australia gave them confidence. Under General Headquarters, forces were slowly unified on the islands of the Visayas and on Mindanao. The Luzon forces grew largely on their own until late 1944 when the large body of guerrillas active there became known for the first time. Unification, when it was effected, was often accompanied by conflict and local forces vied with each other unscrupulously for recognition, power or glory. Animosity between island groups grew up and remained even after Allied landings on Leyte in October 1944.

Since the initial Japanese maltreatment of the Filipinos in mid-1942, the guerrilla movements have grown, though they have many times been severely checked. The organizations have suffered loss after loss, yet they withstood and endured to furnish Allied planning with valuable intelligence and to assist redeeming forces with aU means at their disposal.

With little guidance and a minimum of material support, most of the guerrillas and their leaders sacrificed personal possessions and risked their lives to assist Allied operations, to mold sound organizations and to restore peace in their areas. They tried, and humbly to the returning forces they said, "We remained", and were thankful that relief had come.

With the ~exception of the last, the studies were prepared in New Guinea. Their purpose was to familiarize planners and staffs of the ground, air and naval forces of the Southwest Pacific and Central Pacific Areas with the value and potentiality of these Philippine guerrilla groups. The studies cover briefly the evolutionary history of each of the 'various guerrilla. units and the situation of these forces at the time of publication. Time, .personnel and lack of details necessitated some brevity in several cases .

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Ranks 'of ,commanders given in these studies are provisional guerrilla ranks. No attempt has been made to pass on the verification or appropriateness of local ranks under the circ.umstances.

GENERAL HEADQUARTERS SOUTHWEST PACIFIC AREA Military Intelligence Section, General Staff

TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION MAP:

Military Districts CHAPTER I

THE GUERRILLA RESISTANCE MOVEMENT ON LEYTE ISLAND 7 October 1944 SECTION I . SECTION II

SECTION III SECTION IV MAP

Page General Background .

1 History of Original Guerrilla Groups: Balderian Group .. .......................... 1 Centino Group ...... .. . . . . . . . . ... . .. . ... . . ... .. .. .. .... .. . . . 1 .. . . .. . . . .. .. . .. . . .. .. . ... . . .. . 1 Cinco Group . ........ . .. .

Lang-Jain Group .... . . . . . ... . . .... . . .... . ..... . 1 Miranda Group .. ... . .... . . 2 Pabilona Group ...... ............................. 2 3 Col. Kangleon and the Leyte Area Command . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Organization and Personnel Assignments of the Leyte Area Command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Leyte Guerrilla Organization and Radio Communications.

CHAPTER II

THE GUERRILLA RESISTANCE MOVEMENT ON SAMAR ISLAND 10 October 1944 SECTION I · . SECTION II

SECTION"" III SECTION IV MAP

General Background ... ...................................

History of Original Guerrilla Groups: Merritt Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ................

Merritt-Kangleon Negotiations for 9th MD Command. ... .

Valley Group . ... . . . . . .. . . ...... . ... ... .. . ............... . ....

Causing Group . ... . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . ... . .. . . .. ..... .... .. ......

Abia Group .. ... . .. ... . . . .. .. ... ... .. . . .. . .. . .. ..... ... .. . .

Sulci Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Arteche Group . . .. . ..... . ........................... . . ... . . ...

Lt. Col. Charles M. Smith and Samar Area Command ... .

Unfriendly Guerrilla Group- Pulahanes ................... __ . . . .

Samar Guerrilla Organizations and Radio Communications.

5 5 6 6 7 7 7 7 8 8

CHAPTER III THE GUERRILLA RESISTANCE MOVEMENT ON CENTRAL LUZON 26 October 1944 SECTION I SECTION II

General BackgTo rrd .. . ~ . . ........ . ......... .. . ...... . ... . . . . . .

Central Luzon Guerrilla Organizations: Lapham Guerrillas .... . ........ . ..... . . . . .. . ... . . . ... . . . .

Zambales Province Guerrillas: ~__."""./-o W.est Luzon Guerrilla Force .... ... .. . .. .

-..=-•.--......... <1Boone Guerrillas .. ..... ...................

USFIP . . ...... .. .. .... . .. . .... .. . .... . . .. . . . .. .

Hunters. .... . . . ........................ . . . . . .. ....

FAIT ...... . ....... .. ...... ....... . . ....... . ... .... ... . ...

East Central Luzon Guerrilla Area (ECLGA) . ... . ........ ' Hukbalajaps' .... . . . .... .. .. ... .. . . .....

Anderson Guerrillas . .. . .. . .. . ... .. . . . .. . ......... i

9 10 10 11 11 11 11 11 12 16

CHAPTER III (Continued) Page Chinese Anti-Japanese Guerrilla Force . .... . .. .. ... ...

17 Free Philippines .... ....... ............

17 ..........

18 Fil-American Irregular Troops (FAIT) Marking Guerrillas .. . . . . . . . . . . .. ... .. .

19 The Hunters (ROTC) .. ..

20 President Quezon's Own Guerrillas (PQOG) .. . . .. . . . . .

22 Miscellaneous Guerrillas in Central Luzon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 22 Central Luzon Guerrilla Organizations and Radio Comm unications.

MAP

CHAPTER IV THE GUERRILLA RESISTANCE MOVEMENT IN THE BICOL AREA 7 November 1944 SECTION I SECTION II

MAP

General Background ........ ... ..........................

The Development of Guerrilla Units in the Bicol Provinces: Camarines Norte: Vinson's Guerrillas (Boayes Unit) .. . .. . .. . .... . . .... ..

Mata Guerrilla Unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..

Camarines Sur: Camp Isarog Guerrillas .. . . . ............ . . . .. .. . . . ........... .

Mirand:l. Unit .............

Camp Tinawagan Guerrillas .......... . ......... .

Albay Province: Maj. Sandico Guerrillas ... . ............ . .... . ... .. .....

Bagong Katipunan (Orobia) . ... . .. . . . ... . .... .... .....

Col. M. M. Zabat Guerrilla Unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. ... . . . . . .. . ...

Capt. Tacerua .

Maj. Aguilar . ................ .... ...........

Sorsogon Province: Maj. Lapus Guerrillas ... . ...... . ... . .. .... ....... . . ....

Governor Escudero Guerrillas ....... . ...... . .....

Bicol Guerrilla Organizations and Radio Communications.

23 24 25 25 26 26 27 28 28 29 29 30 32

CHAPTER V THE GUERRILLA RESISTANCE MOVEMENT ON CEBU ISLAND 15 November 1944 SECTION I SECTION II SECTION III --'MAP

General Background ............ .

The Joint Fenton-Cushing Command .

The Cushing Unit and the Cebu Area Command ....

Guerrilla Organization and Radio Communications

. ..... . . 34 35 37

GHAPTER VI THE GUERRILLA RESISTANCE MOVEMENT IN NORTHERN LUZON 16 November 1944 SECTION I SECTION II

General Background ....... . .... .... ..................

Philippine Army Remnants and Guerrilla Units: 121st Infantry (Barnett Guerrillas) ............ . ...... .... .

43rd Infantry (Calvert Guerrillas) ...... . ...........

26th Cavalry (Praeger Guerrillas) . . . . . . . ..... . . .. ..... . .

14th Infantry and Coordinated Command-1942 (Nakar) ..

Moses-Noble Guerrillas and Coordinated Command1942-June 1943 ........ ....... . ........

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39 39 40 40 40 41

CHAPTER VI (Continued) Page Enriquez Guerrillas and Coordinated Command1942-June 1943 . .. . .. . . . . . . . ....... .

41 Volckmann Guerrillas and Coordinated CommandJuly 1943 to date . ..... . ...

43 The Lapham Guerrilla Organization . . . . . .

44 Independent Northern Luzon Units .. . . . . .... .

45 Volckmann Guerrilla Organization and Radio Communications.

MAP

CHAPTER VII THE GUERRILLA RESISTANCE MOVEMENT ON PANAY AND NEIGHBORING ISLANDS 27 November 1944 SECTION I SECTION II

SECTION III SECTION lV MAP SECTION V

SECTION VI

General Background of Panay Guerrilla Movement . . . . . . . . . ..

The Present Guerrilla Situation: Col. Macario Peralta . . ..........................

Guerrilla Organization .

Intelligence Activities . .. . .. . .. . . .. . .

Combat ..... . . .. . .................... . . .. . . .. . .... . . . . . . ..

District and Combat Team Staffs . . ...................

The Civil Government of Panay . . . . . ..... ....

Organization of Panay Guerrillas and Radio Communications.

History and Development of Influence on Masbate, Marinduque, Romblons, Mindoro and Palawan: Masbate (with map: Organization and Radio Communications) ..................

Marinduque . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. ... . .. . . . ..... . ... . . . .... . ... . .... . ..

Romblon . ...

Mindoro (with map: Radio Communications) Palawan (with map: Organization and Radio Communications) .... . . . . .

Luzon Intelligence Activities: General . . . . . .... . .. . . .... . .... . .. . .. .. .. .. .. .

Eastern Approach ........ .

Western Approach .. . .. ... ... . . . . . . ... .

46 48 48 49 50 51 56

57 58 59 60 62 65 66 66

CHAPTER VIII THE GUERRILLA RESISTANCE MOVEMENT ON NEGROS ISLAND 10 December 1944 SECTION I SECTION II

SECTION III SECTION' IV MAP

General Background ........... . .... . .

History of Guerrilla Units: Lt. Col. Salvador Abcede (Negros Occ) Lt. Col. Ernesto Mata (Negros Occ) . . . .

Maj. Hermenegildo Mercado (Negros Or) ... . . . .. . . . ... . . . .

Puring Guerrillas (Negros Or) . . .......... . Lt. Col. Gabriel Gador (Negros Or) .. . . . .. . . . .... . .. . . .

South Negros Guerrillas (Lt. Col. Ausejo and Maj. Bell) Siquijor Guerr illas . . ....... .' ..............

Maj. Villamor and the District Command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Current Situation . ...... . .. ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Negros Guerrilla Organization and Radio Communications.

69 69 70 70 71 71 73 75 75 76

CHAPTER IX THE GUERRILLA RESISTANCE MOVEMENT ON BOHOL ISLAND 15 December 1944 SECTION I General Background . . ...... . . . ...... . . ... .. .. . . ... . . .. .. .. .. .

80 SECTION II The Bohol Area Command . . . . . . . . . . 80 ~ECTION III Recent Developments .... ................

81 iii

CHAPTER X THE GUERRILLA RESISTANCE MOVEMENT ON MINDANAO AND SULU 31 January 1945 SECTION I SECTION II SECTION III

SECTION IV MAP I MAP II MAP III

Page General Background . . ...... .

83 84 The 10th MD Command and Current Situation ..... .

Development of the Divisions of the Command: 105th Div Area-Zamboanga and Misamis Qcc .......

86 108th Div Area and "A" Corps Organization-Lanao 88 109th Div Area-Cagayan de Misamis Area and Bukidnon 93 1l0th Div Area-Northern Agusan and Surigao .. . .... 94 106th Div Area-Cotabato . . . . . . ...... . . . . . . . . . 97 107th Div Area- Southern Agusan and Davao . . . . . . 99 Sulu Area Command . ........... . .. .101 Mindanao Guerrilla Organization.

Guerrilla Radio Communications.

Sulu Guerrilla Organization.

INDEX AND LIST OF PERSONALITIES.

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GENERAL HEADQUARTERS SOUTHWEST PACIFIC AREA Military Intelligence Section General Staff MILITARY OISTRIGTS 31 MARCH 1945

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COMMANDING

OFF ICERS

RECOGNIZED

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APPOINTED

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6 TH DISTR I CT:

COL. M. PERALTA ,

7 TH DI STRICT :

LT. COL . S. ABCEDE, PA

8 TH DI STRICT:

MAJ. I. INGINIERO (BOHOL AREA COMMAND) LT. JAMES M. CUSHING (CEBU AREA COMMAND)

9TH DI STRICT:

COL. RUPERTO K. KANGLEON, PA (LEYTE AREA COMMANO) LT. CO L. CHAR LES M. SMITH, AUS (SAMAR AREA COMIiItAND)

10 TH DIST RICT'

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COL. W. FERTIG, AUS (MINDANAO) LT. COL. ALEJANDRO

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SUAREZ, PA (SULU AREA COMMAND)

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CHAPTER 'I TEE GUERRILLA

MOVEMENT" ON ~ LEYTE ISLAND 7 Octobe r 1944 ·

RESI STAl~CE

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SECTION 1

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GKN"ERAL BACKGROillJ1):

Guerri lla : gr oups eme r ged in Leyte shortly after Japanese occupation Gr oups of Fili p inos with var ious pJ-lrpose s ba nded t ogethe r a s l ocal police or vigilantt: g-.coups , i'uotiva t ed by a des i r e t o ma i nt a i n peace and or der t o pr otect the pe ople; or , as bandi t groups , mot i va t ed by gr eed, t er ror i zed and preyed upon t he pe opl e . The var i Oi,1.S groups maintained s e par ate and distinct or ganizations; j ealousy and strife wer e rampant. All groups , however, poss e ssed the s ame hatred and contempGf or th~ Japanese . Ci rcmnstances c ompelled the g-.c oups t o band t og~t her f or their mutual pr otecti on. As time pas sed, the str onger guerrilla units absor bed . t he vreaker either by f orce or pyconcilia t ion, and g-.caduall y there devel oped a r elati ve l y or derly and effective organi zation, which wa s formali zed by GHQ r e cognition.

All t he guerrillas avowed"' that t heir primary purpose was t o help the civilians t o maintain peace a nd order, t o check the J apanes e f rom abusing thEi c i~..tJ.ian s . The guerr i llas und ertook the restor a tion of civilian government and. t ook s teps t o place the adminis tra ti on of just i ce .and the government in oivilian hands . Tbe guerrilla l eader s , a s a general pol icy , only intervened in cOmnlunal acti vi tie s, insQfar a s t hey r elated t o rnili t ary matters in all phas es.

SECTION II.

HIS'rORY -OF' ORIGI NAL GDERRILLA GROUPS:

~~~J~~~ OLm: Organized under the~ le ad ership of Lt. Col. Alejandro BALDERIAN, former 2nd Lt. who f ought in Panga s inan with the 91st Division. lipon the surrender of his unit he fled t o Rizal Pr ovince and wa s attaohed t o units there. Later he went t o Ley~e and ; oined f orces under the command of Gol. CORNELL. When Col. CORNELL s urrendered , BALDERIAN t ook s uppli es fr om a camp a t J'ar o and organi zed guerrilla~ into a divis i on covering nort heTn Leyt e , vvi t h himself a s division comman der 0 The group was well known for i ts e xpl oit s . BALDERIAN joined f or ces wit h Col. KANGLEON in mid -43 and his division formed t he 9 5th Re gi ment of the Le;y~e guerrilla f orces r eor g ~mized by KANGLEON, with BALDERI AN as CO •

.QjN'rJliQ.ilr Ol1J2: Ma j s. Oiriaco CENTINO and I s abelo CENTINO are fat her and s on , r especti vel y . Ciria cD CENTI NO was f ormerly a , PA soldier in t he 'guerrilla unit commanded by Sgt. lliR.RAZA and Sgt. Antonio J-UAN . _ , VIhen b:Jt h sai d Sgt.s . vvere killed in action, CENT1 NO took some of the mu tIs men and formed a s epar a te uni t. Isabelo CENTINO wa's f ormerly a me mber of Col. Ale jandro BALDERIAN' s unit. When BALDERIAN re or gani zed t he s ector, BALDERI AN a s signed t he son, 1sao o l o , a s l eader of ·some of his (BALDERIAN's) own s ol diers with t he s ol di ers of Ciriaco CENTINO. Bot h Ciri a co and I s abel o are uns chool ed civilians . ' Their area c ompri s e s t he NE beyte area t owns of J ar o , Pastrana and Pal o . The unit has appar ently always subordinat ed i t s elfto t he HALDERIAN Group . . . QJNC.9-Slrou12: Organized by dis chargeo, USAFFE sol dier, Antonio C. CI NCO, who had a s sumed the rank of Col onel. Aft~ r t he s urrender, CI NCO worked f or t he J apanese - a s l3TI , informer, and late r was discove r ed a s a f ormer USAFFE el ol d i er :oy them. They wer e a bout t o exe cute bi m when he es caped. He formed a _1Jand of guerrilla s in the are a compri.si ng t he t owns of Tana uan, Dagami, Tol 08a and unoc cupi ed portion s of Bura-uen, Dt.-u ag and La Paz • . CI NCO l at er j oined f orce s ~mde r KF~GLEON and t he ~mi t be came the 1st Battal i on, 95t h Regiment, with CINCO a s CO o.

LANG ~N GrOlm: Southern Leyt e w-a,s f ormerl y or gani zed i nto a "Southern LeyteGuerrilla Warfare Uriit ll unde r the leade r s hip of Lt. Gord on A. LANG. LAlIiC: was a yeoman· in the USN who arri ved i n Leyts prior t o .the or der of s urrender. He ;went t o~ s outhern Leyte t o j oin ot her Americans

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the ~ ~and t ook command of a gr oup of unsurrender ed soldier s .

Through his ~ l eader ship and br avery, he was acclaimed l eader of the southern Leyt e area .

Liaj . Porfi rio E. JAI N, f or merly wit h the cadre at Cat arman, Samar, and ,Lt. J ose- NAZARENO in t he meantime organized a gr oup on Panaon I sl and.

JAI N es caped t o Panaon I sl and at t he time of the sL~re nder. ~a~ . JAI N later -t ook over LANGl s Qr gani zation and s ubsequently j oined f orces wi th Col. KANGLEON . This unit became t he 94th Re giment of the Leyte f oroes r eor gani zed _by KANGLEON with Maj. JAI N as CO.

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~~~Qr2_U~ : These guerrillas originally controlled the area in northwe st ern Leyt e , fr om Palompon s outh t o Baybay , and were Lmder the leadership of Brig . Gen. BIas MIRANDA (alias Col. BRIGUEZ ). He was f or merly a Lieutenant in -the USAFFE , PC. He di sr egard ed the or der of surr ender and es caped t o t he mOLmtains behind Ormoc where he proceeded t o or gani ze a guerrilla unit. MI RA..1\JDA r efused t o j oin any of t he guerri lla f orce s on Leyte , ' and furthermor e r ef used t o ""oin KAIDLEON after t he latter was appointed Leyte Are a COm:'-!land er. MIRANDk maintained re gular conta ct .wit h Col. PERALTA, Commander of t he 6th Military Dis trict, and was strongly influenced by him.

Not l ong -after l,MJGLEONl s appointment as Leyte Area Commander, MIRANDA and Col. Marcos SOLD/IAN" (1st Lt., 85th Inf., PA), his Chief of Staff , -and other leaders fled t o Bohol. This was re ported i n January 1944 and it is bel ieved the group disper sed as a re sult- of heavy Jap reinforcement of the Ormoc ar ea .

MIRANDA' s organizati on oollapsed and Col. KANGLEON r eorganized t he pers onnel of this area into the 96th Regiment of the Leyte Command. Brig. Gen. BIas MI R AN~A has killed many released prisoner s of war on the pretext that they wer e paid spies of the Japanese , ~ut actually he r egar ded anyone who surrendered as a traitor. This was hi s principal ob j ecti on t o Col. KANGLEON who ha~ been hel d a pr isoner of war by the Japanese at Butuan, Agusan, in 1942. In both s outhern and northern Leyte , s urrendered Filipino soldiers " captured by t he guerrilla s under Col. KANGLEON have not been killed but interned.

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Organized under t he leader ship of Lt. Col. Filemon PABILONA was f ormerly a 1st Sgt. iovi. th the Leyte Provisi onal R~ giment of Col. COlThlELL. At the order t o surrender he r ef used and escaped t o t he mountains . He then j oined a guerrilla unit under the leadership of Sgt. TERRAZA, also of t he Leyte ProVis i onal Regi ment. Sgt . TERRAZA was killed in action and another Sgt., by name Antoni o JUAN, assL1ffied l eadership.

JUAN was als o killed in action. Subseqoontly t he unit was divided; part of _the men f oll owed Sgt. PABIL9NA and the ot her part f ollowed Ciriaco CENTINO .

Sgt. PABI10NAI S l..mit increased in size and he finally became t he recognized l eader of one sector. The ar ea comprised the towns of San fi:iguel, Babatngon, Alangalang and Lmoccupi ed portions of Tacloban. PABILONA later attached his unit to Kfu~GLEON ls f orces as the 2nd Battalion of the 95t~ Regi ment and r emained CO of the unit. " PABILON.A.

- _ ~.A1LGroU'p': Under the leadership of Lt. Col. Felix PAMANIAN , f ormerly a T/Sgt. attached t o Leyte Provincial Regiment. After t he surrender of USAFFE f orces he escaped t o the Mount Capoocan area in northern Leyte and f ormed a snall band of guer r illas w:bi ch harassed J~panese land "trans"port in t he 'Vicinity. _ This group was l ater j oined by units f r om Biliran I sl and f orces under Capt. C. CORPIN. Capt. CORPIN, formerly of USAFFE; fOL~ht in Pangasinan and Bataan and organized the small groups of guerr illas existing on Biliran. CORPI N was l at er made Assistant G-3 in KANGLEON's staff . - PAIV IANIAN eventually j oined f orces under Col. KANGLEON and his Lmit became t he 3rd Battali on of the 95th Regiment ;, he r emained the CO. ' Lt. BARKILLIAN (alias Col. FLORESJ was r eported ear l y in 1943 as l eading a band of guer r illas which worked cl osel y wit h the PANillNI AN , PABILONA and MIRANDA Gr oups. Nothing has been heard of hi m since that time .

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III.

COL. KIlNJ:LEON AJll]) THE LEYTE AREA COMMAND :

As g~~rrill a cr ganiza t i ons d e ve l ~ped in t he Philippine s and the command s , r:;f the v ari ous isl ands bec&me m'~)re firmly entrenched , guerrilla c cmmand e:r~ were appC'inted and the area :-·f the c,)IJ1.IDands d esi gnated by GHQ, in the Visayas , Mi nd ana and Sulu. C ~,l. Rupert -:: K. KANGLEON emerged as t he strcnge st guerri lla leader en Leyte , a nd (·n 21 Oct -ber 1943, lliCLEON was appointed Leyte .Area C'. mmander • r)

Col. Rupert") K. KANGLEON, ASN 0-1'059 , was a veteran )f Z7 years sernce in the Philippine .Army, gJ"aduate -,f ,the Philippine Academy and General Servioe S oh:).)l, was Di s tri~t Commander, 3rd MD, 1938 , District C:::mmander,9th lVID, 1938 -41, CO 8lst Infantry bef c.re ,;utbreak "f t he war.

KANGLEGN surrendered em Mindana in May 1942 when the cr der t ') surrender was given. The Japanese d e tained him in the Butuan Pris on Camp , f r :::m which he escaped in December 1942 during a guerrilla r aid 'm the t own. He r e t urned t o hi s pr operty in S outh Leyteand was there oonta oted and per s uaded t o unify Leyte-Samar guerrilla units . He s ucceeded in unifying all units on Leyte exce pt t he MIRANDA unit which later di s pers ed. KANGLEGN was pr omot ed fr om Lt. Col. t o Col onel 1 Oct ober 1 944. t;

Col. KANGLEGN maintained cl os e liai s on wi th Col. Wendell W. FERTIG, District Com.rnander 'Of the l Oth MD. The t wo l ead ers exchanged i nf orma t ion and pers onnel. Col. :F'ERTIG s ent Lt. (j g ) 1. D. ' RICHARDS GN , ~,-3N, as l i ais on officer t o t he Leyte .Area Command and Lt. 8T. J GHN and Lt . Tr1.11nan HEMINGV1AY t o assi st in the development of Leyte r adio co~~uni ca ti ons .

C0l. KANGLEGNI s guerrilla f orce incl1rled all Leyte ~~rrilla units at the time time of the Allied landings , Oct 1 944, and numbered appr oximately 3,2'00 , or ganized and known as t he 92nd Di vi si on, PA. The Leyte Area Command f orces e s t ablished a well devel oped r adi o ne t work and s upplie s we r e dispatched t o this f orce re gLuarly .

IV.

GRGANIZATI GN Al'lD PERSGN1'EL ASSIGNMENTS 'OF THE LEYTE AREA COMMAND: LEYTE .AREA G Oiv~~£LI2iv J.: CO - Col. Ruperto K. KANGLEON. Head quarter s l oca ted i n t he mOLmtai ns west of barrio BLuac on the east coa st of Leyte,north 'of Hingatungan Point (125 0 G~1 E, 1'00 36 1 N).

HQ s trength G-l G-2

As s t G-2 G-3 Asst G-3 G-4 Insp . Gen.

Jud ge Advocate:

23 office rs and 1'07 elllisted men.

Lt. Loreto MICABEL. Capt. Ral ph J. POSONCUY, a Chi ne s e mesti zo of Carigara, Leyte . Posse s s e s knowled ge of radio and phot ogra phy, and r eported as practising dentistry in March 1944.

Lt. Domingo RADAZA. Ca pt. Hi gino M. CABILING, AC, attached t o G-2. lIIiajor ' Alfonso JAYME. Capt. Cre s encio CGRPIN. Ma j or ~~rtin JABELOSA. Lt. Col. Louis QUI NTERO. Retired member of t he Philippine Cons tabula r y . Suffer ing fr om infirmities of old age . In March 1944 i t was reported tha t he s urrendered t o t he J apanese in order t o gain freed om f or pis f amily.

Capt. F. FERNANDE ~.•

94th ...:5EGIl\lilliT (Mid-l.243 r e120rt 1. : Strength Oct 11;4: ' .,71 off i cers and 1,21'0 enlisted me n.

CG Ma j. Porfiri 0 JAIN, Hq S ogad , 1 s t Bn , CO Maj.~ FRANCISCO, Hq Malitbog.

Oompany A tiq Sogod .

Oompany B ' HqLil oan Company 0 Hq Mal i tbog .

- 3 ...

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Maj. DEGRACIA, Hq Bat o.

Hq Bato.

Hq Baybay.

He Abuyog.

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CO Lt. Col. Ale j andro BALDERIAN, Hq Dagami.

1st Bn, CO Ma j. Antoni o CINCO, Hq Dagami.

'Hq Jaro.

Company A Hq Alangalang.

Company B Company C Hq Pastrana 2nd Bn, CO Col. PABILONA (alias Sgt . Filemon PABILONA), HQ San Miguel.

Company A H<i San MiguBl. Company B Hq Pastrana.

Company C Hq La Paz~ 1t. Col • . PAl'VIANIAN, Hq Capoocan.

3rd Bn, CO 'Company I Company K Company L 37 officers and 710 enlisted men.

It is beli eved ' that this f orce was organized fr om remnants of the MIRANDA guerrilla unit.

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23 71 78 37

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CHAPTER II Tl-JE GUERRI'LLA RESI STANCE MOVEMENT ON ,SAIVIAE I SW "D 10 October 1944

,r- .

SECTION I.

G:.GWERAL BACKGROUND:

Ther e was no organized ' opposi t i on t o J apanese occupation of Samar Island. The only r esist ance came £:r om s catter ed parties , consisti ng mostly of Const abul ary tr oops s upport ed by civilian volunteer s , bande~ t oget her, sniping and 'ambushi ng the Japanese as' opportunity off e:red • Si nce Samar was not of ope r at i onal i mportance , the Ja panese occupi ed the pr ovince only lightly, and guerrill a bands estab+ished themselves in l ar ge 12noccupi ed ar eas . Sever al gr'b~ps e st ablished themselve ,s strongly but never cooper at ed , The command was not uni fi ed until Oct ober 1944 and then only ,by an outside l eader, a GHQ repre sentat i ve , MeaDS of obt a in~ng ci vilian support varied . Some band s used t error t a ctics , and support wa s made compuls or y . Ot her band s used mor e subtle means , cc~~ting the civi l ian by appointi ng civil gover runent offi;; . cials and es t ablishing civilian agenci es . .Al t hough t he civil gover nment was under contr ol of the ' guerrilla ar my , " in mos. cases' guerrilla of f i cers conGer ned 't hemselves with organizing their units and l eft t he civil admini stration t o appointed of ficial s .

SECTION, II.

BJSTORY OF ORIGINAL GUERRILLA GROUPS :

~~~~Q~ : These guerri llas wer e arganized under the leadership of Capt. Pedr o V. MERRITT, ASN 0-1456, Phi lippine Arw~ . MERRITT was attac.hed t o t he Leyte Provi sional Regi ment st at i oned at Ormoc . i'lhen- the order t o sl..lr render was given, MERRI TT went t o t he mountains of northern Samar arrl or ganized a guerrilla uni t with Lt. E. SOLI M.AN . The unit headquarter s has been r eported a~ Mal aga and T±nambacan but "us ually at largell, MERRI TT assl11ned t he r ank of ' Col onel and soon after began .t o absorb other small guerrill a gl~ OUpS in northern Samar . One such group was or gani zed

by Capt. NACARIO, who was r eported t o be mayor of Cal biga al) cut the time of surrender. ' The J apanese spons or ed lI Pulahanes " (see page 8 ), a bandit group in nor t h central Samar, wer e re cr~uting ci t i zens of Calbiga , and NACARI O or gani zed his guerrilla ·band t o counter t he activit ie s of the Pula hanes . ' He wa,s l ast r eported i n April 1943 a.s mayor of Calhi ga .. The circumstances of t :t:,e NACARIO guer ri:J-l as becoming a part of t he NERcCU TT or ganizati on are not knovm . r~RP~TT controlled , northwest Samar ' fr om Calbiga north , with the . excepti on of t he Japanese occupied t owns of Cal bayog and Cat bal ogan in Oct ober 1944. In early 1944, his f orce const i t ut ed t he 93rd Division of f our r egiment s : 93rd lIFA" i n n orthern Samar, CO Lt. Ti burci o j-ONSON (f ormer C ons ~abulary ' office r) ,; . the 97t h Infantry i.n east ern Samar, CO JVla j . Alfonso JAI1~ (f ormer Const abular y officer); the 98th Infantry i n northwes t ern Samar , CO Ca pt. Mariano LIM, f ormer school t eacher ; and t he 99t h Infantry in east ern Samar , CO Capt. El pi di o A.'RSENO, f or mer school t eacher. Actual strengt h as of 28 Januar y 1944 r eport : 322 off icer s , 1,408 enlis ted men .

I n addit i on, ~~Rlu TT has e stabl isl~d training school s f or of fice r s and enlist ed men aoc1 i s believed t o have a well trained reserve.

He has or gani zed a Volunteer Home Guard , a Women l s AuXi liar y Servi ce , hospital s , ordnance work~ , and transportat ion and communicat i on f acilities.

NERRITTl s r el ations wit h the civi lian populat ion under hi s control wer e r eported t o l eave much t o 'be desired. Repor t s indicat ed t hat the people wer e expl oi t ed by hi gh r anki ng ar my offi cer s made personal pr ofit s at t he expense of t he people . under control by terror t act i cs and anyone opposi ng '-.., 5 -

As a result t he army was reported f eared and disliked by the pe opl e . Int ellige nce parties in MERRITT t s are a have sevora l times had troubl e with ' s ome of ~~RRITTf s officers. In on e inst ance a radi p l o cati on was betrayed t o a Japanese patr ol by pers onnel f ormerly a tta ched t o ~~RRITT. fu~RRITT, himself, i s r eported t o be a l ikeabl e person and an excellent f ight er. Those who have known him pe r s onally say he is n ot responsible f or the abuse of the pe ')pl e but that he is controlled by s ome of his offi cer.s and politi cian s . PtÂŁRRITT has some fine pe ople in his organi": zation who a r e sincer e in the ir eff orts . He was awar ded t he Silver Star of the Philippine s by Pres ident QUEZON on 15 Nov ember 1943.

The civil gov ernment in the area of Samar c ontrolled by lVlERRITT and appointed by MEP..RITT, was r eported on 28 March 1944 as f oll ows: Gov ernor

Gregori o B. ABOGADO , ex- Repr esentative (Maj. SAB~~ had been appointed previ o~sly but was - r e tired t o perf or m special mis s i ons .).

Deput y Govern or : Lorenzo K. PEDROSA .

Pr ovinci al Board: Dr. Vi cent e DIM , Seni or Member Leonardo SOLIDON" Junior Member Mate o C. TAALA, Treasurer Valeriano Del VALLE, Fis cal -, Esculas tico CHICANO, Auditor Rosend o p. BANDAL, Sheriff Lopez C. QUIMBO, Jtu ge of Firs t Ins t ance

These off icials wer e appoi nt ed by MBRRITT in Adminis trative Order Number Four, d at ed 1 Dccember 1 943 . Par agraph t wo of thi s ord er s t a tes: tiThe funct ions of t he Civil Gov ernment arc vested in offi cial s appointed and supervised by the Division Commander. 1I Cov ernor ABOGADO and Deputy Gov e rnor P~DROSA seemed s ince r e in their efforts t o a id the peop~e and t o curb guerri lla abuse of the people.

Capt. MERRI TT establi s h ed contCl.ct Y.d. t h Co1. Marcari o P8RALTA, 6th!VlD Commander, and was o rdered by PERALTA t o s ubmit his or gani zation f or the 93rd Division tlllder PERALTAI s 4th Philippine Corps in Fe bruary 1943.

Soon after ward , PERALTA dis s ol ved the 4th Philippine Corps ane:. confined his command t o t he 6th NIl) a 8 directed by GHQ . ..., lIJ1B:;El?JlI::l\lJ.~CL~..QliJiGg,Q::t,,~smLJ~QL . 9.j:h.J~[),....QolJllllan<i: Meanwhile Col. Ruperta K. KA.NGLEON was unifying guerrilla forcos on Leyto, and late in 1943 dispatched Lt. Col. CAUSING , his Chi ef of Staff, t o S W~ to c ontact guerrilla f or ces t here t o attempt unification of the guerrilla command of the entire 9th N[) ('samar and Leyte ). At the di ssolution of the 4th Philippine C0r ps , PERALTA advised MERRITT t o work f or a Samar command independent of Le;y-te . NIERRITT, theref ore, refused t o con.sidor CAUSINGl s pr oposition, setting fort~ f our r easons" f or not accepting ~NGLEON I ~ authorit y : 1. That Col. KANGLEON s urrerrle r ed t o t he J apanese .

2. Tha t Col. KANGLEON had n o authority from Gen. MACARTIUJR .

3. Tha t his guerrillas were or ganized pr ior t o Col. KANGLEON ' 13 .

4. That Col. KMJGLEON had pr omot ed und e s e rving people t o high rank:2 T~e differ ences wer e aggravated by PERALTA on lViERRlTTt s side and FERTIG (Mindanao) on KANGLEON's side and no agreement was reached between KANGLEON and MERRITT. As a r e sult of the dispute, KAN}1EON was appo;inted only Leyte Area Commander, and - the Samar co~mand was not e stablished until Sept ember 19L~ t,m.der Lt. Col. SlVITTH.

V.A,,;LJnJlr:.9.ill2: This group was or gani zed by Manuel VALLEY, a f ormer Manila policeman , a nd a bodyguard of Pr esident Ql.iEZON. VALLEY cl aimed he was cc~~is sioned an officer in t he PA, served as 1st Lie utenant in Provost Mar shal Offico, Headquarter s Phil ippine Department (this has . never boen est ablished ), a nd f ou~ht on Bptaan. He es caped fr om Bataan at the time of the surrender and made his way to his home a t Guiuan, Samar.

- 6 -

~

Appointing ' himself a Capt a in, he or ganized in October 1942 a f orce of some 30 rifles in the municipalitie s of Guiuan , Salced o , Balangiga, Basey and Pambujan Sur. Capt. RAMOS is VALLEyl s CO of the East Coast Ba ttalion .

VALLEY has attached r~s organiza tion t o Col. KANGLEON's command on Leyte.

MERRITT approached VALLEY in September 194) and suggested that VALIEY place his for ce 'under lVIERRITT's control. A c onference was held and VALLEY agr eed t o join MERRITT if, in turn, MERRITT would SlIDmit to Col. KANGLbON's command . lVERRITT refused and one ha s not tr1)Bted the other since . iiYhen Col. KANGLEON dispatched CAUSING to Samar in l a t e 1943, VALLEY readily agreed t o submit mor e closely t o KANGIEON's authority . He needed money, ,a rms an3, anrcn,mi tion and believed he c ould obtain supplies fr om KANGLEON. Soon aft er ward CAUSI NG pr omot ed VALLEY to the rank of Majl"r aM instructed him t o organi ze a battalion on the east coast of Samar. A February 1944 r eport states that this, unit 'numbered 1,200 me n.

V.AL~Y was good-hearted, fair t o the peopl e , and made seriouS attempts t o improve their l ot. H8 set in moti on army projects t o enc ourage f ood producti on, built pier s , constructed new buildings, d eveloped new r oads and e ncol11'aged and s upportE?d wha t industries were in ope r ation . He won the support of t he peopl e by permitting as many as desi r ed t o join the army, and paying thc:.m wi th the script he printed. As a result the people have given whole-hearted support t o him and trust the army implicitly .

CA®J1i(}~JXJ;'o@: Lt. Col. Juan CAUSING gr adua t ed fr om t ho Philippine IVlilitary Academy in 1921 and was then engaged as an instructor and Executive Officer in t he Goneral Service School, Baguio , ,Luz on. He later served as Command i ng Officer of the USAFFE Leyte Provis ional Regiment. 'iii th the surrender, CAUSING j oined the guerrillas in Samar, and late r became associated with KANGLEON in Lcyte as his Chief of Staff. KANGIEON sent him into Sa nuX' in Sopt ember 1943 t o unify guerrilla organizations the r e .

CAUSING was n ot successful and succeed ed only in bringing the VALLEY guerrilla ,;! more closel y under KANGIEON f s contr ol. Wb,ile pl11'suing his t a s k in Samar, CAUS ING was notified by KANGLEON that GHQ r~d appointed ltANGLEON as I l eader of t he Leyte area only, and tr~t he was s evering all connections ~ wi th Samar. CAUJING r emained in Samar on his own, with the support of VALLEY, and, be re or ganized the VALLEY unit on t he basis of the Philippine Army T/O. CAUSINGI s headqllarters were l ocat ed 15 'KIn n orth , of Bali!].giga.

He stayed hidden in tho mount ains r and apparently possessed few of t he attribute s of a s trong l eader. Wi thout VALLEY he would probabl y have h~d no organi zat i on.

AQIli:r...?..ll£: Organized under the l e ade rship of Capt . Luciano ABIA, former Consta;:n:(La:r:y officer with a l ong s e rvice career behind him . ABIA was involved in an unsettled, admini s trati ve r eport and was d ischarged from the PC. The e xact nature of the charge is unknown .

ABIA was a t Basey, Samar, at the time of tho su.rrender and organized a group of appr oxima t ely 100 guerrillas f or l ocal prot e ction of the peopl e . - Lator.lBIA and VALLEY e stablished contact, and the t wo groups merged under Lt. Col. CAUSING. S~QlJl~ : Reports indicate tha t SULCI, ex-Governor of Samar,controlled areas in or near Borongan, Dolores and Palalag. These appear t o have been absorbed by VALLEY, and then CAUSING.

ARTECljE GrQ.1U2: Organi zed under the, direction of Brig. Gen. Pedro ARTECHE. ARTECHE was a former governor of Samar, r emoved fr om office by President QUEZO~ as a r esult of election irregularities but was reelected.

Prior t o holding office , he was a Manila lav~er. After the surrender he organi zed a gueY~illa group in the Sta Rita-Zumarraga area in wes tern Samar~ At one t ime ARTECHE's unit had a higher percentage of rifles than any... other group in Samar. ARTECHE absorbed two small guerrilla groups, one under Capt. Emilio HECOTE, and the other under Capt-. CANON. Bot.h groups were oper a ting in southwest Samar.

- 7, -

ARTEC~~ was an individualist, ambitious and n oted f or shifting per s onal and pol i tical l oyalties. He organized his unit into a separate state and appotnted se cretaries f or the v ari ous departments . He r efused t o submit t o MERRITT when a pproa ched by hirfi . Reports indicate that ARTECHE either s1Jrrendered or was captured by t he Japanese at Daram, and that he and s ome of his men ViBre in the hands of the JapaI).ese Kempei at Catbal ogan and t he unit dispersed ~ lU10ther report, r el iabil i t y of which is unknown, stated t hat A.'iTECP,E l a t er spoke on the advantages of SLlrrender t o the J apanese bef or e an a1.uience in a ,church at Catbal ogan .

SECTION III.

LT. COL . CHARLES M. SMITH Al\j1) THE SAlvlAft ABEA

COM1'flAND~

As t he guerrilla sit1.-1.ati on in Samar became cle arer, it was evident that n o l ocal leader had the popular support necessary f or vnifying ! all the Samar guerrilla s . MERRI TT emE3rged as the stronge st leade r in northern Samar , and Lt. Col. CAUSING appeared t o be t he southern area leader. , On 18 September 1944, Maj . Charles M. SMITH, a l ocal r epr esenta tive of GHQ, SWPA, reported that the g1.-~ rrilla l eaders of Samar; namely Col. MERR1 TT representin g the nor thern area, and , L~. Col. CAUSING with Maj. ABIA representing the southern area,_ met at his Samar he ?dquarters f or th~ purpose of unifying all the f orces on Samar. The leaders _agreed t o 'Lmify 'Lmder any c ommander desi gnated by GHQ, and re y'Lillsted r ecogniti on.

On 16 Sept ember 1944, SMI TH was pr omoted t o Lt. Col., mi.d on the 40otober ,..

1944 , he was appoi nted COlTh'1lander of the Samar ar ea . He wa-s reorganizing guerrilla 'Lilli ts in Samar into one cOl!Lmand- when Allied l andings were made .. on LeJrte. t After a survey of the si t 1.-1 .ation, Lt. Col. S;JJ: TH reported that per s onnel were availabl e f or three or f our r e gi ments (8-';' , 000 men , t wo- ~ third s 1,1D.. th pre-war military trainin g ) but laclwd trai.ning off i cers .

Only se,,:.,en re gL1J.ar PA officers were available on t he i s l and. He pr.oposed t o d ev8l op a 'p~cked regiment of combat en gineers f or cODf:ltructi on and prepara ti on of material s behind the ~ nemy lines. ~-

C';l. 3MIT.H al so proPGsed t o set -up a oi vil government ¡for the Samar area , combining the m;unerou,s l ocal "8amar u government s . The f ormer senior member of -the Provincial Board , Dr. Vicente DIRJ1, wa s nominated f or Governor by SE[TE . It was prop osed tha t DIRP~, i f appointed , would be c ome oha irman of a commi ttee to a ppoint the other ' pr ovincial offi cials .

SECTION IV.

'tJNFHlENDLY GlJ,KPJITLLA GROUFS:

. p.,m..ÂŁill,MlES _Q.ROUg: Organized by BONANG, a 'woman , and an old man, CUBALAN, wh o i s re ported t o be mentally tmbalanced. The gr oup was active in the areas of Gandara-San J ose de Buan- Matuginao , and Wri ght, Loquilokon and Coro or an , and was r eported to be r eceiving J apanese a s sis t ance and amnluni tion t ,o fi ght MERRITT and other anti ... J apanese guerrilla groups.

I t remained under J a pane s e influence, and had a reported s trength of .3,000, inCluding ~omen and children.

- 8 -

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CHAPTER

III

TEE GUERRlLLA RESIST ANCK MOVEMENT I N CENTRAL LUZON '. 26 October 1944

SECTION 1:.

GE~'ERAL

BACKGROUND:

~

Foll owing the disor gunizati on of USJ.lFFE during the r apid J apanese advance and the USAFFE r e treat into Bata a n, -many units and remnants of l..illi ts be came i sol ated fr om their commands. These units and r emnants be cam~ t h~ nu~1.ei of guerrilla organizati ons tha t f or med almos t im_mediat e1y.

Prior to USAFFE s urrender i n May 194-2 , these guerrilla units harassed enemy garris ons and cont ained subst ant ial e nemy f orces. D1I'1:Lndling suppl ies and Japane ae pol icing which be came mor e -thor O"ugh as oc cupa ti on devo1 oped, deore as ed guerrilla a ct.i vi ty. The surrender of USAFFE a C')elerated t he s urrender of guerrilla units and disper sed the re mainder . [;iost of - the dispersed units did not give up but f ormed "Lillder-gr ound groups , many of which have lived on and a r e still active. " The . earlie st and mos t comprehensive of ~the ori ginal commands was t ha t of Col. Clal1l:1e THORP, with he-adquart ers in the ;\Fount Pinatubo ar ea in Pampanga. ~ He c ontrolled a large part of c entral Luz on guerrilla f orces until he was captured in Oct ober 1 942 . The norther:n remnants of THORp ! s g-ÂŁ0 111J are n ow under LAPHAM; the western gr oup in Zambales has s plit int o s evera l l oca lized c ommands , and the eastern gr oup is divided between ANDEPSON and RAlviSEY . Since t he capture of THOR"t' and the senior leaders , nc one ha s been able t o "Lillify the, command . Diffic:ml ties in communi c ation and supply, the presence of pr o -Jap civilian s~:; ies , and inQreased patrQl a ct:'~.vity of the enGmy are factors -whi~ h preve nted cons olidation of the vari ou s oommands â&#x20AC;˘ .A l ater l ar ge c ommand existed a s l at e a s mid - 1S43 in east central Luzon under Col, Hugh STRAUGHN . His hoad : U8_rter s was in' Rizal , east of Manil a . Under his leader,ship , organizations wer e formed in the BulacanRizal-Ma nt1a area , Bat angas , Tpyat as and in t he Bi c ol Pr ovinces. Col. STRAUGHN ! [~ "Lilli t wa s the las t l ar ge c oordina t ed c OHlluand .of a ny c onsequence in Luz on. He was captured in August 1943 . Remnant s of his -wit are the , ~lAPJaNG and FIL -AiVll!::RICAN IHHEGULAR TROOPS- (FAIT) operating eas t of Manila , the HUNTERS (ROTC) in Cavi te and thQ PRESIDENT QUEZQIln S OiJN GUEHRILLAS (PQOG ) . operating in Ba t a n gas . .

Central Luz on in mid 191:-4 presented a pi ct1-1re of a nu;nber of or ganizations with c on s ider able overl apping i n b oth Gl"oa and personnel .

By far t he l ar ges t -unit in point of vimv of num.bers in the MARKING group .

The main opera ting area of this unit i s - l oca t ed e as t of lViani1a, but affiliated or gani'2ia tLms ext end thr opghout central Luz on. _ I f vve may believe the , r eports of the lVlARIC:NG ! s , RAMSEY, and the PRESlm~ N~ G.ll)EZON IS ovm GUEMILLAS, ther e are at l east 300,000 guerrill as in t he central Luzon area . This number of name s may be on the r olls. It is , howeve r, certain th~t most of t he m live at h ome and are only n ominal s upporters of tb.e guerrilla movement. ,The hist ory of guerrill as in -other area s has shown that the is or ganized t o as sist activB guerrilla units through pl anting and harvesting of f ood crops , m ov~ ng supplies , and acting a~ me ssenger s and intelligence age,nts. The or ganization s n ow in Luzon ar e f amiliarv1!i th the pre - war Military District organiza ti on and are attempting t o c onf orm t o those pre - war bound ar ies . No c oordina t ed mili t ary dis trict COl1I<:'lands exist t oday; recent arriVals of SWPA per s onnel will und oubtedly clarify the pr esent situation, and promote mor e harmoni ous re1atien s hips betvreen the var-ious gu.crrilla units. civi1 ~ p op"Lli a ce

/

- 9

SECTION II.

CENTR?1.1 LUZON GLiERRILL.A ORG.Al'JIZATIONS:

1APH.M1 ~JJ-aG.: (North Central Luzon Sector) These f orces are l ocated in Nueva Ecij a and Pangas inan north of a line dravm fr om San Jose, Nueva ECija, ·t o Lingayen, and ar e under the command of Capt. Robert B. LAPHA1Vi, 0-J 79~14, f-armerly 26th Cavalry .

~

VOLCID~~ in northern Luzon claims that these g~~rrill as are a part of hi s organization, but that due t o distance fr om his headquarters and lack of r adios , contact is not satisfa ctory. Capt. LAPHAM went t o Bal er, Tayabas , in May 1944 and mot Capt. BALL (intelligence agent sent fr om Samar by SMITH). . BALL gave L.APHA..lIJ1 a r adi o and -LAPP:AItI.! is now located in Nueva Ecija . He claims his organizati on is independent of VOLCKR~.

This i s pr obabl y true as VC}LCK.lIfi.}\NN has several times r oguest that his control over t Be LAPHM~ organization be officially r ecognized . LAPHAItI.! claims t~1at he has been working in the 2nd Military District wi th ANDERSON since November 1943.

Both ANDERSON andLAPBJillq had been sect or ·comnander s in the Central Luz on Guerrilla Command of Col. Claude THORP in 1942, LAPHAIIA in command of the North Central LUz on Sector and ANDERSON part of the East Central Luzon Sector. L.APHk~ has continued in c on~and of his original area and fr om his i ntelligence r eports , apparently has his intelligence agencies ~e ll under control.

A subsidi~ry uni~ is l ocated ~~ we stern Tarlac and ~s under Capt. Albert S . HENDRICKSON,J f ormer Prc, WAFFE . ' The ar ea noar San Quentin, Panga-sinan , is under Ray HUNT , f ormer Ser geant, USAC. No date i s avail able on strength or equipment of LAPHA1.W s or ganizati on.

Lt. Enrique TORRES was s8nt in August 1941, fr om SWP.A t o assist LAPHAM parti cularly on intelligence matters. li.qj,.~@~-:0,illJ,lP.£tl.J? $ .Pr_ovtJ19_~~_CL~il.12.\? :

.

The fir st or ganized guerrilla resist ance in t he province started in W3Y 1943 under Capt. Ralph McGUIRE, 26th Cavalry. His command controlled the western se otor of Col . THORpl s Central Luzon Guerrilla Force in Pnmpanga . McGUIP.E carried on as l ocal commander_ after T:E:ORP -was captured in October 1942, but at the erit of 1942 or early 1943, McJTJIRE died. ~.~k~_QP G~~~ril~£lF orce:

Japanese pressure increased about t hat timej ma ny of the men surrender ed and the brganization dh::banded • . One grou.p became the US.PIF unit in the Bot olan-Olangapo area. The other r emnants of about 1,000 men remained acti ve around Cas tillej os and San Marcelino under the command of Antonio FRANCISCO. They are poorl y armed and have recently been reported t o be conne cted ·with Col. MERRILL t o the northe ast of San liarcelino. The Executive Officer of this unit is re ported t o be Cipriano ClD , probably the same CID as that r eported with the FREE PF..ILIPPlNES gr oup in Manila • .

The control of the originalNLGF seems t o have refor med in May 1943 under Lt. Col. Gyles k~RRILL , 0-7402, f ormerly 26th Cavalry.

The s t ory i ,'3 obscure but MERRILL with several American offi cers kept a hide out in the hills northeast of San IJiarcelino in Zambal es and from there directed a gr eat deal of guerrilla activity in that gener al area . Lt. Col. Peter D. CALYER, 0..17116 , clso f ormerly 26th Cavalry, i s t he Executive Officer o.f the group. Other Americans with ~i~RRI LL ar e lVIaj • . Robert CRANE, Capt. Ei.mond JONES 9 Capt. Richard CADLE, and possi bl y ot~1er s . . The t otal ~n1isted strength of the organizati on in May 1944 was 8,000 , of which 1,000 were in an active well disciplined guerrilla -f orce . The unit possessed about 500 arms and 10,000 r ounds of ammunition .

Contact with _the unit has been diffi.:ul t and remot e . It is believed tl1at in mid -1944 , Lt : Col. R~RRILL began att~mpting t o work on coor dination cf guerrilla a ctivity in CentrDl . Luz on. The extent of contr ol over other guerrilla units reported in Zambales is not known. Control may be extended over Capt. BO'oNE1s guerrillas in nort:hern Bataan. ~,•. '. . ~!:':.~ ~ . ,.

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J~QQ.~:&jJ.1I:~J·..rJ.11as: Capt. J ohn BOONE has or ganized five r egiments in thi s pr ovince . BOONE was a Cor poral in the 31 s t Infantry . The members of the crganization live a t home and gather f or training or r aids whenever opport'un i t y pr esents itself. Activity and training are limited by close J apanese policing and "lack of equipment. Bands of t hE: BOONE guerrillas are believed t c have gone into PaJPanga t o a id in comba tting the HUKBALAJAFS in tha t area . The or ganizati on may have some c onnection with RAMSEY in Eas t e rn Central Luz on.

BOONE's headquarters are on Bataan, but he mOVG S ab out continuously. He i s married t o a Filipina who lives in the southern Zambalos area near Col. MERRILL. bOONE goe s t o !VIERRILL occasionally for ~ advice .

USPIf.: In early 1943, Gualberto SIA organized a guerrilla group betwe en Ol ongapo and Bot ol an, Zambales , fr om r e mnants of IificGUIRE I s force.

He attached his gr oup t o ANDERSON's command (in Tayabas ) early in 1944 and adopt ed the designati on USPIF fr om lU~DERSON. He _i s r eported t o have '_ some 6,000 mGn. North fr om Bot ol an t o Sa nta CrUz is a group of 4,000 men poss i bly conne cted with the USPIF c Olrenand. SIA S86 ?lS t o be, willing t o subord,lnato this organiza tion t o ' ~~RRILL should the l atter be appointed Zambale 8 c 6~nand er. ' ~'1]RS : The HUNTERS (ROTC Jr) guerrilla unit in Cavi te sent CaR.t. Leonard. o AQUINO t o Ba t aan and Zo.mbal es l a te in 1 943 t o devel op intelligence conta cts there. He or gani zed a unit of about 400 poorly armed men l ocat ed near S~iliic. This ~mit is still active as a branch of the Cavi te HUNTERS.

Em: After the capture of Col. B'l:tgh STRAUGHN, leader of the FIL-AMERlC AN IRREGULAR TROOPS, in Sept ember 1943, bis, c cnunand broke into several units with the main body r emaining east of I'iIanil a . A bran~h 'of thi s or ganiza tion still exists in the vicinity of Cabangan with about 400 poorly ar med men QS of Sept ember 19/,4. !~llll:L_C..pnjira]'~ .1.~.9~n_QllQ1'IJliQ. ·Are EL.lliJ)LO A1 : Thi.s unit is part of the f ormer THORP Central LUz on Guerrilla Force. The leader, Ma j. (pre - war 1 s t Lt.) Edwin P. RA1V1'3SY , 0-368746, wac sent by Col. THORP to east central Luzon with Ma j. ANDERSON l a te in 1 942 t o conta ct and or ganize guerrillas in tha t area . .M'DERSON and RA!'VISEY quarrelled over in.lleri tance of the comr~2 nd after the capture of THORP by the Jap~nese in Oct ober 1942 • .AJI.J'DERSON went t o B'Ll1aca n and then Tayaba.s . RAl';1SEY hc:'~v ha,s headquarters in iVlontalban, Rizal, contr ols guorrill as in the 1st and 2nd Military Districts, the Manil a portion of,' the 4th Military Di s trict, and poss ibly includes an organizati on on Bataan under Capt. J ohn BOO~~.

ECLGA units ar e knovm t o be in the following provinces under the f oll owing CO' s : Manila Military District 1st Lt. Pa tricio GONZAIES I ~7G'stern Nueva Ecij a Dioscorode LEON Eastern Bulacan Domingo de VENANCIO Cavite 1 s t Lt. Rafael ARCE Conta ct i s mainta ined in Pnngas inan with Capt. Robert LAPH.AlVI a:rrl in ' western Bula can with Maj. Ale.i o SANTOS. Rillv~EY r eports his organiZation is about 45, 000 strong vdth 7,000 a r ms . Tho majority of the members are civilian s who live a t home.

Training i s limited i:y lack of ,equipment .::md by close Japanese observation of subversive acti vity . The main mission of the unit i s fighting the commlmi s tic HUKBALAJAPS in Central Luz on. The RAMSEY or gani zation appears t o bo f airly stabl e , but i s l oosely contr olled due t o l ack of c ommunications and arms ,

RillVSEY's outside conta cts have been numerous, beginning with PERALTA on Pnnay in early 1943. This contact proved unsatisfactory and RAIVlSEY broke off arrangeme nts. RA1VISEY men have s :inco contacted all · Visayan and Mind anao guerrillas who have sent agents t o Luzon. PERALTA,

- 11 -

FERTIG and SW J TH have sent s ome supplie s t o ~~E Y and f orwarded his int elligence r eports t o GHQ . ~ In early 1944, RA1V iSEY Vyent t o Mindor o to contact PHILLIPS but arri ved after t he Japanese had disper sed t hat part y .

He r eturned t o Luzon wi th GALANG and HARDER, members of the PHILLIPS party.

RM,~EY has had complete freedom of movement throughout central Luzon , and as l at e as December 1943 , wa s known t o have been in Mani la .

He auTies Swi ss papers furnished him by a Swiss by name of WEI SiVIAN (sp? ) who l i ves near Manil a . A radi o bel onging t o ANDREWS on Negros was sent t o Luzon ear l y in 1944 . Thi s radio was eventually' pl a ced i n Rillv~EY ' s Headquarters in Montalban , Rizal , and now i s in r egular contact with Negros .

lIUKBALikLJ)l'S: The "Hukbal a j ap", a s emi "po)5ti cai , semi -bandi t or ganizat i on cent er ed in Blua can and Pampanga , in one of the l ar gest and most power ful guerrilla or ganizations in central Luzon . It owes no alle giance t o t~e U.S ., the Phi lippine C o~~onwealth, or Japan and has consti tuted a pr oblem not only t o the Japanese but t o l oyal guerrilla organizations and intelligence net s . I t vull probably r emain a -diff icult pr obl em during r eoccupation ~a nd poss i bly afterwards . Li ttle def i nit e information on the organization i s availabl e , and the following discUB si on mUBt be :regarded as tentative . The frequent _use of al iases by member s of t he or ganiZati on has contributed t o the confusi on .

"Hukbalajap" i s a word coined fr om the initial syllabl es of the Tagal og titl e of the or ganizati on , "Hukbong Bayan Laban s a Japonll , or "People' s .Army t o Fi ght the Japs " . In Tarlac Pr ovince it has al so been r ef erred t o as t ;Je "Paja", short f or "Peopl e I S Anti .. Jap Army';' . The indi vidual member s ar e often r ef erred t o as "Buks".

The or ganization ~as f ounded at Mount Arayat i n Pampanga l ate in ~~rch 1942 by a group of intellectuals , disgruntled politici ans , and socialists and comm1mists of Pampanga . I t i s said t o be modelled on Chinese comnlLni st or ganizations , and it i3 pr obable that Chinese had a hand i n the early or ganizat ion . It cl ai ms t o r epresent the military phase of the United Front Party , a coalition of social ist and communist el ements , and early acti vi t ies were ~arge ly politi cal . A "NAJUFfI (National Anti-_ Japanese Unit~d Front ) policy was pr oclaimed , a nd the organiZat ion i s sued numer ous mani f est os pr oclai ming that their obje cti ve was the est ablishment of a democratic peopl e ' s st at e in the Philippine s after the war , free from all foreig~ dominat i on and wi t h r epr esentation f or all . The Ameri cans wer e t o be al l owed t o l iber at e the Philippi nes , but wer e then t o be attacked if immediat e independence was not granted . Poli tical f igures of t he Commonwealth Government wer e t o be -a ccept ed only i n so f ar a s t hey ' could flUTUsh a government not dominat ed by USA~ J apan, or any other f or eign country , either politi cally or commercially . The Hukbala j ap has said in i t s manifest os t hat the r ight of privat e pr operty wil l be guaranteed in thei r postwar goverrunent, as wel l as fr eedom of spee ch, pr ess , a ssembly and r esidence.

Although the Hukbal a j ap has maint ained this pr opaganda l i ne t o the pr esent day , r eports i nd~c a~e that their pol i ?y is definitely communistic and th at their pl ans include the es t ablishment of a communistic government in the Philippines af t er the war , on the early Russ ian model .

It is probable t hat ther e ar e al so connections with comm1mis tic e l ements in China .

Acti vi ties of ,the Hulcbala j ap ar e at present di vided into three f ields call:ed nPolitical " , "lVlil itary", and "Mass " (see page 13) . From il modest but intense s tart in ' 1942, mostly in Pampanga Province and vdth a possible member ship of 10 , 060 , t he or ganizati on has r api dly i ncy'eased in size and scope and now cl a~ ms a ,member ship of 100 , 000 . Headqua rters r emains at Mount Arayat , and as of mid -1944 tho provinces of Pampanga and Bulacan wer e s trictly controlled-. Southern Tarlac , eastern Zambal es , norther n ~ataan ; s outhern Nueva Ecij a , parts of Pangas inan and Rizal are now dominat ed by the ' or gani zat ion , ond el ements have pe netrat ed par t s of

l~

-

Manila and Lagv~ Province. Strongpoints of the Hukbala j ap wer e reported in October 1944 t o be as f ollows: Bulacan Pampanga Tarlac Nueva Ecija

San Ildefonso , San Miguel, San Rafael , Baliung , Calumpit, Malol os , Bul acan, Paombong , Hagonoy, and Pulilan .

Candaba , Arayat, Mas antol, San Luis , San Simon, and Ma cabebe .

Paniqui, Poroc , Gerona , and Victoria .

Gapan, San Isidr o , San Antonio , San J ose , Cabiao, Jaen , Guimba , and Caban atuan .

- Contacts of t he organizat ion ar e few and not def i nitely lmovm; it is pr obable that t ner e is SOBe connecti on ,nth Chinese underground units in Manila through Co.pt .GO in Laguna , and a report o{ May 1944 indicat ed that ther e wa s some liai s on , probably t enuous, with Maj . RAMSEY, USAFFE guerrilla l eader, of central LUzon. There is also an indication fr om an enemy source that Godofr edo MONSOD, Governor of Nueva Ecija , is an advisor of the or gani zation . .

Political act ivitiGs are at present ~mder the direction of Mat eo del CASTILLO, al so reported as the Supreme Com.rnander . He i s a former l eader of-±he Cormnunistic Party of the Philippines , and now h~s the r a~~ of Ma j or General and the title Political Commisar . ~£opaganda i s circul ated in "manifest os" and br oadshee ts ; a f orm of civil governrnent is establ ished i n areas under the control of the organization; s chools have been planned, and possibly est ablished , in which communis t i c doctrines ar e t aught t o civilians and mon of t he organizati on; and men of the combat units r eceive r egul ar l ectures on communism from the Pol itical Commissar attSlched t o their Regional Command . wulitary activities are at present

~md e r

the d i r ection of Juan

FELEO, ~ also r eported as a member of the lVIilitary COlmni ttoe wit h the rank

of Gener al , corr,manding all Hul:bal uj ap armed f or ces . ~ He is the f ormer Presid ent of the Cormnunis t Party of the Philippines . D~ITing 1942 Dnd 1943 attacks wer e made on Japanese r ailroad shipments , garrisons , and convoys , and s ome disr1.1.ption of the J apanese supply line int o Manila fr om the north was achieved . The or ganizat ion has consistently ref~$ed t o cooper at e with other guerrilla ~£oups , and has boen consistently ruthless a nd violent in its activities . They early anno1..mced their intention of fighting any other guerrill a groups they consider ed pro- J apanese , and soon char act erized -the MARKING and DSFIP or USAFFE as s uch. Conflicts with other gUerrilla groups wer e fr eej,uGl1t, and by mid -1944 the Huks wor e actively fighting all t heir guerrill a ne ighbor s . Ambush, arrogance , de ceit and treachery have marked t hese confl ict s . In the l as t t welve months those anti-guerrilla activities have slmrply incrQased, and have been extended t o include all BC (Bureau of Constabulary) units suspected of aiding other guerrilla outfi t s , as 1Ncll as puppet office holder s , rich Filipinos , and all others considered t o be pro- American . Many of these helvG been ambushed and murdered , p artic~li arly in Pampanga and Bul acan . Ameri can pilots s hot down over their ar eas have been held , and at l east ono is r eported killed by the Hukbal a j ap . Robbery, plunder, and. indiscriminat o killing have correspondingly increased~ the victims bqing civilians , guerrillas , Japanese , Americans , Filipinos , off ice holder s and puppets , without appar ent discririlnation .

Sinco early 194!~ ther e has been a l essening of Hukbal a jap attacks on J apanese i nst alla ti ons , and it has sever al times been r eported that the J apanss8 ar e armi ng the Hukbalajap , pr obabl y as a cheap means of oombatting the guerrillas . It is known that high J apanese officials vi sited Pedro ABAD SJillTOS , Hukbal a j ap l eader , at San Fernand o, Pampanga , in June 1944; and i t is certain the J apanese made no effort to interfere with Hukbalajap-Constabulary conflicts in Sept ember and October 1944.

- 13 -

Arms f or t he c omba t units have boe n obta ined mostly fr om the batt l efie l d s of Ba t a an, a nd fr om l ooted J apa nese and Constabul a ry instal l ations a nd captured or kill ed guer rillas. In November 1944, Hukbalajap armament' was reliably r e por t ed t o be ab out 4 , 000 rifles , 500 aut omat ic rifl es , 25 macbinc guns and mis cell an oous srde arms . Ammuniti on supplies have been c onsi s t Gntl y l ow s ince ~942 , and ar e n ow boriovod t o be not more than 60 r ounds per gun . I n t he Laguna tmits thero a r e pr obably not mor o than 200 riflos . ' I! Ma s s ll [i ctivities a r e a t present under the dire cti on of Armando del CASTI LLO , son of Ii/int eo . These ; ct,ivit ies ' probably include the control of the civilia n popUla tion throug h t he "Barri o Uni on Defens.G Corps l!, organized in oa ch barrio t o supply tho comba t units 'I'll th f o od , ftmds , and information . A Mr s . REMEDIO - GOMEZ is possibly the chiof of this section in Pampanga , Btlia can , Nueva Ecij a , . and Tarla c .

Membe r ship of tho Hukbal a j ap was a t . first c ompos ed largely of liber al s and Bome c ommunists , possibl y with a munber of former me mbers of I nbor uni on ,'] .â&#x20AC;˘ ~ Tot nl iTlombership cl aimed has .incr eased greatly in the l as t year , and it i s p:cobable tha t t ho Hukbal a j ep now incl udes a 1 2rgo propor tion of tho f or mer rnombors of t he Sakdalis t n pa rty in centr al Luzon , as well as opp ort trr~s t ~nde r wo rld char a cter s a nd a l e rgo proportion of exUSAFFE men f orced t o 'c ooperate through ne ces s~ ty or through throats t o tho well -being of their f c.mi l i es . F or this r oa-s on , and beca use the l evel of military training i s tmif or mly l ow, it i s pr oba ble tha t H~'kbal a j a p 'units will not resi s t invading American tr oops , and may be of assistance . Howevor , some units under more- st rict c ontr ql fr om the 69mmand may gi va trouble .

Leader s of tho Hukbal a jap wer e int el l e ctuals a nd political t heorists a t t ;',G time of its f ounding in 1942 . Since then mor e realistic individual s h ave evidently obtc. inod mDr e and mor e power, changing the complexion of the organiza ti on. Thos e ide ntified are as f ollows : ABAD S,AN TOS , Pedro

Br othor of J ose ABAD SA.NTOS , fomer Chief Justi ce . F ormer l oader of the S ocialist Party in Pampangn, and l a t er of thcr , Unitod Front Party, . a socialist - communist coalition of which ,tho Hv.kbala jap is the mil itary phaso ~ Reported to be t he br ains of the Hukba l ajap . Lat ely re ported killed.

ALEJli.NDRI NO, J ose

F-armer May or of Mexico , Pam,panga , and a l ender of tho Soci ali s t Party. Ro ported t o be the most powerftli Hukbal ajap l eader .

AQUINO , Col.

Former Mayor of Magalong , Pampanga .

CAPPADOCIA , Guil lcr mo-

Pre -war c ommunist l oader , s t:c'ong pro Filipino , now propagandist f or Huks .

I DAYAlIJG ...DAYANG" -

A woman (r eal name Filipa C8J.ala), one

of the first organize rs of the Hukbal~ . j a p , was als o secre tary and l eader of her own sqll.'.'ldron . Se cre tly n egotiated vdth USAFFE ,guerrill as , and was turned ovor by her ovm mon t o tho Hukbalajap command. Exe cuted in J anuary or February 1944.

GO, ¡ Cnpt .

GUAN

Yik

Chinese mestizo, formor Mayor of Arayat , Pamponga .

~

14 -

~

LAVA, (Francisoo?)

Former Prof essor of La w at the Universi ty of Manila , and one of the first or ganizers of the Hukbalajap. Identific ation may be confuSed and may quite possibly refer t o Hilario LARA, former Professor of Medicine at the University of the Philippines, an eccentr ic character .

REGALADO, Rufino

Former Chief of Police of Calumpit, Bulacan. Now Chief ¡ of the Divisi on of Investi gation of the Hukbal ajap. '

ROSA, Lope de l a

Pre-war communist l eader ..

TARUC, Lt.Gen. Luis

Pro-war l eader of labor unions in Manila and Pampanga', now commander of all central Luzon units for 'Hukbalajap.

TIMBAN"Lt.Gen. Emeterio

Pre-war c o~nunist leader and newspaper proprietor, now Hukbalajap G-4.

Organization of the Hukbalajap is fundarrentally into "Squadrons" of 80-150 men edch, some running as high as 200, und er the command of a Captain. The squadrons, also called "regiments" or "divisions", remain ~ in their allotted area, foraging f or their own f ood and coromandeering supplies from the civilians. They are semi-independent, and were con- â&#x20AC;˘ trolled only by occasional visits f~ om members of the ~litary Committee until the establishment of the Regi onal Commands . There wer e 120 squadrons in Pampanga and Bulacan at the end of 1942 ; present number is not kno~ . 0

Regi onal Commands were established in March 1943 t o achieve a. closer control over the squadrons, many of whom disregarded the orders of the Military Committee . Disputes between Squadrons are settled in the Regional Command, and a, Political Commissar in eacrrRegional Command gives l ectures on communism t o the units under his jurisdiction. ' A "Military Committee" has been the gov~rning body of the Hukbalajap since its inception. There are five members but it has not always been possible t o identify them with exactitude. Tho following have been reported: ABAD SANTOS, Pedro (Nov 44) see above .

ALEJANDRINO, J ose (Nov 44) see above.

AQUINO (Oct 44) see above.

CAPPADOCIA, Guillermo (Nov 44) see above.

EVANGELISTA, Cassanto (Nov 44) FELEO, Junn (Nov 44) GUAN Yik Chairman , Dec 42. sQe above.

"POGOI! (Dec 42) ROSA; Lope de la (Oct 44) "SAMPANG" (Nov 44) TARUC, Luis (Oct 44) see above.

A "Propaganda Section" under the command of one Gregorio GOMEZ has been tentatively identified, possibly in Ma nila .

A-sub-organizati on known as the "Hukbalakos", "People' s Army to Fight the Constabulary", has alSD boen reported. As the name indicates, its object is t o attack members of the puppet Bureau of Cons t abulary units.

Units so far reported arc as foll ows :

..

1st Regional Command - Pampanga CO: Ma j. J ose BANAL 2nd Regional Command - northern Nueva Ecija , Nueva Vizcaya CO: (Lt.Gen. Emot ori o TIMBM~, Dec 43) 2nd in Command: Col. J ose de LEON

'"' 15

3rd Regional Command - Pampanga and Nueva ECija CO: Maj . Gen. 2nd in C o~mand: (C ol. AQUINO, Dec 43) 5th Regional Command - Pampanga CO: (Lt. Gen. Luis TARDC , De c 43) 7th Re gi onal Command - western B~u a c an CO: "Ramon ROBLES!' 8th Regional Command - northern Bulacan , southern Nueva Ecija CO: ·(nCAPULEII, Dec 43 - IVlate o del CASTILLO? ) 2nd in Command: .Col. SANCHEZ Regimental Insp ector: Policarpio SILVA 11th Regional Command - Batangas CO: Pedro BALYEGAS 12th Regional Command - Laguna CO: Pedro BALYEGAS #lS q~~dr on - under 8th Regional Command #2 Squadr on - under 8th Re gional Command #3 S~~~dr on - under 3rd Regional Command; Capt. Pabl o AMONO #4 S a~~dron - under 8th Regional Command j¥5 "Squadron - around San Ildefons o, Bulacan #6 Sc:uadr on - under 3rd Regi onal COlInrland; Capt. F.tl.ANCISCO #11 S ql~dron - under 5th Regional Command #12 Squadron - ~mder 5th Regional C o~mand #22 Squadron - under 3rd Regional Con~and, around San Vi cente, Nueva Ecija; Capt. IBANEZ, Lt. Pedro PARUNGAvi #23 Squadron - under 8th Regional Command ; Lt • .Antoni o REYES # 24 Squadr on - und er 8th Regi onal Corrnnand # 25 S; uadr on - under 8th Regional C o~mand; Lt. Leon ESTARES #28 S ~,uadron - under 8th Regional Command #29 SQuadron - under 2nd Regl onal C o~mand #30 Squadron - under 8th Regional Command #31 Squadron - under 3rd Regi onal C o~mand , aro~md Arayat #38 Sauadron - under 2nd Regi onal C oro~and #39 Squadron - under 2nd Regional COlllilland #L.,4 SQU-1Gr On - under 3rd Regional Comman.d; Maj . Antonio SilNGAR #46 Squadron - under 3rd Regional Co~mand #48 Squadron - Maj. Manuel OCHUA; compos ed or Macao Chinese armed · wi th 220 rifles; i:o. Mani la ( or ); Political Di rector is Alfonso de l a ROSA. #49 SqUadron - under 3rd Regional Conrr.1and #77 Squadron - "Dante"

MIDEB$QtJ _Gue:crW...a2: This unit is l ooat ed mainly on the east coast of Tayabae between ~b uban and Infanta and is ~mder the control of Maj . Bernard AN"'DERSON, AC, 0-360167, an American officer who escared from Bataan. After surrender, ANDERSON joined guerrillas under Col. Claude THORP in Pampanga. Col. THORP was then attempting t o unify guerrillas in the central Luzon area and sent RAIvBEY and ANDERSON t o arrange some working agreement with the Hukbalajaps. Nothing came of the conference and THORP sent M~DERSON and RAMSEY on t o organize guerrillas in the east central Luzon a~ea . RM~SEY quarrelled .dth A1~ERSON and the two separated.

ANDERSON went t o Bulacan and then went t o Tayabas early in 1943 . He is liked by the Fi l ipinos , is a hard worker and reliable.

It is believed that ~~ERSON had a l ar ge unit in Tayabas until C10-12, pr o-Jap Filipino agent, obtained the roster of ANDERSON's organi zation. There was a whol esal e purge l ate- i n 1943 and the unit has never recovered its original power and area of command. .A1~~ERSON was r eorganizing his unit when Visayan agents contacted him in mid-1944. He now has good r adi o contact with SWPA and has received sever al tons of supplies , equipm~nt, money and intelligence per sonnel.

ANDERSON has maintained contact with the HUNTERS in Cavite Snce mid-1943. This_ c ont act has been str engthened by recent del i ver y of a radio t o that unit. ANDERSON also has excellent contacts in Blou a can whi ch

- 16 -

is the center for Manilo. intelligence . Capt. Ale jo SAl\J'TOS l ocated neo.r Mt .. KullloSlnn ho.s organized the pr ovince and is well known ther e . The Bluacan unit claims a r ost er of 15,000 men poorly armed .

Lt : Burtol omeo CABANGBANG was sent fr om SWPA t o assist ANDERSON in mid-1944. CAEANGEANG is nowAI\1DERSON I s G- 2 and is l ocat ed in Bul acan wi th r adio . CA8J\l\IGBAJ'.TG has sGnt po.rties t o Rizal , Cavi t e and the Bi cols and is known t o have esto.blished observer pos t s at 'Pozorrubio , Pangasinan , and in the Panda can RR Station i n Manila .

Conta ct has been maintained ,'Vi. th Ma j . BARROS now in the central Bicol r egi on. AND~RSON has sent him a r adi o and s upplies are t o be delivered BARROS pr obably has not much of an or ganization but - appear s t o have a wide variety of c ontacts and is acting as agent f or AJIDERSON . Seme c onta ct is als o maintained by ANDERSON vii th a Col. MATA and his or ganization in eastern Tayaba s and Camorines .

The headqua.rters i s kno~ as the Kal ayaan Command and is located on the Masanga Ri ver on the eas t coast of Tayabas . Total enrollment in the or gonization was r eported t o be about 20 , 000 in October 1944; equipment unknown but pr obabl y l ess than 2Cf/o. MlDERSON ' s command is divided into several sector s knovffi by their cod e name s : Ball Nulit ary Area , bulacan CO: Maj . Ale j o SANTOS, AUS cis: Maj . Pelagio CRUZ, PA G-l: 1st Lt. Delfin S. C.ASTRO G-2 : 2nd Lt. Juan E. SCRILLA 0-3: 2nd Lt. Gabino OLIVERO G-L:.: Capt. Di oni cio LINDAYAG, PA Ohi o Mi litary Area , Bicol s .

Conte.ct: Ma,j. Russel BARROS, AUS Texas iVIilitnry Dis trict ( 2nd NIilitar y District, Lingayen Area ?)

Sal t Nuli'tary Area , Tayabas CO: Ponciano REDOR , PA ?

York Military Dist rict Gh;i"n§.;?~:tk·.rw"@"EigEil ~uer:r.lllQ Force.;. , This or ganizat ion is composed of Chinese in Bat aan, Laguna, Tayabas, Tarlac, Nue va Ecija, Pampanga , Bulacan and Ri zal vdth a branch in s outhern Luzon (Batangas). Its members bel ong mainly t o pre- war Chinese organizati ons: Wor kers ' .Union , Dramat i c Clubs, Chinese Cultural Associ ation and the Salvation Association . Its main activi tie s are anti-Japanese propaganda , di stributi on of news through periodical newspapers , or ganiz ing the Chinese in Central Lu~on, some demolitions and "trigger s quads". Maj . MlDERSON has had oontact with t he unit since July 1942 and s tates that the organizati on is l oyal t o the Unites Stat~s , the Commonwealth of the Philippines and Chungking .

Members of the units have often assisted per sonnel in ANDERSON's organization.

Known leaders of the organization: CIITEH, Huang Commanding Officer HlJA, Chai Chian Vice Commanding Officer GO, Captain Commanding Officer Southern Luzon Th~-F.~~~~ppiliJ?pines : Thi s organization was f or med - in the l ast week of 1941 by a "group of young prof essi onals" in lVIani la. It was origina a counter-propaganda 1.:1I1i t and later furnished guides and funds to assist cut-off USAFFE soldier s to r ejoin thei r units on Bataan. After surrender it became clear t o the l eaders of the gr oup that a unified c om~ mand of the guerrilla f orces and a central collecting agency f or intelli• gence were essential. The Free Philippines attempted to become a clearing house for intelligence and a cted ' as a liaison office between the v arious groups . In{ormation received ~. -evaluatcd by Lt. Col. Narciso ("Cis") MANZANO , f ormerly G-2- undcr Gen. de JESUS bef or e s urrender. Contacts are known t o have been maintained with the f ollowing guer rilla organizations! u

- 17 -

t~RRILL

Unit (WLGF) in Zambales Unit in Central Luz on fu~NG Guerrillas in Rizal HUNTER Unit in Cavi t e ANDERSON in Tayabas ~£EY

Known members of the Free Philippi nes Gr oup: BAUTISTA, Antonio

Attorney; professor, College of Law, University of Manila.

CID, Cipriano

Attorney; Editorial Dept., Manila Daily Bulletin; now probably in Zambales with a guerrilla gr oup near Subic.

TANAnA, Lorenzo

Attorney.

BARRARii, Jesus

Judge, Court First Instance, Manila.

NEPOMUCENO, Ricard 0

Judge ; Commissi oner, Securities & Exchange Commission.

DAYRIT, Amado .1

SANDOVAL, Casiano

Doctor.

YUSON, Resti tuto

Doctor; Asst Profess or, College of Medicine & Pharmacy, University of Santo Tomas.

PAULINO, Juan

Attorney.

CLAUDIO, Anselmo

Manila business manager.

CONCEPCION , Norberto REYE§, Jose B. L.

Attorney; First Asst Solicitor General, Bureau of Justice.

ROCES, Rafael Jr.

Manila busine ss manager.

NERI, Lt. Loreto

Asst G-2, F. p.

All are believed t o have been members of the f ormer Civil Liberties Union.

Repr esentatives of the Free Philippines contacted Col. PERALTA on Panay in June 1943 as a possible channel f or sending infor mation fr om Luzon. Later reports indicate that the contacts ' were not impre ssed with Col. PERALTA' s or ganizati on, and Col. R~NZANO (a member of the Free Philippines) was sent t o Mindanao in March 1944 t o contact FERTIG f or the same purpose. Col. IVIANZ.Al\fO was later assigned t o Mindanao and l i ttle has been heard of the group s ince miq-1944.

Recent reports suggest that ~mber s of the Free Philippine s group were di scovered and have been under arrest f or sometime. ril~~ri can Irregular Tr~Tl: In 1942 this group was in the mountains near Antipol o, Rizal, under t~e leadership of Col. Rugh STRAUGHN, who was attempting t o unift the command of the various central Luzon guer- . rill as • Subsequent information has pr oven that Col. STRAUGHN may have almost ~ucceeded in his purpcse.

His contacts extended from the central Luzon area of Bulacan and Pampanga t o the tip of the Bicols with Gov. ESC"ODERO and Maj. SAA1>ICO. Almost all known organizations in central Luzon \\Bre at one time or another working with him. He is said t o have been responsible f or the f ounding if the iVlARKINGS in Rizal, the HUNTERS in Cavite, and QTJEZONIS ONN GUERRILLAS in Laguna , Batangas and Tayabas. He a ssumed the title Supreme Commander of the South Central Luz on Guerrillas and was considered as such by the Japanese.

- 18 -

Apparently s ome rift devel oped between t he powerful WUJllilNGS and the FAI T and Col . STRAUGHN was betrayed , s ome say by l eader s of t he MARKING guerrill as , in August 1943 . The coor dination which he had established was l ost f ollowing his capture .

A Col . Elliot P. ELLSWORTH is now r eported t o have assumed command and has been r espons ible f or the r evival ; f t he original central g"LlBr::illa b?dy . The i dentify of Col. ELLS"iWRTH is uncertain, one r eport stat1ng he 1S actually Gen. LI M. Gen . LI M is al so r eported t o have flatly denied any such ass ociati on. ELLSWORTH is almost certainly a Fi lipino . ,The activities of the grouR are limited mainly to intelligence and occas1onal sabot age in l\{lanila and vicinity . A r ad i o set was in oper ation in 1943 in char ge of Lt . Col. Emilio BORRO~EO (alias GL~RRERO) and

the unit was attempting t o conta ct Aust :r-alia . This was never effe cted and Col. BORROfuEO wa s l ast r eported t o be on Negros.. The MARKINGS clai m that the FAIT has officiall y amalgamat ed wi th them as of ~fuy 1944. Appar ently FAIT broke up and part j oined the MARKINGS and part attached t hemselves t o HUNTER's ROTC guerrillas .

MARKING G ue r..I.ill~ : The MARKING Guerrillas wer e f ounded in April 1942 and now claim t c have contact s throughout central Luz on. I t appears t o be one of t he largest singYe organi zations on L"Lill on . Some of the Fil-il.merican Irregular Trc)ops near Manil a united wi t h the IifIARKINGS in May 1944 .

The stronghold of this gr oup is in the Sierra Madre Mountains in Rizal. The l eader of the gr oup is Marcos Villa AGUSTIN, but t he backbone of the or gani zation is a woman known as Yay PANLILLO . The identity of AGUSTI N is "lOt knovm. Yay PANLILLO is a newspa per reported and she is reported as botn pro ~ end anti-Amer i can. .

The group is repor ted by several s ource s t o be unscrupul ous in the procurement and character of its member ship , and ruthless i n its deal i ngs. This seemed t o be particularly true up t o early 1944. It claims a membership of 200, 000 but thi s fi gure is queried by the S O"L~o e (c onsidered f airly r eliabl e ) of the information, One source r eports the ar ms t otal 5,000 . Suppl i es have been sent to the organi zation by Maj . ANDERSON and letters wer e sent to SWPA via ANDERSON in August 1944. ANDERSON bel ieves the only obje cti ve of t he group is the . eliminati on of the common enemy and has re ported nothing unfavor able concerning t hci r recent a ctivities.

The headq1.1arter s , in Ri zal, oonoerns i t self with troops , pr opa':' ganda, enemy dispositions , etc. LUZon is divided into three main areas which are semi- aut onomous s o far as operations are concerned.

First .Army Corps Se cond Army Cor ps Third ll:rmy Cor ps

Rizal, Laguna , Batangas and Tayabas.

Marrl.la, Bulacan and Cavite.

From Bulacan north , concent rated mainly in Tarlac and Pangasinan.

The N'1ARIIT NG guerrillas r eport the f ollowing groups t o be associat ed.

The OLDTI!VlERS

Col. Le on Z. CABALHIN ; Lagtma-Rizal area . Unit has been attacking r emnants of FAIT.

The BATANGUENOS

Col. Daud MANGKON , appar ently l ocat ed somewher e in Batangas .

The TEXANS

Col. Patri cio ERNI , f amous ex- bandit .

Spread between CaVite and Mi nd or o. One s ource r eports their strengt h t G be 3, 000.

The HIGHLANDERS

Ma j. Carlos CRISOSTOMO , l ocati on unknown. (pr obably part of M~ERSON t s guerrillas in Bulacan) â&#x20AC;˘

- 19 -

The SABOTEURS

Gol. Pabl o AtORA, l ocation unknown.

The McKINLEY BRIGADE

Col. ORTEGA, l oca ti on unknown.

The A-NI LAO

Maj . Juan

S.Al~TI.AGO,

l oca tion unknown.

Othe r ~£oups r eported t o be ass ociated or in contact wi th the MARKING guerrillas ; no da ta ava ilable: HaVi~.{r~

Minut e Men Ce l estial Div .

Sta Fe B:::-ig .

Cobr a s Dr a gons Porch Club Hot Spot Unit Rir..canadas

Up Again Re gt.

J oets Boys Fa lcons Lost Bn .

Santos Regt.(Bula can? ) Saint's Regt.

Old Tradition Tarlaquenos Lowl anders

Tamar a os (Cavite?)

Eden Kinds Ref ormed Schol a rs in the Field Gonzales Regt.

Ladies' Cor ps QlVI Cor ps Mayon Volcan o Overseas !Vitd (Chinese?)

Th~..J£0.\G'P}§ : This group is also knovm as the ROTC or TERRY's HUNTERS , af t er Te:~ry MAGTANGOL, the assumed name of the l eader. The group claims that it w~s f o-~~ed in J anuary 1942 a ~ San Juan del Monte, Rizal, by about 300 Phi:i.ippine Military Academy and ROTC pers onnel who called t hemselves t he "ROTC Lads". It was f ounded t o prot e ct civilians ·and t o c ooper ate v~d.. t h U31\J:1'FE f orces on Bataan. Until March 1 942 t he vni t secured arms fr om civilians and USJL~E remna nts, passed J a panese inf orma tion t o USAFFE and did p::.~ opa gand a work in the Manil a area.

On 6 April 1~4 2, when it be came obvious that the USAFFE would n ot r e turn fr om Ba-Lnan , the ROTC Lads went into the .Antipol o Mount ains s outheast of Man~la and adopt ed the name of t he HUNTERS . They c ontinued t o colle ct arms f r om civilians and s e cured 13 0 Enfields in a r a id on the Jap occupi ed Uni on College in Manila .

The staff a t this time wer e: Commar..ding Officer Mig·ue l VER} ex- PJlilA 1942 E....:{8 cutilre .

Eleuteri o ADVEOSO (alias Col. Terry lVlAGTP.NGOL) lkJjut ant GU$tav o I NGLES, ex-PllilA WbiJ.e in the Antipol o ,P/Iounta ins April-July 1942, the 1.mit 00operated ~rlth the NhtRIITNG guerrillas in elimin ation of puppe t spies and infor mers They aLso opera t ed a r adio set but had t o destr oy it in June 1942 t o prevent :l:cs c apture . On 4 July, a J apanese patrol r aid ed the headquarters and killed lIJ'dguel VER. Some of the men became dis c o1.traged a nd l eft, but ne w Inei1lher s were r _e cruited and the c amp moved furt her i nto the Antipolo Moun~ain3 and l a t er t 9 Pugad Lavan, Laguna .

0

•

In S G;Jtie:n~e r 1942, the unit affilia t ed itself -,vith t he "34th Divisi on il , tl.:..'lder Col. RAMIREZ (headquarter s in Manila; intelligence organization) • P..i~[[REZ was c aptured and hi s organization cea sed functioning. The HUNTERS -:~,.en be gan c ooper a tion with the HUKBALAJAPS (probably the s outhern branch in Ra t angas) in October 1942 . Negot iations were s t arted t o establish c ooper ation with the remnants of the THORP guerril~as ·in Pampanga,.- but VlG!'e ne-ver cons1.unated.

In December, the HUNTERS agreed . t o orga nize t hemselve s with the 6th MD. This mo~,,-e broke when Maj. POLICARPIO, 6th NID r epresentative with t he H1JNTERS p tried t o t ake over the organi za tion. POLICARPIO was returned t o 6th ill[) in Ma rch 19~.3 but the gr oup still mainta ined c onta ct with the ' "6t h MD.. In Ju~y 1943 ~ the HUNTERS came more cl osely under t he command of Col. Hugh STRAUm-IN of FAIT, preserving the integrity of t heir organization but usL~g supplies ar3 intelltgence f a cili ties of FAIT. At tha t time 601.

STRAUGHN had assDmed the title of Supr eme Commander of the S outh Central Luzon Guerrillas.. STRAUGHN was captured l a te in Augus t 1 943 a nd ' the coordinati on ceased.

- 20

~.

The HlJNTZRS unit survived the J apanese anti - guerrilla zoning campaign of AugUBt 1943 and rec ommenced negotiations f or ne w unifi cation of command of south Luzon guerrillas. Collabor ation of the WUl~K~ NG guerrillas was att empt ed in November 1943 but V'!8.S not very- successful . The _lfUNTERS in Auâ&#x201A;¬ust 1943 h ad members in Rizal, Laguna, Tay abas, Bat an gas , Zambale s , Bata an and Pangasinan unde r the name of HUNTERS HOililE GUARD .

The unit was re or ganized in November 1943 v11ith the f ollowi ng staff officers .

COllmanding Office r .<

Advis or Chief" of Staff G-l G-2

G..4

El euteri o L. lillEVOSO (ali a s Terry iV1AGTAl\JGOL, ex-aiJA 1 1944) Agu..sto GONZALES, graduate Culver Militar y Academy dUl'ing Wo:rld War I .. serveli with US Army f or s e-,/er al years.

Tereso PIA, ROTC, J ose Riza1 College.

Pacific o JOSE, ex - P!l."l l.., 19/".4.

Frisco San JUAN, ex-H,1A, 1944 .

Inocenci o FABIAs civHi an.

The f ield officers after reorganization were : ~nado BAG~~~Y (Cpl, PC) , e s caped

C o~manding Offi c er i\llanila and Rizal

fr om Bat-aan.

Commanding Officer, Pasay , Juanito FERRfm, ex- P,MA, 1944 .

Pateros -Muntinglupa~ Rizal Command ing Officer, San " Pedr o , Tuason -CalaL~n~ Laguna Commanding Officer, Lumban g- Pallita, Lagtma

JUBtin ia:1o E STffiLLA, ex-towIl c ouncill or .

Lt" Col . EiJlanuel OCAMPO , ROTC, F'E U.

C o~manding

Offi cer, Tia on g - Atimonan, Tayabas

Vice nte EDSTii.CI0 9 ex-ROTC , J ose Rizal Colle ge, 191:.2 .

Conunancling Officer, Sto Tomas , Batangas Town

Ca t alino iER.A. , :2Ml'B.

Hq Re presentative t o Pan-

.To,se VEUi,S QlICZ, ci vilinn.

gasinan and a ll northern pr ovinces .

s

In Jam1ary 1 944, s one of the 'Of'ficiors of t h8 FAIT in Ilizal j oined the HUNTERS. kcrangements were also made t.o fus e or coopera'ce \'f it~ a Chinese guerri11a intelligence group in Mc.nila. luIDZRSON had contact with the HUNTERS f or 13 months but was not able t o r each a close agree ment with them until August 1 944 . The HUNTERS we re then p.:' ovid ed a r adio "and radio contact had been regular with t hem sinco Se pt er::oor . Ee ports were received r e cently via ANDERSON" fr om the Zamb les br a~ch of t~e HUNTERS and via PERALTA fr om the Bulacan, Panpnnga, B2. Ga all 8.:'1d Ba t ang3.s branches of the HE1TERS. Eula c>:tn, j oined ~") Llppet The HLiCBALAJAPS had been attacking civilians in guerrilla held. are as arid gener a11y dis turbing the pea ce without inte rfer ence from t he J a p81'"8sC . Earlier in 199+J the HUNTERS and units of the MARKINGS in Riza } VJere in open h ostilities over a supposed sh ooting case . The feud l asted vn til llpi~il 191+4 when ANDERSON intervened in the name of GHQ. In mid-1944, HUNTER units a t

Tala~vel~a",

Be units of the Bl.l1acan ar ea in fighting the HUKBALAJAPS .

Tho HUNTERS have the large st LL~i t in Cc'rite , operati:1 X n orth fr om Nasugbu to Tem a te. This is 't he headquarte r s aT"' a , PoOTC ~ In addi t i Qn , units "l oosel y a,ssociat ed with either HUNTEB.3 or r~IP."J.-qIa NGS are l oca ted as f oll ows:

- 21 -

Ternate-Maragond on R Area Area Car msna-Nanez Area Carm ~;na -Ba c on Area Indang-R~i s ari o -Naic

CO: CO: CO: CO:

C.;:) l. TAPARAN Cell. Patricio ERNI S.AULOG Col. IROQUIN

The gr : .> ups are p00rly armed and have been at odds with each other since Col. STRAUGHN was captured . ~~ident OUEZON l s Own Guerrillas: This units oper ates in central Laguna, Bat angas and western cent r al Tayabas under the contr ol of Vi cente UMALI , fer mer Mayer of Tiacng, Tayabas . The MARKING guerrillas claim the President QUEZON l s Own gUBrrillas as an affiliate, but this claim is believed f alse: Nething was known of the President QUEZON ' s Own Guer r illas until l ate 1943 when Lt. Primitivo San AGUSTIN went t o Mindanao ,,:to. establish contact with SWPA. A r adi o was sent fr :-lTI lVIimanac and contact has been maintained with the unit since June 1944 . The r ester of the unit indicat es t hat there might be as many as 1 0 , 000 men in the organization, divided into 11 Regiments. It is very likel y t hat these persons are gener ally living at home and comprise the basis of devel opment when equipment i s availabl e . fubny of the members of the or ganization are Bataan veterans .

Maj . ANDERSON in Tayabas states that the President QUEZON ls Own Guerrillas was f 8unded under Col. STRAUGHN by Vicente ~~I in mid1942 . -ANDERSON has had ccntact with the unit si nce August 1943 and believes the unit has a high potential value both f ': Jr ccmbat and intelligence purpcses. The unit has been very cooperative with ANDERSON's agent s in assisting in t he collection of intelligence.

President QUEZON 's Own Guerrilla conta cts are: The

NORTBEIDJ~RS

(MAHARLIKA)

Col. Ferdinand E. MARCOS, Mountain and Ilocos Provinces (thru Manila).

The VISAYAS

Details of this contact axe not known; possibly maintained thrGugh Bohol.

Central Luz on

Maj . Hermenigildo TAYAG.

Manila and Vicinity

Maj . Ismael LAPUS.

Miscellane O'us . Guerrilla~ in Central . .J.u.lz on: .E9J:fJL~nan: PERALTA agents fr cm Luzon re p:::rt t hat guerrillas are active in the t oV'ms of Um:Lngan, San Nicolas, Asingan, San Quentin and Tiyng. The guerrillas are based in the cordilleras and ccme ~}ut on r aids. J (', se de GUZMAN is one of ¡the leaders. ~a g~: A Pacifico CABRERAS is reported t o be leading 40 men near Baliuag , Bulacan ; l oyalties cr connecti ons _.:unknown.

Manila: There is a sabotage unit in Manila known as the L.O.D. The meaning of t his is unknown. The organization has been supported by FERTIG on Mind anao and is believed to have done a certain amount of damage through fires and demolition . The only known member of t he organization is Jose FLORES who has been t o Nlind anao several times .

Bondoe P~enins1.\La: Guerrillas have been operating since mid 1942 on Bondoe Peninsula , Tayabas Province, under the direction of "'General" Ga1.uencia VERA. This is a group of soldiers fr om the Batangas-Tayabas USAFFE f orces and was moderately well equipped originally . Reports of the acti vities of the band have been received irregularly and l i ttle i s a ctually known about its strength and organization.

The group captured three t owns fr om the Japanese on Bondoc Peninsula in March 1944 . Headquarters is near Lopez, Tayabas â&#x20AC;˘

.. 22 -

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•

LINGAYEN

S Benito

GULF

Macabi Rena PI Ra Saait"Pt"" K'(, Banga Tupa Baroni PI Payiban PI

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II

Concor Tambobo

BALL

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INCLOSED AREAS INDICATE OISTRICTS IN WHICH THE BULK OF THE GUERRILLA ORGANIZATION FORCES UNITS ARE FREQUENTLY UOCATED IN ADJACENT AREAS .

BAGUIO-BATANGAS AREA /1' 1.1------

~aal.,;n I

N

GENERAL HEADQUARTERS SOUTH WEST PACIFIC AREA Military Intelligence Section _. ___ General Staff GUERRILLA ORGANIZATIONS AND RADIO COMMUNICATIONS

TA YABAS ~lU)'

26 OCTOBER 1944 10

.

5

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188888

10

20

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Maricaban ~ya ~~ .

30

I,lad.

B

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P""~

San AugiaStin~ V.rdi I ~San Agapita

bang •• "aoco I

San Teadaro Baco

Cap" Cola viI.

119' 30

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120" 30'

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121' 30'

RE PRODUCED bt 2773 ENGRS

CHAPTER ' IV THE GUERRILLA. cESISTANCE MOv"EIViENT I N THE BICOL .AREA 7 NOY8mber 1944

SECTION I .

GEl\TERAL BACKGROUND AND SUIl/iIVIARY:

Coveril1g the nnr ro1'! peninsula that ext ends fr om s outheast Luzon are the f our Bicol Prov-i nces of CaI:lar :j..nes Su.r, Camarines Norte , .Albay am Sorsogon. Th e mOlmta inous i nte r ior and mar shy c oa s t of the pe ni n sula have never aff o:r(.ed great oppor7,lmity for industrialization, a nd its 1.2 million inhabi t 2.nt s ger:.er ally live on the l and, with some engaged in mining and lumbering . Legaspi , JUbay , with a popula tion of 40 , 000 is the l arge s t city and mos t i mportant po:;.~ t.

On 12 Da CeI'1Der 1941 , t he J a pamse l anded a t Legaspi a s t he ,,-starting point f o:~ their so uthern pr ong which was to push northward and j oin f orces vIi th t ~10s e J_al1l1ed al ong Lamon Bay .

Afte r some ineff e ctual r e s :1s t ance, most of the l oyal public officials and O O~ 3t ablu a~y ~ ook t o the hills. Wandering remnants of escaped and Ul1SlTrendf3r ed US.AFFE soldiers and loyal c i vilians began t o organize guerrill a lJ.:'11 t s , e a ch domii1ating certain areas within the pro - ;vinces • . While t iJ.s l ar ger UYl.it s that emerged were typically committed to de f a cto pre serva ti on of l aw a nd order in their a reas, several s mall units d onned the e;l.-d.se of l o;:/al gue rrillas for purposes of banditr y and f orced tribu-'ce f:;.:-oo c:l."\ri li.:ms .

F.ol' a t irr.e a ot i ve guerril l a resistance caused the J apanese oonsiderable t rouble ; but r:,r a:l:.lt1.1 1y l a c~ of funds and supplie s hampered their activities. Sm'3.1ler l'll:1..t3 c_iEsol~;ed or mer ged with mor e powerful groups and a ll unit s b c cam:; p:d _:'1c5_'x.:l1:r C O:1c 8~c-:c.ed with the s tate of their own power and pr e s t,ige _ Int 8 ~::' 2.ge l~C () ~ 'o c 8ived from the units in this area has gene r ally be 8::J. ini' e:do2.~ '~o that ::::' 8 88ived fr om other areas . These guerrillas will -~e of I i ttle a2sis'san ce -Co friendly invading f orces.

The Bi c oI resistan ce ;;1C-,·emer.t remains one of the most confused and l east productive of ai1/ a r ea in t he Pl1ilippines . Fighting b et ween units over matters of ar e a c Ohlli~2d al most ex ceeds any f ighting against the J apanese . TDe l e ader s h · ve fr equently ~ s ked for an appoint ed outside commander, know~ng thei r O~1 s h ortcomings a nd d esiring t o c ontribute something more concrete t o their country , but no a ction has been t aken to coordinate t he se "Lmi-l;s .

The pr i n c i lJal l ocal aspir a nts for c ommand of the 5th Military District of whi c~1 t he Bicols are a large part, and f or GHQ recogni ti~n are Lt. CoL ZADAT of j\~ boy , i',)a j or LAPUS and Governor ESC DDERO of Sorsogon. .All t hes e have conta cted a t one t ime or another most of the units in t he Bico}s . The r e svlta nt. picture is thus interlocked and distorted by shifti:1.g l oyal t.ie s of the minor group le aders.

o ~~a~ip~~ JiQr.t~ : The provi nce is d ominated by M~aj . BOAYES and his "VINSONS Trc1vellil1g G·~l errilla8f:. BOAYES is n ow ac cepting the command of ZABAT i n Al ~oa J 8':;'1C1. i t i s e st:i..nw.ted t hat this unit cons i s ts of 350-400 armed me:,1 ~ LnQ'l;~1c r lmi t 1mder a Col . ~t1ATA seems to exist in the n orthern part of t~'le Fc ovi~ ce . ~'Lt.TA I ~ strength may be 75-100.

Q..1;Lrn..9J'J;;'l?.f3 f~~:: 'l'll:'S p::'" ,)Yince is principally controlled by three le ader s ~ I'aaj . ifiIRAL'\fJA, ;';aj . PJDUA and Capt . DIANELA. Small units belonging to Ma j 81:1:J =CO and Sol> ZABAT are also probably in the province • 0

.. . 2]

.~

MIRANDA is allied with LAPUS of Sors ogon and has a f orce of possibly 300 armed men in the Libmanan vicinity. Ma j. PADUA is in the San Miguel Bay area with an e stimated 350 armed men; he claims a r oster strength of 2,000. PADUA accepts ZABATfS command. Capt. DIANELA is in the Caramoan-CatandL~nes area with 150 men or more, armament not indicated.

He is said t o be connected with ZABAT and i G known t o have cooperated in ooveral ventures with BOAYES and both have been at odds with MIRANDA. ~: This province is split between five g-EOUpS with areas of operation overlapping with Sorsogon units. Col. ZABAT i s pr obably the strongest, w~th an estLmated 800-1,000 men directly under him. Col. ZABAT claims several g-EOUPS affiliated vnth his command in the Bicol area. His clai ms of being CO, 5th MO, and his methods of oper ation have aroused considerable animosity in other leaders of the district.

FLOR is said to be in the peninsula area of northeast Albay some 50 men and cooperates with LAPDS. Faustino FLORI s brother may also be in the same area. In the Jovellar vicinity of southern Albay is the Bagong Katipunan under "General" OROBIA with about 200 men.

Capt. TACERUA is on Burias I sland w~th a small unit about which little is known. wi th

.

~

.

e.,orsogop: The picture in this province is highly colored by the , LAPDS-ESCu1lERO di spute. ESCUDERO controls most of the province and may be the more powerful of the two. He has been accused of nepotism in his extra-legal civil administration and is probably influenced by several strong-willed assistants who have effectively prevented cooperation with other units . The strength of the command is estimated to be about 1,500, partially armed •.

As of August, LAPUS is said to have controlled about 1,500 poorly armed men. In October, he r eported hi s organization embraced 2,600 men, but·this is believed exaggerated. His activities, appear to extend over southwest Albay and the western coast of Sorsogon and part of Ticao Island.

SECTION II.

THE DEVELOPMENT OF GUERRILLA UNITS OF THE BICOL PROVINCES:

C~agrines

Norte Province:

£LQY .L ,W..L.~! VINSON~j'rayel]..in.fLQ:\J,.errillas: The first guerrilla unit_to be formed in the Bicol region was organized 18 December 1941 in Camarines Norte by Lt. Wence s1ao Q. VINSONS, former governor of the province. Led by VI NSONSI assistant, Sgt. Francisco (Turko) BOAYES, this force of about 100 armed men raided Japanese garrisons throughout January-July 1942, their most notable exploit being a three~ay assault on the provincial capital of Daet, 30 April 1942, which resulted in the temporary capture of the town with severe losses to the Japanese defenders.

BOAYES appears to be a ro~~h fearless gang leader and is one of the best known anti-Japanese fighters in the Bicols; probably undisciplined.

Increased pressure from the Japanese f orced the unit t o withdraw to Camp Abasig :;"here it was partically disbanded. Supposedly trl.lsted men of the group betrayed the position of the camp and on 8 J~uy 1942, Lt. VINSONS was captured and executed by the Japanese.

With t he capture of VINSONS many of the group surrendered but .BOAYES recovered some of the arms and, together with some loyal f~ formed "The Hon. W. Q. VINSONS Travelling Guerrillas of the Philippines".

BOAYES was elected CO of the unit and designated "Lieutenant" by his men. '" Late in July 1942, BOAYES was contacted by Capt. Juan MIRlLl'IDA of Camarines Sur and agreed to join forces with MIRANDA and aid him in eliminating the Japanese from that province. The ensuing raids upon enemy garrisons caused the Japanese to increase their forces in that province. Increased enemy pressure, combined with food supply difficulties, caused BOAYES t o return to Camarines ~orte in December 1942.

- 24 -

In late January 1943, BOAYES was asked by MIRANDA t o return to Camarines ~ur. BOAYES went, and while in Camarines Sur, aided the 'u nit of Capt. DIANELA of Camp Tinawagan in capturing Caramoan, 30 January 1943.

In June 1943, d-ifferences developed between MIRANDA and BOAYES. MIRANDA aocused BOAYES of plotting t o depose hi)n and take over his l.mit. According to BOAYES, MIRANDA killed two of his men. MI RAI\1DA fled to Catanduanes and BOAYES, with half of his unit and part of DIANELA IS, left f or Catanduanes in pursuit. After BOAYES' return he participated in several joint actions against the enemy va th the unit of Maj • PADUA in the peninsular area of southeast Camarines Sur. By this time BOAYEs had ass umed the rank of Captain and claimed his unit now comprised S'ome -200 men.

A

In A1.~u~t 1943, Capt. ZABAT, an Albay guerrilla leader seeking recognition as CO of the 5th MD, secured a signed certificate from BOAYES and Maj. SANDICO, another Albay leader, by which they agreen to join forces with ZABAT. BOAYES, in return for his alliance, was to be CO of a 54th Regiment. ZABAT seems then to. have dispatched BOAYES and PADUA in foroo to oompel rival force? in Sorsogon to join the ZABAT :~ ::)inmand.

BOAYE~ has been charged with committing several atrocities in Camarines · Norte. However, it appears that he devoted most of his activities to fighting the Japanese rather than seeking power in the 5th WIT? ..:The loyalty and re spect of his men t or BOAYES seems to have been solid and there is much testimony t o the fighting ability of his unit.

MLATA1~. Q~rillas: Little is known of this unit except that it has been operating in Camarines Norte, Tayabas and Camarines S1.tr with a Col. Natividad MA.TA in command. In August 1944, ~IATA sent Lt. Ricardo REYES, his exeoutive officer, to confer with ANDERSON with regard to joining ANDERSON I s command. .AN"DERSON advised the unit to remain independent.

Car!L~:rj.~s ~§..1!t...1'_r ovi:t:Lce

;

Cal'!!I2...J"§£J'_9l?:.. Guerrillas: Thi~ unit was organized in late Decembe 194]. by Counci lor Teofilo B. PADUA in the t own of Goa, Cama.rines Sur. It grew rapidly and moved to larger qua.rters at Anawan, Pili, Camarines Sur. , Here they united in March 1942 with the forces of Capt. Faustino ' FLOR, of Carolina, Naga, Camarines Sur. FLOR, previously an EM in the Philippine Constabulary, was made CO of the group and this camp became known as Camp Isarog.

At Camp Isarog the successful combined guerrilla attack of 2 , 1942 on the Japanese occupied tovm of Naga was planned. Some thirty Americans and other prisoners who were about to be executed by the Japanese were freed. Several more combined attacks upon the Japanese were made during the month. ~~

On 24 N~y 1942, Capt. FLOR with several of his officers was persuaded by Gen. FRANCISCO, then Commander of the puppet Bureau of Constab1!lary, to surrender. PADUA took over command of the ,u nit and combined '1ivi th the T.M.B.F. (Tagbon, t~l~alay, Balaynan Federation) led by Lts. CARO ,and OLINQUO. Camp I sarog II was organized with PADUA as Captain. Togother with his brother, Lorenzo, who served as his executive officer, PADUA fought minor s1drmishes with the Japanese in the vicinity of Naga. In several instances they cooperated with the MIRANDA unit from central Cam- , arines Sur, and one engagement in combination with DIM~LAfs ~ amp Tinawagan unit and VINSONSI foroe. The unit does l10t appear .to have been very active against the Japanese recently.

About July 1943, ZABAT fr om Albay started to persuade PADUA to join his coinmand. Lt. AUREUS of MIRANDA t S unit sent ZABA.T a roster of the PADUA Guerrillas and stated that he and PADUA had agreed on areas of control, PADUA t o cover the Partido District of C~amarines Sur, including Calabang, Tinambac and Siruma, with 3 companies D:ndJUREUS with 2 companies near Libmanan. Apparently the unification was effected and PP~UA signed an agreement endorsing ZABAT as Col. in command. There is evidence 'that this relationship still held as late as May 1944 but AUREUS had dropped out.

- 2; -

In August 1943 , PADUA claimed he had foux companies ,in training wi th but 40 arms; in early 1944 he submitted to the 6th MD an "lllldated

r oster signing himself as Maj . T. B. PADUA, CO 9f' the 53rd Regiment, 51st (ZABAT) Division, comprising over 2, 000 men • . This f igure probably inclmes re·s erves .. vvi. th actual, fighting strength nearer t o 350 men . : . A few months after Capt. FLOR surrendered , he proke his amnesty agreement and r eturned to the hills and formed a new~ unit, ind epend~nt of PADUA. Ini tially he wCll:'ked v.;i th his brother , Jullan, but soon d if-ferences of opinion caused a split. ZABAT attempted to contact Faustino . FLOR in late 1943 suggesting an area of control for him embra o~ Malilipot, Bacaaay and Libog in Albay Province:' FLOR declined t o deal wit~ ~ABA~ and instead cunsidered a proposal of Maj . LAPUS of Sorsogon to JOln hls unit. He has since been accused by ZABAT of being a spy in J apa nese pay .

Nothing further is known of FLORIs activities except that as late as July 19L~ he was believed to be operating somewhere between Camarines Sur and Albay with perhaps fifty men •

.MIRANDA Unit: Before the J apanese occupation, Juan Q. fMRANDA was Finance Sergeant, PA, at Regan Barracks, Legaspi. In early 1942, MIRA1~A organized a guerrilla unit wh~ch began its activities in the vicinity of Libmanan, Camarines Sur. A few months later MIRANDA absorbed a ,small unit under the AUREUS bruthers in the same district and appointed Lt. Leon Sa AlJREUS as his second in command.

In July 1942, MIRANDA contacted Maj . BOAYES of VINSONS Guerrillas and arranged t o j oin forces to resist the Japanese in Libmanan vicinity. ' Their j oint action lasted until December 1942 and later from January to June 1943. Strained relationships developed between the two leaders which finaliy led to an outward rupture in June 1943. MI.JlANDA fled with some of his men to Catarrluanes Island .with a unit of BOAYES in pursuit.

Apparently sane of MIRANDA's men had rem~ ined behind at the time of his flight and Lt. Sa AUREUS ,assuned actingcornmand of this r emnant. In July 1943,AUREUS placed his command under that of ZABAT • .

Towards the end of 1943, MIRANDA r eturned to Camarines Sur and seems to have re s"l~ed command of the unit with AUREUS, and reinstated AUREffi second in command. As f ar back as February 1943, Ma j. LAPUS of Sorsogon had been attempting to persuade MIRANDA to link ~~th him, though lVlIRP..NDA's response had been only luke-warm. AUREUS had been dealing with ZABAT, and MIRANDA probably -because of h.it hatred for BOAYES who had joined ZABAT' e command, changed ALIRE US I policy abruptly upon his return and signed an 8oor~ement with Ma j. LAPUS in January 1944. In June 1944, it appears that the agreement between LAPUZ and MI~S still beld with the latter maintaining his' unit at Camp Tanciong Vaca in Camarines Sur. The s trengt h of the MIRANDA unit was r eported to have been about 300 armed men in August 1944, and has often been referred to as t he "53rd Regimentll. MIRANDAt s unit wad designated part of LAPUSI organlzation.

It is believed that t geir activity is confined to central Camarines Surand limited to harass ing the enemy. Only .a small amount of intelligence d-ata has been received from the Unit.

Camp --l'.~....9ue.1'.Jj.ll8,S : This unit . was formed in the vicinity of Caramoan, Camarines Sur in March 1942 by I;linasco b. DIANELA, 1st Lt. R. F. PABICO and s everal esccped USAFFE officers. DIANELA who cl aims to have been serving (unstated c~'paci t y) with the U. S. Army, adopted the rank of Captain and assumed command.

In May 1942, the unit sent 65 men to participate in the assault on Naga with other units previously mentioned. In June 1942, the J apane se sent increased force s to Caramoan' t o wipe out the guerrillas there . To avoi.d destructl on of the town by the Japanese, and perhaps annihilation of themselves, t he unit made arrangements with the Japanese to "lie low" and the Japanes e retired .leaving only a platoon to garrison the town • ... 20 .. ..;

In November 1942, DIANELA charged the Japanese with violation of the agreement of unwarr anted arrest s and abuses of civilians, and again initiated attacks upon the enemy garrison. Sporadic action continued until the end · of Jaunary 1943 when the Japanese decided t o qlUt t empor arily the town. Duri ng t his time some arms had 'been r eceived from Capt s . PADUA and FLOR. In l at e Febr llary 1943, BOAYES t uni t arrived and r emained several months in expect ation of another enemy penetr a t~on.

In J1.uy 1943 , wh ile part of DI ANE LA I sand BOAYES' units were chasing MIRANDA on Catanduanes , the J apanese att acked the Car.ai1l0an vicinity in some force. Fight i ng broke out in all the are.a but v\'ith the aid of a 1IDi t rushed in by Ma j. PADUA, many casual tie s V,Bre inflicted upon the Japanese, '\In th minor losses t o the guerr illas . The Japanese withdrew after ~~ling civilians and burning dov:n many barrios in the area .

~o:r . S.a..,l'i[J.i9~Q.!.g _~~ : Prior to the outbreak of the war with " Japan, Maj. Francisco SANDICO was Provincial Inspector of Albay and the Senior C ons tabula~J officer in the Bicols . At the time of the Japanese landing at Legaspi he went into hiding with several men and two Or his subordinate s , Capt. D. J. CMfJUA, CO of the Albay PC Company, and Capt.

J. MERCADO, Assist ant Provi ncial Inspector, who l ater became members of his guerrilla unit.

In >March 1942, SANDICO emerged from hiding~~th a unit organized mostly from remnants of former USAFFE regiments in the area and was rumored to be connected with Col. STRAUGHN 's Fil-American Irregular Troops of central Luzon. Up to early 1943 , it is believed that SANDICO engaged Japanese patrols frequently with IvIa j. LAPUS Of. Sorsogon.

In ~~ust 194~, Montano ZABAT who had ambitions f or recognition as CO of the Bicols , cont acted SANDICO with a proposal to combine their uni ts SANDICO refuiled . One month later SANDICO was approached by LAPUS, also ambitious for the post of CO, 5th MD, and purportedly acting un~er instructions fr om Panay t o effect a unification of the Bicols .

LAPUS proposed that SANDICO take the post of Military Governor of the Bicol Provinces and he, LAPUS, command his own 54th Regiment and SANDI CO , s unit, to be redesignated the 55th Regiment. SANDI CO refused on ' grounds that the absence of martial l aw in the Philippines prevented his taking such a post. LAPUS ther eupon offered to fuse his r egiment wi{h SANDICO's to f or m a 52pd Di vision with SANDICO as CO and LAPUS as Executive Officer. SMiDICO agreed t o this plan. The links of this association never became very strong, however; SOOD trouble developed and LAPUS left the command.

SANDI CO with his aides l ater requested a meeting with ZABAT regarding unification. At the conferences ~ at ZABAT's camp, SANDICO claimed he and guerrilla chiefs, LELIS and CAP1}.YllS, were surrounded and. forced to sign a certificat e submitting themselves t o ZABAT's command. SANDICO himself had ambi ti ons f or r ecognition by GHQ and felt that with the aid of the 6th MD he . co~ud effect this and r efused t o acknowledge the validity of ZABATt s co~nanO. over him.

SANDI CO seems tp l ack forthrightness and decision. Hehas apparently not f elt strong enough t o break off the as,s ociation with LAPUS entirely. On the other hand his actions have not s hown the almost unscrupulos aggressiveness exhibited by other guerrilla leaders anxious to be recognized as CO of the 5th MD. Both his desire for unification and his expressed willingness to subordinate himself t o a GHQ accredited commander appear s ineere • So ·f ar as is known, SANDICO is still operating a "55th Regimentll in Albay and on the southwest coast of Camarines Sur with perhaps four

hundred men.

- 27 -

... .(

JiQR..Q.U& K9t..~unan (Loyal Br9lJl~hood ) Un i t : Thi s unit i iO headed

by Ger ar do po OROBIA , a 27 year ·ol d f or mer i tiner ant ar t i s t . At t he outbr eak of W2r OROBIA with hi s t hree br others fled f r om Le fy a8 pi t tl Camal i g a nd organized t he Bagong Katipuna n , or Loyal BrothG~ho~Q. a nd l a t er expanded t o t he oarrios of Guinoba t an vi cinity , J ovol l a r, Liga o and Ma t ar a .

O~OBIA cl aims t hLlt barr~ (') Lieutenants and off icer s in Albay r ecognized · hlS pOV'iGr. He al s o cl [llms t o have a ided Ma j. SANDICO, Ca pt s . i.VI8RC.ADO and CAMUA of the Y.covincial Constabul ary of Albay 0

-

About Nb y 1 942 , his men kidna pped a nd ex ecut ed t ho pr o-Japanes e puppet mayor of the t ovm of Oa s and s t r ong J a panese f or ces se~lt out aga i n s t hi m for ced him t o r e t i r e to ~the J ovellar b~anch c amp . Ther e t hey wer e betray ed by pr o- J ap anese Fil ipin os and moved luck t o Q1.un o.o\}t an but wer e aga in r a ided in Augus t 1942 . After seve r al t empor ary enca~pments t hey settl ed a t Fl or est a near J ov ellar and j oi ned f or cos wit h a ~ma ll uni t head ed by Le on f;l!ONTI LLA, f ormer may or of J ovell ar. A confer ence wa s also hel d wi th Ma j . S.Al~DI CO and a cooper a t ive ·u...-rID.ers t and ing was r e ached.

P~ j. LAPUS s t a t es tha t at a conference hel d in August 1943 in SANDI CO's camp , OROBIA WCt5 }resent a nd o.gr e ed t o j oin him . Th er e i s no other ~nforma tion concerning thi s agreement.

I n J\l~y 19.'J:- , the OROBIA unit wa s thought to be still operating Fl or e s t a . It is l ikel:y that the unit i s compri sed of from 150 to 200 guer rilla f ight er s , a r med only wi t h bol os , bows and arr ows .

~ll~ou..'1d

pol .. J\i-,,~~Iy1 ~~4.@iil' g.~nJ-.l.s:L..\I:p.i t:· The Camp Balint awak guerrilla group of Albay i s h eaded by self-st;y-ped Lt. Col. Montano M. ZABAT 1 prewar 1 st Lt . , Traffi c Officer of Albay and Sor sogon . Shortly aft er the J apane se land ings in Lega spi he repor ted to t he Headquarter s of the Philippine C on s t,8i;)D~a ry in Mani l a , they r eturned to ALbay • . After t ho s urrender on Ba t aan , he orga nized a guerril la uni t in Albay wi t h t he ass istance of former 1v1ay or REl".iFI LLO of Oa s and Lt. LLENARlU.s;, • a f or:mer Constab1.lla ry officer. Re por t s ind:i.. cate t..h.a-G t he a ctivitie s of t !::8 gr oup in 1942 - 43 in r a i s ing fund s and s uppl i e s wer e ind i s cl~imin ate EtHd his r e puta t i on a n:or:.g civi l i ans none t oo s av ory .

According to Gov,. E8CUDERO he l ater weed ed ·out bad e l ements i n hi s group but his r eput a t ion l~emained s-hady .

ZABAT s ent REft~ILLO and LLENJulI ZAS t o 6 t h MD headquar ters in Panay i n May , 1 9L!-3 , a t t empting t o secvr e r _6 cogni tion of his COi1L'1land. In Mar ch 1943, Colo . SERRAN , G- 2 , 6t h MD, Famy , had enC01Jraged LAYJS t o unify t he Bi col s : The ZABAT emissaries informed SERRAN that LAPUS had not been s u cce ss:'·L11 but t ha t ZABAT had act unlly eff ect ed the Ull ti'i ca tion of all but 8 0r 80gon P-.covince .

ZP_I3AT! ;3 r epresenta tives returl}.8d fr om SEFtRAi\J bear i ng e n coura geme nt f or ZABA'£ tio continue his or ganizi.ng of the d i s t riot . In J plle, ZABAT went· t o LADUSr tempor ary headquarter s on Ticno I s land , t o discus s.unification . Apparent ly aft er ZABAT a rr i ved , he demt.1I'red ambit ions a s CO of t ho 5th MD and assured LAPUS he would cons t i tute hi s uni t as an Albay batta li on to be inoorpor a t ed under LAPUSI co ~~and. LAPUS l a t er r eceived letter s .f r om CoL SEMAN expressing dissat isfa c ·~i on wit h t he job he had boen doing and proff e r i ng ZABAT' s r e present ativ es earlie r charge: a ga i n s t him . The ZA.;'3AT- LAPUS a s socicition the r e upon broke up i n August 1943 . Z.A.BAT was l ater :LTvi ted t o a conf cr enc.e between SANDI CO, 1.APUS and ·others , b ut declined to e nter. _ In J l.uy 19L:.3 , ZABAT ·had made over t ures to the ESCDDERO ·unit of Sor sogon. T11e Governor himself was away at the time and his son, Antonio ~ESClJD:GRO, Tep1ied that he would send officer s t o ZABAT for a co:n.i'er ence . The ou~ con:e of t hi s confer ence is not know but it appears that Governor ESCTjDERO never acknowl ed ged ZABAT I s candidacy a l though he has b8en favorably i nclined t owar ds him .

- 23 -

In AU..gl.1Et 1943, ZABAT, through Capt. CAWA, a ttempt ed t o bring over the SANDI CO un it to hi s pl an but did n ot meet with encouragement.

In the , same month Z.ABAT did ' suc ceed i n bringing a f ew sma l l ind ependent uni t s into hi s or ganiza tion. He per s uaded AURE US, then act ing CO of the MI RANDA unit, and PADUA who was wor king cl osely with AUREUS at t he t ime , c t o accept his aut hority . ZABAT a l so managed t o wean BOAYES i nto j oining him wi th the pr omi s e t hat BOAYES would command a re g~ment.

In AD..g~st 1 943 , MI R~~A ~e turned fr om C atand u~nes , re s umed command of hi s unit, and immedia t e l y broke off AHRE US I ne gotiations with ZABAT. PADUA and BOAYE,s , howeve r, wer e per suad ed t o remain vvi t h ZABAT a s he?-d of 53rd and 54th Regiments , .... re spe ct i ve l y (54th n ot t he same as LAPUS' 54 th in S or s ogon) ,and i n November b oth s i gn ed a certifica t e "nomina ting" ZABAT f or pr omot i on t o Lt\ Col onel and Comma ndi n g Officer of the Bicol Free For ces .

ZABATl s i ncr e as i ng f or ce caused the. J apan e se in J antw.ry 1944 t o off er him t hr ou..gh Mayor VELASCO of Libon an amnesty if he quit .his act i vi ties as a guerril la . He r efused the amnesty- and called anot her c onf er en ce i nvi ting SAi\iDICO and his aid es t o see him. ZABAT emer ged fr om thi s cod"erenc e with t he s i gna ture s of .Nlo. js. SANDI CO, LEL1S and CAPAYAS on an affi d av i t r e c ogni ::;i ngZABAT as CO ; wher e upon he h appily communicated this t o Col. SERB.AN . SfiNDICO l a t e r o" s tated h e and hi s n ides had been f orced t o sign the aff id avit. Since the n there has be en no eviden ce t o sh ow tha t SANDICO has c~ ll aborated wi. th ZABAT. ZABAr, ' on t he other h and, has conti nued t o mai nt a i n tha t the d ocument is v a lid. LELIS a nd CAPAYAS still hold important po s i ~i ons on ZABAT1 s s t aff.

SERRAN wrot e ZABAT that if he c01).d n ow whip LAPUS, lVlIRANDA, ESCDDERO and FLOR i nto l ine -he would have eff e cted the unifica tion of the Bi cols and the 6t h MD would the n s upport hi s . case f or- r e cogni tion by GHQ a s C,O, 5th MD. Ac cord ingly in Fe bru..ar y 1944 ZABAT d i s pat ched ,BOAYES and .~ PADUA- t o f or ce LAPUS and ESCUDERO t o s ettle the ir rift a nd s ent a f orce under a Capt. GARCI A t o compel MI~~A to join him.

LAPUS opposec: the move arid informed ZABAT t hat the e arl i er 6th , MD instruct ion s f or LAFUS t o unify the Bicols still held and t hat r,IT.RANDlI. wa s indis solubl y with l; i m. LAPUS further t old ZABAT t h at the SANDI CO indor sement wa s invalid s inCe he a nd S ~~ICO wer e sti ll in agree ment. The r esult of ZABATI s expedition 'und er BOAYES is n ot known but i s b el i_ev ed to have been a bor tiv e .

In June 1 944 :, LAPUS a ttempted t o f orce MOLI NAS, one of ZABATI s l eaders into l e aving ZABAT and j oining his organ i za t i on, with n o s uccess.

In r et alia t i on, ZABAT. vd.th 90 men on July 21 r a ided the town of Manito in LAPUST ar e a killing s ever al of the l a tte r' s f ollow9rsand maltreating ci vilian s . ' . '" Crafty a nd uns crupulously ze alous in hi s efforts t o capture command of the 5th MD, ZABAT has l eft f ew stone s unturned in the effort to r ealize hi s ambitior. It i s qbvious tha t _he d oes D0t co nqider his f ailure t o re con cile t ho Sor sogon gr oups a breach in t he ·e ffect i veness of hi s aQ~ lity t o cont:::ol the Bicol s ~ Ra the r he ap pa~;e ntly hope s .· that a f ait ac c ompli B'Ll,thor i za t ion of his c ommand by GHQ va ll bring s uch a r e concilia tion a bout. IIe has -s ubmitted s ever al intel l i gen ce r eports for GHQ (s igning hi ms elf Lt. Col qnel, CO, 5th MD). He i s s till believed to be oper a ting in the Tabaco -Tiwi-Malinao area with fr om 800 t o .1 ,000 men.

On :flurj..2,P I sJ@.Q a unit under Capt. TACERL1,\. ha s been re ported.

No da t a a r e 2lVa llable on the organization of thi s ·guer r ill a f or ce . ZABAT has r e portedl y conta cted the unit with favor a ble r epl y t o his unifi cation proposal but .thi s r e port h as n ot been ve r i f i ed . It is s upposed tha t PADUA and LAPUS hav e al so had s ome conta ct with TACERUA. A.JtCJi~~ 4.G.1Jl1.A.11 ha s also been reported as ope:r;-a ting with a unit in the Taba c o-Tiwi z ane . Nothing else i s knownabout thi s tu~it except tha t it has contri buted minor intelligence items.

- 29 I

-",

~

M? j ' ; L~V~~~Guer:ri-lllilll. On 12 December 1941, Ma j. Licer io P. LAPUS, Pr ovlnclal lns pect or of Sor sogon PC, r eceived order s fr om M~nila t o evacuat e. the t own of Sor s ogon and wait f or ai d in t he hills .

In compCll1Y with Sgt. HI NTO, agent ALTARErJOS ond other guer r illas who l ?t er j oined LAPUS, the group haras sed enemy communicat ions lli1d s t ol e suppl l es f~om t~e enemy. In Februar y 1942, 1 st Lt . Burgos T. SAYOC, f ormer Medlcal Inspect or PC fr om Legaspi , came i nto t he unit as medical off icer.

By t he f i r s t '"IVeek of April 1942, the Sor sogon BC un i t was incor por ated into the USAFFE Leyte -Snmar sect or under Col. Thomas CORNELL. Accordi ng t o LAPUS, he was at this t ime designat ed CO of the US.AFYE in the Bicol s pending contact with Ma j. S.A1~ICO then senior of fic er in the reg~on. When SANDICO was contact ed in Ul&y, the USAFFE Leyte -8amar or ganizatlO~ had s1.-r:rend~red . During this peri od , however, L.APUS had incr eased the Slze of hlS l.ll1t s ubstantially by absorbi ng men fr om di sbanded units .

Soon Japanese punitive operat ions in s t rength f or ced LAPUS t o move camp fr om Car ohuyon t o Dol os . There LAPUS de cided t o disband his unit . until t he sit uat i on had eased. However, he kept t en of his men w~ th him and det a iled 17 t o Gov. ESCUDERO¡ as a bodygunrd and t o aid him i n maintain- .. ing his extra -legal government.

Me antime , incr eas ing frict ion had begun t o devel op bet ween L.APUS . and Lt. SAYOC. I n Sept ember, L.APUS char ged SAYOC wit h i ns t igati ng intri gue ~ against him a nd s ummarily oust ed SAYOC. SAYOC had been dealing secr etly viJith Gov. ESCUDERO, who during LAPUSt "lie-low" period , had devel oped mili t ary ambitions of hi s own ' and sent over with b im. By now f eel i ng be tween ESCUDERO and L.APUS became an open break , and charges and countercharges bet ween the two became mor e intense . Thi s rift l at er as sumed ser iouB pr oportions .

In De cember 1942, LAPUS r eceived a r equest fr om Col. RELUNIA, then Chief of Staff. of PERAJ"TA' s IV Philippine Cor ps , r egarding setting up an i ntelligence net. L.APUS wa s then having his hand s full avoiding the Japanese , r eor ganizing, and fighting ESCUDERO. I n Mar ch 1943, LAPUS was fin ally in a position t o entertain ser iously the pr oposat of t.."le RELUNIA emi ssary: To constitute a r ecogni zed uni t as the 67th I nfantry Regi ment und er jurisdicti on of the Ivth Cor ps. LAPUS agr eed and est ablished r egular cont act with the headquarter s a t Panay and began funneling intelligence t o them. The IVth Corps was di ssolved shortly after, but LAPUS maintained the 6th MD contact, his unit r edesignat ed the 54th Regi men! t o conform with the GHQ pr ogram of r econstituting mili t ar y dis trict s , t he Bicol r egi on c omv~i sing part of the 5th MD. At a confer ence in August at the camp of SANDI CO, LAPUS r elinquished his designation as CO of hi s unit in f avor of SANDICO ¡f or the sake of harmony and call ed it the 56th Regi ment. SANDI CO asserts that he had at firs t been qppr oached t o serve a s mili t ar y governor of the r egi on but had decl i ned saying t hat martial l aw did not l egally exist. ESClJl)ERO also char ged LAPUS at thi s t ime with the unlawful de cl ar at i on of martial l aw. After the break, LAPUS went t o the 6th MD in Panay f or assi stance.

The 6th MD encouragement al t ernat i vel y of ' L.APUS, ZABAT and ESCUDERO t o ~ unify t he Bicol s ~d th the winner get ting t he friendl y hand fr om 6th MD, may have incr eased the amount of intelligence fl owing int o their headquarters , but i t al so led t o a compe titi ve r ace that f ostered disruption wi thin the Bicol area . By Augus t 1943, each of t hese guerrilla l eaders could pr off er l etter s fr om Pan~ impli citly acknowledging him as CO of the 5th lVID once the unification each had initiat ed was compl e t ed.

Yet when the 6th 1ID would be appealed t o by a l eader t o settle t he confusi on, that headquarters would aver it had no right t o meddle in the internal affairs of the 5th lVID.

- 30 -

LAPUS met wit h thi s answer o.nd its UBlJiJ.l a ttend ant doubl e - to.lk upon hi s vi sit t o Po.nay in November 1943 . He r et 'urned in Jo.nL1D17 1944 and st arted t oe skeleton of the unificat ion of the Bicol ~~ ovin ces a l so .

He cont act ed NITRJiliDA nad per s1Jnded him t o j oin up as 2 battalion of the - 54th Regiment in Camarines Sur . A f ew smaller l eadors wer e al so brought i nt o the f ol d .

The f oll o'wing Februar y LAP US was able t o R:et in t ouch with Lt .

Col. Charles SMI TH on Samar , an SWPA agent . In Fcb;uary 194/+ SMITH r ad i oed that LArDS had the f 01Jndation of 0. good intGlligence ~et st ar ted and that he had gIven LArDS financi al assis t ance . In the next month he wired that it n J:P6ur ed ESCUDERO ha s managed t o oust Ll~PUS fr om the Province d e spi t o LAPUS I cl aim that he hnd the suppor t of t he pc opl e • In Apr i l LAPUS oont act ed Col . Ml)RK iS i n Negr os and arranged t o transmi t intelligence thr ough Negros f aci l ities , as his contact wi th SMITH had become a l i ttle more diffi cult . He further cemented his fri end ship with MERRI TT on Samar and MIR.ANDA in Camarines Sur , and in Jtlly wrote Ma j . ANDERSON t hat he had succeeded in incor por ating sever al mor e small units into hi s command . By t his time , dospi t e S A~1)1 CO I s asser tion that t heir ear l ier agTeement still hold , LAPUS was oper ating as virtUc.l1 CO of the 54th Inf nntry • <~ On 30 April 1944 , n conf erence b.e t weeTI the LAfUS-ESC"oDERO f ac tions was ar r an ged bet ween r epr esentativGs of bot h groups in Iros in , Sorsogon . Antonio ESCUDERO and Lt . fVlEDINA of tho Governor ! s f acti on wer e conci l i at ory ; t he Governor stated almost a nyone but LAPUS would be a ccepted by him a s CO , but the powe rfu~ SAYOC - OLONDRIZ - OC AMPA clique of t he ESCUDERO unit were hostil e t o any unif ication and the conf er ence wa s a f ail ure .

Also in April, LAPUS re -s ent through SMITH a message t o GHQ r equesting P5 00, OOO in cash or authority t o pri nt the sum in emer gency currency, whi ch he had ear l ier submitted t o PERALTA am f ound hat not been t r ansmitted . GHQ thanked LAPUS f or his work ana urged him t o continue his' i ntelligence operat i ons . He was t old that i t was ~o t fe asible t o aff ord him t he mat erial assistance roque s ted at the time . SIVITTH, in July , gave LAPUS an addit i onal P8 , OOO fo r int el l igence purposes .

LAPUS has been one of the mos t energetic aspirants f or GHQ r ecognition as CO of the 5th fuID and a lth oL~h he has not boen above c ommitting severo.l questiono.ble act s , i t does not appoar t hut his acti ons have been as wantonly aggr essivG in asserting his command as ZP~ATls . He seems sincere in his desire t o unify the Bicols f or optimum purst~nce of the common cause .

On 19 Oct ober 1944 , LAPUS request ed t he i mmedi at e appointment of a distri ct commander in t he Bicol s t o end the di spute t her e , st ating he was vdlling t J subordinate his units under any GHQ nppointee . Pe nding such act ion , he asked f or offi cial 'ro cogniti on of his 54th Infantry and authority t o fun Gticn independently • .As of 31 August he claimed the active strength of the 54th Infantry was 2, 600 offi cers and men , with a divisi on i n re serve . This figure is th oL~ht t o be exaggerated , however . Presumabl y LAPDS was now making his headquar t ers in Albay Province , since ZABAT r aided the t own ,of Manito , Albny , in July 44 in r eprisal f or the l ocal aid to LAPuS ani LAPUS ' nct i vi ty agai ns t him . A repor t t o Cnpt . A..NDERSON by one of his invest igating of f i cer s , Capt. BARROS , f ound t he LAPDS tr oops t he !!most military" he had met in the Bicols . Consider able intelligence has been sent by LAPUS t o GHQ .

Resume : Divisi onal Unit s .

LAPDS

Designation of LAPUS , ZABAT and SANDICO Regime nt al and J an - Mar 43 Mar - Sep 43 Sep - ? 43 Jan 44

'" 67th Regi ment ( cooper ating ,uth Panay?)

54th Regiment (~ coopera ting with Panay'l ) 56th Regiment ~~der SAN DICO) 51st Divis i on GO~ LAPUS) 54th Reaiment ~ vO , LAPUS) :::> 53rd Regiment CO, MI RAND~ )

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ZABAT

Aug 43

51st Division (CO? ZABAT) 53rd Regiment (CO, PADUA) 54th Regi ment (CO, BOAYES ) 52nd Regiment (COy SAi'JDICO) (pr opos ed only? )

S.ANDI CO

Sep 43

52nd Divis i on (CO, SANDICO ) 54th Regi ment (C O unknown) 55th Regi ment (CO, S ANDOCO) 56th Regiment (CO, LAPUS) (£APUS Unit now withdrawrt) j

LAPu~ or ganization changed des i gnations as unit coope r at ed wi th other command s or devel oped its own ambi t ions. All three propos ed the r espective d i vi sions in expect ,] ti on of GHQ r ec ognit i on as Bi col c crnmnnder.

llQ.YQX1WJ: _ESCl[lERj2' ~ G'ue rrilla LJI D : IIl. June 1942 , 1\;1[15 . LAPUS dec ided t o disband his uni t e.t Del os until the J a ponese pr ess1..1.re had r el axed.

Governor Salvador ESCUDERO was t o keep intact the extro. -log.}l civil govornment and r ound up funds and supplies f or such t i me 0. 8 tho "Army" could re or go.nize.

ESCUDERO did contr i but e a substantio.l amount of aid including P20, 000 in checks fr om the pr ovinci o.l go ver~~e nt . Toward tho Cl ose of 1942, the ESCUDERO-LAPUS unit bego.n t o break up . ESCUDERO l at er cha rged LAPUS with misus e of the suppl i es o. nd flli1d s . LAPUS denied the clmr ges o.nd osserted he could off er d ocumonto.r y evi dence of his innocence , inclUding the uncashed che cks .

Whet her ESCul)ERO ' s ambition was the r es ult of LAPUS f "embe zzlement and banditry" ns charged by ESCUDERO , or whether i t steIlU.'1).ed from ESCUDERO' s desir e f or per sonal aggrandi zement, as LAPUS osserts , is not clear. One r eport s t ate s t hat ESCDPERO was f i red with ambiti on by one Crisol do de l a PAZ, 11 ci~il inn ( ngineor n ho al10godl ::' r cpr e ;? Cnt80. C,,1. STRAUGI{N . De I n PAZ was supposed t o have t old ESCUDBRO t hat in ex change f or an i mportont post in ESCUDERO's organization he could arrange t o get him a c omrrass i on as a Col onol in STRAUGH1JTs FAIT. Us ing t he f ew men LAP US had given him as a nucleus and managi ng t o obtain ar ms fr om s everal of LAPUS' disbanded men, ESCDl)ERO was able t o build up a sizeable gr oup. LAPUS had begun t o rebuild his mvn uni t abo ut this time and pit ched battles often occurred bet ween the t wo f act ions. In Mar ch , Governor ESCUl)ERO became ill and cva cu~t Gd t o Samar t o r ecuper at e .

During t his time , LAPUS was abl e t o make some headway in strengt hening his unit and then per s u.aded MERRITT t o drive ESCUDERO· ~ff Samar.

ESCUDERO r eturned t o Sor sogon and pr oceeded t o tighten up his ' or ganizati on . By June 1943, ESCUDERO sent his son, Antoni o, t o Panay f or t he usual pilgrimage t D ask f or authority t o or ganize the entire Bicol r egion. Panay had now t aken the attitude of non-interference with internal affairs of the 5th MD but stat ed they wOlud aid in s ecuring recogniti on f or anyone who could a ccomplish unifi cat ion .

ESC1JDERO claimed an a ctive unit of s ome 300 men by June 1943 , exclusi ve of re servi st s , but he appar Qntly did not f eel strong enough yet t o attempt the unifi cation pr oject. Antonio ESCUDERO was inclined t o v iew ZABAT's candida cy as CO of the region wlth f avor. Reconciliati on vnth LAPUS, in line with Col. RELm~IA of the 6th AID ' s sl~ge sti on , was out of the question. SAYOC was appar ently against the ZABAT alliance and the matter was dropped .

In July 1943, Gov. ESCUDERO announced the re ceipt of an order from Col. STRAUGHN o~FAIT in Rizal Province pr omot ing him t o Col onel and he warned Panay that he would not t ol er ate thei r r ecogniti on cf LAPUS. Since he did r epresent l aw and order and retained a substantial degree of power , he wa s able by early 1944 t o gain incr ea si ng support fr om the wealthier people of Sorsogon. In Mar ch, he dr ove tAPUSl group fr om the pr ovince l eaving him small ineffe-ctual bands of sympathizers, mos tly i n Bulan end Pilar.

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In early 1944 also, ESCUDERO established -c<::mtact with Lt.c'o1.SMITH on Samar and by April he was channeling intelligence t o SRITTH . His connections wi th ANDERSON in Tayabas were als o am}cable at this time .

In April 1944 , LAPUS again s ont out f eel er s f or a confer ence - at ESC u~ERO!s headquarters in Ir osin . Lar gely due t o Antoni o ESCUDERO, the suggestion was a.ccept ed and cautiously LAPUS sent r e prosent atives t o Ir os in . Again t he influence of SAYOC, OC AlIAPO -and OLONDRIZ on t he Governor blocked. the effort t o effect a r econciliation .

In May 1944 , ANDERSON s ent Capt . BARROS t o the Bicol s wI th the idea of r econnoitering the si t uation ; pe~ al so sug gested that B.Al1ROS see what could be d one t o close the LAPUS -ESCUDERO r i ft. In J'Luy , BiffiROS sounded out Gover nor ESC UDERO with no success .

The situation has r emained iTh thi s st at e t o the present ti me with each f acti on mal treating t'he other' s civilian adher ent s arrl ki lling the opponent's men at ~ ny opportunity . ESC U~ERO - has not ne gl ect ed t o contribute a fl ow of inte lligence nu t erial t o GHQ , howG ve~ . ,

Obs tinat e , and under th e influence of the embitt er ed SAYOC, . Governor ESCu~ERO has not -shouvn 'himself an easy man t o deal with . Yet he still carrie s a considerable amount of pres tige in t ho Pr ovi nce of Sor sogon due t o his pol i tical conne ctions , and no doubt , due t o hi s unit ' s present strength . ijis greatest power i s concentr at ed in the Iros in - Juban ar ea . As of a f ew mont hs ago h e was r eported t o have over a t housand men in nis camp , pr obabl y ~~f of whom ,were armed .

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CHAPTER

.

V

THE GUERRILLA RESISTANCE MOVE MENT .I N CEBU 15 Nov ember 1 944

SECTION I .

GENERAL BACKGROl.)'JIlI l:

Ce bu I sl&nd was invaded by t he J a pan ese i n April 1 942 . Ce bu City second l ar ge st city in the Philippines , was did considerabl o demolition work in Cebu Ci ty, and pr omptly t ook t o the hill s . The J aranese weTe ther e::;y en abl ed t o occupy a ll the e a s t, central and west coas t ci t i~s va th l i ttle ef fort .

~Qth a population of 150 , 000 , q~uckly t ake n .

USAFFE f orces

As s oon a s svrf a ce r esist ance had boen ov er come , the J'a panes e r educed mo st of t he i r garris on s and l eft IllD.ny of the t own s ~mde r t he cont rol of puppet conzt abulaTY t r oops . S ever a l pr ominent pr e - war may or s a nd gove rn ment ~ffi cials -wor e induced by the Japanese t o stay at their po s t s i n " puppet " capnci t ies . The act ion of USAFFE f or ces in no t putting up an in:j.. tlai - de t cTmlned r esist ance t o t he invade r , enabled them to esca pe t o t he hill s with a l .:lr ge qua ntity of a r ms , armnuni tion a nd suppl ies . Gue rri lla units wer e qui 8kl.yformed in the hills . The powe r of gue rrilla ~mi t s soon made i t s elf f elt in t he cities , and most of tho pu ppet offi cial s became coll abor a t or s · of t ho P-.lJ.crrill as . _ Those wh o did n ot colla b or a t e were e ither e limina t ed or ~ducated int o a s t a t e of ne ut r al i ty .

The g~'..errill a resista nce movement in Cebu is the s t or y of. the gr owt h of the CUSHING-FENTON uni t., i::Jith t he occupation of central Cebu by t he J apmese , ,s ever al snall guerrilla units had emer ged in the :l.lghtly gar Ti sone d n orthern and southern par t s of ·the isl and . By mid - 1942 , t he northe rn units were ~md e r t he ~ommand of Harry FENTON. The southern and cent r al Cebu ~mi t s were or ganized under Lt . Col. J ames CUSHING . These t wo Americans _ wer e the s trongest l eaders in their re spective areas . FENTON t ook i nto his command a n~~oer son ~ith a r ifl e . These me n were f or the most par t exUSAFFE per sonnel , and at l east .P'1 r tly t r a ined .

Har!'y FENTON, commander of the original northe rn Cobu guerrilla gr oup , is r eported t o. be pr operly Aar on FEINSTEIN, a n Ame r i can 33 year s of age and ma rri ed t o 2 F i lipina . He i s s a id t o hav e been a n enli s t ed man on dut y at the St e rn~e rg Hospit al in Man i l a and lat e r p~rr cha sed hi s di schar ge to becoBG a r adio ar~o~mce r . Bef or e s~rrre rfl e r , he had boon an anno ~m ce r at KZRC , Cebu c ~-tJ , und made fiany anti-Japane se pr on01IDcemonts on his programs . He cl aim ,~ , he was com...missionod by Gem . CHYNOWETH and then went t o t he hill s bef or e Bvrrcnder. He is s aid t o h ave trusted n o one . He was hard t o appro ach but was fri endly a ft er he became acqunin t ed . He u s un lly did business thro~1..gh his ad jutant and V'l aS hard t o conta ct direct l y . Except f or those near est him , no one seemed t o like him . He was f.e ared but n ot l oved by his !nen; was l oy a l t o the us . His f eelings t oward t he J apanese and all spi es a nd c ollabor a t or s wer e viol ent , a nd he hung all s u spect s his men could capt~rrc . He was bold and outspoken t o t he point of be ing indiscr eet in hi s public announcements .

J ames M. CUSHING, ori gi nal l y in command of t he southern Cebu guer rillas , was a mining e ngineer, r eported t o be of mediocr e accompli s hment, in the Philippines bef ore the wa r. He is s a id t o have been oo ~nis ­ sioned a Capt a in by Gcn . CHr1WWETH before surre ndor. He i s about 37 , born in t he United s t a t e s of s li ghtl y Mexi can parentage . He sp:laks Engl ish s l owly and vi vidl " I wi t h a slight ac cent ; he has a dual per sonaii t y , one cold , har d and vr.~ orgivin g , the other warm and sentimental . He l ose s his t emper easily but j us t a s quic1<..ly r epents. He is we ll l iked by and e nj oys t he l oyalty of his offi cer s , enlisted men and civilians . He admi r es the civilia ns and gives t hem all pO;3sible pr ot ecti on . He hates t he J apanese and fi ght s t hem f earlessly a l on g vdthhim men ; a$ing not hing of t hem he would not d o himself. He is Q good l eader a nd cont r ols his combat pe rs onnel completel y . He i s r espect ed by other isl and commande r s and ge t s along particularly well wit h Negr os .

- 34 - .

SECTION II .

THE JOINT FENTON -CUSHING

COTh~~~:

Re co gniz ln ~ the nece ssity f or j oint act ion against tbe Japanese, these two leaders .effect ed a d~~l command i n mid -1942. This co~mand placed the var i 01..lS c:Jff icers fr om each of the separ ate Uhi ts into a Ge neral Staff and all otted ar eas of contr ol t o subord in~te leader s whos e units were constituted i nt o batta l ions . The headquarter s was di vided i nto t wo s ections: the administrat i ve a~ FE~TON ' s camp at illlasl og ,- and t he combat ~e ad quarte rs about seven miles distance at CUSHI NG ' s ca~p ~ t Mangalon He ight s . , Organizat ional l y , t he union was a happy one , f or despite antithetical per son aliti e s , the capabilities of each complemented the other .

FENTON had a knad:: f or admini strat i ve <det ail and a . fl are f or pr opo.ganda .

CUSHING displ ayed an abil i ty fo~ combat, was a f earless l e ader and lmi t t he or ga nizat ion into a l oyal a nd coor dinat ed f ight i ng unit . Bot h were inspired by pr of ound hatred f or the Japcmese . The Cebu ar ea l ong enj oyed t he reputation f or having killed more Japanes e than any other ar ea . In their eff orts t o st :1mp out Japanese and Japane se s;Ylnpathizers , the men , repQr tedly under FENTON, ' went t o extreme s Qnd many vmnton killlngs of innocent ci t izens 'were r eported.

The organizat i on of Cebu under this Harry FENTON Lt.C ol.J-ames M. CUSHI NG Lt.C ol.Ricard o ESTRELLA Ma j . Mar dal BANATE Capt . ROJ!lOn DURANO Lt.C ol. James M. CUSHING Capt . De LEON

command ~

CO , Admi nistr at i ve CO, Combo.t Chief of Staff Adjutant and G- l G- 2 G-3 G.:.4

Nor th Cebu Sect or Nor th of line Bingay-S agay COi Lt . Col . Fabi an SANC~~Z Northwest Cebu Sect or NDrth of line Lil oan - Bal amban t o North Cebu Sect or and on west ern side of the mountains CO~ Capt . Bernard HALE Northeast Cebu Sect or As above but on ea s t side of mount ains , CO : Lt . Col . Ri car do T. ESTRELLA Central Sect or Bot ween line Liloan - Bal amban and l i ne Sibona "':"Duman j ug CO: Lt . Col . Olegari o H. BAliRA Sout h Cebu Sect or Sout h of line Sibona -Dumo.njug CO : Ma j . Mar ci ano CALDERON (s ucceeded Lt.- Col. JAKOSALEMwho was captured i n J1me 1';43) During 1942 and early 1943 , the supply pr obl em of Cebu was sati sf o.ct ory . FENTON ins i s t ed no money be printed , thE t t he men volun~ teer thei r 'services; civilio.ns would vol unteer supplies . Lnrge caches of f ood had been est ubl i sbed from the car go of a f ood ship bo~md f or Corregidor but det ai ned cecause of t he J cpanese bl ockade . Ci vil i an contribut i ons fl~ther a~Q6ntcd this supply . The l arge o.l~ntitie s of a rms, et c ., t aken t o t he hill s solved the supply pr oblem f or some time , and di ct ated the Ce en.:'. inter-is l and pol icy- . The existance of t he ,st ores of f ood. and equipm.eut was gener nlly lmmm , and other corrr'11nnder s who were de /' sir ous of impr oving t he si h:l(}ti on of their f or ce,;3 , r epeat edly Bent parties t o Cebu t o t ap t hi s supply. FENTON guarded the s t or es .ieal ou,sl y and when the po rties be gan t o arrl ve , he cut off r el at ions ~j th other i sl and commands cat e gor ically . His obstina cy i h this r e s pect mo.de t r oubl e l at er .

About llud-1943 , the f ood sitlu t ion on Cebu became cr i t ical both f or the civilians and f or the army . _ The suppl y and economi c pr oblems be came more a cut e , aggro.vat ed particularly by a currency shortage .

- 35 -

In Mar cD. 1 943, the J apane se launched a severe anti-gm rrilla campaign in r e prisal for numerous anti -Japanese acts . Considerable damage was d on : t o >the. ~n8rrilla organiza tion . CUSHING, su:ff ering fr om mal aria , and FEN';['ON , wor.lang under seve_r e nervous . strain , both d ecided t o hold activities in a~e;yance f or the t ime bein g . Most of their men went h ome and CUSHING seems t o have gone t o Negr os t o r ecuper ate .

The t eam of CUSHING a nd FENTON had conti nued t o fun cti on successfully and was i n public f av or until ear l y 1943 . Then mount i ng rumor s r e garding FENTONt s many executions and his priva t e l ife began t o alie nate the publ ic fr om FENTON -and t o cent er att ention on CUSHING . To s ome ext ent bot h cam~ ~mder publ ic c ensuxe i~ tha t t heir nillny a ttacks on the J apanese br ought r e pri sals on c i v i l ian communi t ie s . As FSNTOK' s unpopul a ri ty became :nor e widesprea d , many of his mon began t o leave s ince- t hey feared t hat FENTON ! s act ivitie s would dest r oy any poss ibili t y of GHQ r ecog nl zlng the Cebu cOTIlilland and fl1rnishing them V'Q th s upplies . .FENTON ' s r ef us al t o print money a nd pay the mon, furthe r aggrav~tcd the s ituati on . . Al so , r el a t ionships bet ween FENTON a nd CUSHING began t o suffer â&#x20AC;˘ CUSHING disagr eed wit h FENTON' s pol icy of i solati on and his stri ct mon ey pol icy . CUSHING bel ieved t hat a sol ution t o the C~1rren cy probl em would s olve the mid - 1943 impasse . CUSHING later insist ed t hat only r eglllar money should br;? obt ained , otherwise none should be printed on Ce bv.. He al so r esent ed FEr-:TON! s gr owing dis trust of Govern or ABELLAl\TA who was carrying on s c:me of the pre - war flmctions of civil government in t he province .

Hil ar i o ABELLANA , pre - war governor of Cebu, e . . . caped fr o!!). the J apanese in July 19L~3 [ind .joined the Cebu gue rrill as . He - was pop1.:lla r with _ the pcopl e and b.is assista nce t o t he guerTilla s in car rying on 0. f ew civil government funct i ons conside rably enco uTaged the people . Even after the J apanese had r epl aced him vdth pu ppet Govern or J ose DELGADO , ABELLANAwas r e.garded by most peopl e in Cebu as t he- r eal governor . -:Af t er his escape he a ssisted t~e guerrillas in r a i sing fund s and l ookin g aft er the inte r ests of the fr ee civi.lian comnnmities . He wa s r epor t ed c aptured in Sept embe r 1,9 44 .

Nei t ~1.er FENTON n or CUSHING be l i eved in r eest abli s hing a fr ee civil government as such i n free a r eas . They held that fr ee civil govern ment was impos,sihle in an a r e a where J a panese a tta cks wer e expe ct ed a t any time .

About April 1 943 , . CUSHING retUl~ned t o Cebu fr om NegT os and undert ook the re organizati on of t he Ce bu Command with FENTON . if.:r . Roy BELL (Negr os , sin ce evac~~ ted) visited Cebu a t t his time to est abli sh l iaison f or Maj . J. A. VILLMEOR , t hen on southern Ne gros â&#x20AC;˘ . BELL r eported t hat both l eaders wer e getting al ong well together , and that neither saw any use f or lia i l30n va t h VILLAMOR . They finally d id send a Ser gea nt to VILLAMOR ' s headqlJ.a rter s . VILL.AMOR had been sent t o the Philippine s from ~ SWPA i n J anuar y 1943 on an official mission . l

FENTON and CUSHING claimed t o hav e about 9 , 000 men mrl er t heir command a t thi s t ime . One third of t hese ws r e civilian v olunteer s , and a bout half the 9 , 000 wer e ar ):!ed . AmInuni tion was being manuf 2 ct l1red in limit ed amounts i n various small t 01A'llS . Troops near headqunrt er s wer e r eported t o be well d i s c iplL~ed , but discipline of troops in outlying lmits decr eased as t he d ist a nce fr om headquarte r s incr e a sed.

Althou~h CUS EITNG did n ot d oubt FENTONl s l oyalty , t he breach in t heir viewpoint,s regarding poli cy persist ed . FENTON wa s be c omL'lg mor e eccentric , ' his killings beco.me mor e- wanton, the l o.ck of pay f or t he men ' and the con s t ant J 2panese r aids caused furt he r di~affec ti on , and ma ny men began t o l eave, f or othe r isl o.nds . The food sit uation beca mo criti cal and the organizat i on was r eported t o be on the v erge of br ea ldn g up .

In July 1 943 , FENTON ' s wife and chil d wer e -captured by t he J apnese .

She and CUSHING( s br other , who ho.d been captured on Luz on , wer e or ought t o Cebu City t o lure CUSHING and FENTON into surrender, but the appeal f ai l ed .

- 36 -

Rec ognizing the need fo r outs ide hel p , Cu SHI NG finally decided i n mid - J -Llly 1943 t o ;;;0 t o Negr os end conf er 17ith I·Ia j . VI LL lJI'lOR. Baclly we&kened fr on ;11al ari~ and in the f ace of FENTOr ' '8 inds t ence that t hey appe al t o no one f or aid , CUSHING departed with a s mall party inch '.ding Lt . Col. Ol egari o BAlRA , a trusted assis t ant . He left ve rbal ins tru tion s with hi s Execl.:.tiv6 Offi ce r, Lt . Col. Ri car do ESTRELLA, t o arrest FE:NTm\~ and hold hi1! l'_':":ltil hi s r e tl.trn sh ov~ d condi tion s vlarrant .

He al so l eft wit h ESTRELLA a ,seal ed enve l ope s t ating that -j T h e , CUSHI NG, 8:1-uuld be captured or shoLud .on equ al f a t e bef ull FEN.Tm ! y ESTRELLA 3hov~d assume command of the unit ; GUSHIKG re a ched southe r n NegToS abc ut the f i r st OT September. He r eceived no hel p fr om GEQ a nd 8i nc~ -VILL.i:J:'IOR was in 1".. 0 pos i t i on t o as s i s t, CT.JSFJ]iG r e t1..r rne'd t o Cebu in Octobe r •

•

I'1eanwhil e , KSTF.ELL.A has t aken over the Cehu Com_mand wit h mor e than t he sprri t of fl a ct ir.' g fl commander. On 1 9 Augus t , ~e ca lled a (;oY1~ e r­ ence of the Va r iOl}5 "bc.ttal ion l eade r s a nd convinced them of the neces.:: i tyf or e l imina ting FENTOl'l J posc i bly on the char ge tha t FENTOI', condeinned Fa the r Patrick DRU:,fiM , a Ceh l.l mi ssionary , wi thout r ea ;30n . Spearb eaded by the ba ttali ons of Capt . Bernar d EiU,E, then Northwes t Se ctio;' Comman der ; and Ea j . Roga ciono ESPIRI TU of t he Eas t Cebu Ba ttalion , a s trong force was sent t o cc.ptvre F;1j\TON and var iou s of hi s l oyal of f ice r s . Li t t l e opposi t i on was me t and FENTON and 14 of h is cl osest a ssist ant s vtre r e br ought back t o ESTliliLLA ' E' headc;u ar t e r s as pr isone r s . On 15 SE;lpt e rf~er , FE:iWON was tried, a ccl1.':: od of viol sting sever nl of t he .Art icl es of "iar and sUlTh'Jlarily - execut ed . Sever al of FENTON' s a i de s we re also execu t E.: d ~ E~TRELLA t hen tc gan a c;:unpai gn of r eor gan i za tion which he cl a i med was f or the be s t inte r e st of '~;0S::~ ING Ex cl u .si ve of the s outhe rn Ce bu unit '<i"b ich h Eld be en di s per sed t o ot her i s l and s from over whel ming.. J ap -pr essure , ES'rRELLA cl aimed t o J:i.dve about 3 , 500 men in the neVi or ganization .

0

CUSHIJlJG r et"lrrr.ed fr on Negr os in Nov8l!\ber 1 943 and :f ound ESTRELLA had assumed a ctual c O:-TJand and tha t there was some evidence that ESTRELLA had agr eed wit h t ho J&p2.ne8e t o de l i ver CUS HING t o t hem f or P60 , OOO .

CUSHI NG 1ms al so i ncc.::.ecd at ESTRELL A' s abuse of his a uthority in d ealing with FENTON. ESTR..E1LA 15i8.S pl a ced on tria l and l a t er exe cute d , but r eport s indica t e t hat CUSEF:G pos sibly had nothing t o d o with t hi s affair .

In Oct obe r, a conf e r ence was pl arned in IViinda nao f or d isC1.\ seion of Cebu pr ovincia l pr OOl el"lls-. The :llessage i ns tructing CUSHI NG t o go t o Mi ndanao re a cbed him. 8.:fkr b.e r e t ur ned to Cebu. TIit h the stat8~ of d:)"8 - or ganiza t ion t ha t f ,:;.ce6 hi m i n Co_b u , CUSh'1l~G did not f eel he cou~d leave; he also &t a t ed tha t i f t he con..fer ence _involved printi ng scrip , it 1!}S of n o inter est t o h i n 2S thi e t ype of currency would be .danger ou s t o ci r cul at e in Cebu . In t he :;1c ant imo , t he P150 , OOO thnt I2STRELLA has co:Ji'i scated fr om FENTON' s trcaEl...1J:'J' l')ad evapor a t ed and Gove r nor ABELLANA ' s ef !:'ort,'3 t o fl oat a l oan i n t he pr o-vince we r e f u t i Je. CUS EING sent ABELLANA t o t he FERTIG corn c r cmcc , hO"eva r , a nd r eportedly ABELL t'LNA was abl e t o se cure a smal l SUJU of lylind:::::lao curre ncy .

SECTION III .

THE CUSi:I NG UNIT AND TIlE CEEU AREA COlVIMAlIJD :

Throughout De c ember c;md 8nrly J Qnuary 1 944 , CUSHI NG worked on the rebuilding of hi 2 mlit . The J apanese atta c ke d h eavily agai n i n J a nuary 1944 and nearly c uptured t he headquarter s and came cl ose t o des troying the entir e or gc.nizat ion . CUSHING was r E:: cogni zed CO of the Cebll .Area CODLmand as a meaS"l"CCC t o bol s t e r t ho mor a l e of the f orces .

Shortly aft er his r e cognition , supplies we r e sont CUSHING and he est a bli@;lod d i r Gct radio cont a ct wi t h GEQ in Mar ch . By April 1 944 , the f orces had been r eor ganiz ed , an affe ct ive i nt elligence no t was i n oper a tion , and an i n creof:dng volume of important i nt olligence was being sent wit h tho cst abli sbl"'lent of d i r 'e ct r adi o contact . Hi s staff i s be l iove d to be a2 f o llov~f :

- 37 -

.

Commanding Office r Executive Offi cer Adjutant and G- l G- 2

Lt . Col. J ames CUSHING Maj . Olegario BAUR.,ti I!.<ic.j . Ni2.nuel F . SEGURA Lt . Col. Fabian M. SANCHEZ (M j . _Jesus R . YBdllEZ ?)

Maj . Fernand o VILL/.!J':10R , Fi\lh graduate Ma j . Agaton IIlIEDI HA

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CUSHING had l~Gvamped his organization from some EJight battalions i nto f our r egimente , the 85 th , 86th , 87th , a nd 88th . The command ar eas of t hese units ar'8 ,shown on the f olr~wing page . Rogi.montal CornT,'landers ar e a s f ol l ows : -Apr 44 str engt h fu'1' i <;:.!?X.2~ _n.lliL.11@) Maj . Rogaciano ESPIRITU 1 510 85 t h Infantry Re gt.

86t h Infantry Rcgt .

M. . j . Maximo ALBENDA 1529 87th I!1...font ry Regt .

Maj . Abel F . TRAZO 1097 88t h Infantry Regt ..

Ma j . Ber nar d HALE 1 03 2 Hq Company Ser vice Capt . Ali pio YLPJlCARIOLA ( '7) .,5J.2 Tr oops Inf . Div .

5 , 687 Their weapons a t this t ime were S0me 2 , 700 assor ted plG CeS in cl uding 14 mad1.ine gun s , 6 rnortars, and 33 auto -rifl es . They also maint a ined a few or dnance shops f or manufactuxing small amolmts of a~mlmition and Ync'1kin g r epa i r s . CUSHING maint ained s tri ct discipline and ill.02t of his off icer s had t he r e8pect and liking of the ir men . As instruct ion!:! from GRQ . emphasized intelligence r ather than offensive G ffoTt~ t he gener Bl pol i cy during this period was t o II l ie l ow".

By J-~me 1944 , CUSHING claimed to have appr oxL'TIa tely 25 , 000 vol un t eer gU.''ir ds available in Cebu of which half were abl e - bodie d ~llen fi t lor mi litar y servi ce . A good po.rt of these CUSHI NG asserted , \'\er e i~1 tra ining .

Probably becavEe of t.he r evived guerrillQ progrQm the J apanese C'.gdn initi a t ed plmi tive expeditions in f orce d'Ltring Au gus t und succeeded i n brecking up much of t heir ;::.ct ~ vi t y â&#x20AC;˘ Howeyer , on sever al occasions , CUSHING managed t o s t rike back infl i ct ing heavy casu')l tics on t he J o.panesc .

By- t he end of October , the J apanese ho.d evacuat ed sout henl Cebu and CUSHING was oper ating lUlmol estod s outh of the CQr car-Pino.mungaj2n l ine .

He als o has unit E! in the Bant cyan Qnd C"-,, motes I s l cndS . On 2 Novembo r, he r eceived addi ti:::ma1 s upplies from GHQ QnG was Qgai n cng.2gin g tt>,e J apa ncse in ccntr a l Cebu . The s trength was l ast reported t o be 7 , 955 of fice r s and men , with over 3, 000 assorted weapons .

CUSHING l').as sever nl t imes r cqu8st ed he be given command of Bohol.

Bohol e nd Ceb'll a r e ;)ot h part of the 8 th Mil i t Qry District but t he command s wer e r ecognized separ a t el y since ther e was no appar ent connect ion between t he guerrilla or ganizut ions on the t WI) isl ands . FERT1G on Minda n ao has sent s upplies t o Cebu throt1gh Bohol , possibly with some inte rfer ence on Bohol.

In addition both FERTIG and CUSHING daim thQt Bohol h2s h ar bor ed J apanese agont svv1. t hout aPPQr ent ef fo rt t o contr ol t hem . 'iThe t hel,' thi s i s true or not has not been pr oven . Other isl and commander s , FERTIG on IVlindana ABCEDE on Negr os [.LTl0. FiRALTA on Panay , have kept agent s on Bohol. CUSBIl: G n o doubt r esents t his a nd has ofte n wished t o cont r ol these agent s . No action ha s boen taken on CUSHING ' s TOCluest s .

The accomplishment s of t he Ce bu Are a CoÂŽnand nre' cons i d er abl o .

Cebu is the mos t densol y popu~ a ted island in tho Philippines and served as the most import~~nt. _ J apanese b~se s outh of rfbni1a . III spite of t his f act, FENTON and CUSh l NG kcpt a llve one or the most act lVG and 8 1ccessful of the known gt~8rrill a or gcniza ti ons . The command has been maint ained in spite of numcr 01..l.S enemy re prisal t e r ror r c ids , l ack of supplies and a bsence of GHQ r ecogniti on until curly 1944 . - CUSHING ' s QchievcIDo nts a nd the l OY:J.l t y he has inspir ed in his peopl e in the face of numerOUE difficlut ies are r emar kable . n

- 38 -

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CHAPTER

VI

THE GUEmULLA RESIST ANCE MOVEMENT I N NORTh~RN LUZON , 16 Nove mber 19.44

.SECTI ON I.

GENERAL BACKGROul\TD :

Str ong Japanese gar r isons and a good r oad net, af f sr di ng t he enemy f air mobi lit y , and the pr esence of numer ous J apanese patrol s , have l imi~ed t he Luzon guerril l a re s i s t ance movement t o ;3.n lI under gr 01md ll • Th~ o::ga n:- za tion and control of Luzon f or ce s at present i s f ar bel ow t hat eXl s tlng . l~ the Visaya s or Mindanao . Rai ds and campaigns by the J apanese , and pol l t l cal pr e ssure br oug'ht t o bear on guerril l a s and t hose who support t hem, h~ ve- re sulted in f reouent changes of l oyal t ies and Dr gQnizat ionel hier a;chies . /Unificatio~ of co~nand · such a s has been a chieved in the Vi s ayas and on Mindanao has not been at t ained on Luz on. The picture i s r at her one of many gr oups of varying si zes , s ome cooperat i ng and a fe :T at . odds ~dth t hei r neighbor s , but all maint aining an under gr ound orgGnlZa~l on . concerned more vd th i nt elligence , s abot age , pr opaga nia and assas l::nna t lon t han with act ual a~b'l~he s and patrol a cti on .

At t he time of su.rrender of t he US.AFFE f orce s , s ome el ement s of several r egi ments were in northern Luz on ar ea: Begi~ning about January 1942 , r ad i o comrn'l"'11ication WaS es t abl ished bet ween Mo. j . Ever et t L. 'iiAR1'ER, FA, i n Nueva Vi zcaya a ~d Headquarter s USAFFE a t Corre gidor . Mc:j . V1'A..B.NER r ep orted that he had assembl ed a nd was commanding a f orce cons i sting of el ement s of Phil ippine Army 'lmit s of t he 11th, 71s t and po s si blJ~ t he 91st · Di visi on , who had b€en cut off and pus hed t o t he east by the J apane se l and ings in Lihgnyen GVl f . El ements which be came known as t he 14th I nfant ry under Lt • .Col. Gui ller mo Z. NAKAR , wer e mainly in Nuevo. Vizcaya ; el ements of the 43rd I nfantry :In t er under t he command of Ma j . Parker CALVERT in Benguet . El ement s which cal led themsel ve s t he l21 s t Infant ry wer e a l ong the west coast , under Capt . Nill i am ARTHUR , afte r t he death of Msj . Walter CUSHING in Sept ember 1943 . El ements of PC unit s in Mountain Pr ovince were und er Lt . Col. Gr egor io MAl~ALO and wer e i n Cagayan and I sabel a Province s .

N'iANALO was cap h 1J:'ed in W.!anila i n e ar l y 19.44 and. the uni t is now pr obabl y par t of an other .or ganization . Small el emGnt s of t he 26t h Cavalr y wer e l ef t in the area east of Vigan in Ilocos .Sur . -These units wer e all appr oximat el y three -f ourths armed but had l i ttl e ammunit i on . Renmant s of eo ch unit have cl ung t ogether and cooper at ed with e a ch ot her despi t e per sist ent Ja panese expeditions and t he captt1re of the gue r rilla l eader s . Since surrender of USAFFE , many civili ans have been induct ed into the unit s t o fill up t heir r anks , but the ol d member s of the original US.AFFE uni t s f or m t he mucl eus of each gr oup . The stor y of these unit s since t he surr ender i s a l ar ge par t of the hiBt or y of the nor t her? Luzon guerrilla movement. / Re cent L~o~tion indica t es t hat t her e ar e sever al ind~ pendent guerrilla unit s in norther n Luzon about which l i ttl e i s knovm . That t hey ar e not as s ociat ed wit h t he above unit s suggests t ha t t her e may be some uncertaint y i n t he complet ene s s of coordinati on cl a imed by l ead er E of combi ned groups .

SECTION II.

PHILIPPINE .ARMY REMNANTS AND GUERRILLA -UNITS :

l21s t :L:qf ~nt.ry ( Bll.Rl'{~JT Guer rillasl: El ement s which cP.lled t hemsel ves t he 121 st - In£antry seem t o have been l ocat ed mainly i n Abra and La Union ' Pr ovince in l at e 1942 . The J apanese s ent numer ous pat r ol s after these r emnant s and captured most of t he l eader s i n Abra . Wa l t er CUSHI NG, Senior Officer aft er s vrrender, was captured i n Pangasinan , Sept en bar 1942 .

Capt. Willi wu ARTI-rOR, llE~xt in seniorit y , was captured l at er i n 19.42, and Ma j .

Geor ge. BAFJo.';ETT, l oca t ed i mmed iat el y northwest of San Fernand o, La Union , t ook command of t he re mai ning f or ces . Ma j . BARNETT and hi s men , who have been t he obje ct of many i nt ensive J apane se s ear ches , have done consider able damage t o .:[apa nese 'comr!1unicat ions in La Uni on .

- 39 -

lli£Ll)1f.~.11.:~1'~(Q;M,vER3 G~ iJ,J '3 s) ~ Companie p A and B, 4 31'd Infantry ( PS ) wer e I gor ot Phi l ippin e Scout uni t s fr om t he Bonto'a . and Ifugao tribes~ l o cated a t Bagc.u o a t the outbreak of t he war. Col. J ohn P~ HORAN wa s pos t comma nder . These c ompan i e s appar e ntl y vlB nt n orth whe n t he J apane s e e nt ered Bagui o an d t he n east f r om Bontoc t oward Nu ev a Vizcay a ., but n e:ve r j oined wi t h Ma j . ;'u'l:R:N"ERI s f orce . Col. HORAN appar ently s urrend er ed in May 1 94 2 . Ma j. Pa r ker CALVERT , s t a t ioned a t Baguio bef~re t he war , appear s t o h av e ass1.une d c ommand of the 1.ln surr e nde r ed membe rs of thi s lJl1i t.

2~1ttj}J~l-:\~8,).SLu~2J;R Gue r,r illa s ); Tr oop C, 26th CIJ.V81 r y ( PS) , conunanded by Ca pt . (la t er Ma j or ) Ralph B. PRP.EGER , was on pa trol d uty in t he ,Cagaya n Val l ey cont a cting and de l a ying J apanese movements s outh fr om Apar ri ; wh e n the Japanese l a ndin gs i n Li n gayen G1.uf cut him off fr om t he ma i n U.S.AFFE f or ces . He continued t o har ass the J apa n es e , or i gtnal l y in t h e vi cin i t y of Tuguega r ao , Cagayan . The t roop was appar e ntl y at fir s t in t a c t . The known member s and c on t acts of this gr oup \l1re r e:

...

ScheJol t eacher a t Dagar r a , Apay ao .

KnOVffi t o be a cti ve wi t h PRAEGER i n J 1.uy 1943 a nd conta ct man f or PRAEGER .

AC. Wa s vd_ th PRAEGER , Febr1.la r y 1943 .

Gue r rill a l eader i n ce ntra l Mount ain Prov ince .

HASAN , Ramon BEE , 1 s t Sgt . Pa ul _BLAC KBli'RN $ i\tla j . Don al d BOVI/EN, Lt . ~'lill iam BRAZLE TON,_ Ea r l CA1'vlP , 1 s t Lt. Fra n c is F ,

DAVIS , Pvt.• GRI NADOT , Sgt . H. C. JO~~S, Capt. T . S. NEEDH AM , Capt . J . R~

~

lI.TEWl\IIAt'J 9 Cs pt . She l by F .

0- 35132,1 SHORT , Sgt. Juber t A. VAGGAS? Cpl . Si lve s t r e H. Lt . Col . Rus sell

VOLCKM;~~ ,

F orme r l y a ttached t o t he ~4th 1m ; r eporte d t o be i n Cagayan :ET ov i nce i n mid -1 943 .

AC. Wi th FRAEGER , Fe br1.1.ary 1 943 .

Wi th PRAEGER , February 1 94 3 .

Ex - 26th Ca v alry (captL:!I'ed with PRAEGER a nd ex e cuted ?) .

F orme rly wi t h n c n Troop , 26t h Ca v; vn th PRAEGER a t Kabugao , July 1 943 .

F or mer l y with 57th Inf ; vn t i" PRAEGER in Fe bruar y 1 94 3 . Knovm i n F e br1.1ary 1 944 t o be fr ee on LuzDn-, wher eabout s n ot s t a t ed . ._ ASN 1 904 9099 . Reported/ s till fr ee -, in Fe bruary 1 944 .

14th Eng , p-. S , Now gue rrill a CO in n orth e rn Luz on .

-Mar ce llo ADDURU , forme rly . go~e rnor of Cagayan Pro~nce , main t ained cl os e c on t a ct wi th Ma j . PRAEGER . PRAEGER s t a t ed ADDlJRU went t o Manila t o s urrend er in June 1 943 , int e nd ing t o s e CDre a job in t he puppet re gime a nd t o f1.1._1111el int elligen ce to the gue r r i llas . He s eems defin i tely t o have been in ,Japanese hands in Manila s h ortl y -af t e r a nd possi bl y wa s hel d pr is oner l a t er a t Bayombong , Nuev a Vi zcay a , in ear l y 1 944 . It is doubt ful t hat he i s s t ill l ead ing guer rillas . A Lt. Be nit o BUL.AN wa s ~working with Gov er nor ADDURU in I sabel a .

He ha s since been cont act ed

by Visay an agent s vvho r epor t ed he was sti ll ac t i v e , Ivlar ch 1944 . No other repor t s ha ve 'been receiv ed conce rning him.

' litthf,~Jln.:;.t.r:l~@fi~QQ9rcii-..rLQtE;.g:.",-C_~nmand ...::.J.242 j lJAKAR2. : Maj . .; (l a t er Lt . Col H.ARN-:ER s urre nder ed , pr obably in May 1 942 . Maj . (la t e r Lt . Col.) Guille r mo Z. NAl\:AR , _wh o was a battali on cOITlmander under ifv'1-\R1mR, did n ot s urre nd e r , but mainta ine d at least a part of this f or ce in Nue v a Vi zcaya . Shortly af t e r war d h e e stabl ished r ad i o communi cati on 'ldth GHQ in Aust r al ia , r epor t ed t he s t r ength of hi s cO!1unnnd and was author i zed t o or ganize i t as t he 14 t h Infan t r y , Philippin e Army .

,

As t he most pr omine n t -USAFFE Qff i ce r in t he a r ea , Col. NAKAR al s o coor di na t ed t he r~mnants of ot he r US-tWFE f or ce s . The comhined group wa s f a irl y _well armed , and disrupt ed J apane s e c ommunica ti ons i n t h e n or th central LUzon a r ea f or SClne ti~ne . The f orce had r a d io com.'lllJnicati on wi t h

- 40 -

"

Austral ia fr om June until Sept ember 1942 . In Sept ember the J apanese di s pa tched a f orce f r :>m Bag'lllO which captured NAKAR and the r adio near Cabanatuan , Nueva Ecij a . NAKAR waS r epcr ted execut ed in November 1 942 .

Pos sibly as I!l8ny as- 5 , 000 men surrendered a nd the r est of t he group d is pe r sed t o the hill s "lin th equipme nt. The captur e of NAXA...1=t was the f i r s t serious bl ow t o the cooroinatecl comme nd of the US.AFFE r emnant s .

M~-.:-:li[.QJlLE Qjl6:rrillae~qn¢U:;.o.orcJ" in,gj:,~(;t-.9OTn;!Iland~::. X2~ _.:: .lJ2ne 1 90 : Lt. Col. Arthur r OBLE , 0-17780 , f or merl y of t he 11th Divisi on PA , a. nd Lt , Col. Mart in MOSES , 0'...1 6924, a.rrived a t Maj. PRAEGER ' s headquarter s near Ka bugao l a te in Fe'0r u..ary 1943 • . They };..ad escaped fr cm Bataan a nd went north fr om soutbern Mounta i n Province aft er having cont a cted moet Americans and gue r ri l la l eaders in centr a l and wes t ern Luzon e They had been or ganizing guerrillas f or nine months a nd pr obabl y inherited t he coor dinated command fr om Col . NAKAR . They cl aimed an organizati on of 6 , 000 , composea of t he r emnant s of t~'le 14th , 1 21 st and 43rd Infa ntry . Inte ll igence was received by them t lITough runners f rom Mountain Provi n ce , t he west and north coast of Luzon a nd then radi oed t o Austral ia via PRAEGER . The J apanese " sent out a f or ce t o. ca pt'ure t he Kabugao group in April 1 943 . MOS:~S and NOBLE and a nUlnber of guerri llas were ca pt ur ed , app arently near Lubuagan , Kalinga , M01m t a in Province , in June . ADDURU and PRAEGER bot h fell into the hands of t he J a panese in A1J.gus t 1943 . It is believed Maj . PRAEGER was l ater execut ed in Manil a . The l os s of t hese l eader s was a seri e"!.:.,':: bl ow ' t o r esistance in n orthernmost Lu z on a nd little concr e t e inf ormat ion has been r eceived of g1.1..errill a activi t;y i n t his area since .

~NJllQ.:~Z Q11f3-.!..rill £ls -1illll~.9oord il).ated Command 12~2 - ~ J\1J.lC?~ 1 9J;J,

.

The most col or f ul of 911 guerrilla aQtivi t ies in n orthern Luzon is t he s t or y of the 1 4 t h Infant ry under Lt . Gol. Man ve l ENR:U,}UEZ .

ENRIQUEZ c onti nued f or six months after MOSES and NOBEL S1)xrender ed , a nd the stor y is given he r e in f~ul . ~~h Ipf a n~l :

Lt . CoL ~Jjfu"'1uel P . ENRI QUEZ 5 PA , an uns uxrender ed USAF'FE off icer, had been- in cOTIL'rland of 'l(he 2nd Batt a l ion of the 14t h Infanty.f un,der NAKAR earl y in 1 942 . Hi s Bat t alion Staff: NAVARRO , Edmundo QUIl'J""ES , Hon or io

NERY, 1s t Lt . Abnuel

Executive Officer" Captured June 1 942 in Manila a nd impri soned in F ort San t i ago .

5 - 2 . PMA ' 42 , beheaded by J apanese in Pangas ina n (1944?) . Consider ed

by ENRl QUEZ t o be t oughest and mos t r el iabl e n:an in Pangas inan , Benguet a nd wes t e r n Nueva Vi z caya .

S -4 . i~as in Manila , now in Nue va Eci j a , an ina ct ive r eleased PH.

Afte r t he capture of Lt . Col. NAKAR , ENRlQlJEZ assumed command of t he 14th Infcnt ry and led the gr oup in the hill s as a gue r r illa unit .

It appears that t br ough his intell igence collecting agency, E1\jRIQUEZ managed t o coor d i n at e l.mde r one intelligence c orml1and al most al l the guerr illa units 'known t o have existed in the s outhern part of n ort hern Luzon incl uding t he 43rd , l21s t and 14th 1m antry units . The Gonnect ion between this and the M03ES- I'WBLE cormnand is obscure . Headquar t ers we.re l o cated in a Nac oco Store i n Bag'Lllo , which was est a blished with the :per m.iss i on of t he J a pane 8e} ost ensibly as a trading or ganization . Agents posing as s al esmen came and went f rom all part s of n orthern '.Luzon t o Baguio , bringing int elligence . Some.of the- l eader s in the unit a t t hi s t ime: MANRIQUEZ, Romul o ALVAREZ, J ose

Exe cutive Off icer . Panga,si nan Mountain Pr ovince , l a ter CO under VOLCKlvlANN . ' G-2 . Mast er mind in Baguio Na cGe o store , ENRIQUEZ ' s inte lligence center.

- 41 -

ACOP , Toma s

Bn CO . Also connected. with Bnguio Store , and st&tioned in At r n (?) .

Captured in ·Baguio Fee l S4I+ (?) .

Bn CO , Pangasinan .

USAC, was al s o in Manila but t old t o go t o hills f or own ,safety . (la t er captur ed ? ).

One of ENRIQllliZ original officers , Pl1JIA 141. ·Nas S-l or S-4 in t he 14th 1nf when ENRIQTJEZ wa s 1Jnder J ARl\i'ER as Executive Offic~r . SlITrendered and now bel i eved free in Isabel a . (same as BUL.AN wit h ADDURU? , see page 40) . . One of ENRI Q[iEZ En COs , c,;ph ITed and kill ed .

PMA ' 44, now with MANRI Q"Ol!; Z.

QunIES , Honoria DOUGL.AS , Andrew BULAN, Melito

DUMLAO, Lt . Saturnino

The a ctivi t ies of ENRl Q1.JEZ wer e sus1='l8 cted by the -Japane se and he was placed in a concentration camp in Manii a . He wa s r eleased in October 1943 by the Gener al ~mnesty Orders when independence was gr a nted the Philippine s . ENRIQUEZ , di r e cting the activit ies- of Baguio and the Na f" oco Stor e fr om iVlanil a , r eassembled the guer r illa groups , ps. t cb.ing up diff erences bet ween t~em . The r eor gani zed unit covered par ticular l y . , Mountain Province , Pangasinan , and Isabela .

His staff whil e in Manil a : NAVARRO , Edmundo ALVAREZ, J ose FLORES , (Manuel?)

VALDEZ , Ma j . (Sime on? ) MANRIQ1JEZ , Maj . Romulo ADDURU, LIZ.ARDO~

"

)

-

Marcello Lt. Col. Clar o

r{~ j .

G-l . Rele ased i n s ame arrme ety , code number H4D7 .

G- 2 . Code number P,;.n2 .

G- 3 . Code nTh~ber H4D3 .

G-4. Code n8 nber F~r , ?~obably a f or mer PC officer . Possi bly al s o atta ched t o t he Maharlika s .

Regt CO . Located Pangas inan , was i_n Manila on spe cial mi ssion 1943 -44 ( ?) . Regt CO . Located Cag'w an Valley.

Regt CO . Locat ed Ilocos , end at t he s ame time the di s trict BC inspe r.tor .

The ar med member s of th~ Constabula ry (pre -W!1r PC) , civilians and members of the Philippine Scouts f ormed the nucleu2 of his combat units, l ocated mainly i n Mountain Province . The unar med ex- s er vicemen for med a sabot age unit . I n December 1943 , a transmitter was brought fr om Manil a and pl aced in Bagl.:d.o under car e of Capt. Ali AL - RASCHID, Chief of Police of 5aguio and Ex- PA office r. Wha t has happened t o this r adio i s not . lmown , but RASCHID was still Chief of Pol ice i n Ea guio in March 1944 .

Lat e i n 194.3 Franco Ver a REYES , a Filipino swindler well lmown before the war, wor ked into ENRIQUEZ TS headquarters posing as an agent fr om Ma j . VILLkiOR, t hen on s outhern Negros , and obt ained the r ost er of ENRI QUEZ' s or g,mi f at i on. REYES vm s l ater arrest ed (and killed) by t he .

Japane se and ENRIQTJEZ f earing the Japanese had al so captured t he l'os ter called a confer ence of l1.is l eader s . All agr eed that f or their Ilm hud safety some woul d s~ITre nde r. The J apane se s urrende ~ pr omis es were l ater not r espected . Ther e wer e present at the confer ence : ENRIQlJEZ , Nf..anule TJUAG, Enrique D. (now in Albo.Y) FLORES, W~j . (Manuel ? ) GARCIA, Antonio (now with 7th Il/lD Luzon intelligence net ; al i as Tony Sen cock ) .

- 42 -

REl~OSO , Nest or

(l ater captured)

RAIVIOS , Alf onso (now in Albay) ,

RAJlf[OS , Hiram ( brother of above , and now PQOG oper a tiye in Fort Sa ntiago )' NA'7A.P..RO , Edmund 0 (now in Al bay) BORROlViEO , Emilio Others , 'ie-hose names are no t knovm , Viere also at the conference .

Those who could fled from Manila . Edmundo NA:lARRO , PA , 0-1 698 , went to the Bieals apparently f o1" Lt . Cel . UfvlALI , t c; ::r ga nize gue rri llas and unify the gr oups there 2nd l a t er became liai sen of fic e r a nd chi ef intelligence f or the PQOG (in t he- Bi cc:l s? ) . He <"n oVl commands the Albay Regt of the Bic ol Divisi cn ' UDoer E,s,CDIJERO . The Albay Regt was c omposed ori gina lly of NAVARRO I S in t e lligence lmi t and P2.'ote cti ve for ce plus a pr ot e cti ve ' force l ent by ESCTJDERO in S ors ogan â&#x20AC;¢ - NA VAF.RO combined the t~o lmi t s and accept ed ESCUDERO! E' over a ll conmlGnd , wi th arr angeme nt of the PG!,OG . The last of the gr oup t o fle e were Emilio BORROR'JEO and Antonio GAJWIA . They went t o Negr os , BORB.oMEO n ow 2 uni t com_mander in n orthern Negros and GARCIA became part of the 7th wID inte lligence ne t personnel .

The J a panGse r aid ed t he Naco co Store l ate in F ebr uary- 1 944 , and r ounded up mos t of the remainder of ENRIQD'EZ ' s men and ENRIQu'EZ was imprisoned in Manil a 21 -c,_ r 3urr i.,moer . Many other l eader s were a rrested in Bagui o in FQor u.ary and othe r s ha ve bee n a rrosted in Manila and Mountain Province ' since . Ei\!"RIQUEZ wa~'3 proba bly killed l a ter .

Other member s and conta cts in this group were : Captured i n Manila , J anua ry- 1944.

Attached , capacity not known .

American officer , so - called 121st Infantry .

America n office r , f ormerly' on dut y with 43rd Inf at Camp J ohn Hay .

Reported " still on d utyll, pr obably in the Baguio area , Mar ch 1 944 .

Wes t Point gr adu.ate , prisoner in Fort Santiago e a rly 1944 ; l ater freed (?) .

Formerly in t ou ch with Maj . PRAEGER; n ow active in part of Nueva Ecija and Pangasinan .

ALViLliEZ, A .

AQUI NO , Fl or endo BWlETT, l\[ia j . Geor ge CALVERT] Ma j . Par ker ' FELl Z1L"RDO , Lt. GEPTE , Lt .

LAPHAM, Ca pt . Robert 0- 379114 LISING , R. MANALO,Lt . Col. Gre gorio

MITRA, Assembl yman Ramon

Co~ma nder

of PC remnants ; active in the Nueva Vizcaya - Bontoc sect or and reported ccpt'LIT'ed in early 1944 in Manila .

COl1.11ected wi th ENRIQUEZ , now Deputy Governor of Baguio .

RES URRECCION , A. VARGAS , Ca pt .

VOLG~m=G~~~rrill ag : MOSES and NOBLE were captured r June 1 943 and Lt. Col. (then Ma j .) Russell W. VOLCKlHANN 1 0 -19537 , ~n unsurr endered American off icer of the 31 s t Inf antry , inhe rited the coor dinated command fr om them . Col. V01CKIVlANN was f irst r eported by Maj . PRAEGER in February 1 943 , probably act ing in a minor c apac ity . Nothing further waS :1eard of him tmtil Febr u.ary 1944 \lI,hen he was reported active with guerrillas .

He seems t o haye t aken actUD.l command of most of the MOSES - NOBLE gr oup but did not c oor dinat e the ent ire group unt i l after the capttTe of ENRIQUEZ in Fe brua r y 1 944 .

R.adio n6ssages have been received fr om VOLCKMANN since early September 1944 cover ing all of the 1 st Mili t ary District in northern Luz on vvi th 9ummar i es of enemy s trength anel a cti vi ties and daily r eports on shipping a nd ot her Gnemy activities from Sa n FGrna ndo , La Union , area .

- 43 -

This guer.ci l l a organization i.e knovm as USAFIP NO (Northern Luz on) . The or ganizati on c ove r e r s the 1st Mil itar y Distri ct and is be l ieved t o compr ise ;uost of the gue rrilla units in this area inch1ding many groups id entli'ied ~ri. th 'ENRIQUEZ . Approxi.mat e cormnand str ength i s r eported t o be t hr ee partiall y a r med r egi ments t ot alling 1 0 , OCO ,usn , and call ed the 11th Dilrisi c n . The unit is believod t o be 5Q to 60 per cent ar med and i s ShOl~t of ammunition a nd medi cal suppl ie s • They aTe mainly acti ve in sabot age , a;nbtlS hing , training and i ntelligence . "" Asi<;l e 'f r en the t oken supplies s e nt from central Luzon i n mid 1 944 no other suppl ies ha ve been received by VOLC~VWJ~T . U.S. intelligence personnel and appr oximately 20 t ons ar to be sent . A Fi l ipino, Lt . VALERA, was s ent fr om S '·PA t o contact r emnants of the ABLAJ)T Gmrrillas in Cagayan , but he had been l..1.nnol e t o d o this a nd he attached himsel f t o VOLC ;:'IT(i.Atl~ .

As channel s d e vel op , a clearer picture of the northern Luzon 8i t l:'Elti on will u...~doubtedly devel op . In addi ti on t o the coymtland r ad i o l ocated near San Ferna ndo , Lo. Uni on ; radios have been sent t o 110cos Norte a nd Ca gayan , but contact wit;::,. t l'! e se has ·no t yet been esta blished by VOLC K!'E.A.L\fN .

VOLCKiVlANK GUErrilla or ganization: CO} USAFI P NL Execut ive Office r A. C. of S ., G- l A. C. of S. , G... 2 A. C. of S ., G- 4 Chi cf Signal Off i ce r

Lt/ Col. R . iL VOLCKIVWJJN Maj . Par ker C.A:LVERT Ivla j . FroHan MAGLAYA Maj . Arthur M1,JRPHY Ca pt . Bado DANGUA Capt . Ote ·:) SI FAY

Off .

1 st Sect or (Bengue t)~ 43rd Inf (re named 86th Inf ? ) and e l ement s 66th Inf .

CO: Ma j . Pa rI e r CAL1TERT 2nd and. 3rd Se ct ors (La Union , 110 c os Norte and Sux , a nd Abr a ) : 1 21s t Inf and 1 5th Inf .

CO, 2nd Sect or : Maj . Alipio CUBAS CO , 3rd Sector: Capt • .Edwardo BORJ-A 4th a nd 7th Sectors (Kal inga , Bontoc, lfugao _ anq. Nueva Vizcaya ): CO: Ma j . Donal d BLACKBURN 4.t h Sect or ( Kalinga , Bontoc and Ifuga01 el ement s of 1 1t h Inf , 7th Sect or (Nuova Vizcaya ) - 14th Inf .

5th Se ct or (Apayao a nd Cagayan): Elem8n t .s 11th IJ:'l.i' CO: Lt . Col. Romul o A. MANRI QUEZ ,TOTAL

54

1, 202

99

3 , 34.3

83

1, 822

66

1,800

302

8 ,167

6th Sect or ( Pangasina n and NU8va Vizcaya) Pr ~posed 13th Inf . CO : Capt . Robe r t B. LAPHMVi The ~tIll.iVL~:r:rj...1-_l a~Qr~<fnizgJj.on: VOLC KMAl~N states -t.hatcont act with this ~.co~~ ha s n ot been very sati sfa c t or y . Capt . L.APHfu~ me t Capt . BALL ne a r BeI e r , Tayabas , in Ma y 1944 a nd was giver a r adio . He has mainta ined cont act with SWPA fr om a l oca ti on n ot f a r fr om Baler since Augu$t 1 944 . He cla i ms tha t his or gnnizat icn is independen t of t he VOLCKlVlAl~N guerrillas .

For convenience , LAPHAM' s or ga niz ation has been treated full s with t he Central Luzon Guerr i llas .

Re capitulation : VOLC KR1ANN , N Luz on CO , Hq e a st of Sa n Fer na ndo , La Union .

11th Cagayan and Ifugao Pr ovs, Hq FDbugao , Ifv.gao .

1 4t h Inf , Yiz caya a nd I sabel a Prov s , Hq we s t of Bagabag , Nueva Viz caya.

rmc ,

- 44 -

15th 66th 86t!.!.

12lst

Inf , llocos Provs , Hq NUEva Era , llocos Norte .

Inf , S Benguet-N Pangasinan Pr ovs , Hq east of Baguio .

Inf , Benguet (and Bontoc?) Provs , Hq wes t of Bagui o. lnf, La Union and 110cos Provs , Hq east of San Fernando , La Uni on .

ABLAN _G"W?.rriJ,.l as: This group was l ed by Roque ABLAi'J , f or merly ' governor of 110c08 Norte , and apparently cover ed the Ilocos -Abra area.

A Maj . !v1ADAMBA was attached t o the group , .operating mainly in Abr a PrDvince but was c apt~~ed in Apr il 1943 . ABk\N was reported still alive and free qt that t LTIe but contact with him has since been broken . He has r emained inact ive in t he hill s r:.ear Ca:l'azi , Il ocos Norte, vdth 100 -men.

Lt. V. T. REYES is hi s int e lligence offic er . Capt . LASSO is in corD"mand of l1ni t s in the vicinity of Pasuquin , llocos ITorte . Visayan guer r illa agents have contact ed ABLAN ' s agents fr om t~~e t o t ime .

A f or mer Phili ppin.e Army Ser geant (Lt . Benindicto ER.4.SIIi'US?) is l eading an unidentified guer r illa gr oup in Nueva Vizcaya aff iliated with Col. PERALTA on Panay . It is pr obabl e that this amounts -t o li t tl e mor e than an intelli gence contact wi th PERALTA ' s "Free Luzon" ar ea or gani zation in southern Luz on .

A Maj . GAGLAR (GANLAN? ) l eading an independent guer rilla outfit i n t he Il ocos was reported in December 1943 .

ANG.J.l1Li£:·GA i'L!W.ARLIKA ( The~: This g"L1Brrilla unit is

by Lt . Col . Ferdinand ~~COS, ex -~~nila lawyer and a G- 2 office r on Bat aan . He i s 30 years old , 1st Lt, USAFFE at time of s urrender ; studied law at the Uni ver si t y of the Philippines . MARCOS is believed ,. t o be in Manil a d i r ect ing activities of the unit. cOmIT~nded

The sub- v..ni t s are knovm as the DRAGON HUNTERS and THE NORTHERNERS .

Intelligence r eports have been received f r om Tayabas , Cagayan , Bagui o and Manila .

Headquarter s pe r so~~el are : - Capt. Ferdinand E . RUffiCOS (Taga-Av£p Maharlika ) 1 st LtG ~ Pa cific o Eo TIIIARCOS ( PacificD Maharl ika ) Capt . Aur el i o LUCERO (al ias Manong LILONG) 2nd Lt. .Angel LIIvlI OCO , Jr. (alias Ang Li ) 2nd Lt. F8rtunato GUZiViAl'iJ , Jr. (alias 1i t ong PlNGAS ) 3rd Lt . F'lor enci o CABONOS (alias Potus LAING ) 2nd Lt. Libertato BorJOAN (al ias Dieg SILANG) Ma.J . Nor berto RAl'v'I,OS (al ias Norberto REVILLA) Vicente ALIAS (al ias NAPAI\oMBALA) 1 st Lt . Dant e Q. NAGTALON (alia s D!3.kol KUTO) Maj . Sim.eon IVl . VALDEZ (alias Manang KALA?) Juan CABONOS (alias TAHINIEK) ' 3id Lt . Gliceri o OPINIONy Jr . (alias GLICING )

CO Ex 0 G-l As s t G-l G- 2 Asst G-2 As~s t G- 3 G-3 Asst G-3 Asst G-3 G-4 Asst G-4 Asst G-4

1st District (ll ocos , La Uni on-, Abr a and Cagayan) CO: Vicente RAVAL ~ Ex 0: 1 st Lt . Trinidad BATAYONG (alias TRlNlNG ) 2nd District (Mountain Pr ovince, Isabela and Nueva Vizcaya ) CO: Ma j . Rom1..Uo lVIAL'iJRI QUEZ (al iao Natur ed PIGSA ) 3rd District (Northern Tarl ac and Pangasinan) CO: Capt. 'A. CORRALES (alias Maki GABBO) Many of the pers onnel bel onging t o the .)lIAHARLlKA seem t o belong t o VOLCKI\'1ANNt s organization.

Strength a nd dispositions of MAFJiliLIKA tr oops , Apr i l 1944: North Luzon 3,450 3 , 800 Pangasi nan Za~bale s and Manil a 1,650 }ntelligence lIDi ts (Baguio & Manila) ~ TOTAL 8 , 20(}- 45 -

CJIAPTER

•

VI I

THE GUERRILLA .RES I STANCE :'.10VElVIENT ON PANAY A.ND NEIG1-':J30RING ISLAlIJ-nS 27 Nov ember 1 944

SECTION I .

GE tlERAL BACKGROD};1) OF PhNAY GUERRILLA MOVElVIENT :

. ; The his tc-r y of t he gue r rillas en Panay is unique ' amcmg t he island co1lmrand s i n t he early and c·ompl e t e e statlishment of t he c01.11.mand and t be c ontinu.at ion of i t s aut h ori t y with out qUEs t i on s i n ce . In bot h mil itary a nd civil mat t er s it is pr')bably the mos t ext ensi ve and the best exampl e of a c ~-mple tely Filipin o patrioti c ef fc rt of all t he Philippine .guerrilla o:r;ga ni ZGt i (ms • · / The 51st Phil j-ppine Army Division was on Panay when t he Japan es e i nva sion f ar ce s landed i n 1942 . The div ision had only had five ~ont hs t r i ning under a f ew Arner i can off icer s , and was abl e t o of fe r Itt t l e ser ious r esistan ce to t he J apan ese . Gen . CHRISTIE , CG of t he 61 s't-nivision , was only t oo awar e of t he limit ed Di vision pot e ntial and when s1.1I'render order s we r e publ i shed , ,, he i s said t o have t ; ld Fil ipino l eader s t hat ':"SC; f ar a s he was concerned the or ders did not a pply t o t h8m . As a resv~t the Filipinos t ok t o t he hill s with mo st of t he Division weapo~ ::; d other s upplies and equipment. _Onl y the f ew Ame r ican of fice r s and. a f'cw Fil i pinos surrender ed .

Some of t~1e out s t anding Filipi no l eaoers of the Dbri.sicn , M~cari_) PERALTA , _Divisi on G- 3 , Leopoldo RELUNI A, Division Engineer , and Z\;Q.ian CB..AVES, CO 3r d Ba tta li on ~ 6,3rd Regiment , vver e called t o Gen . C',~RIS:.:'IE I s headquarte r s~ 1:;ef o:re he currender ed .

He had t hem pr omise that they would not or ganize g-u.e rrill as or g1.1B rri lla act i v i ty f or t wo mont hs aft er t he dat e of s1.l.rr ender .

I mmediat el y aft e r s urrender PERALTA wa s i n 't).ortheas t P:m::y , Br a ulio VILLASI S '( '3.1 80 61 s t Di v is i on) in Capi z , REL UN1A , i n ea8t er-n CHAVES in c e ntl~ al Panay , Ci rilo GARCIA (a1 80- of 61st Divisi on) in the nortm~ st , and Gov ernor CONFESOR, pr e -war gov ernor of I l oi lo Pr e vine 0 , in t he S 0Ut'h-~ · Band .s- of s ol dier s r oamed the isl and und i rect ed a nd inde pendent . fLi ttl e :::r Qanif zati-On existed .

1

~

.

( The g1..1B,rrilla or ganizat ion was act uall y s t a rted in ,:.A~u:;; t 1942..z t e n weeks af t e r f!1.'r-render . PERALTA was cho sen l eader or assumed cOrrmlano. viii.th the taci~ appr ov a l of al l conce rned , and . was a cknowl .edged cOll1_mander of t he island al most i :wnediat el y . Throughout the ne:xt f our mon t l'...s , f ormer army per sonnel wer e r eas,semb1 2d , new r ecr uits t aken in a nd t he unit,s of the 61st P .A . Div~2i on reaot i vated int o a ne w 61st Di v ision . By Nov ember· the r e or ganization wa,s oompl ete;the J apanese wer e contained in garrisons a t San J'os e (lfut iqu£ )., Capiz t QWll a nd Il oilo Ci t y . Radio cont a ct had . been e stabli shed w-:Lth S~!PA in l a te Nov ember 19..42-,and the mor al e of t he peopl e and army wa,s at a .high 'l ev e l .

The i n itial success of t he or ganiza ti on was d ue 13:rgel y t o ' the a mount of equi pme nt avai l able t o' t he gue rril l a s and the compar a t i vel y l i ght J apanese garri son Ollo t he isl a nd during 19L!-2 . This l a tte r allowed t he guer rillas fr eedom of act ion , ampl e space a nd unint e rrupted. t i me t .aorgani~ e and tra i n unit s . EXGept f or disappear ance of ma nufact 'o red and imported items , l ifG on Panay was SUbstantially the same as it had been bef or e the war . Tl1e civ:i.l gov ernment 'under Tomas CONFESOR was ef fec t i vely i n ope r a ti on t hrcu~hout t he isl a nd . Thi s earl y good s t art gav e t he or ganiza ti on an i mpotus t h at bas e nabled t he- moveme'nt t o wi thst and r e peat ed t hor ough and ruthle ss J apan e s e t e rror r trid s s inc.~ •

•

/.

- 46 -

Late in 1942 , PERALTA heard- that guer rilla mc:vement s wer e spring i ng -up on Cebu , li'egr as 1 e tc., and conceived thc idea Clf or ganizing a Cor ps.

The IVth Philippine Corps was t her ef or e act iva t ed by PERALTA witt hi mself in command and RELDlGA then became CO of the 6ls.t Di vision . By agre ement wi th Col . ,FERTIG , gCLer rilla commander on M;indanao ~ the IVth Philippine Cor ps was t o i nc.ll.:rle Palawan , Panay and the Visayas with the exce pti on of Samar and Leyte . - Pal awan , Mindor o and Masbat e wer e t oo r emot e and t hinly populated t o have been integrat ed int o the Cor ps by early 1943 , but Negr os Occidental was ~re:l. or ganized and attempts wer e being made t o ext end the authority of t he C ~rps over the Negros Orienta l , Cebu and Bohol gL~rrillas .

In Febrl.1ar y 1943 ; PERALTA Via s of f icially appoint ed CO ::;f t he 6th Military Di,s trict only , whi ch included Panay ? the Romblans and Guimaras I sl and . Pri ar t~- the war the Philippines had been di vided into t en dis tri cts f or the purpose of recruiting~ army diVisions , and GHQ decided t.~ r ea ct ivate the se distri ct s i n guerrilla crgani zed areas as t he siBpl~st means of establ ishing guerri lla commands and aut horities . At the same time PERALTA was appointed CO of the 5th , Col. ~V . ';7 . V.iÂŁRTIG wa s a:Jpointed CO of the l Oth ~['ilitary Dis tri ct (Mindanao and Sulu) and PERALT.t s o in f ormed . PERALTA was al so inf ormed that other district c o~nands would be r ecognized as infor mati on and the si t L~ ti on warr anted . This nullified ~ the IVth Philippine Gor ps .

In December 1942, t he J apane se in Iloilo started their firs t of fensive against t he gl.1.er rill as . The units under CHl-'JTES i n sout hern I l oilo had/ been exceptiona l l y aggre ssive and a campaign of bLITning, looting and killing ensued in that are a but the Japane se vvere not able t c bre ak up this part of the gl.~rr illa or ganization . The people and the anTV disper sed int o the hills a nd t he Japnne se occupation of the area was an em'!t y. . .v~t\'Y.ry .

As soon 'as the J apane se left , t he pe ople r eturned and r eor gat;:'-Z3:"'Glon of the ar ea commenced. T~e drive '.-vas resumed in s ;)ut hern Iloil o in ,:Tul;y 1943 and r eached t o Sar s. in the nor thwest by September . Tbis time t he guer r illas suffered a l ar ge mat er b l l oss , especiall y in Sar a since t he l atter ar ea had been t he district headquBrter s ar ea . The invasi on her e W3S so sudden and t he J apanese . knowl edge of the s i tr.at i on so compl ete t hat much equipment wa s l os t . This di d not a ffect mor al e and s ubsequent r eor ganiza t ion ser i ousl y , h01,\ever . In November and December 1 ~43 , $.ctivi t y against the guerrillas wa s again r eBumed northwards al ong the east coast , atta cldng t he Romblons in December and the Aklan a r ea in northwest Pancy in JanuaryFebr 1.19.ry 1 9M . . T}:ds was t he most thor ough- going and r uthlessl y de etructive campaign of all. L05s Qf life and civilian pr operty was exceptLmally he a\7 but this onl Jr fl.ITthe r embitter ed the pe opl e agains t the J apanese .

The ar my r eassem.bl ed and continued on s l i ght~y decr eased efficiency and power .

~en

PhiliPp~ne

c8mplete~staffs

t ;e IVth Cor ps ,was abandcned , t wo wer e l eft on Panay : t he f ormer Cor ps st aff under PERALTA, and t he Division staff under RELUNIA. The se s t affs _were r et ained and carried on as t he Dis trict and t he Division s t aff s r espect i vely and much l ooseness and slug gishness ofc O!ru-uEmd followed . The De cember 1943 -Febr uary 1944 J apanese r aids demo~s trat ed t he inef ficiency all t oo well and alter ations in t he command wer e made at once by RELUNIA . In place of the Divisional chan nel s t o t he r egi n1ent e , combat te ams wer e organized in l\!1ar ch 1944, e11ch combat t eam semi-al)_t : :memous in -i t s own are a and control led by t b.e Divi s i on f or admini ~ trat ive purposes only . This gave I e cal l eader s mor~ authority and gr eat er freed om of action, and was planned t o :reduce t he ¡ overhead command or ganiZation measl.t rabl y . Ther e ar e seven of the Be combat t eams at pr esent . The combat t eam staffs ar e given in Part I II and t he areas of the com'Jat t eam commands ar e- shown on Liletp f ollowing page As part of the r eor gQnization , the control of intelligence or ganizc::tion was separ at ed fr O"u the combat commands. The S-2 Lmits weTe liaii3cn t p combat units bu,t f or ,over all int elligence Purpois es r eported independently t hr ough i ntelli gence echel on channel s t o the district intelligence section.

-47 -

SECTION II .

THE PRE SEJ:';T GlJE Rt-llLLA SITUl1.TION;

PERi-iliTh. : C')l. ilacari o PER, J,Ti. is a Fil ipino 30 year s ol d , gr adu at e of the Univ€ r si t;y of t he Phil ippine::: , l a1:'11 a nd ROTC ~ 1935 . He t ook a cour se a t the Philip;Jino Ar my s pe ci e l s ch ool i n Bag'lll o Gnd i s a r W(I.-uar army offic er. In 1 ';:41 h8 wa s G-3 of t he 61 s t Division on Pa nay but has . had no combat ex r,.c r ienco . It Is believed he was D Capt a in bef or e 8urrcm der ; and he was pr omot ed by GF, t ,; Lt . Col. 1 3 J Sll'l'--2 r y 1943 and Gol on el 6 August 1943. Ee Vl'aG appoi nt ed CO of tho 6th ;i litor y Di s trict 15 Fe bruary 1943. Pe'opl e 1)\'h o ho.vc ~mmm h ir.'l r e port t},[, t he i s a s t r ong ch ar a ct e r , a good o r g;:iIliz<:n~ , 2;gr e s8ivc ,. s ure of hims elf t o t h e point of b ei ng cocky , and a -s tr ong iluti onali s t . He t ends t o be i ::npe t uou 8 , l ack.s experi ence , is on ooca ei on ar bitrar y a nd s ome time s l a cks f oll ow- up OE his ideas '.

He wants th Ee} Panny guerrilla oYf;aniz a tion t o bo a pur:ol y Filipin o aoe0111 pli shmcmt . , American ,;: wbo wer e l eft fr ee on PGIlD.Y aft e r t h G U8./J!'FE 3urre m er wer o us ea by the t':J.-~iDy t o he l p buil d u p t he or gnniz 5.tion while t hose who could not c ontrib ut ::) vmr c carcdf or but t ol e r a t ed a s thOl).gh t hey wer e n9t wGnted* PERALTA r eT~ - i n s mos tly in the mOLmta ins with a minimLun s t aff and h e s very l ittle ccm t Qct i,vi th hi s t r oops . He has mDi nt ained undil.'!put ed l cadE: r ship of thE) 6t h ;';i1i t a r y Di st.:- ict d n ce 1 942 Sut i s pr obably ID0r e r e s pe cted f or hi s fo rce t h;.1ll ho i s l ov ed by the pe opl e who s er ve -under him.

PERflliTA, RELUNIJi , Giri l o GJiliCL:" , JUR iiDO , GUMINIt. , e t c ., ar e Ta ;;:;81 0'::> (081 tral Luzon pe ople .s ) ~)y birth . Be ing out sider s on P2YlaY, as it wer e , h as e nabled - the s e l ender ::; t o ll:J.int:}i n C\ ccrtni n amount -of object i 7ity in t he ir work . 4 They Lzy c no f ~ llli1i e.:1 on Panny and no _l oc a l axe t o gr L ld .

Be ing Tagal ogs and in per mMcnt position s on PanDY, }:;as nroused s C)J1.8 j cal ou.sy on - the p ert of Vi s.syan l c;nder s , but P'~ R;',.LTA has e ndeavor ed t o deal fo.irly with t)::.c .sit·uat ion .

Or Ei{Q..ui...t'B.ti~c..:r : Fro:-a t he beginning P :R~,LTA has exhibited a 2trong desire t o bring a l :::.r ) o ar ea und er his c ommand , t o extend 1'..i8 i ll...fl LlCnce a s widel y as possible , c EO. t o set up a n -i ntel l i gence syst em t hat '.,',,-oulc1. g:LV C him c omplot" de t ailed c over age . -Yi r s t he ass uTilcd lcad::::r ,s hip of the Panay f C)Tce s and wolde d t tY,::s t hcr an arti culo.tc or ganiza t ion . The n he pl anned an or ganization v'l"hio'2 wauld c ompr e hend and coor di na t e a ll the VisSJ' an g ue rrilla,s - the Ivth Pb:"t.l ippino Corps . The de ci s i on -of GEQ t o r c -e ,s t abli.:::h .r t he flilit ar y Di s tr i cts e s g'l'_c rrilla command ar ea~ vitiat ed t hose ;:--1 ,,1118 .

-PEPJ ILTA l'.ad , in the mcanti rac , cst o.bli sheO: " cent o.cts with ~lGrrilla l eader s on- NG2:rOS, Lcyt c ar..d Sanar . Ee did net r eI i nc,LQsh thc::;e conta cts but devol opcd - a nd Di:cc}ccd t ho - J r ga niza t i2ns i nvolve d , h opin:i t o as .s i,s t thcse l oade r s t o bE: c omE: i ?l Dnd cOmTJ1ander s, I ndo btcd t J hi m. On l'Jegr os , 7t~: ~ TI , Salvad or mCEDE wa,S c omnl;}l!din2' a un i t unde r t he inf luence of PERAL TA. ~~tc r the dis s olution of t :co Corp s ; PERALTA. i l1lm.ediat e l y bocImd ABCEDE as 7th !vID Com.mancJ.€r. Or, Lcyt e , in the 9th 1.11) , Bl as i\JlIRiJ'JD.A wa.s enco uraged t 'J r 0sist t he e ff orts of Col. K[-iNGL80N t o unify the; isla nd 'Lmde r hi s cOI'tlmand .

Bl ood shed r e;:3D1 t c-: d , 2n d the appointecnt of a commandor on Loytc was d o l ayed cQn sider ably. A 2Lnilar 8i t uat ion ovs n tuat cd on Se r1e r t hough not as viol ent .

L PERAl1'J'AI .'3 a cti v i t ies in the Vi so.yo,s conflicted with t hose of other strong l eader s . ' He never:thc l ess I'1ainta ined h i s conta ct s and the f loytJ of inte lli ge n c" . Onl y Oe bu and ~ lind a nao defi ed his a ttempts t o gain c or:t ncts and 0. f oot h old . 'I',.:; --tho n orth in :'io.sbGt c , I"Iarinduc.uc and ?' indor o and wes t t o PaL :;w2:rl i-ERP.l.rTA me t n o oPP03i t--:ion or cOJ':lpet ition . Eo had undi sput ed {n3ed o-':1' of ':'Lct ion in tb c.s ~ - i,s l nn(! s bu t OOC c.:.1.'E G of tho nu.nber of sm~ll l eader s on t hes e isl nnd .st t hc a c~ivltios of t he Panay COl1Lilt:md be r came involved in l e ce.l poli ticf' . Shif t ing sUpp0r t , L ,i l uTc ,t o t horot!;shly examine fact s i n d i s p-:':Lt C.S and th o r c .5ul t D.nt hes t y 'tl.c c i-sicms ,'" oft ul by junior and inexperi r n cod of f i ce r s , 1 1;}VC '-t ggr [lv(~ t ed t h e l 'Jcul politi cal si tUc'1 t ion on t he s e i 2L : . nd s . Thi s i s tJ'eat od mor e f'olly in SECTI ON V. At pr e sent PERPLTA a PPc2r s to bo s till a ttempting t o o s t a bli s h hi s a ut~ority and ha s r em;:::ined until r c cently t ho sol e source oi' int s:: lli gen ce on t bese areas nm the ir s ol e cnco'L'l'ngemont and soUrce of 2hpplic .s . PER1:i.LTA has aske d r epeo.t c dly f or r c cogni tioR of his ::rut hority in these-; o.rcas and f a iling t o r e ce ive any CDS(llJGr at 0.11 , h a s contitmcd his :"lttOl1pt s t o or gan ize t he m; inde pe ndentl y ( sc't) SECTI m; V) 70

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PERAL TA hQS al so attempt ed t o extend hi s infl uence i nt o Luz on.

-Re gardless of 1 :;88 of eq1Jipment and per sonnel , PER~1L TA ha s s e nt Pfn~ti es and r adios r epeat cdly t o s outhern Luz on and the i nte rve nin g i sla~d ~ . The rvlo.s ba t e r ad i o ha :3 OYlly Deen r ecentl y ost Gb1 ished. Sever al r ad i os l1aVe be en l os t in a t t uftpting t o e s t abl ish pes i ti ons on IvIind or o t o t).')e northwes t of Panay ,but i t i ,s n ot c.e rta in t h &t the 6th IIID has ye t suc ce eded in deve l oping r 2dio crmt a ct s on Luz on i t self . In the meantime ef f orts hGve been limited only by the amount of su pplies availc bl e .

One of t he p~ITpo ses of this expans i on Df influence wa s deve l opme nt of i nte lli gence c over age . Thus , pERALTA' s ac tivity e xpl&ins l tse li somewhat in t e r ms of 'nor e t han -she e r ambit i on.

The h OJie fr ont ha s n ot been e ntir e l y viiithout f a mt. In s pite of efforts t o curb t :1e compadre s ys t on , i t i s sti ll r ~:L'1 pimt, especia.lly i n the accounting and s uppl y sys t em . The compad r e s y s t em i s an ins titution whi ch all ows m8!nber~ of f amili Bs t o ass i s t Gac h othe r and branches of the . f amily by prov iding j ob s and s uppl ie ~ , e t c " a t the expense of th e or guni zation . S'V_pplie s ,s 8nt fr om S': lPA a r e r eported t o have a ppear ed in quan tity on the bl a ck mar ket end seld om r e a ch the needy or th os e f or 1!V 1->Dm the s 11pplie s we r e i nte nded .

PEfu11TA has shown r e peat edly his ability t o alte r pl an s and organiza ti on t o n6et changed cond i ti ons . He tried marti D.l 10.1,11 t o maintD.in l aw a nd or der on P",n s.y i n 1942 . He stD.rted or ganiz a ti on of a Cor ps , a nd whe n this wa s n~ul if i e d d i v er t ed his e f f orts t o the es t a bli srune nt of 0. s phe r e .of fri endly COll1'11nnd er s a r ound him and the deve l opme nt of a compr e - ' hensive i ntell igence ne t. -"?i thout encourageme nt he has been godf a ther t o s mall othe r wise unre pr esent ed gue rri l la or gcni zati ons :)n o thel~ i 3Lmds .

On Panay , i t self, when , hi s dis tr ict - d i v i s ion - r egiI:lent or gen iza tion demons trat ed its i n ef f i ci en cy , he r eor ganized t he e ntire command i ln::1edia t e l y .

At t he 8o.:'o,e tL'1e a good ' deal ~Jf t r.d.s fl exi bility of or ganiza ti on anci" plan s has be e n dir ect ed t owards a policy of s e li aggrandizement 'at all odd s and unde r any c ond..it i on s . The possi bility of utilizing t o adv antage existing or ganiza t i ons and par sons in 'a uthor i ty has oft e n been . di s r egard ed or negl ect ed in t he ~ITge t o est abl ish hi s mm authority . Thi ::! i s par t i cul arly ev i d ent in hi s ded ings Viii t h t he ' Masba t e , Mindor o and Pal awan g uer rillas ( see SECTION V) and his r el a t i ons with the c ivil gov erna ent on Panay . .Inte l:l.J.gยง}l~ g The pr od uct f' of PERAL TA' s inte lli ge nce ne twork h ave been v astly det ::1.il ed ~::md e x ce pt i on ally v oluminous . Monthly r e ports ar e pr epar ed f r om, ,s ched1J~ed _ courie r r uns fr om the e ntire ,networ k . The s e r e ports i n clude enem~i' s tre ngths and novement of e ven individua l J apa ne se s ol dier s , ' enemy Ll1st llation s , suppl y areas , cOlTh"D1l.nico.ti ons , e t c . The a bility of the , gent s t o secv.re inf or ma t i on i s unlimited and the ir patience in pr e pa ring r e ports on these d e t nils 'seems b ottoml ess . The actua l r esm t of the s e l ab or s , lms be en con side r ably h nmper ed by want of a ppreci n ti on of so urce s a ndty-pe s of int e ll igence desired. Ca r efully wor ded "'r adi O dire c ti on9 and pr int ed int elligen ce g~u des h ave r a ised the l evel of PERALTA IS intelligence act i v i ties . '

Pedr o SERRAN , PERALTA! ,s Inte ll i gen ce Office r , from 1 942 unt il pr obably early 19L~, l aid the f OTh~d a ti on s of the n et work . He i s about 26 y ea rs ol d , gr aduat e of the Uni ve r s ity of Philippines in l a w o.nd was 0. Lt . in the Inte lligence Se ction of the 61s t Di vis i on on Panay befor e s u.rrender .

Poeple who ha ve knmvTI him r cport th&t he ha s 0. str ong des ire f or per sonal gl ory, i s a littl e he ad y with his guerrilla r a nk of Lt . Col. and biB posi t i on on t he i s l and . There i s good ind i ca tion tllD,t his r eports are r el iabl e but tha t his sour ces a r e l oosely or g o.nized and deve l oped , and tha t little eff ort is boins made t o kGop the finan cio.l a ccount s of the int611ige nce se ct ion ~' In hi,s eff ort s t o expnnd intelligen ce s our ces , SERRAN has mi xed in l ocal politic s t o s ome ex te nt . Hi s l o. ck of expe rie nce a nd some ha sty a nd ill-c on sidoTcd ;u.d.g;nents h~vo confused c ommand am. pol i tical matte rs in pever al l ocal i t ies . Si n ce the r e or ganiza ti on of the cowaand in February 1944, SERRAN ha s been CO of tho 2nd Comba t Team and Ma j . Frederic o SALCED~ i s now t he Dj s tri ct I nt ell i gence Officer .

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Panay intelligence now s eems t o be lar gely a matter of special "Lmi ts attached t o combat teams which funnel re ports thr01.:tgh the (Ustri ct headquarters fr om S;!,iPL 1 u zon inte lligence penetrati on has been divided into two secti ons , one into s outheast Luzon vi a t:le 2nd Combat Team, and rHasbate the othe r i nt o southwest Luzon v-la the 1 s t Co ,ba t -'l'e8L1 and f!lindoro .

The intellige n ce eC~1e l om of the 2nd Conba t Te am is unde r Ca pt • .Ale i and r o P . HONTIVEROS . BOFTI VEROS i s about 25 years old, gr ad uat e of the Ateneo de Manila College and. enj oys a good r epl..l..ta tioE a!1long his men . He e dits re ports coming fr o:'.' Luzon agen t s and f onrard s the:] t hrough the distric t headquarters t o SV{PA. There are r e cent indi ca ti ons of rebellion agains t PERALTA l s a uthority en f\1a sba te . Whethe r this has haJ any effe ct in the functi oning of i ntell i gence ne t is no-" 1mo1Nn .

The S ol..l. t irvve s t a ppr oach t o Luzon wa s under Lt. Col. ED..rique JURADO. JURADO was f ormel~ Cbief of t he Offshore Pa tr o1 7 Philippine itrny . He had abili t y but did n ot get al ong well with people a nd ,,;as r e cently kill ed in -a dispute wi th g·Cl.el~.cillas i n cent:cal e a stern Mind or o . His headQ1.1.arte rs was l ocated on t he ee.s t e r n c oast of i;lond or o and f or warded intelligence throu..gh the 1 st COEiba t Tc a:rJ.s t o the dis tr i ct heado uarters . The effe ct of his death on t he inte lligence syster.:1 i s nQt knoYin "y e t . Some de t ails of these "t wo nets a r e des cribed in SECTlbN VI ," .Q.QrrtbCi..:t: The effici e n cy of the cOElba t side of the or ganizat i on has been much v !:nmted. The "Lmi t s have en gaged in frequent an bushe s but they have not partici pa ted in pitched battle s ~~th t he enemy _ Ra t he r the guerrillas have s catter ed into t he hills on the approa ch of a l arge f orce, l eaving the civilian s un) r ot e cted and at the !;1erc~ of the Japane,se . This has Lpt hel ped r el a tions v.."i th t he c i vilian s but has r e t a ined t he ar DY al most int act . T£:.6 ar my live s o~f tbe l a nd., . se curi ng supplies l ocall y by ' cormnandeer ing or p1..1J:'ctase ~ a nd oft en t heir l ocal a ctivi ties have al so arous ed the animosity of the civi lian s , The Pa ns y guerrilla stren gth, including .Masbat e was appr oximat ely 22 , 600 in October 1';,411- with but a pproxima t ely 8; , 000 arms of all t ypes and 160 r ounds of a,,!I!!llL"iition pe r we apon ·a re availo.bl e . Since mid -1942 , appr oxi t wtel y 3 50 toms of supplie s;; but n o trained p ersol"..nel other t han weather observer s , have -been s ent t o Pa nay.

Beridee g-.c af t and sometimes strained r elations with the civilians the c ompadr e s ys t e:-n by incr e Gsing over head per sonnel a nd d e pl eting supplies seriousl y has further redu ced the effectJ_vene s s of t he organiza tion , de s tr oyed discipline c.l most entire l y and a t tiTTle s i mmobilized the a rmy . The ar my di s cipline i s fL:a -t her l"imi t ed by l o. ck of good , str ong l eader s ri ght d01fffi the l ine . There a r e sever al out stand ing l eaders as RELUNIA , CHAVES and GRASPARIL but t :1ey l a ck me n "Lmder them t o foll ow up t heir l ead ane enforce discipline among the men .

The pot ential of the a r my r emains good . The mor ale of the men has been kept up by 1 0c&1. r3uccess es , the general ',Ja r situation and t he support given them by SlIJPA. The me n ar e e ager t o serve their country, wanting onl y adB ~~l.late tra ining-, l eaderehi p and g"L1.ida nce . , It must be r-emembered t ha t t::-.d.s o:.~ganiz a tion loa s been built up fr om the r emnant s of a par tially tra ined d ivision , Qnd Vii thout outs ide ass istance except for s upplies . The a chievGsent of thi s ar my then b e c ome s r emarkable .

At pr e2ent the guerrillas ar e endeav oring t o h old t he J a panese into their garrison ;3 :J. t San .J os e (Antique ) , San t o. Ba r bar a , Iloilo Ci ty and Ca piz t ovm . To da t 8 tho J apane s e hav e a ctually 'Ivithdr awn fr on most outl ying post s &nd er e mor c or l es s conf i ned t o their gar r.ison s mentioned. abov e .

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SECTION III .

DISTRICT M'D CO!lflBAT TEAi\1 STAFFS ~

HElad qJJ.art e}'.s., _.qt"h-...JVa.lj~.:t,.@.l'.Y--..P i s..tl--j.~c t ~ Eas t Ce~tral JLDtique Head quarter s (F i r st Echelon): Di8'trict Cormnander Col . Maco.r io PERALTA, PA Exec1..',t i v e Officer and Lt . Col. Leopol do R. REL LnnA, PA Chi ef of Staff Lt . Col . E-. MONTINOLA AC:"~L:tant G- l ~'ia j . Celestino S . ~1mmOY G- 2 Ma j . Frederico L. SALCEDO S::'§,nal Officer Lt . Col. A.mos :VI . FRA1~CIA , FA East ern Pan ay Headq1..~ rt e r s (Second Echel on) COH'lzo.anding Officer Lt . Col'. w 'o'p ol do R. RELDNIA , (2nd in c Ol1llnand 1 Pnnay) Execut ive Officer Ma j . Eriber to T. CASTILLON Asst Executive Officer Lt . Col. JuliBnC . CHAVES , FA Di s trict QIvl Lt . Col. 7iill bm F'. GEiiWERLE (now in Australia) Tot al Headquart er s s t re,ngth is 25 officer s and 222 EM. The Fir s t Echel on is a small group with Col . PERALTA . This e chel on dev ot es 'i t s time gene r a lly t o policy unO. outside r el ationshi ps .

The Se cond Eche l on i s t he t act ical head"quart e r s on Fanay , with all service units , e tc., a ttacbed t o i t .

RELUNIA: Graduat e of the Univer sity of the Philippines , 1 935 .

Duty on Panay in Nov ember 1 941 , as 61st Divi s i on engineer.

Strong , aggr essive , fea rless per sonalj..t y , m&inta i n s pe r sonal con t ac t s vii th tr oops and oper a t es i n. f or war d ar eas . Responsible fo r r eor gani . za t ion of 61st Dividon in Mar ch 1944 . Demands or der s be foll owed and t akes s trong action agains t non - compliance or making fals e r eports .

• Ko. perscmal or nationalistic desires , sr;ends all time j2os:::ible on training and kesping organization intuct fOl~ f inal as,.smll t on ti.!.e J apanese . Wel l li:ced _by hi.s officers unO. men . Reported by eva.cuees t o be the br ains and backbone of the 6th MD .

Present duties , Exe cut i v e Officer and Chief of StD.ff , Ho" 6th MD .

MONTINOLA~ Lt . Col. , AG; ' was in PC befor e the war, :ros seen a ction again s t Mor os in Mindanao; was Capt a in , PA,,_ at tirlJ.e of s 'L1.!Tender.

Pre sent duties , Adjutant , 6th MD. FRM~CIA~ Lt . Col., f ornerly ; assigned t e g£ound c O~~1..mi cations , 64th Regiment . Eva cuees re~o~t him t o be a poor or ganizer and~ t h2 t equipment has been l ost frequBnt~~- because of improper handling a nd s8 c1..I Tity ~ . measure s.

Present d:cl.tiy§, District Signal Off:l,cer. /'

,J.

CASTILLOO : Maj ., was' acting CO, 66th Infa ntry Regiment; had 3 years ROTC,. Nat ional Unive r s ity of Manila a nd has- 'been r eport ed t o ~e dependable.

CHPJJES: F orme;ly FA r eserve off i cer a nd ' s chool supervisor, C£llinog Ilo:;i.lo bef or e t he war . He was Commanding Officer; 3:rd ,Ba ttalion , 63:rd Re giment , ' 61 s t Divi si on, whi ch was tha only batt alion t o offer r esist ance t o i nitial 'J apane se l andings on Panay . He is r epor t ed t o be pr o- A.me rican , bl unt, -outspoken , and one of the best office r s in Fanay; desir ed n o per s.onal gl or y .

Pr esent'd ut ies , As sist ant Executive Offi~er , Headquarter s , 6th MD; and 90mmanding Of fi cer, 63r d Combat Team. .

. . ( GEIvIFERLE : 4~ year old ,na t i ve of Swi~zerland ; n ow citi"zen of the Phll1Ppanes . Lt~C ol# 1n bot h USAFFE and gue r r1lla forces . Before the war was Presid~nt of Sllrigao Conso:J..idated rulines (gol d) and Mnnager of Koppel & Co ., Iloil o ;branch . Reputa tion v e r y high in Panay and he can be t?~s ted . ( Present p03i tion , head of ;QM and FD . (now in Aust r alia ).

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~ombCl~__~T..e~am , 110LtJlvYe[3i:. PJL~'§'y'" Head ql.~arter s , Li bertad, y Antiq ue :_

Comrna:nding Offi ce r Executive Officel~ Ad.:]1..'-t ant and S -l S- 2 3 -3 8-4

Lt . Co1. CirHo B. G.ARCIA , 0-145 4 , PA Capt . H .' V. RUIZ , 60010";2nd Lt . Torribi o CRESPO 5 0- 888 253 , ADS Capt . Pet er A. GARRJCEO , S0024°'f Capt . p . 1\;1 . YAP , 0- 1645 , FA Capt . J ose P . LAYO

-)(-Se r ial nUID.bers begi nning with n SH hLl_t n ot pr eceded by n o tl a re pr oba':ll y guer rilla se ri al nurnbers but ther e is n o corrcirmation of "\;his . .

Fir s t Com-Gat Team c omposed of companies inst ead of batt alions; the known c ompa:ni.:: s : li B !! Co .

Commanding Officer 1st Lt . L. HABLERO llF" Co-. Commanding Offi cer Capt . ESTlOKO tll'! Co .

Capt. VILLASUR COlTIInanding Officer n X lf Co, Capt . Silverio CADIAO Command ing Officer Executive Off icer 3r d Lt . Fe lipe E3TORES Atta ched 'Unit s: ...-.J.:J ~ J.' V\/ Rc;Jlb1 0n , Marind uque , i'ifll,.l' nd.01'0 , P a 1_ Dwan . (,See ,Qt.'C~T.·TO".·-1 Strength ~

1 32 officer s · and 2 , 166 2 , 000 of all t ypes 1 51, 000 r ounds .

Ar ms : AInrn1.m i tion :

E~1j

GARCIA : Lt. Col. in guerrilla f orces a nd CO of the F il~ -3 t Comba t Team , and is r e spone ibl e f or submar ine rendezvous a reas . He is Tagal og by birth. Befor e t he war he was r eport ed to be Capta in in the Phi1iypine A1~ny ; f or merl y Liais on 0[f:.'l. cer 7 41 s t Division , Tayabas.. Arrived on Pa nay f r om Bat aan in February 1 '742 . He is s tri ct , l.mafraid , t a ctless and n ot ge nerally liked by the - Filipinos ; he is ambitious , jenl ou~ of his authority and "Woul d not c CXJperat e l.ti t h AInericnns who escaped caphITe on Panay in 1942 and wer e under PERflLTA1s co~~nnd . One r eport s t ates GARCI A had org~ni zed a powerful gner ri11a band in nor thv.-est Panay- before PERALTA be c ,:nne acknow. led ged commander ?f the island, and be cause of this power he maint8.ins con side r able independence under PERdLTAI S com..rnand . His char a ct e r does not seem t o be a b ove. r eproacl1 . Ther e have been ;uany r eports of mi sappr opria t i on of supp:Ue s received fr om SHFA by submaTine and in one instan ce" 30 t ons of s upplie ,s wer e l ost due to poor organization and pl aY'..ning for t he shipment.

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Se~Q~1Jj3":,G. _.'I:eaJJ1 ,, --,,l'i.9Kth~s t e:J,".Q__l.u.po.J.

_apd. .!Yla13.Q.1:Lit~ ; HeaCl.c.nart er s , Amayong , San Dionisio , Iloil o : Lt . Col. PedroSERRAN , PA C o~nanding Office r Exe cut t ve Offi cer Capt . Jose Ro PORTD8 , 60015 2nd Lt . San cho Y. IN8ERTO , 6 2447 Ad j ut ant and 5 -1 1 s t Lt . Rober t o HINOL~N , 60080 S-2 Capt . Regelio Lo ARANAgOR S-3 2nd Lt . Luci o P . M8NDOZA 8-.1;.

Firs t Battal ion, Alapasco , San Dion isio , Iloil o: Co:n:llancUng Offi cer Capt Leon GAl'vIBOA , 62048 I

Second Battalion, Tagayt ay , Masbate: (S ee SECTION V f or furt her inf ormat ion) Comn :1nding Offi ce r Maj . Vi cent e A . T.AN SIONGCO Capt . MGnuel DONATO , PA Exeo~tiv6 Officer 1st Lt. RGs~ITre c ion ORTIGAS 8-1 8-2 1st Lt. Clemento V. BAJb-~ 1 st Lt . Vi t o Z.ARAGOSA.c S-:3 ,'3'- 4. ,~.lst Lt . Lt . Feli.:t>ianco' AVENIDO .;

Intelligence Echel on: Coy!nlanding! Officer

Capt. Alejun~fo P . HONTI VEROS , 60141

,,

.J

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Strength: He ad q1..\.'1rter s =lst Bn 2na :En (£ilasbate) Mi s cell aneous TOTIi.L

Officers

24 22

g

59

148

EM 251 385 943

~§

2 , 035

The second Comba t Team has been combined with the 64th Combat Team , Masba te now being independent .

Ihird C OIllP~Q.t..'r:?a.Ill.l _We st Ce n.i:r:a.l_JloilQ..Lrovi-llgf.: Head o.1..1.arter s ~. .

Command ing Of fi cer L1aj . P. B. OS IvlA.l\J Executive Officer Capt . Salvndor BAGUAY . Ao'.,)-i-Trqnt L_vcc.

Capt Sof ronio BRA.SILAO , 62110 8-2 2nd Lt , Le on GELL ADA , 6245 '7 1 s t Lt , Avlino E. DAMIAN S"'3 S -L~ 3rd Lt . Di osdadi o C. CRAVES s t r engt h: ( L~ companies) Arms: A.m;mmi tion:

73 officer:::: , 1 , 340 EM 814 of a ll t Jrpes 85 , 000 r ound s .

Head q'L1.al~ters ,

Mt. Tigatay Are a , Iloil o Province : Com.;.'!land ing' Offi ce r Lt . Col. .Julian C. ChAl ES, PA Exe cutive Officer Ma j . A. CORNELIO /' M.j\.1.t a nt Mo. j. Po.bl o J. BRILLANTES .

8- 2 Capt . Pa trici o lVI . lVlIGUEL, 63260"Capt . IsauTo OCI AVIANO 8 -3 S-4 _ Ca pt . Antonio A. A1IGAl~ ,/ First Batt alion: Co:nmanding Officer Maj . Fran cis co OFFEiVIARIA , . PA ,..

Exe cutive Officer Capt . Reynol do SORONGAN S- 2 2nd Lt . Napole on GOTICO 8-3 1 st Lt. A. P. JURAO ~ 8 - L:.

1st Lt . Sa17ador ELICAl\ OL Se cond Battalion , Maasi n , Iloilo Province:· COlllilland ing Office r Capt. Ernesto P .- GOLEZ Exe c1-,_tive Officer Capt . Primo DOREGA 3- 2 1 st Lt . J ose V. AVENTINO 3-3 2nd Lt . Euge nio SI RUI GA S -4 2nd Lt . B. A. GRJ 0 Third Battalion: - Command ing Of fi cer Ma j . Epifano CABALFIN , 62037 Exe cut ive Officer 1 s t Lt'. P. SAAVEDRA 3-2 1st Lt . M3.nuel P. GOLEZ .

2nd Lt . G, G. GENGUYON :3- 3 1st Lt . Te od or o CLAnI N 8-4 (

Stre ngth: ~ Headquarter s 1 st .::n 2nd Bn 3r d 3n .

Mi s cell a ne O:~ . TOTAL '<-Arms : .ft_mmuni tion:

Officer s 45 32 29

· 3Y "

EM 611

681 55 0 731

..l{l ~ 1 90 3)258 1, 400 of al~ypes .

37,000 r ound. s •

OFFEIviAHIA: IViajor , f ormerly Lt . PC a nd Executive Offi cer t o / GHAVES. One of t he :)est fi ghters on t h island o.nd keeps above poli t .i cs and per sonal ambition i n the prosecution of the. war a nd seems t o have 1 0s t s ome f avor wi t h IT.i:i:R.ALTA a s a :r e:::: ult --Qf his compl a ints about political a ctivities of t he 6th lVID .

Present dutiE:: s , po::::si bl y I nspe ctor GenerDl of the 6th lVID , or CO , . , 1 s t Battalion , 3m Comoat Team .

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'.

~h Combat _ '.I:§.~~E.a§t C~ntrC!j, llor! 0 a nd Q.{;lJ2.:b. z-11:ovince: Headquarter s ~ Com.:.nandingOffi ceI' Executive Officer.

Ad ; utant

Lt. Col . Le'o poldo REL DNIA, PA Maj . Tomas C~ LOPEZ Capt. J ose 10 CASTIGADOR ,.

Capt . Domingo R. MALE Iiaj . Pedro y , YATLRy 62012

5-3 S- 4 Company : CClif,Illand ing Off i cer Execut ive Officer Company : Commandin g Officer Executive OfficeI' 3 -2 Company : Commanding Office r 3-2

Capt . I'jaI'iano ROBLES Capt . Fedel Q. de ASIS Maj . Pedro Y. YATAR J ose B BARRERA 2nd Lt . Bautista P . SIAOTONG 0

Ma j . Inocenci o FALLA.,.'ilA 1st Lt . Pedro ORTEGAS

St ren gt h of the 64th Combat Team '28.2 officers and 4 , 055 enlisted mens ar mament, unkn01iilTI . Little iTl..f ormation has been received fr o~il or about the area .

2.2 tl'LGOIllQ.q.·t _l~Lil~.s.ou.;.t~:o,....&l tiQ~.t:Qyj.ll9.~ _aA(!">-]al? wall-~ HeadcfL'E.rters , Lanaon , f.I..ntique: . .

Corn;·!lanc.ingOfficer Lt.Col. Era"LUl O F. VlLLA.SI:S , 0- 137.3, Executive Offi cel' IVIaj . I';Iarcial C.A?IN? I N, 6201 0 Ad Jl.1..tant Capt . Gil. rif. la JARES, 02101 8 ~2 Ca pt . Irene o H. J.f.i}!iORA, 6.2.220.

8 - .3 2nd Lt . Cornel io P. RAVgNA, 62523 8 - L, Capt . Joaq'Llin ,V. ORBEGOSO ,- ':.2l67 F i r st Battalion , Tibuao , Antique: Co:m,uanding Officer Capt . Fe l i pe ALPA,S , 620'71 ExeC'L1..tive Officer Capt . Luis U. GOLEZ , 6211 6 8- 2 1s t Lt . Benj amin M. VALENTE , 62464 S -L~ .3rd Lt . !'L:rfc.lel l'iiERENAS Second Battalion , San Remigio , A-nti cue ~ C o~~nanding Officer Maj . Adriano ,SP':·:ULDE, 62035 ./ Executive Officer Capt . Gabr iel C I::~ CA , 6221,.3 S-2 2nd Lt . -Vicente R. ACSAY -'" 3 ·-} 2nd Lt . Gregori o L. ALAVA , 62382 Thir d Bat tali on , Bar baza, Antique: COl'rrm.anding Officer Maj Ceferino S. CAfillEON, 0- 1791 -~ Executive Officer 1s t Lt . Roberto CAREONELLA, 62161 3~2 2nd Lt . Da riye s O. NACIONALES S- 3 3rd Lt . J ose CABALLERO , 62566 S- 4, 2nd Lt . Conrade L. METES 1 62674 0

Strengt h: Headquart er £) 1 s t Bn 2nd :8".0. .3rd :8".0.

Mil3cellaneous TOTAL Arms: Ammunition :

OfficeI's EM .38 .369 20 351 26 449 30 539 ~22 <,.-J.~( 1 .39 2 , 075 1,000 of all type s . .333 , OQD r ounds .

VILLASIS: YVas Lt . PC, good organizer and soldier hL1.t believed by - his subordinate s t o be jittery and thinks the Ja ps supermen .

Presen t duties , Commanding Officer y 65th Combat Team.

CAPINPI N: Maj . , Son of Gen . CAP'INPIN , reported to be a go od fighter but very y oung . Formerly stationed a t Ft . McKiDley .

Present duties , Executive Off i cer , 65th Combat Team . f

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·66th C ombat='te..anl,.l._No~rthern and ~1e 2 tern C . IT .

'Headqual~ter ~: . aplz_~ .._o\[ll1~: Lt . Col o IT . J . GEA,sPAJUL , ~~2002 lI!Iaj . G1J.maliel I\~AFIKAN '--\ 1 s t Lt . G. RIZALI NO , 624~6

Com:C1l2nding Office r Executive Officer Fi r s t ,Ba.ttalion: Comliland ing Offi eer Executive Offi ce r ,S - 3 Se cond Batta lion: CO:iE11CLn.ding Offi ce r Executive Officer ,3 - 2 Third Ba tta.lion: CO:i1manding Office r Exe cutive Offi ce r S-2

Ma j . Esteban .Ml-ti.NAD.A Capt . DUllla l ao t. PkNT ALE ON 3r d Lt . Le o pold o SERNlJES

'-.,;

Capt . J ec u ;:; ;,::. JIZ:~\D1mO L3t Lt. J ose ~1 . F . EELLO 1 st Lt Dominador F~RNAN1)T~Z 0

\ \..

E1aj . Samue l Co PLAGATA , 62021 / Capt. Ci r ilo EORTILLOSA 3r d Lt . Llari~no IvIALICUDlO 192 off i cer s ; 3 , 321 enli i:ted men.

800 of all t ype s (June l Sl:4) 1 60 , 000 r ound s (Jlme 1 <j!,,6,)

strengt h : lillununi t ion ~

GRASPliliIL : P-.ce -~,ar Sgt . FC,'" who or ganlZGG. · an independe nt gUBr " rill a bend in Ant i que in Augus t 194 2 , j oined F:2R,,,LTA I s c ommand 0.110 . then appoi nted CO 66th Regt . Re ported to be br ave , t01J.gh righter , Vi' o ~.ADeri can and a friendl y per 2cnality.

Present du:'Gie f3 , CO , 66th Comba t Team .

Total Per 20rmel

Off.i.~,E?.:r.Ji

§),]Ilmar:,y:

6t h 1st 2nd 3rd 63rd 64th 6 5th 66th

E'1:!

Nm Ec: - Cpl. Facar io PERALTA, PA 25 Comhat Team - CO Lt . Col. Cir H o ,E . GI-iRCIA 1 PA 132 Como a.t Team - CO Lt . Col. Pedr o ,SERRfl.:N , PA 14.8 Combat Team - eo Ma j . Po Bo OSM;'J.'iJ 73 Combet Team - CO Lt . Col. J ulian C . CH;:JTES, PA l S-0 Combat Team - CO Lt . Col. LeopolQ,o RELUNIA y PA 282 Com1oat Team' - CO Lt . Col. Br aul io F o VILLASI S, PA 139 Combat Team - CO Lt . Col. v. V. GPJiSPARIL y PA F2

222 2 , 166 2, 035

1 , 3L~O0 3,25

4 , 055 2, 075 3 , 321

The above fi. gure s ar e date d September - Oct ober 1 c44 .

As of t :l.e end of Oct ober 1944 the 6th ruID reported having the f ollowing a r ms a nd amn.,tmi ti on: ARMS 10 81mm mortar s 10 ca l 50 MG (1.ms erviceable 18 cal 30 MG 57 6 cal 45 TSMG 15 5 BAR and rum , cal 30 2 J apan ese morta r s 2 Japanese MR , ca l 25 3 , 872 ca l 30 carbine s 3 , 012 cal 3Q ·Enfie ld s 21 cal 30 NIl Gar and 7 cal 30 Springf iel d 30 ./ cal 25 J ap r i fl es 14 ca l 22 -rifle ·s.

71 shot guns 501 sidear ms (vo.r iow: ca l ) 1 cal 25 J apanese ;ViC .

1 77mm gun

l',bllJNITION 81111Ill mor tars cal 50 HG cal 30 iVlG J a pa nese mor t a rs cal 45 c al 30 Enfiel d cd 25 shotgun 2idearms h and grenades ,rifle gr enade s ca l 30 , tn

449 3 , 194 l58 , 51c)

7 3.6.. , 560 252, 90 0 1 , 457

6, 495 1 , 086 2 , 431 412 271 , 040

Arms sent l)Y S-:;'PA wer e mainl y cur DlDe :2 , assorted ma chine guns , t ommy gLIDS , are';, mor t an' , etc . Sarly in Novenocr 1 S"L)-:- r eserved s t ocks of armn;nition were being expended fr eely and &rrL!11unition ;:,tocks a~'3 glven _ above have _pr obably 86 E.n con2'3ider 6.bly r educed .

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30'

PANAY ISLAND

GENERAL HEADQUARTERS SOUTH WEST PACIFIC AREA Military Intelligence Section General Staff

Pucio PI

GUERRILLA

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ORGANIZATION AND RADIO COMMUNICATIONS NOVEMBER 1944

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'::~ManigUin I

PILAR

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':::::'N""gk~ Tomonlon fXt " TUbui. n?

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Mambagid

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San '0

PANAY ISLAND

:~ L~~a8 ~ i'.umalinligan PI

,0 ycltlltan

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BAY

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J SEC TION IV.

THE CIVIL GOVERNMENT ON FREE PANAY ~

Panay i s divided into three provinces , Antique , Capi z and Iloilo , each with a separ a te g overnor before the war . After the J n p3Xle.38 invnsion , the gove rnor s of Anti qu£ and Cnpiz surr ender ed, Tomas COt~ESOR , Gcvernor of Il oil o , r ef used t o surrender and went to the hills with the gue rrillas .

I n early 1943 he was offici ally r e cognized ns Governor of Panay and the Rombl ons .

CONFESOR i s 4 5- 50 year s of a ge , native of Il oil o Pr ovince and a cti v e i n gove r nrnent affair s f or tilO.ny year s . He. is impetuous o.nd wa s kno'llm as the " s t or my pe trelli of Philippine pol itics bec&u se of this t r ait alene .

Sinc€) 1942, he r.tas maintained a free gove rnment on Pa nny ;vi thcut compromise t o the guerr i lla army , even un de r . c onsiderable pressu.re . His suppor t of the democr a tic ca11se has become a :e.asswcrd in Filipino minds . I n January 1943, Fer min CARAIV1 , puppet governor of Iloilo , wrote CONFESOR a -long l etter in vmich he pointed out tha t r e sistance anQ ha rdship wore fooliah and needless . COi\1FESOR Ts l ong repl y was r eproduced and- c i rculated widely in Manila ~

I

11 •••• 1 firmly bel ieve that ij:. is n ot wise and statesmanlY for our l eaders , i n tbj.& t he i r darkest hou.r~ t o te ach our peopl e t o avoid s ufferings and hard s hips a t the sacrifice of fund amental principl es of government and ,the democratic way of life . On the contrcry , it is their bound ~n dut y and re spon sib~li ty t o in8pire our peopl e to willing :tv unde r go ' my kind of difficul t ies a nd sa crifices for the sake of n oble principle" th~,tthl:)y n ouri s h deep in t heir heart s . Ins t ead of d aPz'ess their patr i ot ic ardor, the pe ople should be ins pi red t b be brElye and courageous under all kind s of bardships and difficulties in de f en se of what they con Elder ri ght eo'llS and ,just . de s hall never win or deserve t he esteem a nd re s pect of othe r n e.ti ons if we l ack principles , a nd i f we d o , we do not posse ss the c-oUl'age and valou.r to defend those principl es at any cost •••• II

His re sist ance and continued freedom h &ve been a n inspir ation to t he pecple of Pan ay . His popula rity 4a s sent thc; J apanese hunting on numerous campaigns to c apture him . Tha t t hey have not succeeded has been a further e ncou.ragement t o the peopl e to r esist the Japanese .

COMFESOR wac in southern Il oilo during mos t of 1942. }fe r eorga¢ zed t he civil goveYn~ent there and appar ently was re spon sible for restoring most of the funct ion,s of civi l governme nt ' tr,rougnout Panay a t that t ime .

He has always kept a r adio and dis trlbuted news t o the people and si n ce communications were sl ow , deputy gove r or s have been appoi nt ed wi th ' fD~l power to adminlst er t he ir r espe ctive ar eas . The r eor ganization WD ,S complet e by l a t e 1942 . .

I

As soon as r e or ganiZation commenced , the army and t he civi l governinent began c ompet ing for r ecr uit s , arms and supplies . "' The civil governInent maint a ined a l ocal police force a nd messenger sor vice knmm as the Provincial Guards . CO}j'FESOR se t about r eor ganizing this bog,y in mid 1942 . - This rivalry· opened a c ontroversy between the ar my and the Clvil government tha t has r-mde rlain a ll disput e s since . PERALTA is young and s trong headed; CON~$OR set and i mpet uous; a nd neithe r has conceded a point t o the other , since t he gisput e began . Bot h a r e equally t o pl ame f or t he "( pr ol ongat i on of t~e cont ::oversy . Other sub~ec~s of ndispute we r e martial l aw ,proposed by PJ!..fu\LTA In 1942, and the prlntlng or money .

The Provincia l Guards have been a c onstant bone of cont ention with , PERALTA . The g'mros ar e armed and they r epr esent ed a potential threat 'to his or gani zation . PERALTA has seve r al times claimed that t he gllary S were not r equired since t he army did the policing. He claimed t hat empl oyment _of pers~me l in the guards lessened the eff e ctive pot ential str ength of the ar my and of the org&!'ization producing f or the a r my .

CONFESOR has nonethel ess mainta ined the guard s and several titnes has owed his life t o the ir a ct i\Q t y against approaching enemy patrols.

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Recrui t ing personnel f or the gu.ard s -, gua r ding a gains t infl at i on , army c ommand eering ~ guarding ri ghts of the people, print ing money and maint enance of an ar med f or ce o1..'-tside the ar my are t he main i ssues of the dispu.t e . Other i s s ue s have arisen n os tly as -a r es ult of ani mosity a l re ady cr eated . CONFBSOR has maintained hi s pos ition without thought of compr omise even when a conce ssi on w01.llc1 have been ben ef ici al .

r

CONFESOR ha s als o championed t he ri ghts of t he pe opl e agai ns t t he inroad s of t he ar my , ha s champi one. _ them when t he ar my di d t he:!l wr ong , and has att empt ed t o or gani ze f ood and supply progl~ams t o s atisfy the demands of t he people and t he army . The civil gov ernment has tran s ported f ood fr om the grower t o t he near est a r my unit. Money has be en advanced f or the development of crops . Taxe s have been col l ect ed by l ocal c i vil t reas urer s and 3/ 4 of t he pr oceed s- turned over t o t h e ar my .

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SECTION V.

HISTORY ANu DEVELOPMENT OF INFLUENCE ON f'llASBATE , MIiRI NuUQUE , ROMBLONS , MI NDORO, AND PALA~VAN :

Inf or mat ion on Mas bate has come l ar gel y f r om Col . PERALTA on Panay , who c ontr ol s t he i s l and , and may be bia s ed . Ther e wer e thl' ee guerr i l la groups or i ginally , l ed by ROSEL, Capt . DONATO and Capt . VILLAOJADA .

DONATO was a Lt . in the USAFFE and f ounded his or gan i zation in October 1942 .

The l eaders of t he three groups combined into a battal ion . La t er VILLAOJADA seems t o. have become powerful and overthr own DONATO ' s control and t h en TANSI ONGCO was s ent fr om Panay by PERALTA i n J uly 1943 to i n st all himse lf a s the island cOYflDande r. ROSEL has not been heard of f or s ome t i me .

The VILLAOJADA gr oup of " The Army of the Fr ee Peopl e ", a s it was called , was l oc a t ed maiP.J.y in t he Milagr os area and t he peninsul a t o t he s outhwest and was r eported t o have been a band i t a r my out fit of ab out 400 half - armed -civilians wit h a social isti c civil govermaent under t he le aders hip of Juan VILLAOJADA . La t e r when t he or ganiza t i on 'wa s dispers ed , · VILLAOJADA is said t o have fled t o Luz on t o seek hel p fr om a par ent communistic society . I t appears t ha t " band i -t " refuge es from Samar and Capiz Pr ovi nce , Panay, t ogether wit h c iti zen s of Ma sbate formed the me mber ship of the gr oup . By mi d -1942 VILLAOJADA s eems t o have been influenc ing or cont r olling mo st of t he guerrilla ac tivity on t he isl a nd and was definitely anti - 6t h MD , a nd i s r eported to ha y e r e ce i ved coope ration fr om t h e BC' s .

He t ook from t he we althy and gave t o t he poor , especia lly cattle and land , and control l ed all sailboa t comm.unicati ons on the s outh c oa s t . He also printE?d more than RL O, OOO paper money . Thi s Boney wa s f or ced on t he peopie and the Phil ippi ne Treasury Not es r ece ived in excha nge are said t o have amo,unted to p6 , 225 which VILLAOJADA is r epor t ed t o have ke pt h i mself.

Thre e brot her s were the ba ckb one of the unit , J uan Vi LLAOJJillA ; lead ing , and the t wo other brothers l e ading t wo of t he five s maller groups oper a ting under VILLAOJADA. The · br othe r s we r e ach ta:lly J e sus , Yar iano and I saa c AZACARRA but went und e r t he assumed names of Capt. Jt~n VILLAO- JADA , Lt . Rol and BUS T.AI\flAt~ TE and Lt . Ni col a s FERMIN r espectivel y . .The t ut al strength of the guerrilla unl t was r epor ted t o have been 4'~;O wi th about 60- 7 0 a r ms .

TANSI ONGCO came from Panay i n July 1943 t o establis h 6t~ MD authority on Masbat e with a qomposit e Company which was t o incl ude guerr illa f orces t o be or ganized . The company , under t he cmamand of Ca pt .

Leon GAMBOA, /l eft Panay in Septembe r 1 943 Wit h 130 men , and l anded on SW Ma s ba te . Be t ween Se ptembe r a nd Nove mber , TAN SI ONGCO re or ganized his ~c a ttered· men and then attach ed t he m to the Corupos i t e Company .

Capt .

GAMBOA split t he co:npa ny i nto t hr ee groups a nd the p artie s pr oceed ed north al ong the pen i n s-dla t o t he Mila gros a rea , de s troy i n g VILLAOJ~~A l s b oa t s, killing and c a pt uring VILLAOJADA ' s off icer s a nd Il'en as they went. By February 1944 , the ilILLAOJADA brothe r s a nd a small g r oup r e treat ed t o the hil ls n orth of iViila gro,s . J uc1.n t hen f l ed t o Luzon and was captured wi th

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hi s 13on, Estacli t o SANTIAG.o (al ias?) and r eported killed by t he Ja:pmese ~ i n Lucena , Tayabas . The ot her s brot her s were killed on ~Jlasbate shortly after. The Panay element s of the Composit e Company t hen reh U'lled to Panay l eaving Masbat e l.mcler command of TANSl ONGCO and the 6t h MD .

PERALTA assigned Masbate to the 2nd Combat Team on nor t neastern Panay under Lt . Col. Pedr o SERRAN. Thi s t eam was composed 'of t wo battal ions - of whi ch Masbat e was t he second . The or ganizati on ~and per sonnel of t he Masbat e Battali on L _ Mar ch 1944 is as f ol l ows : Headquarter s , Ta gatay , W~ s ba te: Commanding Officer _Maj . Vi cent e A. TM~SI ONGCO Execut ive Officer Capt . Manuel DONATO 8-1 1st Lt. Resurr ecci on ORTI GA~ 1s t Lt. Cl ement e V. -BAJAR S-2 1st Lt. Vito ZARAGOSA S-3 1 st Lt. Fel igr anco AVENIDO S-4 "E" 90mpany , Southez!Ster n Masbate : .

ComrJlanding Office r Capt. Tomas lVIEDINA IlF1! Company , Central Masbat e and Ti cao I sl and: C o~manding Of f i cer Lt. Wilfred o S. BM~AAS "G1! Co:ripany , Northwe s t Masbate and Burias I sl and: Commanding Of ficer Lt. Fel ix S.ALVACION "Hit Company , Sout hwester n Masbat e: Commanding Office r Capt. Francis co YUSON (als o ,CO ~~sbate concentrat i on camp ) I n August 1944, t he strengt h' of t he 2nd Bn , 2nd· Combat Team, was 59 offi cer s and 9,4.3 enl i s t ed men.

It was :lmportarit t o PERALTA t o have Masbat e under hi s control.

For intelligence p1.~poses in southeas t ~rn Luzon and the east ern Visayas , Masbate ~as a v~tal l i nk . Wi t h TANSIONGCO i n co~m and , weekly couri er has been oper at ing bet ween the Bi cols, Samar , Leyte , IvIa sbat e and Panay . In mid -1944 , a r adio was establi shed, pr obabl y in the v)..cini t y of t he Battalion Headquarter s t o speed up fl ow of int el ligence t ~~ough Masbat e .

PER~TA was never of f i cially- aut horized t o assume caamand of Masbat e nor _ ha s off ici al di s approval been voi ced . No ot her gue r r illa l eader lws t aken an inter est in the ar ea and PERALTA ha ~ act ed in hi s own inter est s ,and has und isputed contr ol over the ar ea .

On 23 J'anu~ry 1944 , TANSI ONGCO and sever al - of his l eader s , i n- 'eluding GAMBOA fr om Panay, me t Ma sbat e puppe t government offi ci al s and r epr esentat i ves f r om the Japanese garrison and made an agr eement that t he Japanese and the BC would have compl et e fl~edom of movement bet ween garrisons whil e the ~uerrill as would have freedom of movement witrd n t he gar r isons. This agr eement was t o hol d u.rlt:l.l VILLAOJAD'A was liquidated , when' t here would be a new confer ence; ot her r eports indicat e that TAl~SlONGCO would t hen surrender t o t he Japanese . This is an L~te re sting si delight on the enemy pacif i cat ion pr ogram . It likewise s hows the weaknes s of Masbat e g'l18rrillas .

In early '1944, Ma j. LAPUS, a -guerrilla l eader i n Sor sogon , fled t o Ticao Island a ,s a re sult of a d i sput e with a rival l eader t h er e . Shortly after, in April 1944, a J apanese patrol went to Ticao Is l and pos si bl y t o capture LAPUS and his f ollower s . LAPUS, as well as a coas t wat cher pa rty on Ticao I sl and moved t o Masbat e t o es cape t he J apanese Patrol. The Japanese pat r ol continued t o Masbat e , LAPUS escaped , and- has since app'arently returned t o Sor s ogon. The J apanese patrol surpri sed t he co ~s twat che r party, however, and captured one of the party members , Armando SllliTIAGO, and some of t he e qLdpment, and disper sed t he other member s of t he party • • Some of the e quipm~nt was saved by Lt. ABAN of the Ma sbat e g~18 rril1as and used by him.

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The same SANTIAGO is re ported t o have pr omi sed Capt. DONATO supplies and GK ,recognition as island cOi1LlTIander . DONATO undoubt ed ly re tai ned a gr~rlge f or having been supplanted a s leader by TM~SIONGCO. Be had furtper had previ o~s negotiations vuth Capt . ZABAT in the Bicol s over the matter of DJIasbate command . DONATO gathered his men t ogether in Ju~y 1944 and drew up a decl ar a t ion , ~eparat ing them fr offi the 6th ~ID and TANSIONGCO' s conrrnand . Guerrilla activities since continuo under DONATO .

BC ' s and r eser v-i ,s t s .joined thi s group , civilians were inducted , and DONATO claims t r18t in Oct ober 1944 his Masbate Battalion became a Re giInent gnd a free civil gove r~~en t estaclished, Both are independent of PERALTA ' s influence. TANSIONGCO i s now on Panay 'wi t h guer rillas there and !'hasbat e i s no l onger part of t he 6t h RID or ganization . l\fJ8.rinduaue : Vfuen t he Japanese l and ed on Marinduque on 7 J ul y 1942 , Lt. Bofronio T . UNT.ALA..l'J , the pC commande r at Boac , won t to -the hills with his men . He surrendered t o t he J apan ese shortl y af t er war ds and left the isl and 20 Ju~y 1942 . Sgt. Charles H. HICKOK (American rad i o~ technician ) was on the island a t t he t ime of s~1ITend ~ r and in Sept ember 1 942 organized the / l oyal Filipinos into a g~~rrilla band of about 30 men . About Novembe r 1 942 , contact was Il1.ade with PERALTA, Commanderof the 6t h MD, wh o sent ins tructions on organiz ati on and int'e lligence and late r sent Filipino officE?rs, amon~ whom ' was Capt . A. CUDILLA , t o t ake command .

HI CKOK l eft in February 1943 and went t o Tabl as -1 s1and wit h the i ntel ligence center t her e .

He r e turned t o Martnduque in April 1943 at t he request of Lt'. Col ~ .JURADO t o . or ganize t he gv.errilla or ganization . Lt. ·Col . Enrique JURADO was then Romblon T s cOIIUllander and PERALTA ' s Luzon intellige n ce pene tration chief .· He was anxious to i mpr ove the Marinduque situation so that stop- overs could be a rranged fo r agents coming t o a nd fr om Luzon and Panay. x

When HICKOK r e turned t o Marinduque , he f ound that UNTALAL~ had left the J apanese and returned t o the hills . He had probably seen PERALTA in the meantime , since he claimed on January 1943 t o be CO M Company 1 60th 1nf; IV Philippine C orp~and was made Capt a in , FebrU$r J 1943 . 'He had taken command of the guerrillas and was ~mfri end ly · t o HICKOK ~ He made troubl e , and "HICKOK ~eft after a short stay . UNTALAN is still commander of t he isl and l:mder Lt. Col. GARCIA of Panay . HI CKOK r eport s '(jNTALl\.N to be not very inte lligent a.nd not r e li abl e unCl,e r pressure . The ' present '" or ganiza tion number s about 400 men divided into fo~~ companies with some 90 arms, and 6 , 000 r ounds of ammunition. It is abl e to do i i t t1e har m t o Japanese .or pup..:pet act ivities and ins tallations on the island.

In J anu.ary 1944,UNTAUli~ me t the J unior Be of MarinGu~ue , Lt. Rud olpho TECSONc They agreed p.ot t o molest each other and TECSON is re lieved to be coopera ting with the guerrillas .

Staff of ~a rinduque guerrillas under UNTALAN in March 1 944 : Commanding Officer Capt . Sof r oni o T. UNTALAN Execut ive Officer 2nd Lt. Juan B. CARYAO CC "A" Company 3rd Lt. Art ero MAllt1ARIL CC " B" Company Santiago OLIVES CC " C" Company /3rd Lt. Bern ardo S.ARJLE CC ,"D" Company 3rd Lt . Paterno CONSTM'ITINO Reports of March-Apri1 1944 indicate t hat 1'N~ALAN MAY have taken ove r command of the Romb1 0ns .

1

Guerrilla or ganization in the Romblons has been ~a.k and r e l a ti vely 'lLniJ!:lportant. It has been under the contr ol of the 6th MD i..n Panay since 1942, and its chief i mportance ha s been as a base f or ~tel1igence pe~etrationint o Luzon, during most of 1943 .

59

Capt. Cons t antine C. RAVAL , a f ormer Captain of the Philippine Mer chant Marine and at one time in the empl oy of t he Army Transport Service, is known t o have been worki ng f or the 61st Division , PA, USAF:B'E, on Pansy as early as Mar ch 1942, and in Novem.ber 1942 or gani zed the first guer l'illa organi zati on in t he Romblcms , pr obabl y f or PERALTA, who was at tbat tir:l_e developing his Panay or gani zation . In February 1943 PERALTA r e:noved RAVAL fr om the Romblon .CommE'.nd f or incompetence , re pl a cing him with Lt . Col. ( then Ma j or ) Enrique L. JURADO . His further movements are not exactly known, but it is certain t hat he has since acted as an int elligence a gent for PERALrr:A in Manila . ÂŤ He was r epor t ed shot in an affray at the lV!a l acanar;.)( /it- ~'_ Palace in mid-1944 .

.

J1JRADO was pl aced in command of the Rombl ons by PERALTA in February 1943, chiefly f or the p"Lrrpose of maintaining a base and r adi o message center f or PERAL'rAT s intelligence channels t o s out hern Luz on. \ Oapt . Mario GUARI ~IA , a f ormer at t orney of Guimbal , may have had pretensi ons t o the g~errilla command ; at any r ate he was JURAD0 1s executive after Febr"L~ ry 1943.

The or ganizati on is r epor t ed t o have been weak and inef f i cient; the officers were lazy , -there was considerable command eer ing of goods fr om civilians , and l oose control of officers and men fr om the t oP . GUARINIA i s r eported to be a politician cl osel y alli ed with Lt. Col. GARCIA in northern Panay and c oncerned mostly "vi th his own pe r s onal power a nd profit ; he di d not wor k t ogether well with JURlillO~ _Ame rican civilian and militar y refugees were induct ed , and the organizati on was expanded t o include ,S ibu_yan I sland in a more cl osel y knot unit-than bef ore. strength about 700 in July 1943.

The J apane s e ant i - guerrilla r a ids on Panay r eached Tablas in late November 1943 and Sibuyan a week or - so l at er. Many of the Rombl on guerrillas s"LU'rerrler ed at -this time ; JURAJX) was able t o escape t o Mindor o wit h other s . The guerrill a organization was effe ctively broken up f or the t ime being ; equipment capt "Lrred or d estroyed . J URADO was made c o~~ander of Mindor o in Mar ch 1944 , and, moved hi s i ntel l i gence cent er there .

GUARINIA remained 'a s commander in the Romblons , now attached t o t he ls't Co~bat Team commanded by Lt. Col. GARCIA i n Panay .

Reports of Mar ch and April 1944 ind i cat e th~ t Capt. UNT~~AN, conunander of the lVlarinduque guer rillas , may have t aken over the Rombl on co~nand , al s o under GARCIA. GUARINIA was t o have gone t o GARCIA on Panay, but is known t o have surrender ed t o puppet officials on Sibuyan about thi s t ime and gone t o Manila . Hi s motive f or this is not known .

Strength of r emaining unit not lqJ.own ; arms, 13 of all t ype s in July 1944.

There \.ao no USAFFE garris on on Mind or o at the outbreak of the war. With the f irst J apanese l andings on the J_ s l and, most of t he small ,Philippine Const abulary garri sons fled t o the mount ai ns with what ar ms they could must er, and carried on guÂŁrrill a r esist ance . Some inf on nal civilian guerrilla band s also ar os e , and an inflL~ of . civilian vol unte ers with additional al'l.TIS s trengthened the constabulary unit s . ~fe aker or ganizations merged vdth mor e power ful ones , and by l at e 1942 , several moderately str ong bands had emer ged .

Many r eport s on guerrilla act ivit ies in Mind or o are uncl ear or ambiguous , but it i s clear the conflicting ambiti ons of guer r illa leaders have l ed t o increa8ing fricti on between groups and have prevented effec tive unification of command. In an eff ort t o extend t he i r power s , guerrilla l eader s have inducted civilians t o a point wher e t hey have been unable t o arm , f eed or pay them . As a result the ci vilian pop"Luation ha s carried a heavy b"Lwen , ' in s ane ~ reas will ingly, in others under compulsi on , Col. PERALTA, commander of the 6th iVlD on P[ma;y- , has treat ed Mind or o as one of hi s spher e s of i nfluence , with neither the appr oval nor disapproval of SlNPA. Local r epr e sentative s of GHQ have al so had limited eff ect dn t he devel opment of guerrilla orga ni zati ons on t he i sland.

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GARCIA Gr~up : In the latter part of 1942 , Jose GARCIA, a civilian , organized a guer rilla group of about 100 men in the vi c~.nity of B'ulalacao .

The band was moder at el y act ive u.ntil May 194.3, when a r eport indicated it had been partially dis~anded . In July 1943 , GARCIA placed all of t he f orces l eft t o him under the command of Capt . Esteban P. BELONCIO .

ROMERI DS Group : A r esident of Tarnarraw Junct i on named RON1ER1US, t he mormer Chief of Police of San J ose , is r epor t ed t o have or ganized a gL~rrilla band i n mid -1942, and t o have destroyed cons i derable enemy equipment and supplies around San J ose . He is descr ibed as an exper t shot , speaks -English , Spanish and the dialect , and knows Mindor o well. poss~ble

SOTELO Group: In Sept ember 1943 an enemy r eport cl ai med that a band of 300 guer rillas in Mindor-o had surrendered. The l eader s were re por t ed t o be Alf onso SOTELO , Pr i mitivo COSTELLO, Oolso ALIKPALA , Abuk~ka JAKARIA , Eugeni o lIJIACA, Pedro MELCHOR, and Juli o LAUTERIO . No f1..U'ther infor mation is avail abl e on t his group .

RUFFY Gr oup g Maj . J ose M. RUFFY , a vet er an of 26 ~years service wi th the Phj.lipP1.ne Constabulary and pre - war Seni ot: Inspect or of the Romb10n- Mind or o Dist r:l,ct, or ganized a guerril l a f orce of 60 men , apparently all const abulary' t r oops , shortly - aft~:r the s urrender. Head qua rter s was near Pinamalayan , and the unit was reinfor ced with civilian volunteers t o a strengt h ' of 2501 abo ut half ar med . Ther e wa s consider able f r ictiQn be t ween this group and t he BELONCIO group , t he only ot her guerrilla f orce on Mindor o of 'compar abl e size .

In November 1942 , Maj . Lmvrence H. PHILLIPS arrived in Mindoro on a spE3cial mi,s sion f r om SWPA . Both RUFFY and BELONCI O l ooked t o him for a solution of t heir differ ences and PHILLIPS 1 acting on his own juClgment , br ought the t wo le ad el~s together for a conference at Mambur~lO in D ~cember 1943 . After t t~ee days negotiations , both l eader s agr eed to a provisional organization_ in whj_ch RUFFY was named Commanding Officer of gverTilla force-s on Mindor o, wi t h BELONCIO as the Execut i ve Officer .

As l eader of the combined Mindoro guer rillas , HUFFY est ablished headqunrter s near Naujan and immediat ely r eorganized the units int o a Bol o Battolion of four companies at war s t r ength . As of February 1944, there wer e 23 offic'e r s and 600 men. dith BELONCIO as~th e Execut ive Officer , RD~FY appoint ed Lt. Gomers ind o de l a / TORRE a s Bat t al ion S- 2; Lt . Prudent e Mar FRANCISCO ll1 t he du~l capacity of S-3 a nd C o~mande r of B Company; Lt . DAGUNO as Signal Officer ;- Lts . VA,3Qli'EZ 1 FORTtJS,' .Al"JOf1UEV0 1 and PALUSTRE wer e assigned a s compa ny officer s and apparently s hifted fr om one company t o another at v ari o'us interval s . Local civilian governments were es t abl i shed in g1..1.er rilla cOi1tro11ed ar eas , and in the mor e pop'u lat ed di stricts , vol unt eer Home G1..lal'cls wer e formed . Liaison was maintained "Jitn Ma j .

PHILLIPS , who gave th..:'e guer ril l a s al l the assistan ce he could .

In March 1 94L~ , ~ Maj . PHILLIPS and sever al members of his party were ambushed by the J apanese and killed a nd the bal ance di sper sed . The influence whi ch unified t he guerrillas no l onger ex:i.sted . Old differences between BELONCIO -and Ru~FY i~~edi a tely fl ared up , ,and the Bolo Battalion k oll apsed . BELONCI O, who had been in cl ose eontact with agent s from Pan~ , br oke away from RUFF'Y, t aking with him Companies A, C and D, and put the m i t s -under the c ont rol 0f -.. the 6th y.,[) on Panay .

RUFFY wi t~1 only Company B under his cont r ol fled t o the f orests of central Mindoro . Many ~f his battalion and staff officers re~sined l oyal and accompanied him. To strengthen his de pleted f orce , RUFFY set out to . induct ciVilians , and i t is believed that his force now numbers 3/400 men still in centr al W d ndoro .

BELONCIO Group: I n 1942 , Capt . Esteban P. BELONCIO or ganized a band 250 civilians with about 150 arms into an aggres~ ive g 1..~rrilla or ganiza,t ion in the ar ea around Lake Nauj an . As Qutlined above , he joined " forces with Ma~ . _ ROFFY in Dece mber 1943 arid a cted a s Exe cutive Officer

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of the Bol o Battalion until aft er PHILLIPS' death in Mar ch 1944. BELONCIO had been in t ouch with agents f r om Ponay and when he br oke with RUFFY at t he end of March 1944 , his move wa s supported by Lt . Col . JURADO , who, at that time, was PERALTA ' s inte lligence r epr e sentat ive on fuund or o. BELONCIO remains a s princi pal gUErrilla co~mnnd e r on Mind or o.

Lt. Col. JTJRADO~ Lt . Col. :I!;nrique L. JURADO was a gT8.C,uat e of the U. S. Naval Academy , Cla ss of 1934, and bef ore t he war was al1 office r in the Phil ippine Orf Shore Patrol. He had j oined the Panay 6L;.errillas after the surr ender , and l ate in 1943 or 8", rly in 1944 WD. S sent to Mind or o

by Col. PERALTA, t o establish observati on posts covering Verde Island Passage and to e st abli sh a base f O~J inte lli ge nce penetrati on i nto southe rn Luzon . To provide pr ot e ctton for thesg ope r ~tion s , PERALTA as signed a spe cial unit from t he Fi rst Combat Team in northwest Panay t o JuRADO. PERALTA has al ways had an inter est in Mind or o and mQy have intended Jt'RADO t o coordinate and absor b t he Mindoro guerrill as i nt o this com1Jat t eam; i t is kno'vvn tho.t in May 1943 JllRADO , while a cting f or PERALTA i n t he Romblons , made s ome attempt s to or ganize the ~:'-".G rrill a s on Mindor o for Col. PERALTA. Some s ources r eport t hat he wa s not well liked . He wa s killed in a f ight with l ocal guerrilla s on Mind or o, November 1944 .

J URADO e st ablished his intelligence base and coast wat cher posts suc cessfully, r e ceiving some assistance from BELONCIO . After P HILLIPS' de ath and ' the collapse of t he combined Mind or o coamand , JURADO ent er ed in t o Mind or o g'llGrrilla aff airs via BELONCIO ; PERALTA pr omot ed hi:il t o Lt. Col . a nd put him in charge of the Mind or o g'llOrrill o.s f or the E¡t h fvlD l ate in NIarch 1944 . RCiFFY object ed t o JUHADO ! s mixing i nto guerrilla aff airs , and ordered JURADO t o l eave Mind or o , JURADO then ap pointed BELONCIO co~mande r of t he M ind or o guerrilla f or ce s and the Bol o Battalion dis solved , with 3 compa nies f ollowing BELONCI O and one f oll owing RUFFY . The bulk of the former Bol o Battalion wa s then controlled by JURADO thr o'l~h 3ELONCIO as Commanding Off icer, a new company was being f or med t o repla ce r'lla j .

Ru~FY ' s B Company .

I t is bel ieved that the s trength of the Battalion was 600 or more wit h ajout 230 ar ms . A Company ha s been established in northern Mindor o under Capt. J ose L. GARCIA ; B Company in cent r al Mindor o 'lmder 2nd Lt . Gomerfi nd o de 10. TORRE ; and C Company in northern Mindor o under ' 3rd Lt . Ruel G. BELONCIO. Battal ion 8 - 3 is 3rd Lt . Claudio Fabellon , and Battalion S-4 i s 3rdLt . Flor ante VAS Qu~Z .

Late Devel opments : In J tlly 1944 , C6mmancier Geor ge F . RO,vE y USNR, arrived in Mind or o on a sp eci al mi ss i on from mi PA . He pl aced his head quart er s in west er n fflind or o and e stablished a r ad i o net t o cover ilfJindor o and to receive i nt elligence fr om the Manila nrea . Guerrilla gr ouPE have , given him cooper ation and assista nce and have so ught his advice , but ROWE has refrained fr om t aking part i n l ocal politi cal affair s .

Report s of Oct ober 1944 indicat ed that the RUFFY and t he J URADOBELONCIO f a ct i ons have come t o bl ows . Both gr oups have been advi Bed t o , cease hostil i t ie s and concentrate their maximum efforts a gainst t he c ommon enemy . The advice seems t o have bee n disr egarded . At any r at e , J uliADO was kil led by Mindoro g~e rrill as in November 1944 .

Eo.rly in 1 942 the J apane se occupied Puerto Princesa , t he capit al and only t ovm of importance in the pr ovi nce , and began t he construction of an airfiel d there , U!3 ing American PN (l ar gely Navy and Marine per sonnel) brou~ht from Manila .

Occa si ona l patr ols on f oot and by l aunch are sent out to the northern and southern parts of t he i sland, and at harvest t ime occasional forays ar e made t o se ize the ri ce crop , but in gener al the Japanese have not bothered t o keep ar eas out side of Puert o Princesa under~ control . Guerrilla a ct ivities have been limited t o occasional ambushes of Japanese patrols and , r ecently , s ome ef fort ha s been made t o pr oc'lll'e intelligence; however t h e chief functi on of guerrilla a ct ivit ies in the pr ovince has been t o keep order, pr otect civilians fr om brig~ nd a ge , and. s'l~port the free civil govern..rnent. In this it has been only partly successf1.l l , due l ar gel y t o fricti on between rival camnander s , often a product of pers onal and political ambitions .

- 62 -

BUSUANGA-CORON ~ When the Japanese oc.cupied the manga rese mines on BUS'l:langa in 1942,. Carl os AilAOHES , a policeman a t the mine:::; , secretly or ganized a r esis tan ce f or ce of over 200 men , l argel y wor kers a t t he mines .

In September 1942 it became evident that the Japanese had di scover ed the exist ence of the or ganizati on and AlVIORES gave the signal f or an u9ri sing .

Armed ~dth cl ubs and r ocks and .a f ew pi s t ols , t he guer rillas killed all the Japane se at t he mines and many ih the t oW-D. The mine entrance wa s blown up wit h dynami t e , and consider able stocks of ar e were de st royed , bef or e the guerrillas were f or ced t o r etreat by the arrival of Japanese r einf orcement s . AI;'DRES went t o D an~i g in a captured Japanese l a'llllch t o confer with the C~othe r s (see bel ow); he then r e t~rned t o BusL~nga but was s oon f or ced to l eave by s hortage of f ood and J apanese countermeasures . No orga~ized gUer rilla i s l ef t on Cor on or Busuanga , but there ar e thought t o be intelligence contacts ther e , pr obabl y in infre sL~nt con t a ct 1!vi t h the pre eent guerrilla or ganization on Pal awan . m~ORES brou~ht about 1 00 men t o Sibal t an in northern Pal awan when he was f or ced t o l eave, Busuanga , and continued guerrilla activit i es ther e in conj'llllction 1/vi. th the COBB br other s . He i s at pre sent Conmlanding Officer of C Cornpany , Palawan Spe cial Bat alli on , i n central north Palawan .

He i s descr ibed as qui et , intel ligent , a good l eader and pro-Ame ri can .

COBB Group : Alfred and Paul COBB , AY~e ri can mestiz os , r an a cattle r anch on Dl:!1'i.ar an Island in northern Pal awan befor e the lNar . In April and IViay 19L~2 t hey or ganized a guerrilla Home Guard organiz ation with headquar ters at Danlig and covering D1.TInar an Island and most of the northeas t er n coa st of Palawan. Since the Japa nese occupati on of Puer t o Princesa civil govermlent had coml apsed , the const abulary had l argel y de ser t ed , and the cOL~tTY,sid e was disorgani zed and , a t t he mer cy of brigand gangs . The COBBS wer e able t o restor e order and set ~p l ocal f or ms of govermnent in their ar ea .

In Sept ember 1942 Alfred COBB visited Cuy-a lEland and ,,'ade con t act with a number of American sol dier s fr om the 48th Mat eriel Squadron , USAC , who had t aken ref uge ther e . Some of these Air Cor ps men accompanied AMORES t o Busuanga ~ and then t o Pal mvan ; many r eturned t o Pal awan v\1. t h COBB and helped in the guerrill a organi zation . Food ar ms , bOats and supplies were collect ed t and pl ans wer e f or mulat ed t o attack Pu~t o Princesa and l iberate t he Ame rican Hi t her e . Though hi nder ed by fri ction with l ocal constabulary groups (see bel ow ) , an or ganizati on of 1 50 men was devel oped by the end of 1942 , poss ibly well supplied with f ood and transportati on, though arms were scant y . Alfred COBB also f ound GQuO.encio ABORDO , Governor of Pal awan , in his evacuation place on t he wes t c oa st of the i sl and , and pe r suaded him t o r e - est ablish a.. free civil governr:l __ nt for the pr oYince , ,~ guar anteeing him pr ot ection from J apane se r aids . B;y- December 19~J , Gover nor ABOHDO had r econvened his pr ovincial government at Car amay wit h mo st official s again active .

Among t hose who wer e active vd th the COBBS were Sgt . ANI , a vet er an PC NCO , and Capt . Vicent e BAJAR , a dentist fr om_Cuyo al1d a survivor of Bat aan , who arriVed in ., Cuyo and Pal awan in May 1942 and i mmediately j oi ned the COBBS . He was active wi. th the expedition to Busunnga in Sept ember 1942 . At pr esent is believed t o be with the Palawan S;, ecial Battalion . A Lt. W ACOLOH was with BAJAR in 1942 and is bel ieved t o have been ,'Vi t h him u:nder MANIGQUE . .

â&#x20AC;˘

MENDOZA- COBB Group g Higinio MENDOZA, ex-Governor of Palawan and a Captain inthe PA Medical HesG3r ve , made eff orts t o organize a guerrilla f or ce in t he southern half of northern Pal awan - v.hile the COBBS or ganized the northern half , but was defeated by s hor t ages of f ood and men .

In Januar~y 1943 t he COBBS joined ME~IDOZA at his head quarters at Tinitian f or furthe r guer rilla ef f orts . ~ÂŁ oubl e with Constabul ary gr oups incr eased , and there wer e sever cl ambushes be t ween the t wo f a ctions , one gr oup disarming t he ot her . The Const abulary gr oups gr adually gained t he upper hand , and in ~~ 1943 t he COBB-ME~~OZA orgcnization was for ced t o disband. Most of the Amer icans at tached t o the gr oup went t o Cuyo .

- 63 -

8 apt. ~'JENDOZ.A was left on Palawan nt t hi s til:te, and was Command ing Officer of A Company , Pnl awan Special Battalion , e arly in 1943. He was reported ccpt ured by the J apanese , possibly through the instrumentality of Lt. G_ARCIA ( see bel ow) in J ",IH,lD ry 1 944 , [llld subsequently br 01:tght to Manila . Lt. GLE7f Vi7.J8 shot and kLlled by the E;:;.y or of Cuy-o , Pedro PONCE DE LEON, l a t e in iVI2Y I S43, in a disagr e ement d, th the Ame r ican Air Corps group f:;hen on Cuyo . Alfred COBB has been evacunted to SIiVPA , and P.::.ul COBB is r e ported l os t Dt 8ea in December 1943 .

Const abl:ULlry GrQups : Hith the J apanese occupation of Puert o Princesa , t he civil government of this pr ovin ce collapsed , t he officials /' evacuat ing t o the 11.J_1l2 . Mos t of tho Constabular y -detachme nts f ollowed s~ut , the offi cer s f or ~1e mos t IU rt evacuating t o camps in the hill s , and the men, a t l ea s t t o 8omeect ent , forming int o barrlit gangs .

Ma j . GuDl er mo MARAMBA , Provincinl Inspector PC a t P'uerto Prinoosa , evacuated t o t he hills with his f r:mily 2nd r efus ed t o t ake part in any guerrillE{ nct i vity â&#x20AC;˘ He wa s s h ot and kill ed b-y- one of the COBB brothers, in self defense , a t D anli~ in Juno 1 943 .

Capt . Pedr o MANI GQUE , f ormer Executi vo Offi cer t o lIJIAR.AMBA, Has commarrler of the chi ef const nbul ary group active on Pal awan fr om mid - 1942 to mid -1943 . Hi s g:t'DUp mll.11bered about 75 rifle s , and W2S 1002ely integr a t ed; though ther e wer e a ttempt s t o coor dinate his a ctivities w~th those of the COBB or gan iza tion , fri cti on incre ased and by early 1943 the two group:s we r e a t odda . MA..NIGQUE is r eported t o be ::, we ak charact er, congenial but not intelligent, and n ot r espect ed by his men; he printed money in an eff ort t o h old t he loyalty of his me n, but wa s not 3ble to check the i r abuse of civilian r ight s Qnd cOItLTnandeering of civilian goods .

2nd Lt. B81dome r o R. GpBCIA, a const ablu~ry officer a nd a cousin of Lt. Col . GARCIA of t he 6 th ~ID , was in hiding on t he wes t coast of Pal awan until Febr ua r y 1943, when he appe ared at Caramay . Be soon joined MANIGQUE as Exe cutive Offi cer, but seems t o have been ambitious for more power ann. did not cCloper a te well with NIA..T\JIGQUE . He i s believed t o ha ve entered into negotia tions with officers of t.he 6th MD, a nd whon Col. PERALTA appointed IVlANIGQliE conm1ande r of the Palawnn gm r rillas in NIcy or June 1943, his men had a mee ting a nd elect ed t o r e c ognize GARCIA as commander in pl ace of MANIGQUE, whom they charged VIii th misuse of funds and of food s t ocks .

GARCIA ir. July 1943 signed himself as 12 1st Lt ., commanding Pal awan f or the 6 th l\lID . I n the same month he ,cr ossed ove r t o Panay , and did not r e turn until the Special Batt a li on was or ganized in l at e 1 943 . is now acting c S Exocutive , Officer of the Batta lion .

He

MANIGQ u~ remained as l eader of the Pal awan g~~ rrill as 'LIDtil October 1943, when t he Palawan Speci al Ba tta lion was es t abl i s hed . At that time he clone ref~1.sed t o recognize the Battalion authority , Qnd continued t o harass their oper ations . He was captured byaLements of the Ba tta lion in J a nuary 1944, and as of June 1 944 was in guerrilla concentr ati on camp , . ~~th his fo llowers be ing used t o produce food f or the pr esent orga nization .

Southern Pa2.a wan Group: In southe r n Pal awan gue r rilla groups gradually d eve l oped in the vicinity of Brooke t s Point , a r ound a r.u cleus of Americans . In Au,gust 1 942 t.hr ee US Navy men and three US Marines escaped fr om the J apanese ,Rv camp at P~~ rto PrincBsa , and appeared a t Brooke ' s Poi nt , wher e t hey joined Americans l iving in a SI1'l1:lll settlement .

The J apanese attempted a l anding ther e in October , but were be a t en off by a smal l guerrilla fo r ce org3!lized by t hese men . One of these men wa s subs6quently killed by a r enegade Fil ipino , Qnd the others disper sed t o Tawi Tawi in the S~llU Archipel ago .

Howev er, guerrilla r e sistance wa s maintan1ed a t Brooke ' s Point

by N'll' . Vcns T. KERSON , a Finn by birth Qnd a fermer divar for t he US Navy in Iloilo . With t he help of Sgt . TUMBAGA, PC, and the support of

- 64 -

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Military Intelligence Section General Staff GUERRILLA ORGANIZATION AND RADIO COMMUNICATIONS 27 NOVEMBER 1944

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~ REPROQVC£D by 277 3 ENGRS

R~. Thomas EDWARDS, an Amer ican pl ante r living at Brooke ' s Point , and of DO,t u D. Mo JOLKIPLI Narra zid, the mos t influential Mor o l eader of southern Pal awan and isla nds t o the s outh , a n orgc niza tion was hoi 1 t up and a l ocal civil ~OVe l"llinent waS est ablished . A Bol o Bc-tt alion is or g8.ni zed in villages of t he di s trict t o- give v;c.rning of appr o8.ching J upanese patrols

0

as

Reports indicate that TUMBAGA~ a 3rd Lt. succeeded KERSON 8.8 com.Tllan:1er in J1Jly 1943 , perhaps in an ef fort t o convert the g'ue r rilla t o an all-Filipino "LmCl.el"ta ldng , and tha t TUMBAGA (drowned December 1943) we s succeeded by a Lt. ALEGRE. -.

-

Nar a zidad MAYOR , a lumber man fr om Balabac a nd Bugsuk Is l ands, wa s active wi t h the organiza tion a t this time . He r emains as p re sent COJil mander of the area (D Company ) QDder the Pal awan Special Battal ion , and it is bel ieved t ha t t he or ganiZa t ion r emains weak , ineff ect uEl, a nd badl y i n need of ar ms and supplies .

PalQ.wan Special Ba tt oli on~ In Oct ober 1 943 Lt. GARCIA r eturned t o Pal awan fr om Penay with MaJ . Pabl o Iv'IDYCO, of the G- 3 Section , 6th MD, who wa s t o t ake over cOiTh'rland of th8 ar ea and reor gc.nize the guer rillas int o a Palawan Special Batta lion of the 6 th lVID. All gl).errilla f ig1..1.I'es wi th the exception of MANIG!~uE ( soe above) asse nted, and the Ba tta lion WE's or ganized t o cover Pal aw2.n , Bc.l abac , Cuyo and Agut ay a , Cagayan cill o , Cor on snd Busuanga . The Ctwo group nmnber s 1 50 , ineff ect ive . Stoff a nd or ganization ar e a s f oll ows ( early 1 944 ): CorMnanding Officer Exe"cut i ve Officer Adjutant and S-l S-2 S-3 S-4

Ma j. Pablo MUYCO Lt. Baldomer o R . GARCIA 1 s t Lt. Vicente BAJAR 3rd Lt. J uan C. CONCEPCION Capt. Alf red o de l os REYES 2nd Lt.. Rol olf 0 P. A...NDAL

.Qf!.

21

Headquarte r s at Car amay ; s trength: CO COIllpc.nY, Hq at lVlal campo co B Company , Hq at Danlig co ,C COlnpany, Hq at Tayt ay co D COITI..pany , Hq Br ooke ' s Pt Se rvice T:coops

A

Capt. Higin o w~NDOZA 3r d Lt. Fe lipe BATUL Ca pt. Ca rlos AMORES Capt. Nar izid ad fu~YOR

Tot al s trength, July 1944 :

EM 59

6 6 6

148 128

.J-j ,

140

57

945

4

130

82

Tot al ur llE ar e ba i ev ed t o be about 300 , of all kind s . Coverage of Bal abac , Ca gayancillo , Busuanga , Cvlion , and Cor on is bel iev ed t o be . limited t o occasional int elligence contacts . Dmnar an I sland i s well or ganized , wit h l ocal ' guer rilla l r epresent a t ives in almost every t ~wn , and southe rn Pal awan unit al s o c m t rols the ar ea of A+f ons o 'T re iZle on the west coa st . The unit is cooperating with coastwatcher parties sent in fr om SV'lPA t o Brooke I s Point a nd Du.'Uar an , unde r Sgts . PLACIDO and CABAlS, respectivel y . Civil government has been maintained , with Da tu JOLKIPLI named as Deput y Gove rnor for southe rn Pal awan .

SECTION VI.

LUZON INTELLIGENCE

ACTIVITIES~

.

Gener C1l : In December 1942 , PERALTA was instructed th:.l""\:. " as our intelligence 'tmit cover ing the maximum t e rri t ory y ou can perf or m gre a t service " . He i mmediatel y commenced or ganization of an intelligence ne t in the Visnyas and northward s t o Luzon. Tho Visayan activities have already - been cover ed ( see SECTION II). PERALTA ' s thrust t oward s Luzon has been a mor e difficult vent1..1.I'e but the ne t r esult bot h on Luzon and in the Visayas is striki ng in the , completeness of the ar ea c over ed .

Ther e are t wo ·· 2ppr o ches t o Luzon , one via t he Bi col s and the ot her via southwest e rn Luzon and Bo.t an gas . Both. are equally accea.sibl e from Pane.y and PERALTA has been a ttempt ing t o d eve l op both these channels since eL rly 1943. Regula] courier servi ce has been inaugura t ed bet ween int elli gence cen - " t e r s and as ~i os have become avail abl e t hey ~re.pus hed out into this net .

IO

- 65 -

./

E ast.§.1'J~j\.pproach: To establi s h the east e rn channel FER{LTA used Mns ba t e as an inter ·!lediat e link . The disputes among guerr i lla leader s on Ma sbate which h,::vG thre3tencd the freed om of mo.ver:<cmt of ;:;gents be t ipIeen Luzon and Fanay , end PERhLTA' s a ttempts t o or ganize these guer rilla s have been cove r ed in SECTION V. Wee kl y courier ha s bee n oper ating· bet 1::een the Bic ols, Samar-Leyte , Mo.sba t e a nd Pcmay s ince mid -1944 a nd ~Ji thin the past t wo months 0. r adio has been es t ablished on Masbc: t c .

PER[.;LTA has al so been a ctive among the Bic ol gue r rillas , a ttempt ing t o d e vel op cont act s and s phe r es of influence . The stor y of t hese gu:; r rillas and PERi;LTATs pnr t in t heir 8Gt ivities i s t old in t he Bicol Re s i s tance Movement, Chapt er IV .

A 6th £\tID r eport of Apr il 1944 ,vill give SOI:le idea of the e xtent and activi ties of t hi s eas tern ne t on Luz on~

6th ~J[) LUZON INTELLIGENCE FEJ'.j-:ETRJ~TION \TI A MAS BATE C ont g&k. ,:,~9.Q.

NORTHERlIT LUZON: Ca gayan 110cos I sabela Nueva Ecij a and N Tayabas Nue va Viz caya MANILA BATAlLTIJ CORREGIDOR CAVITE SOUTHERN LUZON : Laguna S . Tay aba.s Camarine s Sur, Albay , · S or sogon Co.mo.r in88 Norte

Capt . .f'iliBORlITOZ Lt . L;.J\'lONTE Lt . VITO Sgt . PiJillENS Pvt. G-UERRA Lt . PUGNE Lt. GAL.AN Lt . PABILICO Lt. MATIONG (ca ptd .April 44) Lt . RAYOLA Lt. fuiC3QL'ELA Lt . MbllT .b.,PS.Y.L M/Sgt . FRIVALDO

Total Monthly Oper ating Expenses of tr..ls ne t: Type of . money used: ( Panay~ Eme r gency Currency Jap Military Curr oncy

PlOO,OOQ . OO 25 , 000. 00 P 7 5, 000.00

:f"

Incl m e s PI O) 000 a id t o LAPUS , MERRITT, ZABAT and NII RfJ\J15f.. guerrilla leader s • in the Bicols and t o La RVna and Isa bel a guerrilla units .

.

This netl;vor k i s under the . supcrv'is ion of Lt . Col. Pedro SERRAN , CO of the 2nd Combat Team in n orthwes tern Pa pay , Ca pt . HONTI VEROS ope rntGs the / unit and pr epares r epor t s . The net is working f ni r ly well, r eporting in:f; or mati on l a r gely fr om southern Luz on a nd the Eicol s . No r adio cont ncts h[ltVe been establ i ehed beyond . Ma sba t e .

Wes tjL~.~p'~~~~Qb! The picture on the wes t ern approach t o Luzon · is mor e obsc1.1r e . The cente r of this n e t wo rk was Tabl as I sIanO. , tmder JURADO , until the J apanese raided the intelligence center in December 1943 and captured t he eqtupment and some pe r sonnel . Fr om this C0nter a n ad vance r ad io post had been sent f irs t t o ~tind oro , then t o MarinduquB and then t o the n orthwest e r n tip of Mind or o • . This wa s captured in the J apane.se r aids in that ar ea in Mar ch 1944 . The t wo r a id s disrupted tho weste rn Luzon intelligence syst em Gntire ly . Lt . Col. J URADO was sent t o Mind or o in mid 1944 t o r e - est ablish t he cente r , under the 1s t Comb at Team in nor t hwes t ern Panay . Pr ogre ss ' lll 3st abli s hing the new base has not been r eported , but intelligence was fl o1tiJing through Panay , when JURADO was kilrr.ed by Mindor o guerrilla s in Nove~,be r 1944 .

-

PERALTAt s Luzon conta cts ar e l egion and his channel s parallel and ove rl a p t o a point . of confusi on . The object ha·s 'been t o introduce all el ement of competiti on between agents and t o cros s check infor mation r e ceived . The contact s extend ·fr om within the puppet gov ernment t o J apam sG

- 66 -

installntion s a nd t he s tree t cor ne r. The @a i n f unnel on Luz on t o the we s t e r n chcnnel 'i s an int elligen ce c8nte :i.~ known a s the I n t ellige nce Eche l on ~ 43rd Division , Free Luzon ArCo. , l ocat ed in t he mountc.i n s ne ar Tanawm , Taya bas .

Othe r agent s c ome di r e ct t o rJiind or o or t o Penay . Ca pt . Ildef on so FERNANDE'Z, nlia s H. J . HOCSON, was in comnand of this uni t ill Mqr ch 1943; r e ported captured in Apr i l 1944 ~ A Ca pt . V. A. ,ALABASTRO (pos s i bly dias C.c:pt . V. 1JI.1DAL ) .Deems t o htw e gone t o Penay in June 1 943 a,nd per s uaded PERP.LTA t o c.ll ow him t o t a ke over FERNJuvl)EZ l s pos ition . ALABASTRO r eturned t o Luzon and assumed corrrnand in A1..1gust 1943 . Luzon wa s divided i nto e ight s ect or s wi th about 30 men pe r pr ovince in en ch s e ctor . Staff and known cont acts of this group ar e the s ame as tha t u sed by FEF.NANDEZ except that FERNANDEZ became Exe cutive Q-i'fice r t o AI.JillASTRO. Commanding Office r Executive Officer

Ca pt. V. A. ALABASTRO Ca pt Ildef onso FER~J~DEZ

Se ctor 1 (Manila ) Capt . Ruf ino NORI EGA CaDt. A. BlillRUECO Qu..lnt o SANTANDA ( contact s Fren ch Consula t e office and h ome ).

Angel PEREZ (al s o L-2 . Conta cts Manila ni ght cl ubs , Nichol s Qnd Ne il aon Fiel d s ) .

Lt . Eug eni o SALAZAR L- 3, observing Manila Road in v icinit y of Lope z .

L- 4, conta ct s Gr a ce Park Air fi eld , _ Eduard o ALABASTRO Se ctor 2 (Po.mpa nga , Bu~ a c a n , Rizal ) 1 s t Lt . Remi gio C. CRUZ Se ctor 3 (C avit e , Bat an gas , Laguna , Tay a bas) 1 s t Lt . Felix SKI VP_SOKI Se ctor 4 (Ba t aan , Znmbcl es ) 1 s t Lt . Ped r o O. d e 10. CRUZ Se ctor 5 ( Pangasinan ~ Tarl a c , Zambal es ) 1 st Lt. Cand id o P. (_':3RAROEZ Se ct or 6 (1 8o.oola , Nueva Vi s caya J nuevo. Ecij a ) 1 s t Lt. Rome o AFtJAN" L'c, . Benedicto ERASMUS Se ctor 7 (Abr n , C2,gay an : Mounta in) 1 s t Lt . Albe rt o LAGUA..l{OI O Se ctor 8 (La Uni on , I l ocos ) 1 s t Lt . Manuel TORIO The 43rd Di v i sion wa s or gani z ed as part of this ne t a nd oper a t ed mainly in t he IJlanila vi cinity . '1'1,.0 c\.llllinande r of t he uni t was Ca pt. Ri car do PEREZ , unde r command of t he 6th MD. J a pan ese agent s uncover ed t he uni t and captured mos t of t he membe r s i n carl y 1 944.

The sect or s on Luz on may possibl y be or ganiz ed i nto so - called oper a tive dis tricts or a Bt:; p:'lr ate intellige nce or ga nization mo,y h ave been se t up t o par al l el t he s e ct or int elligence oovc r c ge . Not much of the sect or or gani zat i on i s known ex cept that t he 4th OD i,s under cO!DJl1and of Pedr o VILLALUZ a nd cover s Zarnbal es : Tarla c , Pa ngasinan and Nue va Eci j a .

VILLALUZ is wor king -td ,th !'JIaj. RPJ,.lSEY7 c entral Luz on guerrilla l eader . The 5th District i s nroUc"ld Manila , Ri za l, Lng11."la and Cav i t e , s o f ar as i s knovm . No i nfor mut i on i s a va i l abl e on other oper o. tive di s t r ict s .

The r e was a nothe r sub-uni t at t a ched t o t he 43rd Division Head quarter s i n May 1 943 . This was unde r the command of I . B. FERNANDEZ, .. but i t s pr e cise de si~Dat i on i s n ot knowTI . The r e wer e f our r egi ment s a s s igned t o i nt el ligence a nd s a bot a ge ar ound Manil a : 1st Regt:

Group II All Gr oup II BII) Gr oup HC lI ) Group li D !!

Mainl y s abot a ge ar ound M,,::mil a .

Mainl y inte lligen ce in J a p Militar y Admi nis t r a t i on i n Manil a .

I ntelligence i n J ap Militar y Ad!i1inistra t ion , lJ L v~zon ..

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2nd Re gt:

3rd Regt:

Group "N' Gr au? li B" Gr oup tiC" Gr ol.1.p "D" Gr01.1p li N '

Gr aUlJ

4th Regt:

G:roup G-roup Gr oup Gr oup

"B"

II C" "DII II A" liB"

Mainls s abot a ge NE of Manila .

Mainly sabot a ge in Manila and Port ,Axen . f.b inly s abot age Manila air fie ld E. Niainly s abot age in Menila .

Mainly sabotage Ft . McKinley .

Mainly s abot age Neils on Airport.

M&inly sabotage Manila Port Area , Ma inly sabota ge Camp Nichols ar ea .

Mainly sabotage North Har bor and 3[1lintawak Smuggling and s ui cide squads .

The t ot al enrollment of -these r egiment s wa s appr oximetcl y' 1, 000 but t he pr esent : l'G 3 tU.S of these r egiment s is not known .

In addi tion t o the se int ell igence Qct i vi tie's , PERALTA agents have contacted mOEt of t he known guerrilla un i t s on Luzon. Not many of the se have attached t hamselves t o his spher e of i nfluence , however. Sever o.l, ¡ not ably ANDERSON in Tayabas , t he FREE FHILIPPItlES in Manilo. and t he HUNTERS in Cavite , have att empt ed such and f ound the arrangements unsat isfo.ct ory.

They cl Qim that the 6th ED has tried t o t ake over their or ganizat ions and h8.s t aken intelligence fr om them and f or vlard ed it t o S:;iPA without pr oper a clmowl edgment. l

In addit ion t o t hese est ablished and Imo~n or gani zat ions , t he 6th RID is kno~n t o have small affil iat ed gr oups or intelligGnce contact s in Laguna , Isabel a , N1.lÂŁVa Viz ca;yo. , in west er n Tarl nc anq in Pangas inan .

Nothing i s known of these groups but it is bel ioved that they ar o nothing mor e than small groups of cit i zens in barrio l ocalitie s .

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CHAPTER

VIII

THE GTJERRILLA REbIST;'1.-TifCE ii:IOVElViENT ON jI;""EGROS 10 December 1944

SECTION I.

GENER?\L BACKGROUi\Ji):

The gr mvtl1 of tho guerri lla or ganiz c.ti on on Ncgr os i s th8 s t ory of the birth of smull ·Lmi t s , s truggl e f or island com:.rnand o.nd t he final emer gence of Lt . C,')l. So.l vad or .A3CEDE a s t he accc;')tcd and r ecogni zed c ommande r . The s tr-o.ggl e over the isl and conti'Iland was bi tte r and pr ol onged.

-It was not se ttled com;:llet el y until l ate 1943 but ~ s ince , the q1:!2rrels have been al most f or gotten .

The t errain of Negr os has not l ent i t self Fell t o maint aining a coherent or ganizution . The isl and i s a f e rti l e h or seshoe pl ain a ro lli~ D. . r ough i nte ri or and .south coast of m01.m tains . The Japanese occupi ed. this pl ain and the guerri llas we r e drive n t o tho interi or int o · tr~ e separ a t e ar eas , n or t h , central (east a nd wc::o t s l opes) and the south. ,s·LiJPlies ~,v :::,e poor and communications bet ween are a s we r e d i s r upt 8d a l mos t ent l Tel y by mount ain s a nd nbsence of r adi os . Thus limited a nd i hliTIobil ized , t he gue rr illas suffur ed ~roport ionatc ly ~ore f r om J apanese t or r or r aids a nd de structi ve a ttacks t hEm t hey did on Panay , ~1indana o , Sc.mar or even Luzon .

Rec ognition of t he or gc.ni zat ion "Lmdor Lt . Col . ABCEDE and t he shipment of supplies Qnd r ad i os hes enabl ed a f airly \011 knit organizati on t o be built up i n spit e of t h ese d iffic"Lutic s .

SECTION II.

HISTORY OF GL'ER.RlLLA lJNI TS :

~~: This -gue rrilla unit wes or gcnized in tho centrnl a nd souther n Negr oE Occid ental ar ea in July 1942 under command of Lt . Col. (then Capt . ) Sal ve.dor ABCEDE; 0-1 520 , PA c ASCEDE had been c. :Battalion Commander in the a r ea und e r Col . HI LSMi1N a t t ime of svrrender .::.nd this ba ttal ion f or med t he nucl e u s of t h e guerrilla unit center ed in t he vicinit y of Kabankal an . Ma,j .. (then Capt .) Enrique TORRSS ono of tho be ~ t fi ghting commanders on Ne gros , . or ganiz ed anothe r uni t in tho vicinit y of :::J_nalbagan under ABCEDE . Much USAFFE eq"Lupmcnt wa s saved and t he unit , wi th 600 r i fl es , was tho best ar med of the or iginal gue rrill a groups , 8.;'J.d tl1e l ar gest. J'v1any of the off icers a nd mon C2me fr om the pl a ntations in the vi cini ty and t h e unit never want ed s upplies . -dhon the guerri l lo.s wer e for ced back int o the hills , many of these- f Gnulies ~ vacuated wi th them but mainta ined contact with suppl y Bou.rces in the 1 0wl::J.nd s . ThE: firs t en gagement of t h e "LIDi t with the J apnnese t ook pl cce Qt Buenavist a in early August 1942 . j

ABCEDE was a cl assmat o of Col. PERALTA , guer rilla COII'J!1.ander on Panay, and the tvvo wer e friends . When PERi"LTA c o:runenced or ganizB.tion of his 1Vth Phi:ibippine Cor ps in November 1942, ABCEDE j oi ned nnd was appoint ed COIllillander of Negr o.:: and pr omot ed t o Lt . Col. by PE R.i~LTh. ABGEDEI s for ce t hen t ot all ed 7 , 000 men . ~ ABCEDE tried t o oxte nd PERALTA ' s im'"'l uence and , may h ave enl isted t he s upport of Lt. Col. iVlATA in n or ther n Nogr os . ABCEDE al so attempt ed t o conta ct AUSEJO in southe rn Negr os f or tho same purpose .

AUSEJO had alr eady joined FERTIG on Mindanao , a nd negotia t ions wor e further di scour.::. god by the difficult ove rland communi cations be t ween Oriental a nd Occident a l Negr os . ABCEDE 1s associction wit h tho Ivt h Philippin~ Cor ps ended v1lith the di ssoluti!:m of t he Cor ps i n J DJ:)."L1.. "1 ry- 1943 and PERALTA t he n began t o back ABCEDE as 7t h MD commandor .

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In the meEmtime , Japanese pressure increased in t he 'Cabankalon Binalbagan area and ACCEDE and his men mov ed furt he r s outh int o the hills and finally t o t:-1e south coast, l~7a j. VI LL.AI(jOR a rrived in tho t etTen in J anuary 1943 fr om .s ~'VPA and ABCEDE be came one of his chief supporter s , throwing his ent i r e or ganization t o the dispo s al of Maj . V:;:LLM:OR f or the a cc omplishment CJf his mi ss ion.

ABCEDE is about 31 years ol d , born in Zambal es; father is a machinist in t he Olangapo Naval Yard s , a nd ABCEDE came early unde r American . influence . He gr ad"\..1at ed fr om the Univer s ity of the Philippine s in 1 936 and held a r eser ve c oro..mission ; was c oro..missioned in the PA in 1939 , a nd was ROTC command ant at Silliman Univ e r sity f or t wo years bef or e war br oke out.

ABCEDE is young , well trained and competent. He or ganized his f or ce early after surr ender and has always l ed his men i nto the a ttack . He i s aggr es sive and often ¡ given t o snappy judgments but is never afra id t o ad!llit mistakes . He i s l-:.earty and frank and well liked thr oughout Negr os since his appointment t o District C o~nander in 1943 . His travel s about the island have been -extensive , a nd have enabled hi m t o keep cl ose t ouch with the gue rrillas . He has kept himself free fr om politic s . His men :re spe ct him, and be ing a stron g dis ciplinarian he deals directl y and de cis ively with trouble when it aris es . He was appoint ed Acting CommaT1ner 7th JIIJ) in July 1943 and the appointment confirmed in iVlarch 1 944 ; promot ed t o Lt. Col. ",,' in October 1944 . ' i\!lATA~ T~.').e guerrillas in northern Negr os we r e or ganized in mid 1942 by Lt . Col. (then Capt . ) Ernest o S.' ~JlATA , 0-155 0 , PA . MA.TA is about 29 ye ars ol d , gradu at ed PMA 193'7 a nd was Ba tta lion Commander in n orthern Negr os under Col. rHLSMAN a t the time of surr e nder . He r eor ganized the battalion af t er s urrender a nd this f or med the base of his ~mit. Next t o ABCEDE this was t~e best armed f Drce in Negr os . He is believed t o be a go od off i cer, is young , br ave and bel ieved t o be we ll liked . He is r eported t o be a go od or ganize r, but has been h amper ed by want of c ompet e nt junior off i cers and t he efficiency of t he or ganizati on was ne ve r excellent as a r esul t . MATA ha s be en alvlays aware of this and ha s constantl y cha nged and tried new office r s t o improve hi s or ganiza tion .

MATA seems t o have been ve r y difficult t o become a cc;.uainted with and kept inf or ma tion on his organiza ti on f a irly cl ose . This a nd t Ol1UOU$ communications wi th southe r n Negr os whe r e SHPA conta ct was maint a ined has t e nded t o i sol a t e the or gani za ti on a nd little ha s been YJlown of i t s a ctivi ties except t h a t i t did inflict much d amage on J anapese¡ i n s t alla t ions in the Ba c ol od a r ea a nd near Fabrica and was a l ar ge f a ctor in the f a ilure of J apanese pl ans t o grow f ood and cotton in northern Ne gros . Maj . lildarico BACLAGON a nd Mo.:' . Luis BAYLON we r e pr ominent early le aders in MATA t-s guerrilla f orce .

Lt. Col. ABCEDE and Lt . Col. fflATA had been c oope r a ting somewhat in December 194'2 and b oth went t o Pa nay t o see Col. PERALTA , in c OT1Jlection w~th the IV Philippine Cor ps .

Col . PEPillLTA appointed Lt . Col . ALCEDE as CO of the proposed '72nd Divisi on (Negr os) . Lt. Col. MATA agreed t o become Chief of Staff a nd a r egiment al c ommander. Late r the 73rd Pr ovi.sional Division was or go.ni zed in Negr os Orienta l and N~TA was made Chief . of Staff i n the District Headq"\..~rters and h a s been continuing duties a s CO '72nd Division until a re~l a cement is f ound . !\JlERC~AD..Q: Maj . He rmenegi ld o MERC.ADO c ommanded guerrill a a cti vi ties in the ar ea Gui hulngan and n orthwards in Negr os Oriental in Mayor June 1942 and VV-aS t hus one of the first guerrilla leaders on Negros . He joined f orces wi t h GADOR t s command about Se ptember 1942 but witlJdrew vd th his men the next month ove r s ome unknovm dispute a nd thereafter was a t odds vdth GADOR. f.iI8RCADO remo ined independent of othe r Negros commands until l a t e 1943 , though he i s believed to h ave had some association vdo th guerrillas in nortbern Negr os Occidenta l; He i s r eported t o have r emo ined ~lo of fr om the 7th MD Command hoping f or Q better position t han was off er ed him . In ,sept ember - Oct ober 1943 , IillERCADO joined the '7t:t MD Command and is now CO of the '72nd FA ,Regt (Eas t Negros sector), '72nd Div-ision ;

- '70 -

MERCADO i s about 30 years ol d , was classmat e of Col . PERi~TA (Panay) in the Infant ry School , and was f or a time instructor in Guihulngan.

PURING : This is a l awl ess band in the hills to the wes t of Valle hermoso , Negros Orient al, and San Carl os , l'Jegr os Occident al. Ther e seems t o :have been t wo brother s l eading the unit , one a f ormer Pfc i n the Phili ppine krmy who wa s ]mown as P1JRING (Casiong GEMILL AN? ) and the ot her an illi t er ate ex- comr.i. ct by the name of ;,;ar gari t o GElViILLAN . PURING i s re .. ported t o have been kill ed by ABCEDE ' s mon o Mar gari t o GEMILLA1\! has been r eported since by sever al sources as the pr esent c o~mande r of t he lmit .

Other pe r sons at tached t o thi s unit are Tor ribio TRASMONTE , ~~torney , nqw sur render ed and pu.p:pet mayor of ' Guihulngan; Ca pt . 'i! . VI. WILSON, for mer US Army Sgt ., wac se cond in command , now Gva c"L1Dt ed t o the USA ; LI .5Oi\'DRA, i dcntit} unYJlovm , ; and rvr!l~. Manuel P . TRINIDAD , pr e -war at torney , s urrender ed t o t he J apanose in J anuar:r 19/+4 .

The si ze of t he "Lmi t is uh1mown but ther e wer e app;ro:dma t ely 50 weapons in thei r possession , captured f r om a USAFFE truck befor e Eurrender.

They have attacked t he ,Tnpanese and have al so i nter f er ed with near by guerr illa activity and mol est ed civilians in t he vicinit y . The PLJrtING guerrillas may at one t ime have had somo connections with GADORl s men¡ i n central Ne gr os Ori ent ai . I t was dissolved in Sept ember 1944 and t he men f l ed t o Cebu. ~: , Thi s guerrilla or ganizati on c ontroll ed the ar ea bet ween Concepcion and Libertad , Ne gr os Orienta l , and was Lmder Lt . Col. Gabriel GAUOR, 0-1050 , PA. GADOR WaS Assistant Inspe ctor Gener al of t he PA just prior t o the war 5 Wa f! Dis t rict Commander 7th 1ID (Ne gr os and Si c;:ui ,i or ) when war broke out; is now 50 year s ol d .

I t appear s that Gen, SHARP , USAFFE Commander at 'Dansalan , Lanao , r emoved GAnOR fr om command 7th l'vID be cause of difficultie s with hi s j unior off i cers, but r etai ned him on his s t aff in Mind anao . GAD OR clai med l a ~e r t hat Gen . SEARP gave him writt en or der s t o r et u.r n t o the 'lisayas t o or ganize guerril l a operat ions ther e . He r eturned t o Nogr os in June 1942 but stayed in t he Negr os hills until other guerrilla or ganizati ons begnn t o grow up in August:..sept ember 19/+2 . GADOR t hen set hi mself up in central Nogr os Oriental; ~jaj .. MERC.ADO in northern Negr o,s off er ed GADOR command of hisunit about t his t ime . GADOR gl adly a ccept ed and shortly his or gani Zation be came wel l est ab1:i..shed . B'J virtue of hi s l ocation GAUOR was abl e t o and did obstruct and int erfor e wi th surround ing or ganizati ons s eriousl y . He t ook advant age of disagr eement s in t hese or~anizations by offering attra ctivo appointment .s i n his or ganiza ti on , and by assigning his men t o commands in these neighborL'1g ar eas . The original commands \l6r e thus for ced into open conflict with GADOR ' s men in or der t o ma i ntain their integrity .

The interna l dis cipline and organizati on in the area seoms t o have be o!) f airl y good . Ther o wor o training school s , which t Gught mo,s tly marks. man~hip . Def enses and. communica ti ons wer e or gnnized and the pe opl e ip. the ar ea appear ed t o be l oyal t o GJJ)OR t s civil government . Ther e is record of l i ttle act u.al ,e...'1gage.lnent with the enemy, r at her , most ar med a ctiv-i ty seems t o have ' een dir e cted against nei ghboring guer r illa units over s elfish and ' pet ty matter s t o further GADOR ' s am~ ' iti ons . The strcmgth of t he unit may have been as high as .2 , 000 but they wer e poorly ar med .

BELL i n southern Negros off er ed GADOR cormnand in Negros in 1942 but GAD OR refus ed ~ Like BELL, Lt. Col. ABCEDE , t hen comrnanding i n Nogr o$ Occident al , asJ.wd G.ADOR t o t ake command of Negr os_. G.ADOR r efused in bot h inst ances on the gr ound s that he did not want t o be responsible for pr e vious incident s a;nong guer ril l as . He st at ed he would t ake cor!)111and only on t he or der s of t he War Department or SW?A . Then when Lt . Col. Ai3CEDE att empt ed t o unite t he Negr os guer rillas in Nov -De c 1942 under PERALTA 's IVth Philippine C o~) S , GADOR i ssued a memor andum (11 De c 1942) assuming commanding of Ns gros , pr edicat ed on the supposed or ders of Gen . :SHARP .

Hi s purposes were not clear on thi s matter and his duplici t y at once antagonized ot her gt~rrill a l eader s .

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_ A letter "\iTas the n re ceived by GADOR f r o~ Lt. Col. W. 'L FERTI GJ . on ~.~ind a na o , in J-am.'-8.ry 1943 , in whi ch FERTIG announced himsel f a2 Commande r of Mi nd anao and Visayan g ue r ril l a s and asked GliDOR t o C O,,18 t o ~fIind ana o t o di s cl...s,s x:l.i e part in t ti,s organiza t i on .

GpJ)OR , s ince !~le was 8eni or t o FERTIG , L :Elediat el y a ppoint ed himsel f c O:'1lT\ander of t he Phil ip pi nes , wi t h r ank of Ma,j or Gener al. GADOR inf or med FERTIG and all l'ifegr os _guerrill a l eade r ,s t ha t he wa s aS El1.1ni n g this cop-mand but all i gn or ed hi m since t hey lmel'i 1:1e had no author i t y f r om highe r he ad q1.l.8.rters • Aoout L is t ime GADCE. began t o plew e r el ative s and cl ose f r i ends 1 wi th l i t t le or n o tra ining , i n pOJl i tions a bov e hi 8 . 3;000. of ficers . Thi s I \vi t r GAD OR I S aITl'.Ji t i ons , began t o arouse a feeling :.: :: r e s ent men t a:1c1 oppo si tion among his offic er s . rJERC.wO had already v-i t hdr awn 11i ;:: :18n f r om G1UJOR ' s organi zat ion in October 1942 .

On 7 A:::r il 191+3 , I'.'~a j . VI LLJ,}!IOR , then in so uthern Negr os , on a spe cial missi on fr om .si~·PA , sent a me e sage t o a ll guerril la l e ader s on Negr os a ppoal ing f.or c ooper a t i on among - the va ri01.LS l eacler E. GADOR r efused. t o bel i \;lve t hat VILLAtTR had autllOr ity and did not r e ply but r eit er a t ed.. hi s claims t o cOlTI!iland :;y v i rtue of }oi is sel1iorit y . This decisi on f urther antagoni zed' his of:~' :!. ce r f:' , vrno we r e 811...x10us t o be r[!emcer s of a r e cogn i zed or ganiza tion. r:;~a j . VI LLAMOR wa s a ppoi n t ed .t empor a r y CO of t he 7th tm on 14 lViay 1943 , and l a t e r i n ~: ay called a conf er ence on Negr os leade r s Aft er much pr e ssure fr om his off i cer s , G.4J)OR went but t ook his ent i r e s t aff and a l ar ge number of guar d s ,;vi th him, f or ming a pr ocess i on tha t attra ct ed muoh att enti on and whose movene nt s we r e a ctually publ i cized by him. un 26 June , shor tly aft e r G.ADOR arri ved at VILL.Ml0R ' s 'he ad q1-larter s , . t he J apar.ese l anded in t he i~.:2ledio te vi c ini ty and pene tra ted i nto s ecurit y ar e as . GADOR and mos t of 1'i,s men f l ed without a s s is t i n g In the l ocal defense B t hough he had a position ass i gned . At t he confer ence GJillOR a oce pt ed t he pos t - of Exe cutive Of ficer in t l18 6th~VtD head q1.lar ters but r e s i gned "\,l hen he f l ed , and res1.~ed his o??osi t i on activi tie s .

0-

On 8 J 1.11y 1943, Lt ~ Col. .ABCEDE was a ppoint ed Acting CO:'1D.G.nde r of t he 7 th NiD 1 ane. when he called a oonfer en ce in e arly , Sept embeT 1 9L~3 ' t o de vel op a pl an of or gani za tion sati sfa ctory t o all l eaders on l\egr os , and particularly t o ' r ea ct. a Dor e al:1i cabl e sol ution on t~e S3n i ori ty pr oblem , GAD OR r ef used t o a ttend but c ontinued obstruct ive t a ct i c s and expan s i on of his opposit ion. or ganiza ti on. I n De c8!'oor 1943 ,- r 1.1L10r S of nass a t ta cks on GADOR reached l~i s e ar s and then Lt . Col. A3?ILLA , GADORi s f or 1:1.er C~1ief of St aff, execut ed a c oup and r epl a ced GADOR . GADOR f l ed t o :30':)01 wi th a f ew of fi ce r s and '~!1 8n , and ASPILL.A brougb.t t he r emaini n g or ganisation 1.mder t he 7th NID Command", TJ:.,e guer rilla unit on Bohol ~~as unde r t he com::nand of -I,ra j . Isama el p . INL~INIEHO , vlho- had f orme rly been a J-Lmior of fi ce r ,mder GADOR and who ha.d r e cognized G_ADOR -as commande r of Negr os Orient al. ~~en GbnOR arri ved on Bohol he r e cei ved a l e t t er s ent fr om SwPA in Oct ober 1943 d i r e ct ing him t o r e port t o S~'JPA t rll'01,1.gh 7th P-.ID r adio . He r e pl i ed by r ad io t £-lToUgh the Bohol oommand t hat he had come t o Bohol aft er r e ceiving t he S~\FA letter on Negr os and . t ha,t he wa s awai t ing fur t her in- , s tru cti ons . No re pl y wa·s s ent f r om SWPA , and Gi-IDOR ha s not be en he ard fr om since t he J a:?ane!38 l anded in s t rengt h on Bonol l at e in ~ru:.'le 1 S44 .

I'

l'hr01l.ghout t he hi. s t or y of hi s or ga nizat i on , QADOR at.owed himself t o be unr.s;asonabl e and l..m willing t o me et any ot her guer ril l a l e ader on an equi t able worki n g ~)as i s . He demanded r e spe ct and aut tori t y vii t h01::i:; r ecognizing the cl a i ills of ot her s , and was unscrupul ous i n s e eking hi ,s own ends .

Hi s be baviOl.1r ear ned hi n the r idi cule of gue rrilla s t hro1.1.gilOut t he Visayas and ultimat el y cost ~lim t he l oyalty of most of his officers . . Per s onnel lmo~m. t o -have been i n t he or gan i za ti on ar e a8 f oll ows:

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ANTONIO, Capt.

Eu~eni o

ASIS, Sgt, de

ASPILLA, Lt. Col. Julian C. BAVERIA, Capt .

DIONALDO, Maj . Luis ESTACI ON, Capt.

GORDON, 1st Lt. Alexander KAYANAN, Ma j. Cor s ino C. MARIAS, Ma j. Ale jandro las . MERCADO, ;'::U j. Her !:.D.ene gild o SALAZAR, Ma j. J ose SY, Capt, Antollano P. TEVES, Capt. I bar

For mer Mayor of San Carlos ; now with the 7th wID as En CO of the 77th Prov . Regt .

Cons t abulary Cl er ky l eader of an early guerrilla band around Tanjay and an unscr upul ous killer ; l eft G.A.DOR befor e this or gani zation collapsed and now Lt . 7th lViD .

For mer Chief of Staff f or GADOR, r evolted and brought tho unit under command of the 7th 1\1D; now Chief of Staff , 73ro Div. Gad or r el at ive and commi ssi oned -by him, no militar y training; was cler k in Dist , Engr . Office befor e war. Was G.ADOR' s G-4.

Rel a tive of GADOR; waS G- 2 and poss ibly fled t o Bohol with him , bel ieved t o be pos s ibly exe cuted .

For mer t eacher c.t Silliman Uni v.er s ity , was f or a t i me GllDOR' s second in command; joi ned de ASIS f or a time; pre sent activities unknovcn.

Now with G-2, 7th lViD .

Came fr om Negr os Occidental t o join GADOR i n July 1943 ; G.l-illOR Re gt â&#x20AC;˘ Com mander in Li berto.d ar ea; went t o Bohol.

Now with 7th lIiID. ' Left GlillOR in October 1943 and now a commander under IlBCEDE .

GJJ)OR ' s Signal Off i cer; now 7th lIiID Signal Officer.

GADORls Ad jutant Gener al; presentl y on Bohol with QADOR. Br other of the for mer Mayor of Tan j ay , G- 2 f or ffiADOR; pr esent a ctivit ies unknown , (has br other in ABCEDE ' s or ganizat ion ) ?

On 26 May 19.4.2 the Lt ,~Q..91.,,2 ,JUSEJO and ",Maj..!.~lL..,Jl,...J2~~L~ : Japanese lo.nded at Dumaguet e , capit al of ' Negr os Oriental. Thi s wa s the l ast pr ovince t o be occupied. Duxing hostilities elsewhere most of the f a cilities and e ouipment fr om the t own and fr om Silliman Univereity in DtMague t e had been moved t o the hi lls , and afte r the J apanese l anding at Dumaguet e , many 'lUllver si ty st aff member s t ook positions in t he f r ee government and guerrilla gr oups , and Silliman s tud ents and graduat es wer e collecting -i nto the nuclei of guer rillQ Bol o Batta lions . The Silliman Univers ity influence in the ar ea was , in f a ct, l ar gely re :::'ponsibl e fo r the gTowth of a ~uccessful re si",t ance movement in the sout h Negr os r egion .

In the e arly~ages of t he Japanese occupat i on there was no organizati on among the gtmrrilla s , al though the desire of the pe ople t o r esist was hi gh ; much equipment was a vailable; and many unSUITendered soldiers were i n t he a r ea . These sol diers wandered about and gr adually drifted into the sever al Bol o Ba tta lions then f or ming or went t o Mr . BELL 's camp at Mal abo, Ylfo s t of D'L'LlIlaguete . The main Bol o Batta li on l eader s wer e Ma j. B. N. VILORI A, 'a f or mer Silliman student and ROTC ins tru~t or, at Si lliman, and escaped USAFFE Lt . fr'om Mind a'n ao with nn or ganization in t he Mal abo nr ea; Capt. Felix ESTRADA 1 PA Reserve Offi cer- and hi gh s chool tea cher in .Dumaguere; Capt . L00It FLORES, f or mer s chool t eacber in D-wnagu..et e , PA Reserve Officer, with an or ganiza tion t o the north of Dumaguet e ; Victor JORNAIES, es caped Mi ndanao USAFFE offi cer ( ? ) and for mer Silli:nan student; and Sgt. David CIRILO , PC, escaped Mindal'1ao USAFFE .sol di er.

One by one these l eader s al so went to Mr. BELL Deeking l eader shi p .

IV'IT . H8l'Lry Roy BELL was a well known o.nd well l iked Americ n who had been on the Silliman Univer sity staf f s ince 1921 as Pr of essor of PhJTsics and for a time AtbJ_et i cs Director. It was he who or ganized evacuation of

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univer sit y equipment . wn.en the J apanese occupied DUlllague t e , . lV'Jr . BELL and hi s f amily and ,::- ther Sil l i man s t af f member s eva cuat ed t o Malabo and Lake Bal insasayao and assi s t ed civi l and guerrilla aff air s i n south Negros . I t was natural that Silliman Uni ver si t y gr aduat es and s tudent s now in t he guerrilla movement shotud come t o Mr . BELL f or ass i s t ance and on 20 August 1942 t he guer r illa l ead.er s in the are a unanimously el e ct ed Mr . BELL t o or ganize t heir f orce s . Mr. BELL devot ed much t i me i n ectabl i 2hing an or gani zati on among them an9. al so enli s t ed the s upport of Manuel .'3 Y CIP , Chine s e me r chant in Dumaguete , i n obtai ning s upplies f or t he guerri llas .

Aft er compl eting t he i nitial s t age 8 of t he or ganizat i :.n , Iv'tr .

BELL sought a mili t ary of ficer of suff i cient r ank t o command t he Lmi t . He fir st conta cted Lt . Col . GADOR , then in central Negr os Oriental and so f ar as i s kno1,m not very a cti ve at that time . - GADOR r ef 'used and M:r . BELL cont acted Maj . Pl a ci do AUSEJO who a ccept ed the command and f or med the 75th Re gi ment with headqL~ter s at Mal abo in October 1942 . Ther e were 1 , 000 men in the r egiment in early 1943 .

Ma j . Pl acid o A. AUSEJO , 0-1213 , PA, i s about 51 year s ol d; is a gr aduat e of Silliman Univers i t y ; went t o the Cons t abular y Academy i n 1922 and wa? in souther n Ne gr o's or Mi sami s Occidental ' (Mindanao ) at the time of USAFFE surrender . He is di pl omat ic , mature in j ud gment and a good or gani i er , all excell§nt asset s i n st abili zing a ~gue rrilla movement about t o go wil d .

He was liked by the ci vilians and sol di er s , and t he 75th Regiment soon be came well est abli shed and di s ciplined under his guidance . Later when Lt .

Col . ABCEDE (then Capt . and junior t o .PDSEJO) waS appointed 7t h MD Commander , AUSEJO accepted the appointment without compl a int , and has s i nce done good service with t he 7th MD Command a s District G-3 .

VILORIA be came JUSEJO ' s Exe cuti ve Of f i cer, BELL be came Civil Admi n-. i s trat or f or s outh

~re gr os

and t he Inayors and of fi cial s of t owns wer e per-

suaded t o r esu.me t heir posts . Dr . Jose GARCIA of Dllil1ague t e was perf or ming valuable medi cal service and be came 75th Regime nt Medical Officer . An . orderly st ate of affa irs existed at the t ime . Though, the south Negr os ar e a was wi t hout money and had only poor source s of f ood, both of t hese wer e t o be had on Mind anao , wher e Col. FBRTI G was devel oping a guerri lla organization at the t i me . Mr. BELL went t o Col. FERTI G in l at e 1942 and arr anged f or supplies of f ood and Mindanao Emer gency Curren cy t o be sent t o Negr os t ogethwe vdth some mil i t ary s upplies , and the 75th Regiment was atta ched t o . Col. FERTIG ' s cOl1unand wher e i t r emained ' until Ma j . VI LLAMOR was appointed t empor ary CO , 7t h lVID , i.n May 1943 .

The J apanese wer e confined t o Dumague t e , Bais and Tan jay at this time and compar at i ve poace r eigned until trouble began t o devel op with GADOR' s ambiti ons and met hods of attaining his end s , contr ol ' of neighboring ar eas . He i nt er fer ed particularly vllth communicat ions whi ch had t o pass t hr ough hi s ar ea t o all parts of Ne gros and Cebu . This di s pute was the main bother t o t he 75th Regiment until the col l apse of GADOR' s or gani z a~ tion in l at e 1943 .

Since mid-1942 , BELL had been attempting t o conta ct the United Stat es or Austral ia w~th the r ad i o he had broL~ht from Si lliman Universit y .

He was as sisted by a Lt . Louis VAlL , an kmer i can me s tizo from n orthern . Negr os . VAIL had had consider able r adio exp erience bef ore the war and had been commissioned 2nd Lt . by USAFFE bef or e suxrender . VAIL e s caped to the hi lls from Fabr i ca , Negr os Occi dental , aft er s urrender and j oi ned the guerrillas ther e in J\me 1942 . When he heard of Mr . BELL' s a ctivit i es i n sout h Negr os , VAIL and sever al other s gather ed s alvaged r adi o equipment and went t o Mr . B~L Lt s headqLk~rters t hrough numer ous J apanese pat r ols on Negr os and Cebu and in Tanon Strait . VAIL and BELL wor ked t i r el essly t o build a sat is f a ctor y r adi o and t o devel op conta ct . - Their constant calls went unheeded or Lmheard ; thei r supplies wer e l ow and they wer e about t o give up after Six months ' ef f or t ,'3 . Guer rilla mor al e was al s o dropping since t her e seemed no hope of outs ide contact and encouragement. Cont ; ct was unexpe ct edly est ablished i n FeorL1E.r y 1943 . This , t egether wi th the arrival of ÂĽaj .

VILLfu~OR in s out hern Negr os on a s pecial mission fr om SW PA, revitali zed,

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the or ganizati on. Mr. BELL s ubs equently be came par t of Ma j. Vi LLAMORI s or ganization as a Ma j or. VAI L l at er be came 73rd Di vi sion Signal Of f i cer.

Mr. BELL1 s s pir it , or igi nalit y and or ga ni zing ability were the guiding s trengt h i n t he devel opment of the gU8rrill a organization i n t his area and l at er i n the est ablishment of the Negros COMnand, as Ci vil Affa irs Dire ctor and finall y a s Chair man of the 7th NlD Resear ch Board . He commanded t he r e s pe ct of sold ier s and civilians alike ; his wor k ,was wi.del y knovm and appre ciat ed. The J apane se burned his camp in J une 1943 and · agaL~ in November 1943, when he nar r owl y e s C.;l.ped capt ure ~ EELL and hi s f amily and other member s of the Sill i man staff, many of whom had been inst rument al i n the devel opment of order i n s out her n Negr os , wer e eva cuat ed t o Aus tral ia i n earl y 1944.

Siauij or : The guerrilla s on Siquij or wer E! original l y t wo bat t al ions under -the command of Ma j. Beni t o CUNM~AN , r etired M is , Phi l ippi ne Scouts . These g~~rrill a s drove off J apanese l andings s ever al t i mes begin ni ng in August 1942 and kill ed the Japanese - appointed Governor . Ther e wer e no J apanese troops on Siquij or f r om August 1942 until l at e June 1943.

The trans port, t hen bring troops t o Lar ena , Siquij or , s t r uck a mine that CUNANAN had c a pt~~ed and pl a ced i n the channel, The vessel sacle and rnnny troops drowned . Other Japanese l anded and t he guer r illa or ganizat i on dis per sed.

When lVia j. AUSEJO or gani zed -the 7 5 t ~ Regiment, in October 1942 , CUN.ANAN was cont a ct ed and his unit be came the 4th Pr ovis i onal BattaJ.. i on of the 75th Regi ment , with CUNt~AN as Bat t alion C o®~ande r o H& hel d t his post until June 1943 when Capt. Luis Po MORGJiN , FERTIG : s Chi.o:f of St ai'f on i:lindanao, c ont acted him while on a mi s si on t o extellQ FERTIG ' s i nfluence in the Vi saya s . Thi s was just prior t o t he .Japanese invasi on of June 1943 .

MORG.AN ap pointed CUNANf.;N c ommander of the 8t h t':D (Ceb11. and Bohol ) f or .'

FERTIG, without author i ty f r om FERTI G. C UNJ~UJ~ f:snG to Cebn and some ml S- · under standing bet ween Cebu and the 10th ~,ID developed The matter wa s ironed out and C UNAN~N l eft Cebu. He is now Hq C O~iland ant, Headqu ar t er s 7th MD , 0

2nd Lt. Ed1.1ardo CORN"ELLA i s the pr'esent commander of the r eorgani zedS i quij or guerrill as whi ch ar e designat ed r.I Company , 75 t h Regiment, 73rd Divis i on.

SECTION III. -MAJOR VI LLAMOR AND THE DISTRICT CO='2f0.iJD: Ma j. J"eau.s A. VI LLAMOR, 0-1568 , PA , JOyears ol d , was sent t o t he Phi l ippi nes from m'lPA on a speci al mi ssion and arrived on sout her n Negr os i n J anuar y 1943 . VILLAMOR has achi eved f ame in air combat during t he Philippine Campai gn in 1942 and was eva cuated t o, Australia bef or e t he USAFFE surrender. He had had consider abl e t r aining in t he Uni t ed Stat es , wa s WGll educat ed and well conne cted in '~~1e Philippi nes . .AI t hough he was young and l acked experi ence , Ma j. VI LLAMOR was capable a nd moved by int ensel y patri ot i c motives .

Among VILLAMOR' s i nstructi ons when he vms se nt t o t he Fbilippines was advi ce t o maint ain al oofness from guer r i lla aff ai r s and t o r epor t obj ectivel y on guerrilla pe r s onal i t i e s and or gani zations for use i n SWPA de cisions • . He arrived i n Ne gr os at t he time the or gani zations of ABCEDE , ~ AUSEJO and GADOR wer e f ull bl own and PERJ~TA and FERTIG wer e attempting to gain control of Negros guerrilla affa irs . He perf orce came int o close cont act wi t h AUSEJO and ABCEDE and r e ce ived c O~. i a l suppor t from both and they came t o him f or advice on conduct of t he i r affo.i r s .

VILLAMOR r eported condit i ons car efUll y and advanced r ecommendations on t he s olution of l ocal pr oblems , part i culnr ly on t he command sit v.ations , on supplies be ing sent t he g~16 rrill as , on hi s boing given some aut hor i t y On none t o deal wit h s ome pr obl ems , and on deal ing wi t h GJillOR firmly of t hese re commendat ions was o. cti on t aken at this time . GADOR t ook ad vant age of ~he absence of af firmation of VILLAMOR 1S [lut hori t y and be came 0

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more defiant of l ocal attempts t o secure his c oope ra ti on~ in the s et t l ement f:f the command question . Hi s a ctivi t ies eventually threatened t o disrupt J~USEJOI s or ganization and int ell igence communi cat i ons with Cebu, unde r mined VILL1.;llfiOR I s pr est ige and his ability t o car ry out SWPA i ns truct i ons , and del ayed cthe a ppointment of a' commander on Negr os unne cessaril y . To pr event open hostil i t ies be t ween GADOR and other guerri llas , VI LLill~OR sL~ ges t ed ; that he hims elf be appoi nt ed t empor ar y commander of the distr ict. This was done in May 1943 .

I n t he meant i me , PERALTJ;. act ivel y ba cked I\f1fi.TA ~ FERTIG backed AUSEJO, VILLAMOR ba cked iiBCEDE and GADOR l oudl y pr oclaimed hims elf f or r e cognit i on as pe r manent Distri ct Commander. VILLAiv]OR managed t o hri ng t ogether MATA, ABCEDE and AUSEJO under hi s command at the t ime , however, and se cured GADOR' s cooper ati on f or a f ew days . G.LiDOR withdrew hi s v s upport shortlJ but many of his men ' be came disaf f e cted and l at er r ejoi ned ' mand . VI LLMv'lOR 9r gani zed the Dis t ri ct Headquar t ers , ap the Di strict Com pointed a Ne gr os Civil Administrat or (Mr . BELL) ; or ganized a Resear ch Boar d; and secured authority f or a civi l government f or free Negr ,os under Alfredo MONTELI BhNO, pr e - war governor of Negr os Occi dental . I n all thi s he r e cei ved ve.r y l itt l e outs ide s~pport and was r e lieved in J ul y 1943 when ABCEDE wa s appointed t empor ar,y- Commander . ABCEDE was ' s.upplied l at e in 1943 but his command wa s not confir med ,unt il March 1944 . He achieved compl et e command of Negr os units by De cember 1943 when GfJ)OR fled .

Alfredo MONTELIBJ~O' i s about 36 year s of a ge and bel ieved t o be a wealthy planter i n north Negr os . He i s a politi cian , inter est ed -i n power and self willed . He was r esponsible f or the or ganizat i on of north Negr os guerrillas t oget her wi th Lt . Col. MATA, as sisting part icularly in the pr ocurell}ent of f ood and money f or the guer rilla or ganizati on . MONTELIBANO -:. i s r eported t o be aggressive , a t i r el es s wor ker, and exa cting i n hi s de mands f or wor k d one . He appar ently has the popular s upport of the popula ce on Negros and is a pr ogram social ist fi ghting f or the welfar e of t he poorer class .

Maj ~ V IL~AMOR wa s eva cua t ed t o Austral ia i n October 1943 and v Lt . Col. Edwin AJ.IfDREWS, 0-1313 , PA, t ook 'his pla ce as spe cial mi ssion r epresentative , and wa s assigned t o the 7th MD f or contr ol . Lt . Col .

AlIlDREWS i s an Amer i can mest izo, 39 year s of age; gr aduat ed PC Academy 1927 ; sent by CormTIomveal th Government t o the United Stat es i n 1929 t o s tudy i nve stigation wurks and hanqwri ting anal ysi s wit h the Se cret Service , Treasury De partment, Washingt on . He r eturned, t o the Philippines and was -assigned t o the I nt el ligence Se ction , PC ; be came ai r pilot in 1937; and was CO Zabl an Fi el d at Bt~idnon; t ook t o t he hill s after s urrender and j oined guerrill as as Chi ef of Staff , Bukidnon-C ot abat o Force under Col. FERTIG, CO Mindanao guerrillas , called him t o Mi sami s in mid -1943 . Shortly after, he cr ossed t o Ne gX'os t o j oi n Ma j . VILL.AMOR as Camp CommaIldant. .ANDREWS has boon well trai ned and has had experience . He has been- cl ose to iille r i can influence and i s appre ciative of the treat ment he r e ceived whil e in the Uni t ed States . He is senai t i ve t o hi s mixed blood and when things are not goi ng t o his per sonal t astes jI often j umps to t he c Ol}cl usi on t h at he i s being dis criminat ed against be cause of this . c Si nce his ass i gnment t o ,ABCEDE , ANDREWS has continued the work commenced by VILLAMOR and acts as Lt . Col. ABCEDE t s f or warding agent f or 7th IVID int elligence .

SECTION IV.

CURRENT SITUATION:

.ABCEDE continued the devel opment of th e or gani zation and the polici es estabfi shed by VILL&~OR , a lw~s s triving t o i mpr ove i t s effici- . ency and s t ature and t o increase its usefulness t o SWPA i n t he pl anning and exe cution of the war .

Aft er ABCEDE t ook command in July 1943 J apanese ' r aid s and pat r ols be came ser iousl y a ctive on the s outh coast fr om Dumague t e t o Sipal ay f or the fir s t time . Thi s was the l ast unmol ested ar e a on the i sl and, and what with hoavy ,r aids in f ood pr oducing areas of central Negr os Occide ntal

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and Oriental , a nd penetrating t error attacks on gue rrillas in northern Ncgr os , it soe mcd f or a while that effective gue r r illa or gcmizati on would cease . The r es ourcefulness and t enacity of the l eaders and the peopl e al one nade their continued cxi s t~mce pos sibl e , and. th o or gani zation has appar ently now enj oyed r el ative freed om fron J apanese a t tacks f or several months .

ABCEDE has surrounded himself with the abl e st officers he c-culd f ind Al so, he cons ults with them and is not afr aid to delegate authority t o them , the r esult being . that he has a staff Which functi ons nor mally , and he has f ound no necessity t o build up a one Dan s how. He has been well awar e of the limitati ons of his 'ovm or ganiz ation , and has ad mitted re alistical ly that the J apanese can d o anything they want t o on Negr os .

He has ther ef or e conserved his f orces and has s ought t o mainta in the proper ba1?Uce between a s~~fici 6nt amount of action t o keep up mor al e of officer s , men and l oyal civilians , and over~ a ggressivGness which mi ght invite strong retaliat ory me asu.res • He has disper sed organi zati on and supplies as much as possible , has set up an effici ent warning service f or Japaneee r aid s and has been car eful t o devel op as gr eat a socrecy discipline a s pos sibl e • .A.BCEDE has paid. a great deal of a ttenti on t o devel opment of the intelligence net work on Negros, and has provid ed go od c?verage 0n current activities .

His men have al s o assist ed numer ous crashed Allied pilot s t o safety.

Friendly r el ations have been maintained with the civilians and tho free civil goverrunent l.mder Alfredo BONTELIBJ-1NO has bee n co oper ative 'iivi.th the guerrilla organizati on . 4

American civilian personnel wer e of consider able assi stance in establi s hing the organization, but their evacuation in 1943 and early 1944 has l eft the organization an almost entir ely Filipino ent erprise . The chief s hortcoming of the 7th MD is lack of c ompe t ent and r eliable officers.

This was particular ly true in thenort4 but the situation exists thr oughout Negros . Politics are rife and many of the off i cers are not above a ppro priation of army supplies f or their o~n purchase s and aggr andi zement of their positions f or after the war .

S.:t.rength. and P§,r sorlllGl . A?.§ignments 7th MD Resume District strength ~ 7th Military Di strict Hq 72nd Division : Division Hq 74th Infantry 76th Infantry 72nd FA Regt 73rd Divis i on (?rov): Divi sion Hq 75th Infantry 77th Infantry GRAND TOTAL

CO Lt . Col. ABCEDE 0-1520 · CO Lt . Col . lfillTA 0-1556 190 Off 2237 EM 148 1945 111 2259 82 2222 CO Maj . C. GALVEZ 0-1547 · 37 -Off 27 EM 1586 83 725 55

Offi ce+,s ~ 217 1193 8663 531

Personnel Assigrunents : Di strict Headquarter s , Kabankal an , Negros Occidental : co: Lt . Col . Salvador ABCEDE~ 0-1520 , PA ci s: Lt. Col. Ernest o S. MATA, 0-1550, PA Adj: Ma j . Fidel SOLIVEN , 0-1042 , PA G-1 : Capt. Gregorio LAROT G-2: Ma j. Rodo1pho REYES . G-3: Lt. Col. Placido A. AUSEJO , 0-1213 , PA (Ma j or) G-4: Ma j. Ben j amin HOLLERO Di st FD: Lt. Col. Rome o A. I NTENGAN , 0 ..1537 , PA Dis t SO: Ma j. J ose SALAZAR Dis t FI: Ma j. Ri t o E. DOMINADO CO Dist Hq trps: Ma j. Enrique L. TORRES, Sr.

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175

2388

923

12, 193

·.

SOLIVEN: 34 -yoars old , graduate Ilocano University, Vigan , in 1906; was Chief of Police in Ba colod before surrender . J oined guerrillas / soon after SD.!Te nie r and had r adio station in the Northwest Neg-ros Sector in 1943 . Is now District Ad j ut ant 7th ~ID .

REYES: Was a f or mer laywe r in Bacoloo. . He is effici e nt , exact ing in his demands and picks and trains his inte llige nce personnol himself .

He goes about Negros inspecting inte llige nce offi cer s une xpect edly and . sometimes incognito . He gives a ll possible a ttention t o intelligence instructions a nd t o implUDving the effici'ency of the 7th MD intelligence or ganization . I s now 7th MD .G- 2 .

I NTE NG!J.T : 30 years old; graduated Unive rsity of the Philippin~s in 1936 a nd went t o the special a r my school in Bagui.o; permanent cOlmnission in 1939 . He was ac tive in the early Negros Occid e ntal guorrillas and was ca rried by PERt!.LTA on the r olls of the Ivth Philippine Cor ps in J anuary 1943 . Now 7th iVlD Finance Officer .

SALAZAR~ Wa s ' Signal Office r with GADOR orga nization; became . dissatisfied i~ 111i d ...1 943 a nd l eft t o Join the 7th-~ NlD Command . Was made Dist,rict Signal Officer .

DOMINADO : 26 y ear s old; gr eat courage , was the cest officer in the 7th Regiment under Lt . Col . AUSEJO . He went into combat with his men , had a good head a nd was well liked . He is a r eserve PA ofticer a nd now District Field Ins pe ctor .

TORRES : Former c ivilian :in Negros Occide ntal , organized a guerrilla group in the vicini ty of Binalba go.n in mid -1942 and joined ABCEDE's command . He i s -one- .of the bes t fighting commande rs in Negros and ..men ABCEDE moved hi.s headqU9rte r s t o the fouth' COo.st , -TORRES ani >is y·r i t were n oyr;d al nn : t o rot e ct thc Distri ct Heo.dqu art e rs and security a re a s . In this capa city :-.JR8ES and his merl e ngaged in sever a l s ha rp engagements with J8panese pa tr ol s o.nd wer e instrument al . in preserving the safe ty of su pplie s , papers a nd per s onnel on se ver al occasions ; is cOI'.lp1otely r ·o l iable .

72nd- Di vision Headq1..u rte rs, Ca nlaon Volca no a re a , Negros Occide ntal: CO: Lt . Col . Er nesto S . M&TA, 0 - 1550 , PA cis: Mn j . 1J'ldarico BACLAGON , 0 -1687 , PA D cis: Maj . Luis BAYLON Adj: Ma j . J ase JOiViALESA G-l·: . ·Mo. j . CTregorio C.~..FEG- 2': C a pt~ Ma ria n o S. ABAYGAR G-3: 1 st Lt . Emilio BORROMEO , 0 - 1801 , PA G-4: Ma j . Ja i me C. DACANAY 74th -Infa ntry , Northwest Negros Se c t or: CO : Maj. Lnis BAYLON Ex 0: Ca pt . Rubin ABAO Ad j: Ca pt. Melchor INFANTE 3-2 & 3: Ca pt . Sef a r ip P . ALOVA S - 4: Capt . Leon MOYA 76th Inf antry , Ce ntra l Negros Se ctor: CO: . Maj .. Abenir BOP.NALES, 0 -1691 , PA Ex 0.: Ca pt. J oaquin VELARDE .Ad j: C'apt . Emilio GENOSA 8-2: Ca pt . Quirino BATOG S-3 : S-4 : Ca pt. Manue l C. CORDER0 72nd Field Arty Regt ., East Negros Se ctor : .

CO: Ma j . H. Y. ~~RCADO Ex 0 : Ca pt . Rustico PARALEJAS _ Adj; 2nd Lt . Gemini nn o M. ELEC CION S - 2: 3rd Lt . Salustinao PALINGHE 8-3: 1 s t Lt . Porifirio ALFORQUE S -4: 1 st Lt . Palagio YMALAY

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BACLAGOF : 26 y ear s ol d , gr aduat ed · PMA. 1940 . He i f:' ver y we ll l iked by t he c i vi l i ans and sol dier s and i $ ac tive i n f ighting the J a panese wi t h hi s s ol dier s . Now cis, 7 2nd Divisi on; t rus t wor thy .

B'AYLON: 28 year s ol d , ha s been a ctive with n or th Negr os gue r rillas since 19/+2 , was Adjutant 7 2nd Division , n ow I? ci s, 72nd Division and CO 74th Infantry .

BORRONEO : Young but ha s s een action and shovm ;;1Uch or i ginality .

He was . in Luzon at the time of s urrender of USAFFE and be came as s oci a t ed wi t h t he r emnan t s of NAKAR t s 14th Inf antry i n Cen tral Luz on i n 1 942 .

BORRO!Ii!EO was i n !lii[mil a i n J anu.ar y 1944 when the intel ligence or gani za t ion member s of t hese r eEln ants wer e be ing ca ptured e n rJas se and he es caped t o Ne gros . He was al so atta ched t o t he Fil -.Ar;'ter i can Gue r r illa Troops in the Mani l a ar e a , as Signal Off i cer . He seems t c ha ve been a f r i end of e i the ~ Ma j . VILLAMOR or Lt . Col. ANDREWS who s uper ced ed VILLAl\JjOR. I s n ow G- 3 , 7 2nd Divi sion .

J ALANDO-DN: He was CO of t he 72nd Engineering Cor ps a nd we nt to consider a bl e t r oubl e a ttempting to inpr ove t ha t or ganiza tion . he is r.1i li t ar y , a ctive a nd har d wor king; . i s n ow CO of the Nor t heas t Ne gr os Se ct or . ' SMI TH: A.m Amer i can mesti zo and br an ch manage r of t he I nt er nati onal Harve s t er Co . i n Ba col od bef or e the s urr e nd er. J oined guerrill as s oon aft e r s urrender and has been active since ; n ow Exe cutive Offi ce r , Northeast Ne gr ns Se ct or .

BORNALES : 28 . ye ars old 1 graduated PMA 1 940 . He i s capable, aggressi ve , Bo s t l oyal and i s we ll l iked by hi s E1en. Now CO 76th I nfantry i n Negros Occid ental.

73rd PrOiris i on al Divi s i on HeadQuarter s , Vl8s t od DTh'Zlague t e : CO: Ma j . Cefer ino R. GALVEZ, 0- 1 547 , PA cis : Lt .. Col. J ulian C. ASPILLA, 0- 1324 , PA Ad j : Capt. I l uminad o D. TALE G- 2: Capt. Gal i ca no L . SIBAlJi G-3: Capt. J ose GUILLj~O . G-4: Capt. Timot e o S . ORACI ON· Div SO: Capt . Louis N. VAI L Div MO: Capt . J ose S. GARCIA 75t h I nfantry , CO: Ex 0: Ad j : S -2 : S-3 : S- 4:

Sout h Negros Se ctor: (HQ in vi cini t y of Zamboanguit a ) Maj . Fe lipe LUBATON Maj .. Ju.an DOMINADO 2nd Lt . Ce sar io TUBAT .

2nd Lt . Apol ,oni a B. DI PUTADO Capt. Fran c i s c o S ARROSA 2nd Lt . Modes t o GOMEZ

77th I nfantry : CO: Ex 0: Adj : S- 2 &; .3: S -4 :

N!aj . Cefer i n o GALVEZ , PA Capt . J oaquin FONDA 2nd Lt. Venanci o BAN~OQOILLO 1 st Lt . Fr a ci s c o CA~ARES 2nd Lt. Ra::lon RI VERA

GALVEZ: 33 year s ol d , gr aduat e PMA 1937 and of Camp Murphy I n f antry School in 1940; r egular c orr~i s sion 1 939 : At t he out bre a t of t he war he was a 1 s t Lt . wa s captured by the J apanese' and l a t 8r pl a ced i n the Bure au of Con stabulnr y,. He esca ped in l a t e 1 943 and joi ned t he Ne gros guerrilla s . Now commander 73rd Pr ovi s i-ona1 Divis i on i n Negros Orient al .

ASPIL. L.! : 42 year s ol d ; graduated Con s t ab-tLlar y Acader,\y in 1 928 .i bel ieved t o have be en 1 s t Lt . when War broke out . Be came associa t ed with G.ADOR i n -Negr os Or iental a nd was appoi nted his Chief of Staff . ASPILLil. was one of t he fir s t to rebel against G.ADOR and began cooper ati ng wi t h t he 7t h NlD command i n July 1943 , a t l east . He l at er i s r eported t o have led an open c oup and f orced G.ADOR t o l e ave Negr os .

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CHAPTER IX TBE GOERRILLA RESISTANCE MOVElfJENT ON BOHOL 15 De cember 1944

SECTION I .

GENERAL

BACKGRO~D~

,The conmll:mder of the smull_y SAFFE garris on on Bohol , Cupt .

Victor iano BLANCAS, surrender ed t o the J apanese early in 1942 ano. hi s Exe cutive Officer und Ad jutant; 1s t Lt. J ose M. MM\~JA, succeeded t o the command. MA.NEJ'A~110ved the r emnants of the Bohol f orce to west er Q 1eyte f or great er secu.rity , and reorg~nized t hem into a guerrilla force called "Camp Liberty " ,- cUter t heir headqu.'1rter s . ~~on t he J npanese occupi ed Tagbilur un , the capit al of Bohol, in Mc::y 194,2 , t i1G Gover nor of t p.e pr.ovince , Agapito HONTA.NOSAS , oocume puppet Governor ; Loyal of ficials and patriots went t o the hills, and a number of informal guer rilla bands ar ose throughout unoccupi ed are as of t he island .

The l ar gest and rnos t a ctive of the se gr oups was the "Behind t he , ClouO..s" unit or gani zed in June 1942 in northern Bohol, under t he com_maneI of 3rd Lt. I smael P. n "GENIERO. The gr oup was acti ve in northern. and central Bohol, and may have har assed t he Japane se to some extent . Another unit was the !lEast Bohol Bat tali on!1, active in eastern and southern Bohol during mi d -1942.

lvrcAjlj"EJA r eturned fr om Le:y-te in mid -1942 vTI th the .;intenti on of organizing gueY£illa r esist ance on Bohol and found the se rival guer rilla gr oups unable to agr ee on a unified pol icy or cOI:L'Iland be Ca1.lSe of eeniori ty disputes among the of fi cer s . However, all guerrill a l eader s met at Batuan in November 1942, and agreed on INGEr;IERO as commander of a unifi ed pohol guerrilla f orce; a f r ee civil go verru~ent was rees t ablished in the LillO CCUpied area at t he ;3aI:J.e time . The a chievement of thi s concord may have been due t o l oyal official s of t he f or mer pr ovincial goverrunent l who still c o~manded consider abl e authority • . SECTION II.

ThE BOROL AREA COMiVLAND:

The J apanese Isl and and Gl.,Undl.,uman, of the island r emained rillas, well suppor ted

occupied Tagbilar an , the capital, as well as Pangl ao wher e they worked the manganese mines . The -r est compar a-eivel y untouched by t he enemy , and t he guerby civilian population , wer e able t o oper at e fre ely.

INGENIERO assumed the rank of Maj or, and during 194-3 was able to build up a f airl y well-or ganized militar y unit on Bohol which was called BOFORCE, set up he adquarter s at Carmen, in the center of the island, and clai med auth ority over the pre - war 8th Military District , Ceeu and Bohol.

The Bohol unit or ganized on a r egimental b~sis , with attached battal ions , and an int elligence net covering not only ~ohol but Cebu City as well .

The organization was run in military manner with some formality , . and guards and sent ry 'post s wer e fr eql.,~ nt on t he highways . Discipline was r eport ed a q good . The forTner Volunteer Guar d or ganized by Exe cutive Order of President QUEZON bef or e the sl.,~render was converted int o· a Bol o Bat t alion whose duties incllued messenger work , transporting s upplies , and posting sentries on coast s , r oad s and trails . A "Women 1 s Auxiliar y Ser vice,1I (WAS) was ' creat ed as a f emal e count er part t o the Bol o Battalion; t heir duti es wer e l ar gely- t he pr oduction of cl othing and eq.-ui pment for the s old ier s and the r aising of funds byent erta inns nts . An offic ial or gan , - il Bol os and Bulletsll , edited by attorney G. LAVILLES, r eg-luarly cirCluat ed news and pr opaganda .

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Despit e this outward show the nilitary efficiency of t he organization was qu~s t lonable , and little action was t aken against the enemy other than occas i on8l ~Jbushes and the gathering of intelligence . Some arBS and ammunition wer e r e ceived fr om SWPA l at e in 1943 . The or ganiz ation was r ecognized by SWPA as the Bohol Area COBmand, with aut~ority over the i sland of Bohol only and under the co~~~nd of Maj . I NGENIERO by SW?A (in De cer.1ber 1943). A r ad i o was sent f or dlrect cont act with S-HPA. Chief offi cer s of the or ganization ar e bel ieved t o have been as f ollows: C'ormnanding Officer Executive Officer A.C . of S., G-2 Adjutant Inspe ctor Finance Officer Signal Officer Engineer Liaison Off. t o Cebu Liaison Off. t o MindDn~o CO, 1 st Bn Ex 0 & Adj, 1s t Bn S-2, 1st Bn S-3, 1 st Bn CO , 2nd Bn CO, Lst MP Bn CO, 2nd l\fJP En CO, Bol o En SECTION III .

Maj . 1s111ael P. I NGENIERO Ca pt . Esteban BERNIDO Capt . H. J . ALAIIJO, 0-1666 , OSF Inf Capt. Juan GALlA 1st Lt . J ose M. MANEJA Capt. Ser gi o JAMILA Capt. Gavino LAPURA Lt . Mel ani o L1GM~ Lt. ABELLAi\fA 1 s t Lt. Prir:lo O. 'PATI GDAS Capt . Vicente K. NDNAG Capt . Martin A. MALIHANAG Capt. Washington PONCE Capt . Pedro MOR ALES Cant . Zoile HAGONOS Lt: Alberto D. DAROSI N Ca pt • .Anastacio MANI G QU~ Capt . Filomeno ZAF'RA

RECENT DEVELOPMENTS:

When I NTENIERO assmTIed c OD~and of the Bohol f or ces with the r ank of Major, in November 1943, he was put in a positi on of authority over ' several officer s whose offici al r anks were s uperi or t o his . This may have caused friction within' the cOin_mand, and the r e are indicati ons t hat I NGENIERO maintained a close surveillance of the se men l est they attempt t o assume command • Reports have i ndica t ed the probapility that INGENIERO' s r egime maintained it s authority by virtue of its close conne ction VIIi.. th the free civil government ~ c onstituted in l ate 1942. Ther e have been difficulties in the dis tribution of supplies fr om SWPA thr ough Bohol t o Cebu , and f airly r eliabl e i ndi cations that the Bohol r egir,le i s concerned le s,s with fi ghting the eneE1Y than with aggrandizement of the ir political power, r eno·,m and econoi:tic well-being, even at the expense of the civilian popul ation . Relations with CUSHING ' s Cabu Area COITmland wer e furth er s trained , due t o differences on point s of 'policy and early c onflicting clai ms t o authori ty over t..\i.e pr e -war 8t h Milit ary Dis trict. .

INGINIERO f orrner l y s~ rved under Lt. Col. Gabriel R. G;:JJOR, who after s~rend o r or ganized and led an independent a nd unc ooper ative guer rilla group on the eastern coast of Negr os . I NGENIERO i:.: des cribed as a weak character, and inclined t o take order s fr om GADOR , whom he ol one r ecognized as cormllander of Ncgr os .Oriental . V\.T hen G.WOR was dri von fr om Negros in J anuary 194L~ , he fl ed to Bohol and t ook r efuge with I NG:6NIERO, t ogether with t he r errmants ' of his group, i nclud i ng Ca pt . KAYANAN , de scribed as an undis ciplined opportuni s t and unreliabl e .

Due probabl y t o some or all · of these fa ctor e , a pl ot t o kill and r epl ace him vrlth a new c o~mande r arose among the officers of ~he cO~lland in JLme 1944 , and was frustrated only by the timel y arrival at headqu.arter s of Senat or Carl os P. GARCI A, the ba ckbone of the civil government on Bohol. I NGENIERO ' s movements during thi s month ar e not clear . He He was reported on Panay at Hq 6th Military Distr ict early in the month .

4~INGENIERO

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On 23 Jtmo 1944 s tron g J apanese f orces l ~nd ed at sever al poi nts on Bchel. Ther e Vias I i ttlo or n o gue rrilla :rc s ist <:nce , unO. the japane s e wer e in all of the l ar ge r t ovms by n oen of t ho fi r s t d ey . The ir p2.t r ol s pene tra t ed al l pc::rt fj of the isl and d uri n g tho f ol l owi ng [[onth , 1 00ting Gnd ki lling , Gnd t b.'::>r -::mghly d i Eor guni zed the gue rri ll a f orces . The r ndic tra ns mi t t er W'-' S captUrod , Gnd pes::: ibl y i ntelli ge n ce pc p::;r s , but !Jos t ')f the ar ns we r e hidd e n and Gs cnpod capturo by tho J c.pGnoso .

Se cr e cy d.isc ipl i ne of the or g:mi znt i on had · boen r eported as bo.d , and i t i s known t ha t the J c.pc.nose hu.d obt i ncd c cnplo t e r ost er '=, :::·f the Bohol gue rrilla f er ccz bef or e the ir i nvDs i on t hr c ugh Seni or In 8~JG ct or NliEGO of the- puppe t C::n s t abv.l nry Sh or tly bef or e t he i r i nvns i on ~Jany J np2Il8Se tmd er covor e.gents fr o::! Ce bu povod t o Bohol, and a t t he sene tL10 Be ' s (monbor s of the puppe t Bureau of Cons t nbulnr y f orces ) surrend er ed and j oined t he guor rilla f or ce s in Boh el .

0

Tho b ody of the J apanese troops l oft the i s l and at tt'le ond of July , Dnd t he gu£rrill a f or ces started t o r eor ga nize unde r Capt . Est oban BEF&JIDO , I NGENI ERO1 S so cond in c or~lnnnd . I NGENIERO hii,13Cli r e t 1..TI'ned duri ng August or early Se pt ember . Negot iations Vior e ctGrtod wi th gue rl~ill a C OEl i\lO.nder s in Ce bn, Ncgr as , ::md Le yt,e t o obta i n ar ms and armnuni t i::m <.m d n r ad i o trans mi t t er , and at tho . e nd < 'Jf 'scpt c:0.bor I FGENlERO r ep:')rted hi s or ganiza tion i n t act and vms r GsUT.ling "rcsi -sta n ce " again s t t ho 13D.ull Jnpan eso garri son l eft on the i s l nnd . The . bnt t nl ion s wor e r eor ganized. i nt o t he 84 t h , 85t h and 86th Rogts J wi t h 2. t ot a l r eported stren gt h of 8 , 000 , pr obabl y poor l y a r med .

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~;b j . Ismael I NGENIERO (Hq Ca r rKm ) Maj . Es t e ban BERl"\TIDO 3~a j . J m n GALIA Mc j . Hor a cl eo J . t,L1LlIJO, 0-1666 , PA liiIec .i . RA);IAS Mc. j . SAL AZAR ."

Ca pt . Ltu s CLAP~ N

84.t h Rcgt ., Hq . Batua n CO : l\1aj . Sof i a L. BAYRON 8 5th Regt o, Hq . Cul2.po CO: Capt . Vi cente K. NUNAG 86t h Rogt ., Hq . I piJ , l'nlibon CO : I\ifl j . LAGAHI T Col. GADOR' s unit i s s t ill on Boh o1 hJ t ween Ef a t e a nd I nabanga and i s knorro 1113 t be Ncgr os F orce . They ar e r eported t o bo unpopula r with t he ci vilians as a r esul t of t he i r a ctivit ies . GADOR went t o Le;y-t o i n De cember 1944 .

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CHAPTER

X

THE GUERRILLA RESISTANCE MOVEMENT ON MI NDANAO AND S-ULU 31 J Gnunry 1945

SECTION I .

GElI'ERAL BACKGROUND :

The guerrilla r esist ance fil.oVeTiient in iVlind onao is lUlique in , several respe c,t s . The r:lovement was guided and dirGct ec! Elainly by Ame r i cans; it organized s hortly after the s urrender of USAFFE f orces; it WGS quickl y supplied with !lr ms and &'P.1Dunition fr om SWPA; it devel oped a civil administration parallel with its mili t Gry or ganization , and in c very r espe ct justified the confid once of th~ U.S . in the l oyalty of the Filipino people .

Condi tions in Mindanao wer e f avor able t o tho f orrnat ioll of a guerrilla Elovomont . A compar at i vely l arge number of Amoricans , bot h mili- ' t ary and civilian , wer e available ,for such wor k . Ther e wer e f ew casualties among Filipino military and civil l eader s , most of whom coop:; r at ed with the guerrillas . The island was l argo in aro a , with numer ous i solat ed f ood producing sections and extremely limited r oad net s â&#x20AC;˘ . The cities (which the enemy occupied ) wer e all on the COGst - Davao , Cotabat o, Zamb oanga , Co.gnyan and Surigao. The enemy limited his activi ties to control of tho cities and patrol of r oad net s and wo.ter ways . The hint~ rl and , compri sing ni netyfi ve percent of t he, islo.nd , was free of enemy occupation or patrol s . In eff ect, Mind anao , throughout the pe ri od f ollowing the s 'llrrender of USAFFE f orces in May 1942 , was ninety-fiv e percent American t er ritor y with "Japa nese gucrrill as ll occupying a f ew coast al cities .

The hist ory of thE: guerrilla devel opme nt is r epl e t e with confusi on, jeal ousies , mi sunder s t andings and intcrnul squabbl es . These wer e inevit[lble in view of t he poor &nd difficult cOi:Lrnunicati on.s existing on thG island. The f act that mos t of the guerrilla l eaders , or ganizing ' their units in r emot e ar eas , wer e unknown t o OQch other bef or e the war mer ely added t o the mi str1.l.s t and confusion . It is a tri bute t o the ,1Imericans and Filipino patriot s t hat in spite of those diff i culties , the i sl and was welded into a militar y 'lUli t wi t ha minimwl1 of interne cine strife .

The Procl amo.tion r eproduced bel ow i s the eurliost written indi cation of the move me~t whi ch culminak d in the f or rnation of the l Oth JIJ[):

.

lJ1HTED STATES ARlVfY FORCES I N THE PHILIPPIl'J"ES OFFICE OF THE COi\1MANDING GENERAL IN THE FIELD OF MINDl~AO & SULL 18 Sept ember 1942

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On Septenlbor 18 , 1942 , our f orce s undor !VIa j . L. L. lVlORGAliJ

compl et ed the occupation of Mi s amis Occio.ental Province and Northern Zamboanga from the ho.nd s of the Japanese Mil itary Government, and r aised the American and Filipino fl ags ther ein .

In behalf of the United stat es of America , the Philippine C o~rnonwoal th Gover nment is r e -os t ablis hed in the se r ogi ons under the Milit ary Authorities . All Civil Laws and r egula tions will ~Je f ollowed except in those caser3 where they confl i ct vdt h Ndlit ary Laws . In such case s Military Laws ,nIl prevail .

This pr oceduTe shall continuo to be enf orced until such a time when it shall be de clar ed s uspended , o ~ terminated . / s/ W. W. FERTIG Brigadier General , USA .

Cornmand_ing l\Ilindo.nao & Sul u For ce .

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SECTION II .

THE 10TH EILITARY DISTRICT

Cm1l'~AND

AND CURRENT SITUATION:

The s t or Y' of the f or na tion of the Headqv.art ers l Oth I\1ili tary District , t he c _'ntrol agency f or the :':indanao gue rrillas ( as differen tiated fr o,-, c O;-jbat guer ril l a units) , is the stor y of Col. Yknc1ell "1 .

FERTIG. He wa.'3 an k;lerican '--llnlng engineer in t he Phil ippine s , cal led t o act ive dut~- vvith the Cor ps of Engineer s in earl y 1941, servee on Bataan, and wa-'3 e'racuated t o i,iindanao t o ccntinue- a irfie ld c onst ruction ther e about :1arch 1 942 . F oll owing the surrender of USAF'FE f orce s , FERTIG, wh o was on an inspe etion trip a t the ti!.le , VJent int,o the hills and st ayed at Kol anbugan , Lana o . Here he was contacted by a Capt. Luis? ~hORG_Al'ir , and the organiz ation of a ll gue r ri lla f orces on l;, indanao was beg-un .

Capt . :rAORGAN , an Am.er ican n8 stizo , had succeeded in or ganizing guerrilla f orce s in Lanao and _:Viisa):!i s Occidental by ,septe::1her 1 9.L,2 .

Lacking adminis tl~a t i ve ability , and r e cogni zin g hi s l i 1:1i tation,s , he asked Col. FERTIG (then Lt . Col.) t o t ake c CL1:mand of the headquarters of the . guerrillas and ad::-'ini s t er then , whil e I\~ORGAN wOlu d a ssi s t con solidation of units in the fie l d a E. FERTIG 1 13 Chief of Staff. The Nindanao guerrilla headquarters wa s tJJ.en set up a t Mi sami s . Contact waB sl owl y 8f3tabli s hed - vii th scattered units , and snall independent guerrilla groups we r e con sol i dated int o l a r ger or ganiza t i ons . Such con sol ida t i:ms r equir ed. conside r- ~ abl e t act, dipl o:lac~;- and di ;; cussi on . FERTIG Hon the l oyalty and adhe r ence of many l eaders by Gu.ch :means a nd r a r ely had t o nee force.

In F ebr l,'a r y 1 943 r adio c ont a ct was e ste tli e.h ed be t ·ween S;uPA and f'lindanao , a.no. shortly ther eaft e r, Col. FERTIG was of ficially r ecog nized as the cODr:lander of the 1 0th rtilitary Dis trict (r:1indanao and Sulu) .

Sulu was l ater separ a ted fr o;] the l Oth i,m and pla ced lmde r the cOEunand of Col . A. SU.P..REZ. Supplie 2 to fftindanao: The exist e nce of t he Mind ana o gue r rillas was made k~ow;-·t'a(lli'i.f;;h~;~-C apt'. HAi\l['i r8R and Ca pt . Si'JIT TH a rr ived in Australia fr om ~r i:n_d a nao in :Noven ber 1942 , brin~in g r eports and ,s t a tement s fro m the guerrillas . The need for s u.ppl ie s was s tudied and a party i\'l th SC" Ite equipL10nt and supplies unde r Cor;:.llander PARSOns QS GHQ observe r waB sent to Mindanao in Fe br vJlry ,1943 . COI:l:l1:mder PlUl.SOW3 r e mained until J-llly . This \;as the firs t shi pne nt of SUPlJl i e::: t o the Philippines and COJ:;-caande r PARSONS went ac hor e a t Tulnlran , ZamboQnga , unce rta i n of c ondit ions . He r e turned to the v8 s':!ol a t davm wi tJ..1. a l ighter flying the .Aner ic[m fl ag . Initially , s1.1.ppl :; snipm8nts t ot al l ed only about seven t ons per tri p . Lator , mor e adcql.:'Dt G :-;1.oan s -,ver e ;;I.ade avail abl e , and shipclont s were ihcreased in s i ze a nd .:(requency'~ The !l1.ost not abl e l anding t ook pl a ce a t 2lmdown when a ve ssel tied up a t a guerri lla held copcr e t c pie r. The g l~ rrill a or ches tra ~ was out t o gr ee t t ;:)e D. r riva l and all hands pit ched in t o assis t in t he unloading of a r e cor d shi p!Jent. When the unl oading was fini shed , coff ee and sandwiches wer e ser ved on bonn.i . The supplicos wer a enr oute . t o various p arts of' Einda nao by s a i l boat , mot or ba nc n and truck t he sarle night.

About 500 t ons of s uppl ies h[:vG been s hippeo_ to Mi ndanao s ince that f irst trip i n Febr uar y 1 943 . As l ocal sc curi t ye.nd btlnc8. conta ct wi th othe r island s wer e excellent, Mindanao WQS deve l oped as a 2uppl y base for othe r guerrilla lmit,s , part icul3rly on Bohol , Leyt e and Luzon .

The Mindan a o gUE;r l"illa f orce is t he lar gest o rg~mi z ed u.ni t in t b.e Philippines and i s now t he bo s t oquippc9~' Inst.r~llc.ii.o~.£: Col. FERTIG "'u s d e sign3 t ed CO of t he l Oth Mi l it ar y Di(3 trict in Fcbruc.ry 1 943 and t hen ins t ruc t e d t o pe rf-e ct h~_ s or gani za tion and- t o d evel op hi s int e llige nce not on r1indc.nao and SalT!ar ':Le ;yt o .

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Hhcm ComrlG.ndc r P£llbONS we n t t o Mindono..o , f urthe r i ns t ructi ons -~ve re sent r e O'Qro i ng tho d e,relopT!lent of t he guer rilla or g&ni z':l t ion a nd l oc['l e Up o t f ,. plies . Mos t i::apor t cnt , pl :::n s wo r e l a i d f or t he e&t-o.bl i 2hlTlen 0_ G r aO l O ne t and coas t watchcr syst em on MindGnao , and im3t rnct ion s wero sent con ce r ni ng the pr epar At i on of so cr e t a i rf iold s .

Current SJ_t'Llat i on ~ AS' soon as Col. FERTIG o.ssULiGd cor'cJ.[lnd of t he guer rill o..f i;;"s~p'i(';;be r 194 2 , cdl'1i ni s tra tivG units Imown as dlvisions we r e e s t a bl i s hed in t he va r i ous n2t urnl geogr a phi c r egion s of yi ndr:.nao .

The Phil ippine 1d ~nd 3 hi-.d boen d i vid ed bof or e the war i nto t e n "! ilito.ry c Distri cts -. Phi lippine Arf{lY Di vi s i on s wer e or gc:ni zGd 1 at l e a s t po. rt ially, i n eo.ch Di s tri ct'- i.e 0, 11th i n t he ' l s t Dis t rict ( r-'Ol~thern Luz on) , 71 s t i n the 7th Di s t r ict (Y'ogr os ) , a nd the 10ls t i n the, l Ot h Dist rict (i\lii nd amo ) The design at i on W~l. S t hor of or e f c:.IT'ili o.r Gnd 0.2 t he ld nd o.nao ar OHS 'wer e or gani zed , the t8riX~ , 105th Divis i on (Zanboan ga ) , e tc ., wer e qui ckl y a ccept ed . The T/ O f'or t hese unit s was ba s ed on t he pr e - war Phil ippi ne .Army Reser ve Di vi '3 ion . Tho un i t s in or de r of t he i r a ctiva t ion 8r e ~ 1 05t h , 1 08 t h , l OSt h , 110t h , 1 06 t h and 1 07t h. Tho t o k l s t r engt h of t he guerrilla or gcrniz.st i on is about 37, 807 with equi pment 3S f oll ows : 974 45 ·pi s t ol s Le5 rC'T~l v er s 240 'car binGs 6, 285 rif l es 11 , 032 .AR and NlR 438 TSlVIG 741 cal 30 I\!lG 39 ca l 50 ~'iG 21 20mm 7 3 7;;>2~1 2 81;-:1;'£1 t"lOrtnr s 23 ba zooka::l and' Eli s ce llancou2 cnpttlrcd Japanese 1.'enpons .

In S;.:mu2r y 194.5 , appr oxi m t c l y 7 0 r ad i os we r e in oper 8ti on cove ring a ll r oc.d,s , i ;npor t nnt cn ecny a r eas and . coas t al posi tions C OE1mD.nding s hipping ch811.Dol s . Fl ,::1Sh r eports on :lircrc.f t and shi p ~;10ve ­ ment s have been r 8Q,'L1l.,cr l y r e ce i ved fo r sope t ime .

Gue rri l l a hol d air fie l d s &t Dipol og , La bo , Lal a and Bar obo have been frocy-ent l y· usod by di s tres God a i r pl c1l1Gs . These fi eld s .::tr e likewise us ed t o s peed up t he f l ow of s upplies i n t o t he isl ond .

Q}yiJ . .:.A!J. .r:1~T"§'~ I n October Gnd Novenber 1.:42 , Col. FERTI G commenced colle ctin Ct [[:ate r i~l f or or g,m i za t i on of 0. civi l gove r nmen t on Mind anao . Lt . Col. BEDGES a ssistGd , 1Jvor ki ng pi.lrti cula rly i n Lanao Pr ovi n ce . Wher e possibl e , rel iabl e dnd uns1-lrr end er ed gove r rm1en t offici als wi th pr e - war posi t i ons of r espon si bi l i t y we r o call ed i nto service .

Pr ovincial goV(o r nor s we r o cppoi nt ed ::md 1 0c 21 gove rnElent s esta.bl i ,shod with a s l i ttle int erf er ence by the ni l it.s.r y as t h e. s i tt1ati on per mi t t ed .

School s we r e geLer o.lly not' est Gbl i shed be ca u se f 3cilities had e ither been de s t r oyed or l oc al cond i t ions would not p8rl~i t.

In t he 111.Qtt e r of food &nd ot her s uppl ic D Mi nd anao was f or t unc:.t e in ha,n.ng Deny c ompc.r .s.t i vcl y untouched f ood gr owing a r eas .

Pi noappl es wo r e aV,Ji l :J.bl e i n qua nti t y- f r on t ho Del rflont e pl [1 nt& t ions ncar Cagnycn de Mis~mi2; pot a t oe s Gnd t ompe r a t e climat e vege t abl es gr 8w well in t he BuJd d non hills nenr Tnl ak8g und nc::.:r ClnvoriQ , Mi sahlis Or . ; cof f (:;o wets nV[li l abl e , and stlff i ci c nt r i co wc. s gr O\iJTI i n t ho Pnnguil Bay ar en and on t hE: cast coast of SlU'igo.o t o f eed pe opl e i n ot her a r e a s of Mindanao . The ma in d i f f i culty 1"l a s distri but i on .

Tr .. ils a nd wat e r tr:::ms porto.t i on v,e r e d ovel oped a nd t he l Oth MD p12n n8d nnd coor dina t ed oxchcngo be t ween· a r eas as mu ch GS 1 0cG.1 t r l1n s por t r. t ion f c. ci l i ties por lu tted . For i nst a nce , a car abao t r oi l was opened f r om t ho coa s t of Mis.~lDlis Or . ncar Bnl ingcsag i nt o c ontrQl Bukidnon f or

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taking s alt to t he interior and bringing chinchona barJt and food suoplies t o the coast. The tra il s from the hills south of Talakag were developed t o make food gr own i n tha t area a va ilable t o troops in Misamis Or. and Bu~idpon. Loca l food 'production and safe stor age- in re mot e l ocation s i n the hills we r e like\ri,s e encouraged, As a re 81..11 t of t hi s organization, the f ood s ituation on Mindanao has Deen one of the mos t satisfa ctory of any of the guerrilla controlled ar eaG iii the Philippines .

In early 1943, Pr eside nt QUEZON created the Mindanao Emer gency Currency Board a nd authori zed it to print emer gency currency. T11e u~se , of thi s currency pr ovided a medium of exchanD'e for bO'uerrilla force s. '.

0 Of consi de rable a s sis tance in ci vil affairs , especially in ear13T 1943 were Marcelo T. PAISO, Deputy Governor of Lan ao a t time - of invasion and appointed by FERTIG ,as Governor of Lanao; Iv;. r. Edward K1JDER, Mor o expert ,and Civil Affa irs Diro ctor f or the lOth t\lID COllLmand ; a nd Ubaldo D. LAYA, pro - war Provincial Treasurer of Misami s Occ., who s ~pervi sed the a ctivit ies of the Mind enao Emergency Currency Board and ad vised FERTI G extensively - on civil ma tte r s .

SECTION Ill.

DEV8LOPffiENT OF THE DIVISIONS OF THE COlVlMAND: 105TH DIVISION AREA (Zamboanga :"i\hs amis Occ.)

Wi th t he e x ception of ei ght office r s a nd about 100 enlii3ted men, the USAFFE garri 20n stati oned at Zamboangn City s vrrendered on 15 M2Y 1942.

The uns urrende r ed pers onnel, toge th~r wi th l oyal civilian s a nd r efugee s fr o..1 surrende r ed forc Gs on other i sl a nds, gathe r ed in va ri ou,s sections of Zamboanga and r~i sami s Occ. They wor e gr adually contacted by out eid e forces and unified into t he 105th Divi s ion under the lOth Military Dis tri ct Command. Thi s Divi doD is composed of the 105t h , 1 07th a nd ll5th Regiments and formerly wha t is now tho 121 s t R6giment. lnst_~QJ?cJ1'llte Regirnent (Zamboanga City and Basilan ld): In June 1942 uns urrend e red Uc.AFFE officer s organized l oos e ,.a r ea forc es in the vic i nity of Zamboan ga City as f ollows: Lt. Ce l so FER1'iJAl\jDEZ commanding near San Roque; Lt. Enrique GARCIA and Lt. Emilio G,ARCIA a t r.1or oc ; Lt. Ger ardo MALCAiViPO a t Cacao; and Lt. Abdulrahim I MAO , a Moro fr om Jolo, in the Curuan sector. In Novembor 1942, Capt. Lui s NlORG,AN , guerrilla l eader and Chief of Staff t o Col. FERTIG, arrived a t Vi t ali vlii th C a~Jto Frank Mc CP..RTHY , -J r., Ca pt • Wi lliam TATE and other$. t o incorporuto the l oose a re a force s into a vni t unde r the lOth HID Comrnand. )

In Decembe r 1942 , Capt. McCARTHY returned to Zambo3l1ga City, appoint ed Lt. ALARCON commanding officer and d3signLl t cd the unit the 3rd Battalion, l15th Regi ment ( south coast of Zn:.,boanD'a ). The Batta lion Executive Office r and 8-3 wa s Lt. MAlVlA, a Moro. ~he 8-2 was Lt. B; PINEDA. Se ctor cOI1'J1lande r .s we r e ElPpointod or confirmed a nd McC ARTHY returned ,s hortly t o r,~a1anga s , the~ R,e giment~l Headquarters (then unde r c orrunand of Ma j. LASOLA).

In May 1943, Ma j. Manue l D. JALDON wa s s e nt to the 31'0. Battalion ar ea as CO and thB Ba ttalion was r e organi zed into t h e l21st Regiment. Hi s staff: Capt. HANID (Moro) Exec. Officer and .S-l 8-2 Lt . C. BERENGUER Lt • .ALARCON 8-3 Lt. V. ROMERO S-4 CO Hq Bn Lt. Ernesto CABATO CO let '8n , Lami t an Lt. ASAKIL CO 2nd Bn , Curuan Lt. MAMA Lt. Alfonso ENRIQUEZ CO 3rd En , Ca cao

Ma j. JALDON came from Misami s Orient al wher e he had been CO of the 109th Regiment in Novembe r 1942. Trouble developed b e t wee n him and Ma j. LIMENA in t ha t ar e a , and Me j. J ilLDON wa s tra n sf e rred t o the

- 86

cornmand of the l2lDt Regiment. He had seen s e rvice with the USAf'FE in Zamboanga bef or e [""L1rr ender and i s r eported t o have give n val uable E.-Br vice .

Hi s guerrilla ser vice h mvever ha3 not been out s t and ing. While j-IJ,DON ' was in command of the Zanboanga guer rilla r egiment his pro -Japane s e brothers per s uaded him t o co','e t o Zamboan ga and s ign a peace agr eement lid t h the Japane se . He was r el ieved of his cOGlJ'land Yihen the nenvs r eached ,FERTIG in June 1943 and the Regi m nt be came di sorganized . ]\¡' 0 supplies or ;? upport we re r e ce ived by the r egi rJo nt fr om t he Di s tri ct Headquarte r s l.mtil i'fiaj .

Fe lipe FETALVERO (ear l y guerrill a l eade r in La nao ) a rr i ved in De cw be r 1943.

He announced t h a t t he l 2l s t RGgine nt no l onger exi;: t ed a nd ;] ctivated the 1 s t Separ a t e Ba ttalion ,dth Lt . Donald LECOUV.HE a s CO .

Lt. LECOUVRE , an l..ills urre nder ed Ar:1e rican e nlisted man , h ad given va lu.abl e assist ance t o Col. FERTIG, a nd afte r his a s signme nt t c t he Sepa rate Battalion , or ganized inte lligence conta cts in Zanboanga City . The Batt ali on haD b een ca r ef lul y r eorganized and r edesignat ed the l2l s t Regi ment. I t has ,dths t ood determined l ar ge s cal e J a paDese a ttacks and has r e ported v aluabl e int el ligence fr om Zamc oanga Ci t y . Small deta ch'.nent s of t his r egiment a r e l oca t ed a t Sirawa i and Sioc on on t he wes t coast. The 121s t . Regiment i 2 n o,v n ot part of t h e 105th Division but i s a SJ~pa rate r egi ment unde r c ontrol of the nA" Cor ps ( see page 92 ). " The ~lerrilla lmit on Bas i l an Id. was or ganize d fr om . Phili ppine Cons t abula r y r crnnants . Due t o the proximity of l a r ge J apane se f or ces , it is not partlcluarl y s trong or well or ganized. In March 1943 , Lt. ALARCON went t o Badl an Isl and fr om Zamb oanga t o or ganize a g"LlBrri ll a unit, but f ound Lt. S i:J\TI LL.ANA already in command of an organized uni t. Lt . .ALARCON r e turned t o ' Za:::boanga ? and the Iasil a n Isl and guerrillas have be en atta ched t o th e Za:G.boanga City ar e a command s inco , though contact i s probabl y r emot e . Bas ilan guerrill as ar e l oc a t ed l ar gely on the southe rn, e as t ern and inte ri or pnrts of the i sl and .

J-Jjjill". )).Q;:;.ip.ent: . Li ttlo i s knovm of t ho guerrilla. hi ,=, t or y of t ho .

Zamboanga south co a::, t â&#x20AC;˘ Ga. pt. Frank McCARTh'Y, Jr., or ganized guerrillas in the Mal angas a r ea in l a t e 1 942. Some gue rrilla uni t s ar e active in t he Kabasalan ar ea and , in add iti on , are collecting latex fr om the ruDbo r plnntation . Other guer ril l as have been a ctivo in tho Pagad i an ..Tukur an area since mi d -1942 . 1'::'0 present CO of the r egiment i s beli eved t o be Ma j.

Angel MEDINA

0

l07th .JLel!"i~nt~ Guorrill as have beon act i ve on the Zac.:Joanga north c oast s ince :::ni d -1942. SInall detachments a r e a t ba rrios in the s outhern s e ct or but the:: main c oncontra t::L ons a r e in the ar e a from Sindangan n orthward s . The l07th Regiment has boen pa rticula rly a ctive in the ar e a be t ween Dipol og a nd Ca l amba . Lt. Col. Justina TEAI'.!O , PA, in command of the r e giment, i s ab01..1t 49 ye ar s old, has h ad l on g service with t he Con s tabulary and i ,s known f or hi s high intogri ty.

1 06th _~ent: A smll J a panese garris on was l eft in Mi samis Occ. aft er the invadon in 1942 . Capt . J oaquin DISM.AL was ono of the firs t guer rill a leade r s in the pr ovince and was a ctive in c onfining J npanesG pa trols t o the c oast al t .mvns . In Sept embe r 1942, Copt. TATE .~nd Capt .

MORGAN, guerrilla l eade r s fr om Lanao , dr ove the J a pa nese fr om. iVii samis and freed Mis nmisOccident d and the Gnt i r e north c oas t of Zamboanga . The 1 06th Regiment was organi zed in fl1iswni s Occ.ide ntal s hortly t re r eafter.

Col. FERTIG then e,:;t Gblished the Nindnnao gue rrilla headquurt e r s at Mi s amis in Septembe r 1942 ( soe Introd uction) a nd r emai ned ther e t.mtil the J apanese r o - occupat i on of I'fti samis Occident al and tho ZWllb oanga north c oast ( July 1943). Capt. NARANJO was one of thE; f ew l eader s who re sis t ed this J apanese i nvasi on and he pe rformed outstanding sorvi-ce in r eor gnnizing the s catte r ed f orces . Following the eneT:1Y r e - oc cupation , Col. 'FERTIG mov ed. hi s head quarte r s t o Lanno .

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l 05th-=-~J-..yj~~iio!1 ~ It i s believed that t hiE Division w'a e or ganized when Col . FERTI G a s s1J.med c ommand of the Lllindanao guer rillas in Sey t e mbe r 1942 . S o f ar as i s Imovm Lt . Col. Ciriaco IvlORTERA ~ 0-1081 , PA , was appointed commander at that time and remained in c ommand until J DnlB ry 1944, when he was re pl a ced by Lt. Col. Hipoli t o GA-"R.dA ~ PA , f er unlm own re a sons . Lt. Col. ;'J'ORTERl-i. is about 51 years old and has se en l ong servi ce with the Gonst nbul ar y . He is repor t ed t o be well tra ined , pr efer s head qunrter s t o fi~ld dut y , is neithe r a ggr essive n or pc rticul arly strong , and i s now Adjutant Gener al " J~ " , Cor ps ( see pa ge ), Lt . Col. GlllMA i s about 54 years old, was Chief of C; onstabu~ ary under Gen â&#x20AC;˘ .::'HilR.P and hid in the mount ains aft e r t:1e USP.FFE s urrender . It has been r eported by one source tha t he l a cks init iative and "fighttl . He ',vo,S Ad jut ant Gener al of t he 109t h Divisi on , Bukidnon , in 1943 . Lt. Col . J~stin o TEiiliO was r eported t o be Chief of Staff of the 105t h Divis i on in l a t e 1944 . It is bel ieved that there are s erne di sagreement s between Lt . Col. TEANO and higher cOll1..7!land s whi ch have preve nted his c apa cities being used t o better advanta ge .

Staff and s trength of t he 105t h Division: l05th Division , Hq Dipol og , Zamb oanga CO: Lt . Col. Hipolito GA.."R.NIA , 0 -1021, FA C/S: Lt . Col. Jus tina TEANO, 0-1120, PA Di\Qs ion Hq Per sonnel 1 06th Regiment, Hq Baga cay , Mi samis CO Un knovvn l0'7th Re giment, Hq Miputak " Dipol og Lt . Col. Jus tino TEJ\1W (?) , 0-1120 , PA CO 115th Regiment , Hq Pagadi an , Zamb oanga CO Ma j . Angel MEDINA (? ) ExO: Ca pt . CONTOY Adj ~ Lt. HITALIA S ... 2: Lt . GlillCIA 8 -3: Lt. FREDELUCI S 121s t Separa te ReBt. Hq Baj andi, Zamb oanga CO: Lt. Donald LECOU\iRE, AUS Tot al

25 85

176 1 , 322

70

987

b'd 6

1, 014

76

7'i1

3ZL, 4 ,270

The onl y J t': psnese f orces in the divi sional are a are at Zambo anga City, Guerrill a h el d ai rf ields a t Dipol og , Zamboanga" and LaiJo , -Nlisarnis Occidental , ar e being used fre quently f or supply t o gD.er rilla f orces and as emer gency l andi ng ,s trips f or disabl ed Allied a ircraft.

As- of De cembe r 1 944: . ARMS 1+5 pi s t ols 148 carbines 1 ,26~ 706 r ifl es AR and lVffi 35 TSrV;G 202 c al .'30 MG 2 cal 50 MG 4 81mm. iJ10rtar s 4

Ai'!!l'IIUN1 T1 ON

cal 30 Nil. cal 30 M2 cal .45 81mm hand gr en ades

75 , 569 43 , 4 80 25,9 01 140 ]0

108TH DIVISION .AND nAil CORPS ORG MIZATION In Apr il 1942, the USJ~FE Mindanao Command unde r Bri g. Gen. Guy O. FORT was a t Dansal an , Lana o.. The troops had been ha stil y colle cted and 'for the most p art had had five months ' training and no a cti on . The / J apanese wer e a t Mal abang , Lano.a ,. 30 April 1942 and enter ed Da nsa lan 4 May. Gen . SHARP 211.rrender ed 9 May 1942 in Hu.kidnon and Gen . FORT s ur r ender ed at Dansalan on t he 27th . The bl ow was s o c(Jmplete and sudden that civi l i ans and army r emnant s we r e st~~~d a nd demor a l ized .

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r

The J apanese mistreat ment of ci vilia n s cansed c onsiderabl e d iss enti on among the peopl e . Their fee lings we r e ar oused and t he guerrilla uni t s s pr ang up spont aneous l y t hroughout the pr ovince . Manalao ]lfiI NDAL.A.NO , among the Mor a ,s , Ca pt. Lui s LQORG1UJ, in the Kol a[llbugan ar ea , and Ca pt .

Pedro .ANDRES, i n the Iligan a r ea , we r e the pr incipal l eader s in t he guer rilla movement i n Lanao at t hi s time.

C apt ~L~ll.i..'s~J) . MCRG.AN~ Capt. Luis MORGAi'if, an Ame rican El8s t i z0 , was a Phil ippine Con2t abulary company comnande r at Kol amb,u gan , Lanao , be fo r e the war. In t he di20r ganization f ollowing 'the USAFFE s urrend er , the [Ii'nr os had moved dmm f r an the hi ll s Gnt o t he Chris tian north plain of Lanao and wer e ,;101 ecting t he peopl e ar ound Bar oy . l'-10RGAl'J gat hered his cvTIlpany t ogethnr t o pr ot e ct the ci vilians and t ake r evenge on the litor os .

MORGAN is an oppor tvni st and had the r eputation of ruthl essne ss , during and l a ck of cons iderat ion for c ivil ian s .

Durin g t his t ime Will:i. ar1 TATE , an American- Pilor o me s t izo fr on Mom1.mgan who h ad joi ned the J a panese i n J une , l eft the J apanese and organized a group (mos t l y Mor os ) a nd went t o Mi s a mis Occident al. jV.GRG.A.l.IT subdued the Kol a)T;';l1gan ar ea a nd joined band s with TATE in Mi ,sami s Occ .

They pushed the J a panese out of i'Jiisamis Occ . entir el y i n September and TATE r e turned t o i'fioff..ungan . TATE was :re por t ed t o be a r ough characte r when he was unde r t he influe nce of MORGAN . TATE i s believed t o have r e t i r ed fr 0ffi guerrill a a ctivi t y i n 1 943 and may h ave died s i n ce .

MORGAN c:3Gidcd t o or ganize the Minda nao gue rri llas by dir e ct c on t a ct, coer cie-n ane1 per s ua.'lon . As 0 'm e sti zo howeve r , he d i d no t b ewe t he ne cessar y prest ige t o r ally el oEl,ents ar o1.:!l1d him . Col. FERTIG ; AUS , t he r e fore t ook admi ni s tra t ive c OmTI1and of t he or ganized guerrilla units whil e MORGAN went t o t he f ield as Chiof of Staff ' t o per suade 1.:!l1a ttached gue rrilla 1.:!l1its t o join up_ MORG.AN ,set out t o subdue and 1.:!l1if y gue rri l las i n the outlying ar eas as s oon as t he headquarter s unde r FERTI G was establ i shed in ~1isamis .

In No vembe r MORGliN took a l ar ge armed pa rty t o ZaPlboanga and Slllu wher e he hod heard s lMll g1..1.errill a or ganiza tion s existed . Hi s a l~bi t r ar y a ctions in Zamboanga , affected fB r haps by his a ttempt t o induce the guerrillas t o atta ck t hat city , ant agoni zed the guerri llas in t hat ar ea . The mi ssion did, howe ve r , pl a ce outlying gue rrillas on no t ice that ther e wa s a s trong Mi ndanao gLerrill a for ce in oper otion, and that i t s headquarte r s -i'ias at i~isamis .

Comnnmications wer e al so est abli shed bet ween Sulu aro..d t he h ead quarter s a t Mi samis .

MORGAN r e t ur ned t o Misami s in De cembe r 1 942 . He l eft Misar1is 12 J anuar y 1 943 1!vit h a 'party of 8 0 men which be caEle knovm as t he GENERAL HEADQUARTERS EXPEDITIONARY FORCE , and went a cross northern Mindanao t o Leyte and Negros and r e t uTned t o Mi sami s in J1.:!l1e 1 943 . On ~his t ri p he cont a cte d guerr i llas and made cont a cts for the 1.:!l1ifi ca t ion of t he Mindanao guerri lla c orrn~and . He a ppointed coomander s and pr omot ed per sonnel a s he went . Mos t nota ble c vent on thi s trip was an abor t i ve a tta ck on Butuan 1-11 Mar ch 1943 9 Ee j oined f orces wit h Lt. Col. McCLI SH but t he a tta ck , was ill t imed and f a iled . , Fr om Suri gao MORGAN went to' Ley-te in Apr i l 1943 . Ther e he a ttempt ed t o uni t o 9t h iIJ1D (Leyte a nd Sarulr) guerri llas 1.:!l1d er Col. KANGLEON. He t he n we nt t o Siqui jor and conta cted Ma j. Benito CUNANAN , the n commanding the guerrilla s on t bat i s l and . He appoi n t ed CUNJll'JAN c o~ande r on Cebu and l eft f or Negr os t o attempt t o bring Lt . Col. GAD OR i nto l i ne with the 7th NiD Conunand .

CUN.Al'iiAN , t hi nki ng fJIORGAN ' s bona f i de s with SWPA unques t ionable , se t up a c or:nl1Gnd and at t empt ed t o or gGni ze a gue r ri lla unit f r om d i s sat is.fied Ce bu guerrillas . The ma tter was l a t e r ironGd out af t er s ome hard f eel i ngs beb¡ve en CGbu and the l Oth MD .

- 89 -

On Negr o;:3 , Capt . ):flORefiN Det Ma j. VlLLAJ,;OR , \:7ho was then c t Tolong on a special oi s Eion from SWPA. VILLAMOR di ssuaded I':jORGAN fro IT'. interfering forcibly in Negros guerrilla aff nirs and MORG.AN r e t urned t o Jili indCtn[1o in June 1943 .

It appe ar s thDt in per i:li tting !\qO RGAN , his Ch i ef of stuff, t o go on thi s tri p , Col. FERTIG Gay have h oped to keep ~qORGt..bT pre occupi ed · so tha t he wo ~ud n ot intorf er e with the peaceful or ganiz at ion of the Mindanao c Oi:lf.1and . !:.tt any-ra t c LiORGJiN cnme back t o Mindanal fu~l of inport ance fr on his n iS 8i on and s t nrte d on a hol iday i n Lnnc.o . The J npGnese l anded .i n Ji1ismais in J~me 1 943 just after MORG JJ.~ se ttled d ovm and the guerrilla s did not rcsist t he l anding ( interpr e t a ti on of GHQ or~e rB not t o engage the eneDY needlessly and thus invite r e t ali ation) . Cc pt . i"IORGAl~ f el t that the guerrillas had not Gcted pr operly and c o ~mter to Col. FBRTIG I S orders g or dered hi e mm f ollower s to attack ~'.!ii samis end t o t o.ke ar GS fr om those guerrill8.s wYo hed fl ed .

Col. F£E,TIG had moved hi s headquarte r s t o Liangan , Lanno , s h ortly aft er t he J cpanes8 inva s ion of lV!isamis , and in I~mRGAN ' s absence ~ had nppointed Col . BOWLER t o succeed hiD t o the corrr::lD.nd of Mindo.nao should anything happen . }:I( ' IGilliT clained openly tha t tho move was l ooked upon unf avor ably by the peo?l e and tho.t the QPpointne nt of BO~~ER was a br ea ch of f a i tho He r esigned from the lOth lVlD c OITuJand a nd se t up hi s own or g.aniza t ion in Misc.mi s Occidental in Septenber 1 943. The 8i tu..'1tion threat ened t o be come serious due to YiORGi,N l s viol ent a ttempt a t mutiny . His ev!}cu.at ion t o Aus tralia a t the end of Se pt e mber effect ively eliminated a s trong and dissident f a ctor in Mindanao guerrilla aff a l r s .

The jVi org;~:"".Q.ll.(L~ Niar ano.o Mili ti \L~Q.r...ge : The £;;or o pr obl er:ls on Mind ana o have l ong been a source of discontent nnd ullre s t . The Mor os ar e Q dis tinct l\I1o~18.;n.rne d o.n group and nr e f Ollild throughout t he S~U"L!E , along the southe rn C O:~8 t of Zamboanga , the southern half of Lnnno Province Qnd [lcross Cot a ba t o t o the D2v ao Gulf. The Mnr anno (Lanao) Mor os 8I'e per hpas the bravest , pr ol:.ckst ond t ho mos t intell igent of t he Phil ippine Mor o groups: I4ar ano.o (1Gn::, 0), Moguindana o (Cot abat o ) and the To.o -Sugs and Samals (Zamboange. cmd ,sul u) . Intelligence , cour age nnd pr ide , 'o.ovif8ver, do not make the L<:nI\ o V,or o ei thor 2 vcl unbl e a lly or 0. dange r o~~s e nemy • .

His intelligence i 2'10r e nearl y s ly cunning , going ho.nd in hand ;,,,-ith t r eachery. The Nior o ho.s l i ttl e r ospe ct f or t he Chri s tian Filipino and may al ways be antagoni,:::tic t owards him.

Mor o vill age s are sma ll, usu.elly built up a r ound a f ar ':ling C O~!l ­ muni ty, and the inl18tiitants ar e u suo.lly relnt ed t o e2 ch ot h or. ':n1ile each conmunity is 1 0YCIl t o its OVID l e ader, the leade r s of these inter -re l a t ed c or.~unit ie s - f or:~ an o.s s oci a ti on a nd h ave Q gr oup le ader, or Dat u , to whom all community leaders o.r e l oy al. For the past .f orty ycars Mor os have been under the contr ol of the Philippine Const abular y , but mos t of the Mor os remenber that t~Jey wer e once t ho absolute rule r s of t heir a reas and wer e free t o r ob and m lrde r groups less power ful than theD.1sel ves • With any r elaxing of pol ice a ut hority many of ther:! soon r e turn t o tneir ancient customs of r obber y 2nd Elurder, with l oynl t y on13r t o their i EllTIedio.t c le aders .

To prevent bl oodshed bc t vlCen Mor os a nd Chri s tians, no Mor os were o.ll owed t o l ive on the nor th coas t of Lanaoand none l i ved in B~L~idnon.

During the chaos fOlloydng the s urrende r, Mor os CQE1e d own t he north slopes , of the Lana o hill s and began nol o sting tho Christians . MORG1IN ' s retalia t or y mco.sures wer e {30 violent , however, that the f eelings of t :le Mor os we r e aroused mor e them, ever, and i t ha s been only wi t h consider able car e that the suppor t and noutrali t ;9- of tho Moros was Da. intained . In tc1.G Di nas vicinity of sout h ern Zc.mb oenga no Christian dar es se t fo ot now ns [\ result .

In J nmJ2.r y· 1 942 1 when it be car.1o ovident th o.t it would be diffi cult if no t i mpossibl e t o s t em tho tide of the J apa.Deso inva siQn of the Philippine s , Gen . FORT tried to bol ster tho Mi nda nao Force by or gclDlzl ng and placing thousands of Mor os in hol ding def e nsive position s a l ong key

- 90 -

highways in tho southarn part of Mindanao . He organized the i!jor o Bol o Ba ttalion , a ctive Yo'U. Ylg fdor os armed with kni ve's . The Mor os were u.nder their own l e13.der ,s but wer e paid by US11FFE. They had little t i:cle f or train ing and when the J apa:nGse landed in Davao " t he Mor o f orce dissol ved r~pidly , Many proElinent Mor os wer e attached t o this group and l at er beCGEle actlve in guerrilla affairs in Lanao and Cot abato .

Lt. Col. BEDGES began t o orgrmize the Mor os in December 1942January 1943 . He collected most of the f or l!18r me Tilbers of the Bolo Batta lion and f or ned the Mar anao Militi a Force . The early l eader s of the Moros in guer rilla act ivities were: Manal ao MI NDALANO, for mer member of the Bolo Batt ali on, a hot t ODpored young Mor o; Busran KllLMl of Momungan; Datu LAGUINDAB of Gnnassi; J ose ph SANGUILLA of Mumny and Madalum; and Datu BUNTl~LIS of Masi u.

I

By l at e 1942 the Mor os had collected a f airly l ar ge nu:nber of weapons. After t he surrender they r ansack",d the battl efields and wayl aid civil ians and f orn~r USi~FE s oldiers f or weapons . The threat to the guerrilla organizati on was renl. The eff orts of - Busran KJJLAW , lVlINDALA.i\IO, the Su]. t an of Ganass i and many other s to bring the Mor os into line i s a monument al tribute t o t heir respect f or the American people . They wer e supported in their efforts by very small allotments ~f ~ ;rms and supplies fr om the guerrilla headquarter s. The one time l ocation of the District Headquarter s in Lanna and the presence of guerrilla l eader s (such as Lt .

Col. 'HEDGES and NJr .. K1JDER) who knew the Mor os well, wer e f ortu..."1at e in t his connection .

For pol i t i cal r easons th e Maranao lI.lil i ti a Force is maintained

a~ a separ a t e part of the l08th DiViSion , and i s pr obably the best ar med

slng1e gr oup of guerrillas on Mind anao . s trength of this f orce is as follows ~

The pre sent organization and

l24th Re gt, r.:1ViF , Hq Rupagon, Lanao CO: Capt. lVlacaurog ARUIVIPAC l26t h Regt , IVIMF , CO: Maj . Busran KALAW 12'7th Regt, iVJ1VlF, !].ow sieging Mal abang CO: Capt . Manalao ~rrND.ALANO 128 Regt, Wll'JIF, now sieging Mal abang CO: Maj . Anonngo BAGUI~1)AALI l29th Regt, MlVIF , Hq Taraka , Lanao 1 s t Prov . Regt .

2nd Pr ov o Regt.

2nd, 4th, 6th , 8th Separ ate Battalions 5 separ at e Companies -Total

~

1,538 118

1,124-

73

788

100

951

78 63 53 5

1,202 928 533 1,470 307

597

8 ,841

71

Lt. Naguib GUANDY , Chine se-Morl) mestizo and pre -war mayor of JVJal abang, has been re sponsibl e f or organizing Mor a resistance south of Mal abang on the Lc.nao Coast. He has protected the Christians and has ke pt on good t er ms wi th the Japanese t o obtain supplies . KALAW is a nat i ve of Momungan , Lanao , was mayor of Momugan at outbreak of the war and i s ex provincial treasl~r of Lanao . He is an associate of Capt. MORG1~~ , and activel y r esisted the Japane ,se since 1942 . MINDALlillJO is an ex- s chool inspector, clever and courageous , ve ry hot t emper ed . He was t he first t o fight ~he Japane.se after the USAFFE surronder . ARUl\;lPAC was mayor of Lwnbat an; clever; a little politico , a good manager and bel ongs t o the Masonic order . BAGu~NDJ~I is popular as one of the f i rst Mor a guer rilla l eaders.

Orgill1i~at:i9J:) of the __ 108t:tI Division: So f ar as i s knovvn the l08th Division was or gani zed in l a t e 1942 and Lt. Col . Charles HEDGES , 0;540796 , was aPPclnt ed the comnwnder. He has been in command since .

HEDGES is an American about 48 years old. Befor e the war he was at the Kolambugan Lumber ' Mills on t he north coast of Lanao , with Q cOmTI1isston o

- 91 -

as a Captain in t he r eserve . When the USAFFE f orces wore in Lanao he be came t he CO of the Mot or Transport Co. at Dansalan . Hi~ Bxporiences befor e the war made hiEl f 2,miliar with the l ocal poople . Be has since shown his ab ility t o get al ong well with the Christians and t o maintain the f avor and support of tho Mer os â&#x20AC;˘ Mr . KUDER, an krre ri can ed uca t or who had s !=Bnt many year s teaching Mor os , and nU'l1er OUS Mora l eaders who had been educat ed by l\Jir . KUDER, wer e of outstanding help t o HEDGES in dealing with the Mor os . The 108th Divisi on has seen much action on th e north coast of Mindanao and the Lake Lanao-Mnl abang ar ea . The divisi on is probably one of the best ar med and l ed of all tho Mindanao divi si ons .

The staff of the Division and Christian Regiment s (Mor a Regt . staffs have been given on page 91): 108th Division , Hq Dansalan, Lanna ; Adv Hq , Iligan CO: Lt . Col . Charles W. HEDGES , AUS cis: Ma j . Angeles LI Th~NA ~ PC Adj: Capt . Rega l o D. BALJ~ G-l : Capt. Celso V. VALMORES G.. 2 ! Ma j . -iunando CUfu'l.MING (Ma j. Rex BLm'V~ AIF ?)

G...3: Maj . Juan K . T.ADURAN G-4 : Capt . RfcardoABELLANOSA Qf! ~ 120 Division Hq Personnel 530 1 , 168 105th Regiment , Hq Baroy, Lanao 75 CO: Capt . BARRO (?)

108th Regiment, Hq Kauswagan 85 1 ,139 gO: Maj. Felipe P. QD~Jl~A , PC ( ? ) 1.20th Regiment , Hq Dalipuga 1 , 334 97 CO: Capt . Pedro ANDRES , PA Res. 8, 841 Maranao Militia Force (see page 91 ) 597 Tot af

974

13 , 012

Maj . BLOW is one of a group of AIF prisoners of war fr om Singapor e . They escaped in 1943 from t heir camp at Sandakan, British Nor t h Borneo . BLOW and his party wer e brought by nat ives t o Tawi Tawi where t hey assisted CoL SUAREZ set up his command of the Sulu Area and then went to Mindanao.

Several of the men wore evacuated to Australia ear ly in 1944 but Maj . BLOW r emained and has r endor ed va luable service vdth the gverril las in western Mindanao .

As of December 1944: .AP.MS 45 pistols 242 carbines 1 , 633 rifles 5, 661 .AR and !VIR 172 TSW lG 250 14 . cal 30 MG 37rrnn 1 81mm mortars 4

AMrvIUNI T1 ON

cal 30 Ml cal 30 M2 cal .45 81mm

28 , 924

146~326

21 ,414 90

.TIle o rgani~ ati on of !lAIl Corps: In late 19U Ja~nese pressure on the north coast of Lanao ' threatened the Distr i ct Headquart er s and it was decided t o move thBt headquarters t o the AgusanValley . Shortly aft er the move in J anuary 1944, 11 sub command f er western Mindanao was set up f or r apid communications and command purposes . This command waS cn.lledthe "A" Corps , and included t he 105th , 108th, 109th C1nd 106th Divisions . The Commander of IlAII Corps is Lt . Col. Robert V.' BOWLER, 0- 294619 , f or mer Commander of the 109th Division . .

Lt. Col . BOV~ was a r eserve officer, called t o active duty . prior t o the war . He was in Bukidnon at the time of surrender and went into the hill s until about August 1942~ He collected several U.S . enlisted

- 92 -

men who were starting guerri lla organizations and brought the groups under his command . He i s judicious , brusque and somewhat cold in manner. He is r epor ted t o be r espe cted by Fi l ipinos for his finnnes s and f airness .

So f ar a.s i s 1mown ~ the staff of the "A" Corps is: CO : Lt. Col. Robert V. BOWLER Adj : Lt. Col. Ci riaco MORTEM, PA G-l : Capt. I saias O. ARBOLEDA G- 2 : Ma j â&#x20AC;˘. Chandl er B. THOMAS , AUS G...3 : Capt. Donald R. WILLS QM : Ma j. Tomas CABILI

"A"

Cor ps per sonnel:

142 Offi cers

798 EM

' Lt. Col. MORTERA i s an old Philippine Constabulary off i cer, well trai ned and compe t ent. He was the original commander of the I05th Division but was r elieved in l at e 1943. /

The "All Corps headquarters was located near the f ormer lOth J\ID Headquar ters at Lala , Lanao, but has since been moved to Misami s , Misamis Occi dental. l09TH DI VISION (Cagayan de Misamis Area and Bukidnon) The gL~ rri1l a movement in this area started in two sections, one in the area about Cagayan de Misamis and the other i n the southern BQ~idnon-C ot abato border ar ea .

In the Cagayan are a between Tal akag and Sumilao sever al ,~~e ric an Air Corps enlisted men st arted semi-renegade guerrilla gr oup,s . ' Most of these men have si nce been evacuat ed but the or ganizat ions started f ormed the basis of the Illth and 112th Regi ments , Lt . Col. BOWLER , AUS, now "A" Corps Commander, contacted these men and other guerrill a leader s in l at e 1942 and began to coordi nate and regularize t he units. Ar ms and equipment wer e salvaged from USAFFE supplies and equipment. The 109th Regiment organization was started by Ma j. Manuel JALDON i n the vicinity of Alubijid, ~fis runis Or., in 1942. JALDON was transferred t o Zamboanga in 1943. ' Four r egi ments were ultirr~ te ly activat ed in the l12th and the 117th. :, 109th Divisi on ar ea : the l09th, ll1th, . â&#x20AC;˘

l17th. .Regi ment: The l17th gr ew out of the guerrillas or ganized in southern Bvk i dnon as a def ense against J apanese t error t aotics . The Bukidnon guerrillas wer e weak and Manuel FORTICR and Vi cente tEUTERI O persuaded Ma j. Salapida PENDATUN , then successfully attacking ~ the Japanese i n Cot abat o, t o came t o Bukidnon and assist in dr i ving out the Japanese.

Ma j. PENDATUN came and dt ove the Japanese f+om Kibawe , Mar amag, Valencia and Mailag befor e t he end of 1942 . Hi s f orces then numbered 2,400 men.

In .mid-January, Malaybalay was a~ ta cke d fr om the south. Support was s upposed t o have been promised fr om the north by Lt. Col. BOWLER, but di d not mat erialize and the attack was a f ailure .

In t he meantime r adio contact was est ablished with Col. FERTIG. Col. FERTIG i s r eported t o have accepted the contact as ~greement by PENDATtJN to j oin the loth MD Command and PENDATUN was appointed ;b y Col. FERTI G CO of t he ll7th Regi ment. Lt. Col. BOWLER nad Father H..ApGERTY visit ed PENDATu~T t o f ormalize the command and found PENDATUN with hi s f orces still harassing the Mal aybalay stronghold of the Japanese ~ PENDATUNwas r esentful of FERTIGts presumptions and the meet ing With PENDATUNI s repre sent atives was not a happy one . Fnther HAGGERTY was r eotor of the At ene o de Cagayan before the war and did a great deal in r est oring or der and confidence among the' guerrillas and peopl e on the 'nort h coast of Mindanao . Bot h he and Manuel FORTIeR (pr e -war Bukidnon Assembl yman) did t heir best t o smoot h aff airs but the dispute was not settl ed until Commander PARSONS arr ived ,i n May 1943. He per suaded PENDATUN to r eturn t o Cotabat o wi t h t he Mor o guerrillas who had come into Bukidnon by this t ime in gr eat number s . The ll?th Regiment then became a Christian r egiment but never equalled t he power and force of t he l17th Regi ment under Ma j. PENDATUN ~

- 93 -

Lt. Col • .ANDREWS and Tpmas CABIL1 (pre-w'ar AssemblYman from Lanao) who had been with Ma j. PENDATUN, were called to Misamis by Col. FERTIG t o. explain the troubie with PENDATUN. l.JJDREWS subsequently went t o Negros and joined an old fri end, Ma j. J. A. VILLAMOR. CABILI remained in Lanao and has been working with guerrillas there in variouE capacities since.

109th Division : The division was organized in early 1943 but di d not consoliqate i t s present' area of control until the settlement of the PENDATUN dispute . Lt. Co1.Robert V. BOWLER was the original com- ' mander of the division,: but was relieved by Lt. Col. Jarnes' GRINSTEAD, AUS, ' when Lt. Col. BOWLER was appointed CO"' of the "A" Corps in , January 1944.

GRINSTEAD is 50-55 years old, a retired PC offieer of many years service in t he Philippines, many of them spent among the Moros in Mindanao. He was livfng on his plantation in Cotabato when the war started •.

He reported to ' t he District Headquarters in February 1943 and was asked t o re't1..1rn t o Cotabat o t o organize guerrillas. He was later made CO of the l09th Regi ment , then cis l09th Division and finally was made CO of the 109th Division. He has been a stable and careful oommander in a difficult area . The supply situati6n in Bukidnol1 and the morale problems arisi ng ther efr om , have required skillful handling~ f ollow :

The present strength and know staffs of thel09th Divisi on l09th Divis i on , ' Hq Talakag, · Bukidnon CO ' : Lt . Col. James GRINSTEAD, AUS cis: Maj. Crispino M.de CASTRO, PA Division Hq Personnel 109th Regi ment, Hq ne ar Alubijid CO: Ma j. LAPLAP , PA liith Regi ment, Hq near Mambuaya CO: Capt. J. S. CRUZ, PA 112th Regiment, Hq near Sumilao CO: Capt~ William McLAUGF.LIN, AUS l17t~ Regiment, Hq near Mailag Total

101 63

~

678 1,005

86

1,144

36

626

-41 327

534

3,987

McLAUGHLIN, former Sergeant in the 31st Infantry, oommissioned when war broke out and has been in command of the 112th Regiment since August 1943.

CRUZ was f or merly Division· QM 102 Di~sion, PA, on Mindanao.

Status of equipment December 1944: ;-

ARMS

45 pi stols carbines rifles AR and ,MR TSlV1G oal 30 MG cal 5Q MG 20mm 8lmm IT'.ortars

183 1,027 1,421 81 134 13 3 2

A,lIilMUNI T1 ON cal 30 .Ml 456,559 316,099 cal 30 M2 cal 45 124,282 oal 50 2,250 20mm 4 37mm 47 Slmm 92 hand grenades 59

9

1l0TH DIVISION (E Misamis

Or; , N Agusan and Surigao)

The guerrillas in this area were a mixture of civilians , exUSAFFE s oldier s , Philippine Conatabulary, a few Philippine Scouts and AmeriCan Army and Navy pers onnel. Small Wlconnected groups organized themselves in tI home t own ,i barrios. They were led by natural leaders -who assumed t he ir r esponsibilities .f or various r easons - personal aggrandizement, banditry, desire t o f ight the Japs or establishment of law and order.

- 94 -

The divi sion or ganization s t arted in Sept ember 1943 and three regiments 'wer e f ormed: the II Oth, . 113 t h and t he 114th â&#x20AC;˘ At t he tine of t he organiza t ion of the gl.Ierri l las in this divi sional area , the Japanese l ightly garri soned Cagayan and Bugo , I;'isami s Or. ; Butuan, with an outpost at Libertad, iigusan ; and S'u rigao tovm . Occasional enemy l aunch patrol s of sever al hundr ed Elen v>'ent f r an Cagayan to Bal ingasag and fr om Butu2n to Buenavi sta .

110th ReJ?j..ment I-ir ea: Thi s r egi :nent ext ended fr om t he Tagal oan River, Mis ami s Or ., to the eastern Misami s Or. bor der. The guerrill a band which was t o f or m the nucleus of the r egi nGnt was st arkd, at Balingasag s ometi me in Septcm.ber 1942 , when a gr oup of ar med Filipinos l ed by Pf e Clyde M. ABBOTT, l 4t b Bomb Squadr on and Lt . Pedr o COLLADO (C onst abul ry Pfc), successfull y attacked a Japanese patrol which visited Bal ingasag t q set up a puppet gover nment . COLLADO t ook tho initi a tiv~ i n f ormi ng a guer rilla or gani Zation and colle cted ar ound him a bodyguar d of' toughs .

COLLADO was l a t er di sarmed and i mprisoned f or conspiracy of nut iny aft er the llOth Regi ment waS est ablished , wit h Capt. LHZ in cOITinand .

Sever al small unite or ganized at CIGveria under M/ Sgt.James McINTYRE, US1.C, and at Mali t bog undo r M/Sgt. blfredo FERNiJlJ"'DEZ, USAC, but did not coope r at e with ea ch other until Lt. Col. HcCLISH arrived in the ar ea . Other guerri lla conta ct s were est ablished i n the vicinity of Gingoog Bay wher e Ros8"uxio DONGALLO wa s the chi ef leader.

113t h R~~.Gnt Area (Northern Agusnnl : The early guer r illa bands which were eventually uni f i ed under the 113th Regiment V\fere the snaIl uni t s t hat spr ang up at Nas ipit, Buenavi s t a , Cabadbaran and the l ower Agusan River. These irere brought under control by a S~T ian mining engineer named Khalil JiliODR ,. a hi ghly i ntelligent, brave , forcefl:!.l le ader.

Hi s i nt egr ity and ener gy were r espons ible f or t he or gani zat ion of t he 113th Regiment wi th 900 arms in 1943. Little i s known of t he l esser ' l eaders in t his ar ea .

The chief event in t he early hi s t or y of thi s Regi ment (and the di vision) was t he attack on Butuan, Agusan , in May 1943. The l13th Regiment wi th 900 r ifl es and the 110th Regi~e nt w~th 1,000 rifle e TIillssed t o at tack t he tovvn f r om all side s . The J apanese garrison was for ced into the concret e school house in Butu~n , but the nine day siege f a iled t o dis l odge t hem . J apanese pl anes atta cked the guerrillas and finally J apanese rei nforcement s arrived , f orcing ,the guerrillas back . The chi ef leaders in t he atta ck wer e Lt . Col. Cly-ue Co' CHILDRESS, Lt. ~Jill ard MONEY, AUS, Lt . Thomas BAXTER , ADS , Capt. Rosauri o DONGIiliLO, Capt . Hilliam :ENORTZ and iVJa j. Khalil }G-IODR. The attack f ailed be cause of l ack of proper equipment. As a r eslut of the at tack, ther e was an acute shortage of rifle ammunition in the area fo r some time but the attentions of t he people had been f ocused on the guerrilla movement by showing t hem t hat the guerri llas would r eall y fi ght.

114th~Regin}ent Area (Suri gao north fr om. Liangal: One of the f irst leaders of the Suri gao ar ea was Sam GOODE, who oper ated i n the Tago area i n J une 1942. He was t houghtless and weak , but or ganized a zemi -lawl ess gr oup pr eJQng on the peopl e i n the area under t he pr et ense of poli cing ar~ prot ecti on. He was arr ested early i n 1943 and Joe McCARTHY who had previousl y commanded a deta chment at Tandag t ook command of t he Tago area as well. McC ARTHY was a ctive in guerr i l l a aff air s and was sent t o Davao as Divisi on QM when the lcJ7 th Division was formed i n l\iby 1944. ,

Other Surigao l eader s were Macari o DIAZ at Masgad; Maj . GARCIA in central Sux igao; and Capt. TONliiNNI NG at Lianga . The se s),1al l gJ: oups were l oosely controlled and behaved as bandi ts in t heir ar eas . They inf licted damage against pr oper ty , ref used to submit to each other and gave t he guerrill as a bad name gener all. It appear ed as though establishment

- 95 -

of order in these areas .70uld be d iffi cul t â&#x20AC;˘ Capt. Filliam KNORTZ was given ' the missi on of consolidating or eliminating these dissident elements.

The bandit groups caused no mor e trouble after Capt. KNORTZ r ettrrned from his mission.

Capt. KNORTZ (C orporal, USAC) went t o the hills in Buk idnon when USf;FFE surrendered. He was a fearless fighter when meeting t he Japanese and a square, finn dealer in organizing r ecalcitrant guerrilla gr oups.

In mid-1943 he was attached to the 10th MD Command as liaison officer.

He was trustworthy, daring and efficient, and one of the best officers in the 10th MD guerrilla organizati on. He was drowned in September 1943 when the banca in which he was delivering supplie s fr om Lanao t o hgusan capsized.

About mid-1943, Capt. Paul H. W lil.RSH.1U,L (then Prc) and Lt. Robert SPIELMfill (then $ g~), who had both escaped from the Davao Penal Col ony in April 1943, were assigned t o the 114th Regiment. Their energy and a cti vi ty made the 114th one of the hardest hitting on Mindanao. MARSHALL, CO of the re giment, is a f orceful, firm leader and well liked by his men. Other ~if escapees who eecaped at the same time and r emained in the 1l0th Division area to assist gl..1.errillas were Maj. J. C. SHOF~"ER, Maj. M. DOBERVICH and Maj. Jack HAWKINS, and USMC, now evacuated ~ 119th J2i~~: Lt. Col. Ernest E. McCLISH, the qommander ot: the 110th Divieion was at Imbatug, BQkidnon, organizing guerrillas in August 1942. He went t o Balingasag, li!iisamis Oriental, to organize guerrilla forces in September or October with Lt. Robert BALL, Lt. Anton Hj~TIK, and Capt. W illiam A. ID~ ORTZ, all ADS. McCLISH and Bj~L went to FERTIGTs headquarters at lVlisamis shortly thereafter, - and arrangements were made for McCLISH to command the guerrilla organization being formed in northeastern Mindanao . McCLISH returned to Mis~mis Oriental in Nov~mber ,dth Lt. Col. Clyde C. CHILDRESS, AUS, as Chief of Staff. BALL wa s left with FERTIG and l at er became District Communications Officer until he was sent t q Luzon in 19.44 to develop intelligence contacts there.

CHILDRESS was a Battalion Commander in the 61st Divlsi on, PA, before. war broke out. After surrender he went t o Sindangan, Zamboanga, with Waj. TEM~O and most of the original battalion. Some l ocal trouble develop'ed and CHILDRESS l eft. In December 1942 he was appointed Chief of Staff of the 110th Divi s ion and by his activity in the area helped to build a fairly affective guerrilla organization. He was placed in command of the l07th Divis i on in Davao in early 1944 and eva cuated to Leyte in January 1945.

The' original 110th Division headquarter s wa s established at Medina, Misamig Oriental, but was moved t o Rizal, i\![i samis Oriental, in mid-1943 to be nearer the center of the Divis i on ar ea. The headquarters staff at this t~ne was .

CO

cis

Adj G-2 G-3

& &

G-3: G-l:

Lt. Col. Ernest E. McCLISH, AUS Lt. CoL (then Maj.) Clyde Câ&#x20AC;˘ CHILDRESS , AUS Ma j. Dioni sio VELASCO, PC Capt. Virgilio S. AGUILAR Lt. Ri chard THO~~S

Maj. VELASCO ha s not been mentioned f or some time and his pres ent whereabouts is uncertain. Capt. AGUIL.AR is now G-2, l07th Division and a good G-2 officer. TEOMMES has a coastwatcher s t ation on Camiguin I sl and.

The 110th Division played an important part in the ~~pply system established on Mind ~na o . Fuel for the oper ati on of radios and considerable quantities of rice wer e procured on the east coast of Surigao. These supplies were brought t o Cabadbar an by r oad , as l ong as the r oad was free, and hauled by banea t o varioUs parts of northern W undanao . The most famous of these bancas wa s a l a rge t wo -mast ed mot or banca, "ATHENA",

- 96 - .

fla gship of t he U,':lFIP Navy, skippered by Capt . Vicente Z.b.Pt.NTA. The banca was originally eq'l.:d.pped with a homemade smooth bore cannon bllt later armed wi th a 20mm cannon and 50 caliber machine guns . Other well 1m.mm bancas on Mindanao water s 'were the "TREL.8UPtE ISLP.ND", an inter-island passenger l a1.ll1ch with high superstructure and 75 HP deisel engine; the "R06.ALIA", a light tug ,'Vi th 50 HP engine; the "NARA", the "CAPT. KNORTZtl, th.e motor banca , "SO WHAT", and the r;NAmmiiL" . The It i.THENA" was hurned by the ftUerrill as to prevent her capture ~hen the Japanese occupied the northeast coast 'of Mindanao in mid:'1944.

1944:

The k 11.0iilffi .. staff and strength of the 110th Division in December 110th Division, Hq east of Butuan ( ? ) CO: Lt. Col. Ernest E. McCLISH, AUS G-2: 1st Lt. Fausto DUGENIO Division Hq Personnel and Special Troops 110th Regiment CO i\::aj. Rosaurio P. DONG i,.LL0 l13th Regiment CO : Maj . Khalil IiliODR 114th Regiment CO Capt . Paul H. MARSHALL , hUS 8-4: Lt '. v7illiam GORLER (Australian) Total

··

·

83 81

932 1,7l r4

83

1,3/l-0

70

1,070

317

-5, 086

0

Lt. Col. McCLISH was relieved as division commander in January 1944 and evacuated t o Leyte. Capt . MARSHALL was appointed CO of the l10th Division as of 21 January 1945 .

In addition t o the above regiment s the area now cover ed by the l07th Division (see page 99 ) 1.ll1der Lt . Col . (then Major) Claro M. LAURETA was part of the 110t h Division . The 107th Divis ion was activated. in early 1944.

As of December 1944: .A.R1'!B

45 pistol s 45 revolvers carbines rifle s .AR and MR TSMG cal 30 MG cal 50 MG 20mm 37mm 81rn..rn b!l~oo~{as

170 34 782 1,438 64 79 2

.8 3 1 11 7

AMMlJNI T10N cal 30 Ml 87,294 cal 30 1112 117 ,133 27,588 cal 45 cal 50 3,333 880 20mm 37mm 125 81rnm 75 bazookas 38 hand grenades 530

106TH DIVISION (Cotabato) Before t he surrender of the USAFFE on Mindanao , Gen . FORT organized a l arge group of Mor os into a Bol o Battalion and stationed them mainly across t he Digos-Kabacan Road, armed only with knives , t o harass and hinder the Japanese advance fr om Davao . The f orce had l i ttle training before it was called t o action , and the Bol o Battali on di sintegrated r apidly before the enemy advance . 1-1. few of the Mor o l eader s : Salapida PENDATUN, a young Mor o' lawyer fr om Cot abato; his brother-in-law, Datu Matalam UDTOG; Datu Mantil DILANGALAN and his bro ther-in~law, Gumbay PIANG; and Datu ALl MAN ..

- 97 -

Af t er the US1~E s urrender, the J apane s e began a r eign of t error in t he Cotaba t o Valley , attempting t o subjugate the pop'Luace . Due to the popular antagonism generated by thi s r eign of terr or, guer rilla units com posed l ar gely of f or mer Bol o Battalion member s vmr e formed in Cotaba to .

PENDATUN or ganized the first guerrilla group and a tta cked the Japane se gar rison at Pi kit , Cot abato , i n August 1 942 . The attack was ~ s ucc~ss and l arge nU.m bers of Horos j oined the or ganizati on sh or t l y . PEI\TJJATUN ' s men then a t tacked Kaba can and se cur ed control of the Digos - Kabacan Road in Sept ember 1 942 . The se ctor a l ong thi s r oad wa s hel d by Datu J\LI MiiN, the most infl uent ial Mor o be t ween Kidapawan, Cotaba t o , and Mt • .Apo , Davao Pr ovince . His f or ce number ed about 600 armed men who we r e thor ou ghly familiar ,nth the c ountr y .

The Midsayap- D'Lllawan- Pi ki t ar ea was control led by Mantil DI LANGALA1'J and his t wo brot her s -vnt h a f orce of about 1, 000 men , of whom 500 we:::-e ar med . Also in the Midsayap ar e a , IVIaj . NliS AS l ed about 500 armed Christian s , known a s " llIATAS iVlilit ia ," who spr ead s out hwards t owar ds Lebak .

The a ctivitie s of thi,s unit earned MATAS the t itl e , "The God of Midsayaptl. !ioLr\.Tl ...S s erved 12 year s with t he U. S . Navy and wa s r etir ed . He was r eported ·~,o b-3 brave , deter mined but r eckless a nd defiant. Late i n 1944" "MATAS .

U;ili t ia" s t arted a mut i ny near Mi dsayap and set up an i ndependent or gan:Ltl 'Z:::.t:i.on kn01JVTI as the Il Mi ndana o AUSFI P Philippi ne Army , Cot abat o Sect or • ALI MAl'IT , DILANGALJI.N , MATAS, e t c ., pl aced t hemsel ves unde r the cOTI1Tlland or PENDA.TUN i n 1 9/+2 and many of t hem went t o Buki dnon with him . 'l }19 co~b ined f orce was organi zed int o t he Bukidnon- Cotaba t o F orce i n Decc~be r 1942 a nd c ontrolled t h e Cotabato Valley and sout her n Buki dnon .

Lt. Col . Edwin C. A)\mRE~iS was Ch i ef of Staff . .A.iIJDRE ,iS gr aduated f r om the C<:)l1statulary Academy i n 1927, stud ied at an FBI s chool i n the U. S ., and Tetu.rne d to w-or k in the i ntelli gence se cti on of t he Constabula r y . He be came a pi l ot in 1937 , was transf e r red fr om Zabl an t o Malaybalay , Bukidnon , and W8:nt to the hi ll s when the s urrender came . PENDtS(JN and ANDRBeJS have been f :riends befor e the war and when PENDATIJN carne t o Bukidnon , ANDREWS Joi ned him immediat el y .

Ot h er leadin;; figures with PENDATUN wer e: Ma j . Tomas CABILI , pre -war As sembl y,nan (Lanao ) and now ,,'lith Larra o guer rill as; Lt. Col. ( t hen Ca ptain) Dor ot eo SORIANO , s till wi t h Cotaba to guer r illa s ; Maj . Nicola s Gl.!3UI'INA , n ow ,vit r.. Cot aba t o gu.e rri llas; Lt. Col. (the n Maj .) Fr ank McGEE , now CO 6th Divi s i on; Dat u UDTOG , Datu DI Lf.;NG1,J;AN and Da tu lJ,IMAN all now vd th Cotabato gu.errillas . PENDli.TUN a ttempted t o t a ke Mal ayba l ay in Janua~y 1943 but f ailed af t e r a cos tly sie ge differences devel oped between FEHTIG and PENDATUN which wer e not s e t tled unti l Commande r Pb"lSONS f r om 2 J PA visited PE N"DATlm in May 1943 . . PENDATUN was per suaded t o r e t urn t o Cot abat o with his Mor a f orce .

The l 06t h Di vision i s made up of th e l16th , l18th and l 19th Re gi ments and the l16th Separ ate Bat talion . llith~Ji§.gime llt : The l1 6th Re giment , sout h and southvlest er n Co-cabat o , is cOllL'l1anded by Ma j . Her bert PAGE , r etir e d .Ame rican office r ~vho had bee!! with t he FCf or many year s .

PAGE is n ot a f orceftll l eader, but knows t he sout h coast of Cot aba t o and has been ass isted by t he f ollowi ng named office r s .mo ar e f amil iar wi th var ious parts of t he l 1 8t h ·Re gi mental Area : Fred JOF..NSON , Ame rican pl ante r in s autheastern ]\{Jindanao; VILLAMOR betwe e n Davao Gulf and Sar angani Bay,; Capt. Ma cario GUBALLA, PC , in the 'west er n l 18th Re giment a nd Maj . lIlIA.TAS near Le bak .

lJ,&,th ~R~R:~ : Thi s r egime nt is Lmder the c ommand of Maj .

0al a pida PENDATUN . He is a ssist ed by ass ocia tes fr om the Bukidn on campaign , Lt , Col. SORIA1\1 0 "l Ma j . GABUTI NA a nd Da t u.B ALIlVIAN and OOTOG (2nd Bn CO ) .

OOTOG i s one bf the mos t powerful Moro Datus in southeast e rn Cot a bato and a member ,of the origi nal Bol o Ba ttal i on . UDTOG l s le ade r ship and infl uence - and PEimATUN ! s educa tion have f or ged a power ful 1.illit in t his area . The . r e gi ment ke pt the Ki gos-Kabacan Road c l osed t o ene my traff ic until e a r l y 1944 when shor t age of e quipment a nd s uppl i e s f orced t he guer rilla s t o· yield contr ol.

- 98 -

l19th R.&.&ilTIent: This regiInent was commanded by Gumbay PIANG who joined the 10t h MD Command organizati on in Sept er.1ber 1943 and brought his entire foll ovdng 'iTi t h him. The DI LANG[.L @ brot hers are t he other leading Moros i n the area . Plfu"JG was t aken pri soner by the Japanese i n 1942 . He was rele ased t o appea se the Mor os and vvent t o Cotabato after he was r el eased , setting a sign over hi s door re ad i ng "G1mlbay PI1~G , Prisoner of WAR" . He stayed i n the house benevol entl y meutral t o guer rillas i n the ar ea and st ood hi s gro1.IDd when t he J apanese came , ae they did sever al times , t o find out what he was doing . His pat anSlliier was to point t o the sign over the door and then i nsi s t on hi s rights as a p.J. ';1:n en t he Japanese had fairl y good proof of his pr o- guerrilla a ctivities , they sent thei r most polished di pl omat t o vi s it Pl ANG. He mai nt ained his posi tion but knew that aft er t his int er view the Japanese wo1i!.d net r espect his " HPI s t atus and he l eft the house t o j oin the guerrillas . ~iviRion : The divis i on , t he cont r ol 1.IDit for the 116th 5n, 118th and 119t l'}, Regi ment s , was probably or ganized about October 1943, wi th Lt . Col. Frank: l\l;cGEE , i:.US , in command . ~~cGEE ser ved in the first World War and was r ecalled t o d'd y i n 1941. He was in Bukidnon in May 1942 and went t o t he m01.IDt ains east of Mal aybal ay aft er suxrender. When PENDATUN brought hi s guerri llas into Bukidnon in De cember 1942, McGEE joi ned him. TIley had apparentl y been f r i ends pr evi ousl y . McGEE has a difficult positi on and has done a moder a te j ob in organizing the area .

Staff and strength 106t h Divis i on: 106th Di vi sion , Hq Pol oypoloy , Salauan, Cotabat o: CO: Lt. Col. Fr ank iVlcGEE, AUS cis: Ma j . Ni chol as G.A.BUTI NA , PC G- 2: 1st Lt . Alan LONTOCK ' G-4 : Maj . Dor ote o SORI IJNO Adj &. G-J..: 1s t Lt . P. C. MORALES Divis i on Hq Per sonnel ll~th Regi ment , Hq Upper Nakadel CO : Ma j . Herber t PAGE , AUS 118th Regi ment 9 Hq Dvngos , Liguaan CO: Maj . Sal apida PEND1:;'TUN , PA 119th Hegi ment, Hq Kilal a , TaJ:ayan GO : Capt . Gumbay pr ANG, PA Ex 0 : Capt . OFFDAL 116th Sep Battalion CO: Capt . HAGS.h.KAY~ PC Total Status of

e q~upme nt ,

~

88 64

1 ,189

118

1, 921

28

358

298

3, 595

1 27

December 1944:

.ARiifJS

45 pist ols ca rbines rifles An and 'NiB. TSMG, 30 MG 8lmm mortar s

91:f

131 694 1 , 231 86 35 6

,M..1lVlUNI TI ON cal 30 Ml 68 , 204 cal 30 W Q 55 ,380 cal 45 34 , 902 hand grenades 400

2

l07TH DIVI SION (S out h Agusan-Davao

J~ea)

This di visi on comprise s the 9r ea in Agusan and S t~igao Provinces , south of an east-~Bs t line throvâ&#x201A;Źh Li anga , Surigao , and extendi ng to Davao Ci ty. It was or iginally port of the 110th Divis i on but was designated the l 07th Divi,si on early in 19L~4 wi.th Lt. Col. Clyde C. CEI LDRESS , ' AUS, i n command . S m8~1 guerrill o. or ganizati ons wer e fo r med shortly after the surrender i n t he f ollo\nng o.r eas : Northwest of Davao in t he fo ot hills of the mount ai ns ; in the hills northeas t of Hi j o and Kingking ;

- 99 -

north of Mati i n the hill s to Car aga Bay , at Cat eel and Compostela , etc. .

Later the 130th Re gimentl t he Illth and 112th Pr ovi s ional Battalions were a ctivated with t hese units as nuclei.

130t b ~i~~»t ArQ2s : This r egiment compr i ses the ar ea in Davao Province north f r om Davao Ci ty and ea st to t he di viding r ange along t he coas t. The guerri llas northvl'8st of Davao wer e t he nucleus of t hi r:: r egi ment and wer e Qr ganized i n J1.me 1942 by Lt. Col. Cl ar o B. L[1.lf.iiET.il. ~ 0-1407 , PA, an a ctive , col or-flu l eader, 36 year s old and a graduat e of t he Constabular y, Academy , Lt . Col. Li',URETL. (t hen Capt ain) wa s in command of the Camp Vi ctor Co, PC , at Davao 1941-42 and af te ~ sUIrender of the UShFFE went to the hill s with about t hirty member s of hi s vnit. Ther e he ·found a l ar ge number of ci vi l ian evacuee s (3 , 000 - 5, 000) f r om Davao Ci t y settl ed al ong t he Libl..1ganon River . He used his small unit to enforce law and or der in thi s j l. 1ngl e community . The evacuees pr ovided f ood and re cruit s , and he establi ~ he d f ar ms s o t hat hi s guer rilla l..mit be came s el f supporting . By mi d -1943 , Lt. Col. L.i~i.JRET.A was vir tual r uler of t he Corjl";1ilL.~i ty.

A system of pa,si3es was in f orce , and all vi8i t or s wer e consider ed s pi e s Q~less pr ompt precf to the cont r ary was pr oduced . J~~unit ion was s carce but occasional Jap. patrol s , eas i l y ambushed al ong j 1.mgl e t r ail s , f urni shed hi s men with arms , ammuniti on and cl othing . His headquarter s at Nani ki wa s near enotlgh t o t he DavaoPenal Col ony that t he guer rillas gave assi s t ance t o many es caping pri soner s of war and s muggl ed supplie s i nto t he Colony.

Lt . Col. LAUBETA' s US.AFFE command and his r esis tance aft er t he s1.UTender made hi m t he 'a cknowl edged guerri l la l eader in Davao. Other independent DavG.o guerrillas l at er ,ioined him. One of t hese (of 'iv-h ieh Ii t t l e i s knOlI\1!!.) was i n the mount ainous ar ea be t ·ween the t owns of Hi jo and Ilingking and was active f rom 1942 with headov2r ter s near t he Davao Gol d Mi ne on t he ~·;·urailt Ri ver . Other unit s 1,i\1er~· e s t aiJl i shed at Saug) l..mder Lt. PEPITO with 30 ...40 men ; Compos t ela under Lt . NAViJlliO vd.th 30- 50 men. The s e unit s be came part of LAURETA' s organizatlon and have been active agai nst Japane s e pa t r ol s i n t he ir r espe ctive vi ciniti es . Lt. PEPITO was a battal i on aOIni::l3,nder of the 130t h Regiment but l at er co;r,mitt ed s uici de .

Conta ct l etter s wer e sent t o Lt. Col. L'1.URBTJi some t i me i n early 1943 fr om the 110th Divi si on Headquarter s . LAum~TA re ported per sonally t o the headquar t er s in lIflisamis Oriental i n J uly , and !:.is 1.mi t wes t hen activat ed t he 130th Regiment, 110t h Di vision . Cl oser conta ct was established when Col . F.l!;RTIG moved hi s headquart er s t o t he Agusan Valley i n NOYember 1943 . Wi th comml..micat i ons impr oved and Eupplies arriving in Davao, t he or ganization and int ell i gence cover age devel oped r apidl y .

4

11l...tJL ll'9vipj..Q.Dru- Ba,ita.l ion : This battal ion lies al ong t he east coast of Davao Province and absorbed guer r illa unit s north of ~~ti and at Manay, the l atter wi th about 200 men under Capt . ASIS. ASIS wa s r eported t o have been killed by hi s Fi r s t Ser geant, J avito PEDRAYA , i n J Lille 1942 f or attempting to force his me n to surr ender t o t he J apanese . PEDRAYA t ook command of the tmit and is now Exe cutivG Office r of t he 111th Provi sional Battalion.

Lt . Owen P. WILSON (un s urrender ed Sgt, USAC) i s now i n c ommand of the batta lion. He l ived near Caraga , Davao , from t he t i me of surrender until October 1943 when he r e por t ed to the l Oth IvlD He adquarter s . He had not been acti ve wi th guerrillas up t o that time . Col. FERTIG gave him a r adio and sent hi m back to Caraga to or ganize int elligence rover age on the s outheast coast. He was l at er appointed CO of the Illth Provisional Battalion when it wa s activated . l12tJ~ Provj.si onal Bo.t t glion: This uni t was f ormed fr om i so l at ed uni t s in t he upper Agusan Valley and in souther n Su.ri gao at Cateel, at Lingi g (under Lt. VILLARIN ), etc., and is now under cor-unand of Lt . Anton H.ARATI K, ADS. The unit has not been i mportant or a ctive .

.~

- 100 -

stern~~g.Detachment: Lt. Adolph STERl~ BERG, Jr. (tUl2 t~rendered Sgt, USliC ) j oined the guerrillas in Febr uary 1944. He had been bed ridden in Davao Province with a tropical skin disease f or over a year ' preceding thi s ti::'-le . Duri ng his illnes s , he s tayed with Lt. Col. Ll;'URETi. on the Libuganon River. lthen he r e covered, he repor ted t o Col. J:t~RTIG ' s headquarters and 'was sent back to Davao as a l iaiEon officer bet'ween the 130th Re gime nt and t he 110th Divis i on . Shortly after he was pl a ced in comrnand of a guer-..cilla 1)ni t near Ealativas , Davao, whi ch' was then activated as a Special Intelligence Detachnent with about 80 armed nen . Lt. STEru~BERGts intel l i gence act ivi ties in the Davao ar ea have been qlute valuable .

lQ.'Z.iih...1!iyi~ Early in 1944 t he ar ea s outh of an east-west line in Ag1)3an Province thr o u~h Lianga , Surigao , a nd extending to Davao City was r eor ganized into the 107th Di vi si on with Lt. Col. Clyde C. CHILDRESS, 0"371217 , f,US, in co!n.rnand. CHILDRESS was evacuated t o Ley-te in January 19L,5 and L.b.1J"P.ETA pl a ced in cOIT1I'1and. The strength and s taffs of the command are :

l07th Divi sion, Hq naniki ( ? ), Davao CO: Lt. Col. Clar o LAURET.h. , PA Adj &. G-l: Capt. Jose MtJ'JE JA G-2: Maj . Virgilio S. AGU1Li3 G-3: Capt. Ramon R. BUHli.Y G-4 : Capt. MANGAOIL Off 28 67

Divlsi on Ho Per sonnel l30t h Regi ment CO Lt. Col. Clara LAURETll , PA Ex 0...s-2: Ma j. Teofil o RIVERA Illth Provisi onal Battalion CO Lt. Owen P. iFHLSON , J.US 112th Pr ovisional Battalion CO Lt. Anton Htllili.TI K, ADS DetachlJ.ent STE R.t~BERG ,

· · ·

.

18

2

Total

141

~~

42

1~201

3'1S '

---98 2,308

After Lt. Col . CHILDRESS l eft, the or ganiZation was changed and it is believed the 107th Division now compr ises the ar ea of the 130th Regiment and the Illth Battalion only , ~th some new areas south of Davao City. The 112th Batt a lion i s r eported t o have been activated into 10th MD Special Troops .

St at~s

of equipment as of De cember

l'.JVliViUNI T1 ON

.AR!\!1S

I

45 pi stols TSMG carbines rifle s 30 cal Nil 50 cal fiG

100 41 888 580 2

20mm (1.13e imlrnown )

cal cal cal cal

30 fKL 30 M2

45 50

2Qrum

6

37 ~m

2

81nnn hand gr enades bazooka miscellaneous

bazooka (pts Elissing) 1 81Il1_r:l mort ars 4 37mJ;1 2 mis cellaneous 42 SECTION IV.

1 944~

83,889 200,786 45,303 15,158 1,232 512 128 725 40 806

SULU .AREA COMJ'.W'W:

The Philippine Constabulary garri son in J olo was r apidly overcome by the J apanese invasi on 24 December 1941 and effective r esistance throughout the l!rchipel ago ceased al mo st at once . ReBDant s of t he dis persed PC f orces formed the nucleus of subsequBnt guerrilla gr oups .

- 101 -

Tan 'taYIJi : 1 st Lt. iUe j andro TRESPECES was t he. PC cOl'rLmander in the Tawi Tawi ar ea when war br oke out . His food s t ocks and 3'llpplles o:q Bongao we r e l ow and after the surrender he moved to Bato Bat o . Be had 30 men under ar ms at Bat o Bato when Col. SUIJillZ arrived in J anuar y 1943 . A Lt . Anton TAl'J , school t eacher and Re ser ve Offi cer ' in Jolo , ,(fas with the J ol o USAFFE for ce in December 1941, es caped when t hese t r oops disper sed , and sent t o Sibut'll . . ~Jo.l~...Area anCLEarly Combined Command.. Attempt : When Capt .

MORG.AN visit ed Zanilioanga in November 1942 he sent Lt . Abdulr ahim DIIAO , a J ol o Mor o, fr om Zamboanga t o or ganize the SlUU guerrilla s . I MAO wit h Sgt . Ur sul a SIMPE K arrived on Siasi in December 1942 . A guer r ill a lmit vrlth f ew arms was or gani zed on Sias i , attacked the Japanese garri s on and captured 30 r i fl e s on 25 De cember 1942 . Japanese fo rces att acked the Sias i guerrillas early in 1943 but the or ganization r emained int act.

mand .

In t he meantime pr ogr ess was made with t he so-called SlUU ComCont acts had been made and t he f ollovnng sect or s wer e or gunized: Siasi Sector Tawi T8'<.i . Sector Si l Qngxan (Jolo ) 3e ctor Mai mbung (Jolo) Sect or Karungl~~g (Jol o) Sector Luue (Jol o) Se ctor Tag1ibi (Jol o) Sect or Bila8n (Jblo) Sector

Lt. Konglam T10 Lt. Alejandr o TRESPECES Lt. Abdulrahim IMAO Lt. A. ALI Lt. E. AGGA Lt. A. DATlLES Lt. BhLLESTEROS Capt. Arol as TULAliIE

Lt. T10 was a Reser vo Offi cer, PA , called t o a ctive duty i n 1940 and served 'with the 71st I nf ant ry, PA ( ? ), i n the Philippine campai gn . He e scaped to Sulu and was active with t he gue r r illas t her e until he was brought t o Australi a in l at e 1943 . He l ater r eturned and is now ,dth Col. SUARE Z on Tam Tam. Jol o (and t he Sulu Archi pe l ago) i s l ar gel y i"ior o and r uled by ./ many independent and jealous f amily leader s or d a tu~'3 (chieft ains ) , l1en ce

unified control of t 'oe isl and is diff i cult f or ant i -A.mer i cans or anti J apanese . Sultan OI\lI8RA i s the l eading Mor o on Jol o and one of t he l eadi ng Mor os in t he Sulu. He clai ms r ight s t o be successor t o Sult an J amalul KIRAM, Sult an of Ear-ileo and Sulu , who died i n 1936 . No successor was appointed because of dii'fic111 t ies of po.yment of dues betvieen Borneo and the Philippines . The Japanese curried Sultan Ofu~l ' S fav or by pr omi sing t o make hi m Sultan of Borneo and Sul'll and t o r ees t ablish hi s t ribut es , hence many of t he r el at ed f amilies on Jolo ar e pr o-Japane se and no west ern Jo16 sector i s r eally friendl y t o a unified guerri lla movement. Capt. Arol as TULAWIE i s one of tb.e f ew friendly l eader s i n t he Luuk ..TDlipas Sect or in t he west ern part of Jol o. Pro¡ Ame r i can Mor os ar e con£ined al most ent i r el y t o t he east ern portion of t he i sl and wher e f amilies who oppose OMBRA l i ve .

Dat u TAMBUYONG i s t he chi ef friendly l eader i n the Tagl i bi ar ea (east er n Jol o) at pr esent.

For a l ong time only a small J apanese gnrri son was ztationed in J ol o and the guerrillas confined the Japs t o J olo t own until mi d 1943 . At that t ime , t he Japanese r einforced t he garrison and l i t er all y destroyed or ganized guerrilla activi t y on J ol o .

125.th RQ.~el11 (under Col. FERTIG) : I n Febr uary 1943, Col. Alejandro SUAREZ arrived at Tawi Tawi , so t up headquarter s in Bat o Bato and began t o i ntegr ate the Sulu guer ril l a or ganization from Tawi Taw~ .

He consolidated Lt . nrAO ' s ef forts undGr hi s command and the area became the 125th I nfantry of t he Mindanao Command in Mar ch-ll.pril 1943, after cont act bet ween Suln and l\'iindanao was est abli shed.

Col. Alejandr o SU1~Z , 0-1174 , PA, is about 47 years ol d , a Spanish Mor a mestiza and has ser ved ~~ th the Constabulary , l ar gel y in Cot abato and tho SlUU,S since 1914. He has studied in the U.S., was

- 1 02 -

1st Bn, Tawi Tawi krea, CO unknown Lt. HUSSI N Sout h Ubian Laum Tabauan S . Ubian Pvt. TAGhLOG Basbas Tawi Taw~ Lt . Sabt al USMAN Lt . IND!J'JhN Suba Lus on Ta1;i1i Tawi Tehem Tawi Tawi S g;t .ST R1~TTTf.,N Cawacawa Tawi Tawi Lt. PAROJI Tawi Tawi Lt. DhTI L2S Tumongol Langu;y-on Tawi Tawi Lt. L LDDlJM Tawi Tawi (? ) Lt . D. SI NDAGA Layya Sapa Tandubas Lt . M. 1:..L1 Sibut u Lt. ABDUL 8i tan~kai Tumindao I mam jJ"iNI Capt. Ismae l RA.T.b.G Lookan Banar an 2nd Bn, Si asi -Tapul i;rea , CO Unknown Kont od Siasi Capt .Abdurahi m IMliO Pandan Tapul Lt . A.MING North U'oi an 3rd Bn, J 010 Ar ea , CO unkno1ivn Capt.S. Yasin BAGIS J ol o Lurnaldd Lt. Ta i b P. S UR1J~ Mt T~®ant angi s Jol o Lt. B<L.BJIN Jol o Mt Bagsak Lt . J'OXAD1L Ipil J ol o Lt . }:(1 Ri.JVi J ol o Lwnapi dmar sh Chief NUN Kula;yicu1 ay J olo Lt . iJ3DULASI Pangutar an J ol o Total

115 10 115 50 115 40 12 115 SO 80 25 -60 65 115 15 80 70 50

115 60 30 60 1,477

Guerrilla a cti vity has increased t hrougb <:''Ilt t he Sulu withi n the past several monthS , The patriots on Sias i have re crouped t hfrir f orces and now control most of the isl and . On J ol o t he Jap Const abl.,uar y €ar~ isorl has dispersed, most of t he members surrendered to t he guer ri llas and t he puppet gover~ment i s r eported to have been captur ed .

4

Ind e pe nQ" E?ni._Gu~1-~: I1C ol oneIH Tome BITERG is the leader of a small independent guerrilla or ganization in the Tawi Tawi ar ea . iTer y litt l e i s known of thi s unit but i t i s bel ieved t hat he i s an ex- USAFFE of fi cer fr om Panay whose outf it i s concer ned mostl y with shippi ng rice t o North Bor neo and pr ofiteering on the sugar trade bet ween Neg-.cos and me Sulus . He ha s kept hi s conne ct ions wit h Panay guerrillas and "J!:J.!3 pr obably encouraged by t hem t o seek an i ndependent command . He b.a s not cooper ated with Col. SUAREZ but expr essed hi s willingnes s t o t ake i nstructions f rom GWi p He s ent a mi ss ion t o Aus tral i a in mid -19Lv'+ and BlTENG himself caine to Leyte in November. He l eft Leyt e f or Bulu in February 1945 .

Bor neo A+:.~ : The Sulu Ar ea Command ha s had conta ct wi t h most parts of northeas t Dor neo l ar gel y t hrough the as s i s t ance of Lt. J ose VALERA (now on s pe ci al mi ssion to nor t he rn Luzon). A patrol early in 1943 obt ai ned contribut i ons of money and arms from pa t riot ic civilians al o~g the Bor neo coast and l at er expedit ions have been abl e t o capture arms and a1rnunit ion fr om the J apane se and puppet t roops i n that area , In April 1943 , c ontact was al so made with a Chinese -led guerrilla band . of about 300 men oper ating eas t of Jess el ton i n Nor t h Borneo . The or gani zer and l earer of this uni t, Alber t I. N. ~)uOK , wa s caTh~i ssione d a 3r d Lt. by Col . FERTI G and his unit was at ta ched unof f i cially t o t he Sulu Area Command at KtJOKt s r eque s t.

IWVOK cl ai med t o be a Chinese doct or, i n the Medical Cor ps , Chi ne se Army, until' 1937 when he was ass i gned t o int elli gence i n Mal aya and Sarawak .. . llfter the occupat ion of Bor ne o, he or gani zed a small guerri lla uni~ ncar the J apanese garrison a t J e sselton . He heard of Col. SUAREZ tl!r ough a Mor o trader and per suaded t he trader t o' t ake him to Tawi Tawi , arriving i n May 1943 . He TIent back to Bor neo ,

- 104 -

came again t o Tmvi Tawi in June 1943 with monGY a nd much needed medi cal s upplie s and s t ayed until 0o ptembc r .

-'

In October 1943, the guErrill as atta ck ed J essclt on a nd held the town f or t wo d a;><= . Teo J a panese r e t a l iat ed ~d t h- a l ar ge atta ck and dr ove the gue rrillas int o the h ill s . The or ganizGtion was r eported t o h ave di s perse d and KWK r o t urne d t o J e s sciton . It i s rumor ed t hat h e Was killed in J anuary 1944 . Conta ct i s s till maint&ine d between Col. SUIJ1EZ and L1 >: Kin~ Fa tt of the J esselton gue rrilla unit .

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- 105 -

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1945

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STATUTE MILES 20'

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I tmEX AND LI ST OF PERSONALITIES - 'A -

ABlJ\T, Lt.

AEANTTE, Pedr o .ABI.O, Capt . Rubin ABARITO, Lt . Franci s co ABAS, Capt . .l-iBAYG.hR , Capt . Mar i ano S. ABBOTT , Pfc Clyde M. flBCEDE J Lt. Col. Salvador O..1520, PA ABDUL, Lt .

58 Masbat e guerrilla.

Local guerrilla leader in Maduldul on on DUl'laran I sland.

78 Formerly Bn CO , now Ex 0 , 74t h Int , Nor t hwes t l" egr os Sector.

As s t Engineer , Bohol l~e a C on~and .

Bn CO , 74th Infant~J near Bac olod~ l';egr os Oce .

78 G- 2, 72nd Div , as s i gned Sep 43 .

95 14th BO,;1b Se;; guerrilla near Balinga s ag , ~tli s al"J.is Or .

Comma nder, 7th Mil . District 38 , ~S , 09} 79

Guer r i lla leader in 1 st Bn , 125th 104 Re gt ., Sibutu Guerrilla leader in 3rd Bn , 125t h .ABDULkSI , Lt. 104 Re gt . , Sulu Ar chi pelago .

ABELARDE , Lt. Hector TIff .

S-2 i n 7L.th I nfant r y area , Ne gr os .

Bohol liaison office r to Cebu.

81 l ..BELLlJlJL., Lt .

Pr e -war governor of Cebu, puppet ABEL LANA, Gov . Hilar i o 36, 37 governor unti l Jan 1943; l oyal, v,or l:ed f or CUSEI NJ- until captured i n Sep 1944 .

ABELLANOSA , Capt. Ricar do G-4 , 108t h Div , Lanao .

92 AEI A, Capt . Luciano .'

Foy.~e r PC office r ; or ganized small 7 guerrilla group at Basey, Samar , which rner ged vd.th Lt . Col. CAUSING. JJT DRE ~V f s office r who vis ited FENTONABILA, Lt .

CUSHI NG on Cebu i n Ivlay 1943.

ABLAN , Roque Pre - war governor of l l ocos Norte . A 45 guerr ill a l eader active in I l ocos Nor te and Abra until J:lid-1943 . He i s believed t o be s ti ll alive and free cut probabl y not act ive.

6 AEOGiIDO, Gre gor i o B. Ex-repr esentative ; appoi nted Governor of 8a!nar by blERRI TT succeeding Maj .

8ABARRE • , Pre -war Governor el ect of Pa1 awan , ne;,.

63 ABORDO , Gaudenci o E. with gu£rr ill as and the Governor of Free Pal awan . Has cooper ated fluly wi th guer rill a unit s .

ABUBAKAR, Datu Act i ve Mor o guer ril la on GanassiMalabang' Road . Native of Uyaan , Lan a o.

AC.ANTILADOR, Capt . Dominador Bn CO, 86th Inf . Re gt ., Cebu.

ACHACOSO , Capt . Eutiquiano 0. PA Info Res , was on act i ve dut y as CO Cebu traini ng camp bef ore t he surrender ; now vdth Hq Boho1 Force .

ACOP, Capt . Toma s 42 GUErrill a leader Mount ain Province .

ACSAY , 2nd Lt . Vi cente R. 8-2, 2nd Bn , 65th Combat team,Panay .

54 ADDURU , Marcell o For mer Gover nor of Cagayan 40,41, 42 Pr ovince; cooperat ed wit h Maj .

PRAEGER until J une '43 when he s urrendered t o the Japanese in or der t o act as a se cret intelli gence agent f or the gLBrril1as .

ADEVOSO, El euter i o (alias 20 , 21 Ex 0, HUNTERS ~ be came CO in Aug 43; Col. Ter ry IV IAGTANGOL) Centr al Luzon .

ADRIANO , Lt . Col. Possi bl y with ~~ NG8 .

AGAPUYAN , 2nd Lt . TerDa ,'O! A. 8-2 of Northeast Negr os Sector .

- 106 -

AGGA, Lt. E. AmlES, jllJanuela AGUAI1, Datu Dipa t"l1an AGUAM , Pandandaman P .

AGUILAR, Maj. AGUILAR, Capt. Virgilio S. AGUSTIN, Marcos Villa [~LilBJ.sTRO, Eduar do ALABASTRO, Capt. V • .A .

ALAl\ES, Lt. Eutiqu.i o AL ANO,' Capt. E. J. AL.ARCQf' , Lt. ALAVi:", 2nd Lt. Gre ;:gOl~io L. ALBA, Col. G. ALBENDA, Irla j. Maxi mo ALbORNOZ, Capt.

ALEGRE, Lt.

ALEGRE, Dr . Felix A. ALE JANDRI NO, J ose

ALFAFARA, Maj. Catalina ALFORQUE, 1st Lt . Porfiri o ALI, Lt. A. ALI, Lt. M. ALIAS, Vicente ALIGJLN , Capt. P~tonio ALI KPALA, Celso

ALl MAN , Datu ALINDOGAN , Lt. Alonso ALO~~TO,

Senator Al1.wa

ALOOT, Capt.

ALOHA, Col. Pabl o

A.

Page 102 Guerrilla le ader Karunglung (Jol o) Sector .

He and his brother are guerrilla l eaders in the Danlig area , Palawan.

Pre - war iltayor of Ganassi , Lanao , l eading ;,i;or o fi gure .

Lanao T"lor o , pre - war s chool t eacher, very intelligent and exce pt ionall :.· honest , of gr owing influence , worlring wi th guerri l l a,s • Leader of s mall 1.mit in JUbay Prov o 29 Former G-2 llOthDiv; n ow G-2 l07th 96 ,101 Div , Davao Prov o Leader of MAFlITj'"G Guerrilla s, central 19 Luzon.

6th !\J) !\lanila agent .

67 Duector of Luz on 6th rED intel net 67 fr om Batangas .

Active and r eliable .30 year ol d Fillpino , ·oripnall y with IffiRSQl:' and t:1en with TUkBAGA at Br ooke t ,s Pt, Pala",taD. .

81, f.~2 G-2 , Bohol Command , June 44.

Early guerrilla CO, Za mboanga City 86 , 87 area.

8-.3 , 65th Combat Team, Panay .

54 '. {as CO of ED1:n::R unit J killed Apr 41e.• CO , 86th I nf Regt , Cebu; r eported .3t: very able and one of tl1e best military nen on i sl and; ViTa s 2nd Lt. USAFFE • 66 Cagayan Prav, 6 th ~.m intel a gent .

Succeeded Lt . TU:.iBAGA as head of guer65 rillas at Brooke rs Point , Pal awan, and was later r eplaceS. by Capt . 1'jllYOR. Rep orted t o be unreliabl e and c onsider ed by Gome people to be a pos sible l eakage of information .

En Surgeon under ;/ia j . RDFFY, bel ieved to be still wi th RDFFY on Mindo r o .

Secretar-y , Militar;y- com..rnittee of 14 ,15 HUKBALAJAP3 .

F or me r Capt . PA . CUSHING Bn CO i n s outh Cebu.

S -.3, 72nd Field Arty Regt, East NegX'os 78 Sector.

Guerrilla le ader Maimbung (Jol o) 102 Sector .

Guerrilla l eader Tandubas Id, 104 Tawi Tawi .

Meinbe r of MAF,J...RLlKA, Luzon.

45 S-4 , 6.3rd Combat Team, Panay.

53 Guerrilla l eade r r eported surrender61 e d in Sep 1 94.3 on Mindoro .

Moro, early gue rrill a leader 97 , 98 Cot abat o .

Trusted officer of LAPuS, Sors ogon Pr ovo S1:Jlta n sa R£.i..1VllUN , represent ed Moros t o the J a panese a v oided t oo open colla bor at i on ( ? ), r e cen tly rep ~rted t o have turned back to the guer .. rillas; one of the mos t pr ominent I\~or o s in Lana o .

Liaison f or VOLC K1"1AllIN Hq , visited AKDERSON' s Hq Sep 1 944 .

20 Leader of Saboteurs , associated wi t~~, f"j..t1RKLNGS •

- 107 -

tJ.,OVA

j

Capt . Ser af m ,

ALPAS , Capt. Felipe AL-~SC ~~D , Capt . Al i ALTA..TtEJOS , Lt . A. ALUG , Da tu

r~igue 1

ALVAREZ, A. ALVAREZ , Jose ALVIOLA , Capt . Demetrio A!i;I LBANGSA, Sultan Ombr a j\l';ING , Lt . mVtONO , Capt . Pablo AIVIORES , Capt . Ca r lo,'3

ANDAL , 2nd Lt . Rodolf o P .

ANDAL , V. At:DE~N, Wa j . Bernard.

ANDIA, Daniel ANDRES , Capt . Pedro ANDRE'.'IS, Lt . CoL Ed win

ANI, Sgt . Casiano

ANNI , Imam ANONlJEVO, Lt . hlJTONIO , Capt. Eugeni o APOSTOL, 3rd Lt . Francisco APUAN , 1st Lt . Romeo AQUINO , Col .

AQUINO, Flor endo

Page 78 S- 2 and S~ 3, 7L,th Inf antl~y, No rth ~> west Negros Sector .

Co , 1 st Bn , 65th CO'Zlbat Team , Panay .

54 42 Chief of Police , Baguio and ex- PA officer .

30 ESCUDERO officer , Sor sogon . LAPUS aCCU$es ~im of complicity in muxders of se'Teral of t "ie me n. f,'Ioro guerrill a le ader at l~unun gan , Lanao . \ 43 Ca pt ured in Ivianil a , J an 1944 . " it:: ENRI C}lJ'EZ g-ue rrillas in northern 41 , 42 Luzon .

3rd Lt. PA ReB. nov; En CO , 75th InS, Negros .

102 Leading I'loro on Jolo , pro- Japane s e , puppet governor of Su1u ; cONmonly kno1:'m as Ql.3RA .

200 Bn , Pandan , Ta pul ( 125th Re e-:'t ) .

CO I=UKBlJ, AJAP #3 Squadr on .

For mer policeman at the Cor on mine s , 63 , 65 organized mine wo rkErs and led attack a £ainst Japanese g~~ rds J escaped to nor th Palnv/an and served as g'1:Brrilla l eader with the COEB brothers ~ r,:a. j • KANIGQUE , and is now CO of Company "C" of the Pal awan Speci a l Bn in central n orth Pa 1awan . Described as q"L1iet , intelligen t, pro -fu~erican , and a good l e ader .

65 S -4 of the Palawan Spe ci al 5aitali6h .

Luzon oper a tive f or 6th f'lill .

67 USA , guerrilla le ader 9 , 10,11 , 16, 17 , 1 9 , 21 in Tayabas .

22 , 25 , 31 , 33,68 ESC1jDERO man , Sorsogon Province .

Early guerrill a leader , La na o, now 89 , 92 CO 1 20th Regt . cis to PENDATUN when latter was 12,31 , 76 guerrilla leade r in BQ~idnon .

94 , 98 Friend of VILLAYiOR , took his place when VILLAMOR evacuated to Australia in Oct 43 . Eva cuated f r om Negros to Leyte, 1945 .

63 An ol dtime membe r of the PC , 1.vas helpful to t he COBB br other s in organi zing the earl y gue r r i lla s on Palawan .

I s dependable and exce l lent in h and l ing me n .

Guer rilla leader in 1st Bn, 125th Regt 104 Si tangka i , Tuminda o , Sulu .

61 Compan..y of fice r under Ifla j . RUFFY , be l ieved t o be s till with Maj . RTJ"FFY, Mindoro .

73 Pr e - war mayor of San Cal"16s ? was va th GADOR and now .nth 7th ~ID as Bn CO , 7 th Pr ov o Regt , Negros Or. Former PC or PA NCO. ;7as member of e a r ly guerrilla unit under Dr • lviENDOZA on Pa l awan .

67 6th fuID Isabe1a Prov o agent .

Leads b and of IvIARKII" G gua rrillas near C~rdona , Riza l.

Pro-America n .

Hi th ENRIGUEZ gue rrill as , northern Luzon .

- 108 -

AQUINO, Capt . Leon ard o ARANADA, 11aj . Este::lan ARANADOR , Ca pt . Regeli o L. ARBOLEDA, Ca pt . 15a i22.

ARCE, 1 s t Lt . Raf a el ARJONA , Lt. Col . Engr a cia .ARr:1 LLA, Capt . . AR1:ISTRONG ~·OLD, j,fu j . Robert ::~ .

0- 358092

At1qUE, Melecio ARSENO, Ca pt EliPio .ARTECHE, Ped r o ARTHUR , Capt . ';Jilli a!l1

ARUilWAC , Capt . Tilacaurog ARZANGA, Jacobo ASAKIL, Lt .

AbIS, Capt.

ASIS , Sgt . de ASIS, Capt. Fidel D. de ASPILLA , Lt. Col . J Lu i an C.

AT~JELL ,

J ames 17019754 , AC AUGUSTO, Bi ot o AUREUS, Lt . Le on Sa AUSEJO , !\1a j . Pla cido A. 0-1 213 , PA AVALI NOSA AVENIDO, 1 s t Lt . Fe lifr clDco AVENTINO, 1s t Lt . J ose V. AVI LE S , Sgt .

AZACARRA , I saac AZAC,ARRA, J esus AZACARRA, Ma riano

Pq,gg HUNTER c on t a ct man, S ubi c , Zambal e s • 11 CO 1 s t Bn , 66th Cmbat Team , P{ma~" .

55 S - 3 , 2nd Comba t Team , Panay.

52 G-l, "A " CorpE' , we stern lIindanao 93 CO, Cavite , ECLGA .

11 Senior office r PQOG , Bat angas • CUSHING RegiTnen t a l Off icer , Cebu • Hi th t ERRILL , Za.l!1bal es .

SC , r epor t ed t o b e with Lt . Col . N.tJV\R i n I nt e 1 9J+2 ~ n ow wi th VOLC KJilAJ',!lil, northern Luz on .

Loc a l guerrill n l ead e r in :,~aduld vl on , DU\11nr an I s l and .

CO 99th Infa nt 17 , Samar .

5 Guerr ill a l eader Sta Rita , S ~nar .

7,8 Kext in s en i ori ty o.ft er Maj • .ln lter 39 CUSHI NG :11ld in ~:1erit or of the l atter ' s cownand of r emnant s of the 1 21 s t I nf in Abr a and La Union PrO V0 .

Cnptured by t he Jap,~ In. te in 1942 . i;ior o , e ar l y guer dlla le nder in Lanao , 91 now CO 1 24th Regt .

Gue r rill a le ade r in the Ara ce li ar ea on Dumar an I s l a nd .

86 Bn CO , 1 21 s t Regt mid - 1 943 .

Ear l y gue r r i l l a leader a t Car aga , 1 00 Dava o . "'Ti l d gue r ri lla le ader near Tan jay, 73 Ne gr o s Or ; pos sibl y ass ocia ted I'd t b GADOR a t one time .

54 Ex 0 t o H. ROBLES, CO 64th Comba t Team , Panay .

42 year s ol d , gr adua te of CA, 72,73,79 1928; was cis for GiillOR , rebelled agains t him a nd W2 S· ci s 73rd Pr ov . Di v . i n cent r a l Negr os Or .

For merl y wi t h STRAUGHN ; t hen ci s fh.ARKI NGS ; n ow with ANDERSON , Tay abas Pr o\! .

Guerr illa l e ader a t Dumar an on Du::"w,r an I s l and .

Se c ond i n c o~n and of BOAYES Unit , 25 , 26 , 28 Camarine s Nor t e .

Origi nal c ODunDnde r 74th Re gt in 69 1 73 , 74 s ou t hern Ne gr o s; now 7th ~ID G- 3 . 75 , 76 , 77 School te a cher Dnd gue r r i lla l ead er in Bantulan , Pal awan .

S-4 , 2nd Bn, 2nd Comb a t Team, Mas52 , 58 bat e , under T1-\NSIONGCO. S-2, 2nd Bn, 63r d Combat Team , Pan;}y.

53 I n LAPUSt unit . Cha r ge E' that ESC ~DERO abduct ed hi s f a t her and son, Sor s0 60n Pr ov.

Sa;ne a s Lt . Nicolas FERri/lIN . One of 57 VILLAOAJ A' s br ot he r s (illas bate ) .

Re al name of Jua n VILLAOJADA5 l\!lasbat e 57 g ue r rilla l e ade r.

Re a l M me f o r Lt . R. BUSTAIVLA.l'liTE, f/;as 57 bate gue rrill a .

- B -

BAACO, 3rd Lt .

Andr e,~

BACLAGON, Ma j . Uldari co 0- 1687 , PA

Ex-USAFFE Sgt on Ba t aan , Ex 0 of ":3" Sect or unde r the Pa l awan Special Bn .

Gr adu at e of PIJA 1 94.0 , n ow cis , 7 0 , 78 , 79 72nd Div, Negro s , c a n be trusted .

- 1 09 -

BAGALAY , Amad o BAGIS, Lt. Yas in BhGU AY , C::.pt . So.lvador BAGUINDAALI , Anonngo BAHJI N, Lt .

B.AJAR, 1 st Lt . Cl e !.cent e \T ..

BAJAK, Capt . Vicent e

5ALA , Capt . Regal o BALAJADIA, Lt .

BALDERI,AN , Lt . Col . Ale jandr o

BALL , C3.pt . Robert

BALLES'Y3ROS, Lt .

B.ALOLOY , 2nd Lt . A:-;i0r osi o BALTAZAR, Ma j . Ale jandr o Bt';1:"'1EGAS , Pedro BANAAS , Lt. Hilfred o B.ANAL, Ma j . J os e B.~J.NATE, n.la j. Marcial BANDAL, Rosendo p .

Pa ge BDKTER CO , r,I2nila Dnd Rizd .

21 G- 4 , Sulu irrea Cormnand; nOVi 3rd Bn 1 03 , 1 0 4 LU!llaki d , Jol o ( ? ) .

0 , 3rd Comb:: :. t Team , ?unny .

53 l';or o , early gllC r rilla l eader i n Lan2o , 91 n OH CO l 28 th TIe gt .

Guerrilla l e::tder in 3 rc;_ Dn , yt 104 B2g s ck , J ol o (1 25th Re gt ) .

S- 2 , 2nd 3n , 2nd Co!:\ba t Team , ~Ias ­ 52, 58 bo. te , unde r TAKSI ONGCO .

Denti s t on Cuy o I s l and , s erved a s C3pta in on Ba t ao.n , es cGped t o Cl,\TO arid assisted C\J5B 'c-r otller s and. :,'8j . ])!f-J HGqlJE in or ;g3.nizi n g gu errill as .

Eel ieyed t o be serving unde r t.h.e Pa l o:udn S;,ecial E:_: t tc:.l ion • Ad j , 1 08th Div , Lc.nao .

92 CO , S al oan (ZcmboGn ga) Sect or enc~ lC~ 2.

CO of n or th le ;y'i.e gue r rill a s under 1 ,4 lthlfGLZON. Had he adollQ r t e r s ne ar J ar o , inlDnd fr om ,Tncl oba n , in spring 1 944 . loth MD CorrununicGt i ons Officer, n m, 44 , 96 Luz on intel l i gen ce agent.

Guer rilla le ade r Tagl i i (Jol o ) 1 02 se ct or.

F or me r Ex 0 und er Cup t. t l:£NDOZA Wli,Ol!l he s ucce eded a s CO of "A" Company , P", l avan. Se r ved 1 3 ye ars wi t h P.A 4 F or,~er 3edica l office r f or FENTON; be l ieved still wi th C U3?L~G ~ Cebu . ( I " .. r- '~.-- , T -vO -.t-_l_l\C.ALi-i...;Ar1 I t'n ,.\ a nd, 1 2 t h) _.. . ) Re gl. onci 16 COI:lmand.

CC, "F " Company , I,.,tl.,sGat e guerrillas 58 unde r TANSIONGC O. CO EUKBALAJAP Re gt Co;-a::;lClnd Nr l.

15 Repor ted Ad j of dual FENTON- CUSEI NG 35 unit in June 1943 , Cebu . ~~y h ave been execut ed .

6 S:"leri ff , Pr ovinci a l Board 'nember,

Ex

Sam2r.

BANDOQUILLO, 2nd. Lt . Ven ancio 3AQUI AO, 3rd Lt. File:'l1on

BJu1.KI LLI AN , Lt .

B.AR.l\'ETT , f:b j . Geor ge 11:1 .

0-890389

BARR, Ma j . Hubert E .

BARRANTES, Lt. B.AR.R.ARA, J esus

BARRAZA, E .

BARRERA, J ose B.

BARRETO , 3rd Lt _ Er !~ st o B. BARRO , Ca pt .

,Adj , 77 t h Prov . Reg't , Negros Or. 79 For me r PC Sgt. , h ard wor ki nz , br ave , a nd r el i able ; n ow ser ving as Suppl;y Of f i cer f or guer rill a s a t Brooke 1s Poi nt , Pal awan .

Led .gr oup of guer rillas on Leyt e; a lia s 2 CoL FLORES . iij-as 1 st Lt . a t time of s1..'rren:ier ; 39 , 43 pr omote d s ince by VOLC iG.;;ANN . Ha,s 'Jeen a ctive with guer rillas in the.l1'ea n or t h of Sa n Ferna ndo , La Union, ,: :ince mi d-1942 ; f or me rly wi t h ENRI QUEZ guer r illa s .

Ex- USN civilian empl oyee" forme r l y wi. t l: MARKI NGS ~ now nea r I nfant a , Taya b a!3 .

Guer rilla on LeJ~e in s ~~~e r of 1943 .

Jud ge t Court First I ns t ance , l'~anila , 18 c onne cted ~~ th F . P .

Guerrilla on Le J~e Ju~y 1943 .

Ex 0 t o Yo YATAR, CC ~.f+th Combat Te am l 54 Pan ay .

Ex 0 of HAil CompElDY of BELOKCIO ! s co~ mand, ;'jindor o .

CO ( ? ) 105th Regt , Lanao~ 92

_ 110-

3APJWS , Maj . Russell BAPJllJECO , Capt . A. BliSAN, Ramon BATAAN, Francisco BATARA, Col . Ruperto BATAYONG, 1st Lt. Trinidad BATOG, Capt . Quirino BAT1JL , 3rd Lt . Felipe

-

BAuRA, Lt . Col . Olegurio

BAUTISTA, Antonio BAUTISTA , Col o Atilon2_ BAUTISTA , Capt . J eeufj BAVERIA, Capt .

BAXTER , Lt . Thomas BAYLON , T!.1a j . L-td.s

BAYLOSIS , Sgt. J o se 3.b.l'RON, Capt . Sofi a I .

BEE, 1st Sgt . Pa"Lu BELL, Nr . (or t~o.j . ) :iioy

BELLO, 2nd Lt . Ant onio BELLO, 1st Lt . J o ,'2e r:¥F .

BELONCIO , Capt. Este:Jan P .

BELONCI 0, Capt. 11.uel G- .

BERENGliER , Lt. C" BERNABE, Lt .

BERNALDEZ , 3-r d Lt . G.A. i3:ERNALES, 3rd Lt . Le opolda EZRNARDO , Col . Severino BE&~IDO, Cap t . Esteban BlTENG, nCol . " Tome BLAC KBURN, Ma j. Don3ld D.

BLANCAS , Cnpt . Victoriano BLOW, Capt . Rex , AIF

!,.a!Ze Agent f or b:NDERSOfJ in Bicole .

17 , 33 6t h MD Vbnila agent.

-:-;i th PRJ-lEGER July 1943 nnd c onta ct 40 :llan f or PRA8GER~ n 0rtll ern Luzon • .Alias f or I"i-l12 8b10 Gm;:UiGA .

MARKI NG Guerrillas .

Ex 0, 1st District }1!JJ1.A...RLIKA, LU.3 on .

3- 2, 76th Inf ~ntr y , central Negros Sector .

CO of "Bii Company , Palaw2ll Special 65 , Ba ttalion .

Present cis t o CUSHING , Cebu. Ma,i . 35,37, 38 J. A. Vi LL.h:':OR said lI not very bri ght but plenty of guts " ; was 1 st Lt . , US:.J"FE .

18 Attorney, c onne cted with F . P. , rflBnila .

Alias f or li.nsel mo GOrZA.GA .

CC 1-mder ~~RCADO , Negros Or .

One of Gi.YJR ! s relc.tives , placed by him 73 in his organization as G- 4.

Le ade r in .'lttnck on Butuan , Agusan , 95 7>!iay 1943 . Aggressi'.'8 and fe ar l ess f i ghter.

30 years old , active vei t h guerril - '70 ,78 , 79 las in n orth Negr os since 1942~ was Adj but is now D C/S , 72nd Div ani CO 74th Inf .

Arrived on Palawan fr or:l Panay with a r ms Qnd ammunition f or thePalawan ' Speci nl Batta lion .

82 CO 84th Inf, Bohol Force , 1 941+_ ~7f a2 with PRAEG3R, Fe b 1 943 , nor thern 40 Luzon .

Visi ted FEt::TOl; - CUS:urG in IIIarch 36 ,71,73 1943 a s r epr esentative of l'JIa j .

74,75,76 J. A . VILLA\;'DR . Important fig ure in south Negros gue r rilla :novement.

ECLGA liaison offic e r t o lOth Iv1Dc To Mind a nao Feb 1944 and tren r etUI:'n via Panny . _ 55 Ex 0 , 2nd 2n , 66th Combat Team , Fanay .

Guerr illa leader in ~tIind oro . Former 61 , 62 Ex 0 "Lmder ~'k j. R~'FFY and present commander of the ;:lindanao guerrillas f or the 6th ~i]) .

Mindo r o gu errilla .

62 3-2, 1 21st Regt, Z&r:1bodXlga , mid- 1 0 L:.3 .

86 In LAPBAlI:l area ;i~a y 1 941, .

On d uty wi th G-2, Bohol Force .

S- 2 , 1st 3n , 66th Combat Team , Panay .

55 Ali as for Ansel mo GONZAGA .

Ex 0 t o I NGENIERO , be gan to r eor gani ze 81,82 guerrillas after J-apanese campa ign , June 1944, Bohol.

Leader of SHal l independen t guerrilla 104 organization in Tawi Tawi area .

57th Inf , re ported first in Feb 1943 40,44

by PRAEGER 3 active i n t he central Mountain Pr ov ar ea and sector CO ther e under VOLCK>:ANN n ow .

US1~FE garrison co~~and§ r on Bohol; sur- 80 r endered to the Japanese .

Australian, was G- 2 "A" Corps , western 92 Mindanao 1943; Pi ! i esc a[:Bd f r om S nndakan . ~

- 111 -

Pag,a 23,24,25,26 Former finan ce Sergenat . Now 27 , 29,32 leading VINSONS Travelling Guerrillas.

8 Woman , or ganizer of Pulahanes, unBONbNG friendly guerrill a group on Sar~r • .Active l eader in attack on Butuan, BONILLA, Capt. .Agusan , Hay 1943.

Asst G-3, MAHliRLI K1:' , northern Luz on .

45 BONOAN, 2nd Lt. LiPertato Alias Diego SILJJJG .

10,11 Le ader of Bataan guerrillas.

BOONE, Capt . J ohri CO 3rd Sector under VOLCKl"ii.NN .

44 BORJA, Capt. Edwardo Ass istant G-2, Bohol Force .

BORJA , 1st Lt. Te oge~es Grad ua te of PMA 1940 , nm; CO , 76th 78,79 BORNliLES , Maj . Abenir Inf in Negros Occ. central sector .

0-1691, PA In northern Luzon at time of 19 , 43,78 ,79 BORROMEO, 1st Lt. Emilio surrender, was asso ciated with 0 ..1801, PA NAKAR 's 14th Inf in central Luzon in 1942. Has Sig 0 a ttached t o Fil ..

American Guerrilla troops in Manil a , J an 1944. Now G-3, 72nd Div. BOWEN, Lt. 'ivilliam Member of 26th Cav in northern Luz on 40 under VOLCKr~IANN .

AUS. On Mindanao Yiith 9lst Div, 92,93,94 BO':VLER, Lt·.Col Robert USAFFE ~t time of surrender. Escaped to hills & joined g~~ rrillas , orqa. n izing...... Bulddnon under lOth ED como· mand of Col. FERTIG. Later made CO of II A." Corps, western ?!!i r:danao; capabl.€ dnd good organizer.

Bruu~DON, Ma j. Anthony J. Attached MARKING Headquarters .

BRASILAO, Capt. Sofroni o Ad j and S-l , 3rd Combat Team, Fanay.

53 BRAZLETON, Earl With PRAEGER (26th Cavy northern Luzon. 40 BRILLANTES, r1aj. Pablo J. Ad j and 8-1 , 63rd Combat Team , Panay.

53 BRIONES, Capt.

One of E11rrQUEZ's Bn COs , captured 42 and killed.

BRovm, Ste phen Ex-motorcycle police , Manila . Ordnance Off ice I' , HUNTERS. Assertedly American officer connected BUDELL, Capt. with LAPUS, Sorsogon Prov.

101 G-3, 107th -Div 1 Davao .

BUBAY, Capt . Ramon BUL.AN , Lt. Benit o ~orked vuth Governor ADDURU in Isabela.

40 BULlili , Melito (same as above?) One of ENRIQUEZ original officers, PlIfJ.A 42 1941. Was S-1 or S-4 in the 14th Inf when ENRIQUEZ was under W.AR..iIlER as Ex O. Surrendered and now beli eved free in Is abela .

BUNDAO , Benito G~rri11a leader at Boho1 on Dumare~ Island.

12 years service wi th the PC . Has been BUNGALSO, 3rd Lt. Pablo active with the guerrillas at Brooke's Point , Pa1awan.

Mor a fr om Masiu, one of first Mor os 91 BUNTALIS, Datu in that district t o resist the Japa nese; active since.

31st Inf, escaped PW with RAMSEY; now BURNES, Cpl. Ro bert believed with ANDERSON. One of V.ALLAOJADA' s brotl;1ers (Niasbate), 57 ' BUSTAMANTE, Lt. Roland assumed name of Mar i ano AZACARRA .

BOAYES, Ma j. F., "Turko"

,

I

- C -

CABAGNOT , Lt. CAB.AlS ,- Sgt. CABAL, Geronimo

Intelligence ~ief, Cebu City, captured August 1944.

Coastwatcher , Dumnran Id, Pal awan .

Insp . Gen, HUNTERS, central Luzon •

.. 112 -

65

CABALFIN.; Maj. Epifano CABALHIN, CoL Leon Z. CABALLERO, 3rd Lt. Jose CABANGBANG, Capt. Bartolomeo CABATO, Lt. Ernesto CABILI, Capt. Tomas CABILING, Capt. Higino CABINETE " Alejandro CABON'oS, 3rd Lt. Florencio CABONOS, Juan CABRERA, Lt. Pacifico CABRERAS, Pacifico CADIAO" Capt • Silverio CADLE, Capt. Richard CAFE, Maj. Gregorio CAGNEY, Lt. Col. James CAGULE (CAPULE?) CALDERON, Capt. Marciona

CALIXTO, Guillermo CALVERT, Maj. Parker 0 ..20794 CJ\.LYER, Lt. Col. Peter D'.

0-17116, 26 Cav CAMP, 1st Lt. Francis F. CAMUA, Maj. D. J. CANARES, 1st Lt. Francisco CANON, Capt.

CAPAYAS, Maj. LM. CAPINPIN $ MaJ. Marcial C4PON, Capt. , CAPPADOCIA, Guillermo CARABAY CARliNi , Fermin CARAND.ANG, Sgt. Antonio

CARANDANG, Jose, Jr. CAR.A1'D ANG , Jose , Sr.

Page 53 19

CO, 3rd Bn, 63rd Combat Team, Panay.

Leader of Oldtimers; reckless, courageous leader of MARKING group, Riz al-Laguna; well kno~m.

54 S-3, 65th Combat Team, Panay.

17 ANDERSON's G-2 in Bulacan.

86 Bn CO, 12lst Regt., Zamboanga, mid1943 ,.

Guerrilla leader with PENDATUN in 93,94,98 Cotabato ; now in Lanao .

3 Guerrilla on Leyte in July 1943; attached to G-2, KANGLEON's Staff.

Guerrilla leader in the Capayas area, Palawan.

Asst G-2, MAHARLIKA Guerrillas.

45 Asst G-4, MAHARLIKA Guerrillas.

45 Former Sorsogon PC officer. Believed to still be with LAPUS. Leader of group ne ar Baliuag, Bulacan.

22 CC, "Kit Co, 1st Combat Team, Panay.

52 American; vath MERRILL guerrillas, Zambales Province.

G-l, 72nd Div, Negros Occidental.

78 CO Laguna Unit, FAIT, central Luzon.

Alias; HUKBALAJAP CO Nueva Ecija and tmms of north Bulacan.

CUSHING re gimental officer in south 35 CEbu; formerly 1st Lt, USAFFE; succes s or to and brother-in-law of JAKOSALElVi .

Alias; see Geronimo CABAL. West Point class of 1938; has 39,40,43,44 been active vuth guerrilla s near Baguio since mid-1942 formerly ,,-vi th ENRI QUEZ. guerrillas.

Ex to Lt. Col. MER.t'llLL, Zambales.

10

°

In Zambales va th MERRILL. 40 Former PC officer in Albay. Now 27,28,29 with Sandico" S-2 and S-3, 77th Provo .Regt., Negros 79 Oriental.

Leader of small guerrilla group in 57 SW Samar absorbed by ARTECHE. Former PC officer in Albay. Now '£1,29 Chief of Staff f or ZABAT. 54 Son of Gen. CAPINPIN, Ex 0, 65th Combat Team, Panay.

Guerrilla on Leyte ir ~ 'llY 1943.

14,15 Pre-war communist l eader, strongly pro-FilipinD, now propagandist for HUKBALAJAPS. Local political l eader and a member of the guerrillas in the Capayas area, Palawan.

Puppet Governor, Panay.

56 .

Lives at barrio Calawag, Palawan; ~s well acquainted with the island and the people ; r eported to be intelligent and thor oughly trustworthy.

Engaged in Guerrilla activities in the Calauag area , Pal awan, vuth his brothers.

Cooperates ~ith his three sons , Jose Jr. Luis, and Antoni o, in their guerrilla activities in the Ca l auag area, Palawan. \

- 113 -

CARANDt;.NG , Lui s CARBO NELLA, 1st Lt. 'Rober to CARO, Lt .

CARRE N CARRiON, Ma j . Cefer ino S .

CARREON, Fathe r F .

CARSON, Maj . Albe r t CARYAO, 2nd Lt . Juan B. CASTI GADOR , Capt . J ose L. CASTILLO ,

CASTILLO , Lt .

CASTILLO , Lt .

CASTILLO, Armando (Amad o? ) CASTILLO, Ma j . J ose CASTILLO , Capt. Laurencio CASTILLO , Mat eo del CASTILLON, Ma j . Eribe rto CASTRO, Lt. CASTRO , Ma j . Crisp ino de CASTRO, 1st Lt . Delfin S. )

CASTRO, Manue l de CATUBL.AS, 1st Lt . Pedro

CAUSING, Lt . Col. Juan CENTINO, Ma j . Cir i aco

CENTI NO, Ma j. Isabe lo CHAIVlBERLAI N, R. Co CHAPMAN , Lt . Ger ald S .

CHAVES , 3rd Lt. Diond adio CHAVES, Lt . Col. Julian CHAVES , Capt . Luis de CHECA, Capt . Gabri el CHICANO, Escul astic o CHIEH, Huang CHILDRESS, Lt . Col . Clyde

Engaged i n guerr ill a activ ities in the Cal cuag ar ee , PCtl awan , with his bro thers .

54 Ex 0 , 3rd Bn , 65t h Comba t Team , Panay .

25 O OLINqU .

Forme r j oi nt l eader with Lt in illas of ToM . B. Feder ati on Guerr Camar ines StU' . Novv \,'i th PADUA. See CURAN .

54 CO , 3rd Bn , 65th Comba t Team , Pann y., Chapl ain , Hill! 'IERS .

Amer ican attached t o MARKI NGS. 59 Ex 0 , Mo rindu que Guer ril l as .

54 .

Ad j and S-l , 64th Comba t Team , Punay , ea ar an Guerr illa le ader i n the T r adung Pal awon, i s cons ider ed trust YJOrth y t hough he has cause d a gre at deal of inte r nal disse nsion ~'i thin the guerrilla s in thi s ar ea .

With LAPDS , Sor sogon Provi nce .

Ver y good off i cer , Bn of ficer , 74th Inf near Sar avia , Ne gros Occid e ntal .

14 de l In char ge of mass or gGni zati on of HUK. APS BALAJ Me dical Officer with CUSHI NG, Cebu.

Filipi no ' in Zamboanga Ci t y a r ea wo rlcing wi th l 2lst I nf . Very r eliab le .

13 , 16 Highe st commander of HUKBALAJ [~S . .

51 IT) N 6th , er Offic ons lati Re Civil For mer A, I RELUN Col. .

Lt o t 0 now Ex Panay .

In July 1944 , 6 PAllC, pil ot s under Lt .

CASTRO r eport ed t o ESCUDERO f or duty , Sor sogon .

98 Chief of St aff , 109th Div , Bukid non .

17 , Area y ar t ili M Ball s l SON G-l, ~NDER BulocGn .

LAPUS sent in appl i cation f or commi s si on f or this man ; Sor sogon .

Early guer rillo. leade r on Cuyo; k s rerved as . En f or the 6th NID und er Haj .

MANI GQUE and l a t er und er Ma j . MUYCO. Re ported t o be r eliab le , t r ustwo rthy , and cons ci enti ous . b,7 }8 For mer cis t o KANGLE ON ; guerr i l l a . ar Sam n her l eader i n sout Wi t h gue rrill as i n No rth Leyte . Was 1 , 2 i n c ommlli~d of Bor abod , Leyte , gar r ison in May 1943 . Had other men at J ar o, Gapas , and Sant a Cruz .

1 CO of a guerr i l l a Unit . Repor ted i n Son .

1943 of ummer North Leyte in s of Ciria co CENTI NO. Cpl , USMC, active in se curing suppl i es ; 103 eva cuat ed 1943 .

USA. Code man a t r adio s t ation on Leyt e i n March 1944 .

53 S-4, 3rd Comba t Team , Ponny .

C. 55 , 53 , 51 , 50 , 47 , 46 Asst Ex 0 t o Lt . Col .

°

RELUN I A ~

Seni or of f icer PQOG , Bat angas .

54 Ex 0 , 2nd Bn , 65th Comba t Team, Panny .

6 .

Samar , Audit or , Provi ncial Board 17 illa guerr se CO , Chine se anti - J apane f orce , centr al Luz on .

Active in early history 110th Div; 95 , 96, 99 101,1 00 CO, 107th Div unti l evacu ati on J anuar y 1945 .

- 114 -

CHRISTIE, Gen .

CHYNOWETH, Gen .

CID, Ciprinno CINCO, Col. Ant onio C.

CIO -12 CI RILO , Sgt. David CLMlI N, Ca pt . Luis T. CLARI N, 1st Lt. Teodor o CLARK , Daniel

CLAUDIO , Ansel mo COBB, Alfred

COBB, Paul

GOLLADO, Lt . Pedro COLONEL, 1st Lt. Dominador CONCENGCO, 2nd Lt.

He ~Dand o

CONCEPCION , 3rd Lt . Juan C. CONCEPCION, ~ o rbert o CONFESOR, Tomas CONST /UIJTINO, 3rd Lt. Pb.t erno CONTOY , Capt.

COOPER CORDERO, Capt . Manuel C. COlliIJELIO , Maj . A. CORi\TELL, Col.

CORNELLA, 2nd Lt • Eduardo CORPIN, Capt . Cre s oncio

Page USAFFE Comdr 61st FA Div , Panay .

46 USA, US J~FE CowJandor at Cebu , captured. 34 Purportedly commis sioned FENTON and ordered him, ABEWIl'ilA and EDIWNDS ( ? ) not t o surrender due t o their antiJ apane se a ctivitios .

Ex 0 of A1t onio FRglJCISCO guerrilla 10,18 unit in Zambo.l es and conne cted with F .P .

Dis cha r ged US1~FE soldie r . Worked f or 1,4 Jo.ps as inf or mant till Jo.ps heard ho 'was a so ldier. Es cc.pod fr om them and r e ported a gucrrila l eader in north Le yte near TanQuan in s pring 1943.

Alias; s eo Fr ancis co de l os REYES .

PC , es caped from :vlindanao Qnd bc c<~me 73 one of e arly gue rrilla l eo.ders in southern Ncgros .

CO, Engr Bn , Behol Force , 1944 .

82 S-4, 3rd Bn , 63rd Combat Te D.1:1 , Panay .

53 A me stizo who f or merly owned a r anch near Puerto Prin cGsa . Wns with Dr .

N~NDOZA ' s guerrill as in the Tinabog ar ea . Hel pful t o SOBe k~e ric an ~N who esca ped fr om Puorto Princes n , Pal awan .

Nlanil o. business Ewnngcr connected wi th 18 Free Philippine s .

The COBB brot her s , Alf r ed and PO.~U , 63,64 Ame rican me st iz os o.nd cattle r an cher s on Dumar nn Isl and , wer e the first guerr illa l enders i n the Pal awan area .

Persuaded Ma j . MANI GQUE t o or gGIl ize t he member s of the PC int o 0. guer rilla unit .

Alfred kill ed Mn j . MARAlI.IDA i n June 1943 .

63,64 See discussi on ab ove . Paul is be.lievod t o have boon l ost at sen during o. · stor m whil€ go ing t o Panay. in De c 1943 .

Constabulary Pfc , gue r rilla near BQlin- 95 ga s o.g , Mis . Or .

Nati ve of Buloccn , only ju::J.ge l eft in Sulu at outbreak of war. Now JAG Sul u M e... Command .

Is civil ongineer and Ex 0 of the Engr unit of Pal awan Special Battalion.

65 8-2 of the ?al awo.n Special Battali on .

18, Conne cted vuth Free Philippines .

GQv ernor of Free Po.nay . - 46,5 6 , 57 CC , "D" Co . NJarinduque guerrillas .

59 88 Ex 0 , 115th Regt, Zambo&nga , 1944.

An Americo.n mesti zo r epo rted t o have been a ctive vrlth guerrillo. f orce s ar ound So.n Jose , Mi ndor o , in 1942.

78 S-4, 76th Inf, central Negros Se ctor.

Ex 0 , 63;rd Combat Team , Panay .

53 Former USAFFE off i cer i n command Leyt e - .

Sumar - a rG~ . Surrend er ed t o J aps .

W Lcyte Provincial Re gi ment (USAF'FE) 1,2,30 1942.

Pre sent comm.::;nder Siquij or guerrillas.

75 Wa s USj~E s oldier on Bat uan . Orgo.n 2,3 ized guerrilla unit on BilirGn I s l and.

Lat er j oined with PAMANIJiN on North Leyt o • Asst G- 3 t o KAlJlGLEON in Slll'mner 1943.

- 115 -

CORRALES , Capt . A. CORTEZ, f1a j .

CORTON , Capt . Fil omeno

COSTELLO , Primitivo CR.ANE , Copt . G" E .

CRESPO, 2nd Lt. Torribio CRISOSTOMO, Ma j. Carlos CRUZ, Gabriel CRUZ, Ma j . J. S .

CRUZ , Lt. Juan de l a CRUZ , Moses de l a CRUZ, Pasqual e

CRUZ , 1st Lt . Pedr o O. de I e.

CRUZ, Ma j Pel agi o PA CRUZ, 1st Lt . Remigi o C. CUBJiLAN CUBAS , Mn j . Alipi o CUDILL A, Capt . A. . CUENCO , Miguel

CUNJ~AN ,

Ma j. Benito (Hugo? )

CUNJ~AN ,

Capt. Hug'J (Benit o?)

CURlJViING , Ma j. Amand 0 CURl~ ,

l\~be rt

CUSHI NG, Ma j. Ch&rle s

Lt . Col . J nmes CUSHING, Mn j. \iVaI t er

C~SHI NG,

CO , 3rd Dis trict , IMJ-li:LBLI KA , central 45 Luzcn .

45 years old, Sectcr CO, ncrther'n Negr os .

For mer engineering student c~ t SillimW1 .

Guerrilla Capt . cor,mlanding the ar ea ar ound Leyte , Leyte , f or Kj~GLEON in spring 1944 . Reported pr o-American , hc. r d - wor king and cour ageous . .

Guerrilla leader en i1indor o r epcrted 61 surrendered in Sep1942 .

24th FA, ' with IViERl-ITLL , Zambcles .

10 Adj & &- 2, 1st Combat Team, Panay ; 5:! sent fr om SWPA in May 1943.

Leader of Highlnnd er s , associa ted vnth 19 JlhRKI NGS .

CiviLian liaison of f icer f or HUNTERS. CO , 111 t h Regt , Bukidn:::;n .

MORGAN appointed CO Gc nassi , Lana0 , 1943 . 94 Probably not t her e n ow .

He ad of the Chr i s ti an tribes in the Bol o Ba ttalion on the 'wes t coast of P;:;:l aVJan between Cepe Buliluyan and Alfonso XIII .

Resides at Tabud , south ern Po.l awan , tra velled with KERSON as guide and int er pre t er; knows the Pa l awan- ber ne o 1jijQter s and the no.tive dial e cts . Re ported t o be thor oughly trus t wo rthy_ 6th MD Bat aan intel age nt. cis of Af'.JDERSON' s Bdl Military Area, 17 Bula cnn .

6th MD Pamprmga intel age nt .

67 An old man , r eported t o be ment ally 8 unbcl ances ; or ga nizer of Pulahane s , unfri endly guer rilln group on SUl1ar .

CO 2nd Sector under VOLCK~ffANN .

44 59 Se nt t o f.lIarinduque by PERliliTA in 1943 .

Congr essmCin from Cebu. vVas i ,n l\Jlacr ohcm , Leyte , as of October 1943 . Was r e .. ported a s the hi gh oounsel or of Khl~GLEON and DE ~~ TERIO .

For merly CO Siqui j or guerrilla s , n01N 75,89 Hq Comdt, Hq 7th NID ; r etired fvVS gt PS .

Reportedly l eft FENTON in mid -1943 t o or ganize unit on Siquij or Island, Lc t e r attempted t o lure CUSHI NG men t o hi s orgc;nization under influence of lIftORG.i"N on Mindana o.

Early guerrilla in Lan no , now G- 2, 92 108th Div .

Es ca r;ed PW, with Al'J DERSON, Tayabas.

Br other of James . Former Luzon guerril l a ; cCiptured by J aps in June 1943 .

Wr ot e publi c appeal t o James t o f3ur r ender .

CO Cebu Ar ea Co~~a nd .

34-38J 81 Guerrilla l eader of r emnant s of t he 39 121st Inf in th e 110c08 until his capture in September 1942 .

- D -

Di\.Cll.NAY, Ma j . J aime , C. DADTJLA, D. DAEP , Mayor

G-4 , 72nd Division , Ne gros Occ .

Guerrilla on Leyte in July 1943 .

LAPUS f ollowe r; Sorsogon Pr ov o Forme r mayor of Bulacan ; loynl .

- 116 -

78

DAGclLANGIT, Datu Ka ykay DAGUNO, Lt. DALENDEG DALTON, Lt. Col . Primo DAiVlIA1\J, 1st Lt. Ave lino E. D.Al.\TGUA, Capt . Bado DANTE DAROSIN, Lt. Alberto D. DATILES, Lt. A. -Dtl.TOR, Lt . Col. Luis F. -,

DAVIS, Pvt .

DAYJiliGD AYANG

D.nnIT, Amad o DECOLONGON, Emilio J: DeGRACIA, Ma j.

DELG 1i.D0, J ose DELGO, Lt. DE wlli TERI 0 , Bernardino 'DENETERIO , Salvador K.

DI~ffiLA ,

Capt. Dinasco

DIAZ, Capt. Ma cario DILJ\.NGAL A1\T , Datu Mantil DIMALOANG , Dntu DINO, Capt. Annclet o DINO, Teodosio DIONALDO, Ma j. Luis DIONISIO, Ma j. Bart ol ome DI PATUAN , Aguam DI PUTADO, 2no Lt. Apol onia B. DIRA, Dr. Vicente DISCAYA, 3rd Lt. Ni casio DISMAL, Capt. J oaquin DOBERVICH, Mn j. M. DOMI NADO, Ma j . J unn

Mor o guerrill l oador near Tampar an , Lanao e 61 Bn Sig 0 "Lmder YL j. RLJ'FFY. Belioved t o be still vuth HUFFY , Mindor o.

For me r t ea cher at Brooke ' s Point and now a guerri lla with a good r e cor d .

WillRKI NG gue rrillaG , central Luzon.

S- 3 , 3rd Combat Team , Panay .

53 G-4 f or VOLCKi01tll\[N .

44 Ali s ; HUKB1.LAJAP CO, Bulacan and Pampnngn .

CO, 1st fviP Bn , Bohol , Ju..ne 1944 .

81 Guer r illa l eader Luuc (Jol o) sec - 102,104 t or .

Early PERALTA combat l eade r, little , he~~ rd of s i nce ; at PERALTA' s Hq. tit.s good. paper ability but no fi ghting spirit .

40 Wi th PRAEGER , Februnr y 1943 .

VI oman , l eador of HUKBiUJAJAP fi ghting 14 gr oup in Pampangn~ r ecently r eported killed.

Connected with Free Philippines .

18 Conn ected with the Po.l awan Spe ci11 Ba ttalion as Provost Inspector .

CO 2nd En, 94t h Regt, Bato , Leyt e .

4 36 Puppet governor Cebu fr om Feb 1943.

LAPUS offic er, bayonet ted t o death

by J a ps , Sor sogon .

Son of l oyal G ove rnor~ was r e siding at Maasi n , Leytc , Oct 1943.

Appoi nt ed Civil Gover nor of Leyt e by Y>.l'lNGLEON in winter 1943; r esided at Maasin . In spring 1944, WQS r eported caught by J eps and confined . KLNGLE ON a ssumed control of the Provincial Govt.

One r eport s t at es th at DEMETERIO surr ender ed t o Japs and pledsed t o support them .

Guerrill a l eader of Casp 23,24,25~26,27 Tinawagan uni t of Camarine s Sur. Guer rilla in Surigao , March 1943 .

95 Mor o , early gUerrilla l eader, 97, 98 ,99 Cot ubat o .

Guerrill u datu, a ctive i n Tampar an ar ea , Lanao .

For me rly G- 2 "An Corps , we stern rJii ndc.nao .

Under-se cret ary of National D ef o~ s8 .

Loyal ; LAPUS backe r , Sorsogon r ove One of GADORl s r e l atives pl a ced by 73 him in hi s or gicnizati on a s G-4 .

With G- 2 , 72nd Div, De cember 1943 , . Ne gros Occ i dent nl .

Sul t an s o. Ganas si, rHor o gUErrilla leader a t Ganass i , Lanao .

8-2, 75th. 1m, south Negr os Sector.

79 Seni or momber, ~rovin cial Board Samar. 6,8 LAPUS offic er, Sors ogon Pr ovince .

87 Early guerrilla l oc.der Mi sCJn is Occ. 96 Davao PW e scc.pee ; gue rrilla l eader 114th Regt, SVIigao ; evacuat ed 1943.

25 years, l aw st udent and Re s Off i cer, 79 Ex 0, 74th 1m, south Negr os Se ctor .

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Page

DOjHNADO , Maj . Ri t o

DONATO , Capt . Manuel DONGALLO , Rosauri o DOREGA, Capt. Primo DOUGLAS, Lt . Andr e-vi!

DRUMM , Father Pa trick DUGENIO, Lt . Faus t o DUMLAO, - Lt. Saturnino DURANO , Capt . Ramon

26 yea.rs.? VIas t he best off i cer in 77 , 78 the ~5th Regt under Lt . Col . AUSE JO, i s Re s PA off i cer and new Dis tri ct Fiel d Ins pe ct or ', 7th fI1D. Guerrilla l eader on MaobQt e , nas 52 ,57 ,58 , 59 Ex t o TJ.J'J SIOJ\TGCO and r ecently se t up i ndependen t gue rrilla uni t.

CO , l) Oth Regi me nt , Agusc.n Pr ovince . 95, 97 Ex- O, 2nd En , 6Jrd Combat Te am , Po.nay .

53 AC , captur ed in Baguio , Januar y 19~,4, 42 Catholic priest , Cebu City , executed 37

by FENTON. G-2, ll~t h Div, Agusan Pr ovince .

97 PMA 1944, now with !\'lANRI QUEZ , northern 42 Luz on .

FENTON ' s as sist ant G- 2$ bel ieved exe cut ed Se ptember 1943 v.i th FENTON , C8bu.

°

- E -

EDEP

Guerrill a l eader ' i n the Tar adungan ur ea , is consider ed t r t~tworthy th o~gh he has c aused some i nt ernal dissens i on within the guer rillas in t his ar ea (Pal mran ) • ..A.mer ican planter at Br ooke ' s Point , r8- 65 EDWARDS, Thomas cently evacuat ed.

ELECCION, 2nd Lt . Geminiano r.1 .Adj , 72nd Fi eld Ar t y Regt , East Ne gr os 78 Se ctor .

ELIC ANOL , 1s t Lt . Salvador S-4 , 1 st Bn~ 63r d Comba t Team, Panay .

53 ELIZALDE , J r d Lt . Emi l io For mer governme nt empl oyee . Repor t ed t o be r e liable a nd r esourceful . Acting S-4 of Pal awan Spec ial Battalion .

ELIZALDE, Don Pedro 44 year s old; SpillLi sh mestizo; pre -war work in Bureau of FinCl nce , now' Tre aBurer N~gr os I s l and. Valu~ble men , not inter ested i n polit i cnl future .

ELLSWORTH, II General 11 Edmund Supp o s ~ dl y r epl&ced Col. STR;.UGHN as 19 head of FAI T, centrcl Luzon gu.er rill as . ESCUDERO clai med "authori zation ll fr om him. Nothi ng knovm of ba ckgr ound ENCALLADO , Lt. Nichol as Early l eeder , nort h c oast La nno .

LArUS recommended f or a commi ssi on , ENCISO , Cesar Sor sogon Pr ovince.

Bn,CO, 121st Re gt mi d -1943, Zamboanga .

86 ENRI QUEZ , Lt . Al f onso ENRIQUEZ , Lt .Col. l\ll['.nuel COIDm2nd ed r emnants of 14th Inf 41 , 42,43 , 44 PA , after capt~ e of C o~ .

NAKAR . Captured in !\tlanila J nn 1944 ; later killed i n Fort Santiago .

ERASMUS, Lt. Benindicto Le ader of uni dent ifi ed guer rilla gr oup 45 in Nueva Vizcay,3..

ERNI, P'I~n j . Putricio Leader of Texans, as s ocia t ed ~~ th MARKI NGS, Cavi te Son of Governor ESCUDERO and ESCUDERO , Antoni o 28 , .31 appointed. De puty Governor of 1st Di strict , Sor sogon , by him.

Son of Governor ESCUDERO. Alle'ged ESCUDERO, Manol o .

by LAPUS t o have been 1mpl icat ea in sever al crimes .

Loyal pre - war Gover nor of ESCUDERO, Salvndcr , Gov .

18 ,23 ,24, 28 , 29 Sora ogon and l eader of .3° 131 , 32,.33 guerri l l as t her e .

0

0

- 118 -

ESPINhS, Lt . Sergi o ESPIRITU , Llaj . Roga ciano ESPLANADA, Capt .

ESQTJIRA , Capt . (sp'? ) ESTACION, Capt .

Small unit l eader associated vdth SANDICO whom LAPDS tri ed to coer ce int 0 joining vi th him.

CO 85th Inf Regt , Cebu; f earloss 37 , 38 fighter and much l iked by his men.

29 years old ; f ormerly 3rd Lt , PA. Si;nal officer in a CUSHING Regt ,Cebu.

G-3 , R~'JilISEY or gc.niz ation , cen tral Luzon .

Si lliw:m instl"uctor; was vd. th de ASIS , 73 then GADOR; pr esent a ctivities Dnlmmm .

EST.ARES, ESTEBAL, ESTIOKO, ESTORES, ESTRADA,

Le on ~Ja j. Inoce ncio Y. Capt .

3rd Lt . Felipe Capt . Fe lix

ESTRELLA, Justini ano ESTRELLA, Lt . Col . Ricardo

EUSTACIO, Vicente EV.ANGELISTA, Cassant o EXTRERA

CO HUKBALAJAP Sqn 25 , Nueva Ecija. _0 Senior off i cer PQOG , Batangas .

CC, IIF" Co , 1st Combat Team, Panay.

52 Ex 0 , "K" Co , 1st Combat Team, Panay.

52 45 years; f or mer high school t eacher, 73 Dmfiaguete , Res Officer ; early guer rilla l eader in Negr os Or; WGS Dn CO , 75th Inf; now in 7th r~1[) Hq .

HUNTER CO , Son Pedro, Tuason -Cal avan , . 21 Laguna .

Commanded East Cebu Sector and l at er 35,37 Wo.s ciS t o FENTON-CUSHING Comrnand; had FENTON exe cuted during absence of CUSHING; l at er killed . Saw action on Mindanco as a Captai n .

HUNGER CO , Tiaong - Atimonan , Tayabas.

21 On HUKBALAJ AP staff. .

15 Reported t o be Yvith lVlANRI QlJEZ in flJount ain Province , 1944 .

- F -

FABELLON, 3rd Lt . Cl u~rli o FABIA, Inocancio FAJJiRDO, Lt . R. FALL ARIA , Ma j . Inocenci o FARRE TTA, Lt . Alvin

FEINSTEI N, Aaron FELEO , Junn FELIZARDO, Lt .

FELLARME , Lt. FE~liTON , Bet ty FENTON, Lt .Col . Harry

FERMIN , Lt . Nicolas FERNANDE Z, M/Sgt. Ali'redo

.f

FERNAt:DEZ, Lt. Celso FERNANDEZ , 1st Lt . Dominador FERNANDEZ , Capt. F. FERNANDEZ , 2nd Lt. Gil

J

r

62 Bn S-3 und er JURt-lDO, Mind or o.

G-4 , HUNTERS .

21 ESCUDERO officer , Sor sogon Prov .

CC , 64t h Combat Team, Panny.

54 US mining engr fr om Baguio , with THOHP 1942 , with EUI<BALAJAPS, and then to ANDERSO; . ~~en t to Samar early 1944 and r e t~rrn ed t o fu~DERSON July 1944.

Real n[lme of Har ry FENTON, Ce bu.

CO HUKBALAJPAS ar med forces.

13 ,15 Reported "st ill on duty" , probably 43 in the Baguio ar ea , March 1944 .

Acti ve on Mindoro i n March 1943, pro bably as an intelligence officer f or the 6th MD . .

Filipina wif e of Harry FENTON .

Early dual commande r with 34,35 , 36,37,38 CUSHING; executed by ESTRELLA during CUSHING ' s absence.

Assumed name f or Isaac AZAGARRA, Mas bate guorrilla .

USAC , organized gue rrilla units at 95 Mali tbog , rVli samis Or .

Early gue rrill& l eader Zo.mboanga City.

86 S-2 , 2nd Bn , 66th Combat Team , Panay.

55 Guerrilla on Leyt e in August 1943; 3 Judge Advocate.

Former del:ttist at Cuyo . In the Medical Corps of "B" Co. Is well known, well liked , and wOD~d bo availabl e sovrce f or information concerning peopl e on Cuyo and Pal awan .

- 119 -

FERN ANDEZ, Cnpt . Ildefcnso B.

Dire ct or of Luzon intel or g~niz o. tion f or 6th fvID Mnr ch 1943 , non Ex 0 of

FERRER , Juani t o FERTIG, Col . Wendell ,.â&#x20AC;¢

FETALVERO, Mo. j .

F e li ~e

FLOR , Capt. Faustino FLOR , Capt . Julian FLORES, Lt .

FLORES, Col .

FLORES, J ose F10RES , Ma j . Le on LQ FLORES, Ma j. (rvbnuel?)

FLORES, 3rd Lt . Ser gio

FONDA , Capt. J oaquin FORT, Brig . Gen . Guy I

FORTICH , M<inuel FORTUS , Lt .

FR?INCI A, Lt . Col. Amos M. FRANCISCO, Capt .

FRj'~CISCO , Maj .

FRANCISCO, Antonio FR;~CISCO,

Protaci o

FRiJ':GISCO, Lt. PruD.8nt e Mar FREDELUCIS, Lt .

FREGINAL , Lt .

FRIVALDO, Sgt .

FRIVALDO, M/Sgt .

FUTALAN, Lt .

sarrre .

HUNTEH CO , Pasay , PQteros-Muntin5h~6a , 21 Rizal .

CO , 10th MD: has at 3 , 6,11,18,22~37 , 38 t empt ed to have 47, 69,7 2,74 , 75,76 , 83 -105 Cebu put under his commend _ .

PC , a ctive in guer rilla Dffairs, north 87 coast Lanao 1942 ; 105th Div .

24 , 25 ,26 ,27 , 29 Former ly' vlith PJJ)UA lh"li t .

NOVJ l eader of smull unit in ;l.lbay . Pre-:vJnr Cor por al , PA. For merly -with brother , Faustino . :[ITeu 26 l euder of small unit in Al bny .

LAPUS officer . Was at conf er ence "\vi th ESCUDERO , April 1944 , ns r epr esent ative .

Alias of BLili-KILLliJ{ .

Member of L.O.D . Organization , IVL--,nilo. .

22 Former Dumagucte s ch ool te acher , early 73 guer rilln l ender in southern Negr os ; now CO Hq Bn , 75th I :n f.

G-3 of ENRIQUEZ ' s staff in II/bnila .

-42 In the Medical Unit i n tl Dlt Co . at Br ooke ' s Point , PalawWl . Dis liked by some people be cnusc he Eo ld o.t a brine and ot her !1edicines believed sent f r om SijPA, 27 years; Ex 0 77th Prov ncgt , Negr os 79 Or ; SiTIiman student.

CO , USAFFE J 81st Div on 88 ,9 0 , 97 , 1 03 Mind oro before surrender .

Pre - wnr Bukidnon Asse;~,blymcn , a ss i s t ed 93 early Bukidnon guerrillas .

61 Co , officer und er Ma j . RUFFY bel ieved t o bo still with RUFFY, Mind or o.

6th MD Signnl Officer, 51 CO of HUl{B!l.LAJAP #6 Souadr clD .

16 Guerrilla on Leyte in -Aug 1943 .

3 Guerrilla l eader , Cast ille j os -San 10 iVInr cellino , Znmbnles .

Former member of PC and prE::::;ently Vii th the guerrillas in south Palawan. Lives at B; labnc . Consider ed untrustvJOrthy by local popD~a c e.

Bn S-3 end can'Tlander of UBI! Co und er 61 Nbj . RUFFY, Bc lioved t o be s till wi th RUFF Y~ Mind or o .

S-3 , 115th Regt, Zamboanga , 1944 .

58 In LaPHAM ar ec , Nuev& Ecije , rflny 1944 .

Jill ESCUDERO man , alle ged t o have beon he aten by some LAPUS men .

66 Cnmar ines Ner t e 6th ~'!ill intel agent .

LAPUS officer. Accused of crimes by ESCUDERO. ,.,

- u -

GABO , 3rd Lt . J ose GABO, Nemesi o GABO , Perfect o

Page 67

LiVes in the Tumar bong ar ea .

Former empl oyoe in the Bur onu of Lands nt Puerto Princesn ; is now vii th the guorrillas at Cnr amaY J Pal awc.n .

Has had litt l e education but has conduct ed himself merit orious ly as a guer rilla .

- 120 -

Gl!.BUTINA , NIaj. Nicholas ,

GADOR , Lt.Col. Gabriel 0 ...1 050 , PA GALAJ.iJ, Lt. GALANG, Capt.

GALANG , capt . Ricardo GALERAJ Jrd Lt . Domingo GALl A, Capt . Juan GALLARDO , Ca pt. Lot er a GALVEZ , Maj. Ceferino 0-1547, PA

GA1VlBOA, Capt . Leon GA.NABAN, Maj . Mar cus V. G.A.l'l"LAJ.iT GkRCIA, Lt .

GlLR.CIA , Capt .

GARCI A, Maj .

GARCIA, Antoni o GARC I . , Capt. Baldorr,er o R.

GARCI A, Sena t or C5rl os P .

GllRCI!\., Lt.C ol. Cirilo

GARCIA, 9-ARCIA , GARCIA, GARCI A,

Clemente Lt Emilo Lt. Enrique Jose <

GARCIA, Dr. J ose

GARCIA, Capt. P . B. GARCIA, Ca pt . Sa ntiago G AHD~'ER , 2nd Lt. 'li . J. GMi.VIA , Lt . Col. Hipol,j/to GARRUCHO, Ca pt. pe-t&i A. GAtiLAR, Ma j« r GEf USSI ON, Ca pt . Raf a el GELLADA, 2nd Lt. Leon

Guerri lla leader in Bukidnon vJi th 98, 9 9 PE NDATUN; noVi cis 106t h Div .

70,71 , 73,74 , 75 Leader of obstructionist, guerrillas in Negros Or until 76, 81 , 82 , 89 194,3 v' hen he fled to Bohol .

6th RID Bataan intel age nt .

66 Probably for mer CUSHI NG off i cer, Cebu .

Member of PHILLIPS ' p ar t y ; now \ii th 12 RAMSEY. 4 years educa tion a t Univer si t y of F-:i1 i ppines. Reported t o be ener getic and reliaWe; Palailan.

Adjuta nt , Bohol Comman4 , June 1944.

81, 82 A.C. of S. , G-4, Bohol Gorm.1and J une 1944 .

77,79 33 years ; gradua te P~!LA 1937 ; Camp iJurphy Inf School, 1 940, reg commi s s i on 1939 . Ca ptured by Japs a s 1st Lt. and placed in BC . Es caped 1 ate 1943 and is now CO , 73rd Prov .

Div. in N8gros Or .

1st Bn CO, 2nd Comba t Te am , Panay. 52 ,57,58 CO near Silayan , July 1943 ; now 72nd ' Div. FO , Negros Occ .

Possi ble correct s pelling fo r GAULJ~"R, .

88 8 - 2 , l15th Re gt, Zamboan ga , 1944 .

Under Z.A.:DAT. Was dispatched by ZAbAT 29 t o f orce ;iIIRiJ.TDA !lint:) line II , Albay .

Guerrilla l eader in central Surigao .

95 .Alia s Tony SEACOCK; vdt h ENRIQTJEZ 42,43 gue r rilla s .

2nd Lt . of the PC. Is a c ousin of 64,65 Col. , GJ:.RCIl, on Panay . As Ex 0 under Ma j. MAl'JIGqUE, he became ambitiou s , ca used dissens i on , organi zed his own unit, had c ons iderable trouble with the Americans in this a rea , and atteNpted t o get hi mse lf r.1ade CO of t he P< l awan f orces. Is now Ex 0 under Ha j .

MUYCO cmd is hi ghl y re garded by Col. PERALTA .

Pre-war Bohol 'Se nator , l oyal and v\!i t h 81 guerrill as .

CO 1 st Comba t Team on Panay ; 46 ,48,52,55 fe arless , unfriendly t o Jtmeri59 , 50 ,64 ca ns, but h ighly r egar ded as a leader.

Gue r rilla i n the Da nlig are a , Pal awan .

86 Early guerrilla l eader Zarhboanga Ci t y .

Early gue rrilla l eader Zamboanga City .

86 Guer rilla leader a r ound Bulalacao i n 61,62 1942.

• 37 years ; pre-war doctor in Dumague t e 74, 79 , val uable servi ce t o guerrill a s , now Capt. and 73rd Pr ov Div !vI0; l oyal, ene rge tic and r e lia ble .

Fil ipin:) , Asst AG, "A" Cor ps , wester n Mindanao .

CUSHING re gi menta l officer, Cebu .

31st 1nf , with I'JIERRILL " Zambales.

Pre s ent CO 105th Div .

88 S - 2 , 1st Combat Te em , Pan ay .

52 Guerri~l a l euder in the Iloc os .

45 27 years ,; Re s Officer, n ow a ssigned t o G-3, 7th ~ID Hq, Negro s .

S-2, 3rd Combat TeGm , Panny .

5.3

- 121 -

GEIVlILLJJIJ , Casiong Margari t o

GEf'HLLL~l\T,

GEMPERLE, Lt . Col . hilliam GENGulON, 2nd Lt . G. G. GENOSA, Capt . Emilio GEPTE, Lt. GERIL"FtDEZ, 1st Lt . Candide P. GERONILLA, 3rd Lt . Francisco

GHEl\TT, Geor ge GINSOf-I , Capt .

GLEW, 2nd Lt . Errold T.

GO, C&pt .

GOLEZ, GOLEZ , • GOLEZ, GOMEZ,

Capt . Erne sto P. Capt. Luis U. 1st Lt . Manuel.

Gregori a

GOlvEZ, 2nd Lt. Modesto GONZAGA, Anselmo GONZALES , Agusto GOODE, Swu GORDENKER GORDON , 1st Lt . Alexander GORLER , Lt. William GOTICO, 2nEl Lt. Napoleon GOZON, Remigia GRhSPlillIL, Lt . Col. V. IT. GRINAD OT , ~ S gt . H. C. GRINSTEAD , Lt . Cal . James GRIO, 2nd Lt . B. A. GUM! , Yik

GUJ:J.\JDAY, Nnguib GUARDIANO, 3rd Lt . Juna GU;l.RIN , Pacifico GUlili.INIA , CGpt . Maria

, GUBALLA, Capt. Macari a GUCHUICO , 1st Lt . Ricardo.

Original PUHING (?), Negros Or. Present CO PURI NO guer rillas , pr ob 71 ably brother to. PJRnC-; was pre -war ex - convict.

Sw-i ss citizen " 6th fuID (2M , new in 51 Australia .

S-3 , 3rd Bn , 63rd Cambat Tea!!1 , P&nay .

53 Ad j , 76th InS , Central Negr as Sector.

78 Wes t Point gradunte, pri saner in Fort 43 Sc.nt io.ga early 1944 . Later fre ed .

6th ' ~,~D P&ngas man i ntel agent .

67 Served 8S 1st Sgt . an Butaan . Jo.ined Dr . MENDOZA ' s unit near Puerto.

Princesn . Reported to be a goed ir,an, on Cuya 10. .

US , with 7th NID Hq, Negros .

CO sub- sect or near Bacol od , one af !FOS t a ctive cawnanders ; conscientiaus and excepti onally hanest • .Ame r ican who toak c.ctive part in guer rilla activit ies until killed by Pedr o.

PONCE DE LEON , Mayor of Cuyo, in NL::.y 1943 . Reparted t o. have been a cold bleoded murder er.

CO , sauth Luzan Chinese anti - Jap gusr -13,17 rill a f orce .

CO , 2nd Bn, 631'0. Comb&t Te&m, Fanay .

53 Ex 0, 1s t Bn , 65th Cemb&t Team , Panay .

54 S- 2, 3rd Bn , 63rd Combat Team , PanGY .

53 Chief of "Propagnndn Section" af 15 HUKBiJ.,AJAPS .

S-4 , 75th Inf , South Negros Sector .

79 At tn ched Hq HUNTERS .

21 Advisor , Hu~TERS .

One of fir st l eader 2 of 114th Regt , 95 S'L1Tigao; in cDlaboose 10th IV[) .

A~e rican .

Cited by OROBIA ns being a bandi t l eader . Now though t to. be with DIANELA , Albay Pr ov .

Formerly .with GAnOR , now with G-2, 7th 73 IIID Hq , Ne greG .

S-4 , 114th Regt, Sl:iTigc.o ; Australie,n .

97 S-2 , 1st Bn , 63rd C o~ba t Team , PanGY .

53 Junior Officer, Hu~TERS Hq, Rizal; colle ge 1942 .

CO , 66th Cambat Te ~n , P&nny .

50 ,55 40 With PRAEGER, Feb 1943 .

CO, l09th Div. , Bukidnan .

94 S-4 , 2nd Bn , 63rd Combat Team , Panny .

53 Chinese mestizo, f er mer m&yor of 14,15 Arayat , Pampanga .

Pre - war mayor ef i\1s1ab&ng " Lanao , 91 active with guerrill as .

Is a gr adunte of Fer Eastern University .

Acting FinancG Officer of Palawx~ Special Battali an .

Pre-war meyor of Jubnn; 10YtAl .

48 , 60 Dyed in waol palitician concerned "~ th per sonal gl ory, cl ose friend t o CirHo GARCIA; WQS CO af Rom blons guerrillas , present assignment uncertain .

PC , guerrilla l eader i78stern Cotabet o .

98 For mer district Surgean , 5th MD . 1m3 wi t h LAPUS. Se nt to I.e yte Gnd never heard fr om again .

- 122 -

GE!VIILL!-J.'I , Casiong GEfULL L'l.N , Margari t o GEMPERLE, Lt . Col. hilliam GENGUYON , 2nd Lt . G.G. GENOS i" Capt . Emil io GE PTE , Lt .

GERJLt1.DEZ, 1st Lt . Candide P. GERONILLA, 3rd Lt . Fr an ci s co

GHENT , George GINSOI1 , Capt .

GLEW , 2nd Lt . Err old T.

GOy Cupt .

GOLEZ, GOLEZ, • GOLEZ y GOMEZ,

Capt . Ernesto P. Capt. Luis Do 1st Lt . M&nuel.

Gr egori o

GOI~:E Z, 2nd Lt. Modest o GONZAGA y Ansel mo GONZALES y Agust o GOODE y S81l

GORDENKER GORDON, 1st Lt . Alexander GORLER, Lt . William GOTICO , 2nd Lt. Napol eon GOZON , Remi gi o GRASPARIL, Lt . CoL V.V .

GRI NAD OT, ~ S gt . H. C. GRINSTEAD , Lt . Col . James GRI O, 2nd Lt . B. A. GUAr , Yi k GUJJ\JDAY, Naguib GUARDIANO, 3rd Lt . Juna GU;lRIN , Pacifico GUlillINI A, CGpt . Mar io

, GUBALLAy Capt. Macari o GUCHUICO , 1 st Lt . Ricardo

Original PDrtI NG (?), Negr os Or .

Pres ent CO PURING guer rillas , pr ob71 ably brother to PJRn:::-; was pr e -war ex - convict.

S W-lSS citizen " 6th rvlD Cl~:l , now i n 51 Aust ralia .

S-3 , 3rd Bn , 63r d Combat Team , PLnay o 53 Adj , 76th 1m , Centr al Negros Sectcr .

78 Wes t Poi nt gr adua te , pri soner i n Fort 43 S&nt iago eGrly 1944 . Lo. t er freed .

6th · 1 :D P&ngas inan i nt el c.gent .

67 Served as 1st Sgt . on B~ t aan . J~ined Dr . ;·,jENDOZAI s unit ne ar Puerto Prince sa . Reported t o be a good lHlll, on Cuyo Id .

US , with 7th NlD Hq , Ne gr os .

CO su b- sector near Bo. col od , one of mos t a ctive commanders ; cons cient ious c.nd excepti onally honest . iD2e r ican who t ook active part i n guer ri11Et activities until killed by Pedr o PONCE DE LEON, Mayor of Cuyo, i n M.::y 1943 . Reported t o hc.ve been 0. col dbl ooded murder er.

CO , sout h Luzon Chi nese anti - Jap guer -13,17 rill e f or ce .

CO , 2nd Bn, 63r d Combat Team , Fanay .

53 Ex 0, 1s t Bn , 65th Combat Teo.m , Panny .

54 S-2, 3rd Bn , 63rd Ccmbnt Team , Pancy .

53 Chief of "Propagnnd a Secti on" of 15 HUKB.h1AJAPS .

S-4, 75th 1m , Sout h Negr os Se ct or.

79 At to. ched Hq HUNTERS .

21 Advi s or , Hu~TERS .

One of f i r s t l eaders of 114t h Regt y 95 Surigao; in cGl nboose lOth MD. Ame ri can . Ci t ed by OROBIA as bei ng a band i t l ender . Now t hought t o be wi th DIANELA, Albay Pr ov .

Formerly with GtillOR, now with G-2, 7t h 73 MD Hq , Negr os .

S-4, 114th Regt, S L~ igGo; Australien .

97 S- 2, 1st Bn , 63rd COP.1ba t Team , Po.nGY .

53 Junior Offi cer, HUNTERS Hq , Rizal ; colle ge 1942 .

CO , 66th Combnt Te wn , Penay .

50 ,55 With PRL'~GER , Fep 1943 .

40 CO , l09th Di v. , Bukidnon.

94 S-4 , 2nd Bn , 63rd Combat Team , Panay .

53 Chinese mestizo, f or mer mayor of 14,15 Araynt , Pampanga .

Pr e- vwr mnyor of Mo.l ;::bang, Lanao , 91 active vvith guerrillas .

I s a gr aduat e of Fc:.r Ee.s t er n Uni ver 3i t y .

Acting FinancG Officer of Pal aw~0 Speci al Bat t alion .

Pr e - war mayor of Juban; l OYG1.

Dyed in wool politician concer ned 48 , 60 ~~th per sonal gl or y , cl ose fri end t o Ci r ilo Gl-lRCIA; vms CO of Rombl ons guerrill as , present as signment u.I1c ert[lin .

PC , guerrill a l eo.der wester n Cot abo.t o.

98 For mer distri ct Surgeon , 5th MD. ~i2.S with LAPUS . Sent t o Le yte end nev:er heard fr om ngain .

- 122 -

Guerri lla l eader in Caran onDwllaran Is l and.

Nueva Vi zcaya 6th BID intel agent.

GUERt"LtA , Pvt .

Al i o.s; See BORIi.m.'iEO , Lt . Col. Emilio .

GIJERRERO Jr Officer, H1J1~TE rtS Hq ROTC at J ose GUEIiRERO ~ Honorio Rizo.l College 1942 .

38 year s ; Hes Officer nOVi G-3 , 73rd GUILLANO , Capt. J ose Prov Div, Negros Or .

Native of Po.QPo.nga , half brot her of GULIGADO , 3rd Lt. Engracio SUAREZ . Now CO part Sulu Ar ea Com.. mand and authenticates Emer gency Currency , Fr ee Su~u .

Puppet com;.-:d.s sion6r of Vis ayas .

GULLAS , Paulino I mpo rtant i n LAPU3 un it , Sor sogon Yro v .

GUTIERREZ , 2nd Lt . Augus t o GUZi\lAl.\T, 2nd Lt. Fort t1l1ut , Jr. lr _2, IVlA.B A.."RLI KA guer r i llas , Guer rilla leader i n Pango.sinnn .

GUZMAN , Jose de GUEC O, J ose

66 19 79

45 22

- H HABAC ~N , Capt. -Eus ebio HABLERO , 1s t Lt . L. HAGGERTY , Father

HAGONOS , Capt. Zeile FALE , Ma j. Ber nar d HAMID , Capt.

HAiVlNER, Capt • J or dan A.

HAi\J10Y, Lt . Francisco S. HMifSE:t< , Capt, HARATIK , Lt . Ant on Hb'WER, M/Sgt. Benj amin HASIM, Carl os HAWKINS, Ma j . Jack HEDGES , Lt. Col. Char le s HElVIINGlfIA.Y, Lt. TrUi11.Em, Jr.

HENDERSON HENDRICKSON , Pf c Albert S. HERMOSURA , Lor enz o

HEftNANDEZ , Capt.

11ERN At'JDEZ , 3rd Lt. Alfr edo

Off i cer courier t o ~flind a nao f or CUShI NG. CC , li B" Co , 1st \.lombat Team , Panay .

52 Rector o.t the At eneo dB Cago.yan bef or e 93 the war, of gr eat as sistance to guer ri l las, r ecently eva ct~t ed for hospi talizGt:i.on .

81 CO, 2nd Bn , Bohol Force , June 1944 .

CO , 88t h Inf Regt; Amer i can mes 35,37 , 38 t iz o about 29 year s old. Good l eader and well l i ked .

Mor o, Ex 0 , 12l s t Regt , Z ai"nbo anga ~ mid - 86 1943.

Vlent t o Aus t r alia fr om Mindanao wi t h 84 ,103 C•M. mUTE i n 1942 ) r eturned t o Tmvi Tawi in 1943, evacunted early 1944 t o Australia .

Guerri lla CO, Dapitan , Z c~ b oanga are a early 1943 .

Guerrilla at Surigao 114th Re gt .

CO, 112th Pr ov Bn, Aguslm .

96 1 100 , 101 Member of PHILLIPS I par ty ; wit h EAFSEY 12 ne ar Manil a .

Ali as; leader of HUKBALAJAP or gunizati on in Laguna <rJr 12) near San Antonio .

Dava o PW es capee, guer r illa l eader l 14t h 96 Regt, Surigao; e va cQ~ ted 1943 .

CO , 108th Div, Lanao .

85 , 91, 92 From Ve r mont ; bel onged t o 14th Bomb 3 Sq , 19t h Gr oup. Member of ~l!ind i:mao guerri lla f orces in 1943 . Reported acting v-n.th ST JOHN at r adio stD.t ion in Leyte , March 1944 .

Ame r ican Negr o mestizc and guerri lL:t le ader in t he Li l i an ar ea , Pal awnn .

Si g C, LAPH M~ guerrilla l eader we st ern 10 To.r l ac early 1944; as sume d r ank Co_pt .

Member of the FC and connected \ill. th Lt .

TUfilBAGA at Br ooke ' s Poi nt. Ac Cl.1S ed of l ooting and abusing his conne ction wit h the Army .

For mer guer rill a le ader, possibl y of C:-,mar ines Nor te . liIould not joi n ZABAT. Sai d t o have been executed by Japs .

CO of Engr Cor ps, ?al awan Speci al Bn; r e ported t o be ener ge t ic end dependable .

- 123 -

HICKOK , Sgt . Ch[.,rle s HILSNitJ , Col .

HINOL~T , 1s t Lt. Roberto UINTO , Sgt .

HIPE , Leo

HITALIA, Lt, HOeSCN ~ H. J .

HOFER, Lt. HOLLERO , i\fIc; j. Ben j aTl'in HONTANOS.AS, Gov . Ag8.pi to HONTIVEROS , C&pt . A1ej2ndr o HONASAL\f , 1st Lt . Romeo HORAN , Col . John P. HORTILLOSA , Capt . Cir ilo HUA , Chai Chian HUBILLA , Rafae l HUEVOS, P..ncl.r es HUNT, Sgt. Ray C., Jr .

HUSSIN , Lt .

CO USA , or ganized 8arly rJIo.r induque guer / / r ill as ; since 8vacu'. t ed .

USAFFE c ornnender a t Fabric.:.:. , Negr os 69 , 70 Occ ; surr ender ed .

S - 2 , 2nd Combe t Tecm , Pancy .

52 In LAPUS' unit . Emi ssar y of LAPUS .

30 LAPUS has applied for c c ommis sion f or this 8an .

Filipino , Vi,-tS G-2 t o FERTIG in 1943.

Not PGrticu~Qrl y v:ell educated , used primar i ly in c ompiling r eports. Did good j ob in c:::mfused period f oll ovd.ng J ep at t a ck on IVlis&mis , June 1 943 .

F~iT on Luzon :md l c t e r r e l eased.

Adj , 115th Regt, Zamb oangu , 1944.

67 JUias f 8r Cupt . I . FERN A.NDE Z. Swis s Fil ipino , guerri lla on s outh CCo.st Lo.nn o.

77 42 y ear s, G- 4 , Distr ict Hq 7th r/iD; r e ported h ear ding medicul supplies r e c eived fr om .s::~PA .

80 Pre - wD.r governor C\nd puppet governor of Bohol .

CO , Intel Echelon , nnd Comba t Team , 50,52 , 66 Pnnay .

S- 2 with LAPUS unit in Scr sogon .

Post C o~~n nde r of 43rd Infantry , Luz on , 40 surr ende r ed in Mny 1942 (?) .

Ex 0 , 3rd Bn, 66th Combat Team , Panay .

55 Vi ce CO Chinese anti - J apanese guerrillc. 17 f or ce .

Pr ominent LAPUS synpathlzer , Sor 8ogon .

Prominent LAPUS sylYlpa thi zer, Qllegeclly sh ot by ESCUDERO's men .

21st Pursuit Sqn ; r eported firs t 1942 10 then in eQrly 191..4 wI th LAPHAiVi guer ... r illas . AS ~unlG d Tank Capt .

1 s t Bn, S UbIan , Sulu .

1011- ~

- I

I BlililEZ , Capt .

HqAO , Lt . Abdulrchim nmANAN; Lt. I NF ANTE, Capt . Melchor

I NGENIERO , Ma j. Ismael P .

INGLES, Gustavo I NSERTO , 2nd Lt. S8.ncho Y. INTENGih"J, Lt . Col. Rome 0 A. 0-1537 , PA IROQUIN, (IRUGUIN? ) Col. ITUM, 3rd Lt . Pujavva

-

CO of mTKBALAJAP #22 Squadr on .

Mor o guerrilln leader Zan:bonnga 8 6,102,104 City , l a t er guerrilla l eader in Sulu.

1 s t Bn , Suba Lus on , Tawi Tawi.

Ad j, 74th Inf, Northwec? t Negr os Se ctor. 78- Commander, Bohol Ar ea Command .

72,80 - 82 Ex-HE1\. , Ad j utant of HlINTERS .

20 Adj and S-2 , 2nd Combat Teem , Po.nay .

52 30 years; gr aduate UP 1 936; went t o 77,78 s pecial a r my school in BaglJio; permanent commission in 1939. N01jl Distr ict Finance Officer , 7th ll:ID .

22 CO Cnr monD. - BacoJ" a r eD. , C~lVi te .

On duty , 1 5th Bn , Sulu Area COimnund , former school teacher o.nd ROTC gr adua t e ; f or mer S- 2 , l25th Inf (S u~u ) .

- J -

JABELOSA, ~Haj . Mar tin J·ADIIE, Mn j. Alf onso JAI N, Maj . Porf i ri o E .

G-4 to KANGLEON in August 1943, Ley-te .

CO, 97th Inf in easter n Swnnr; f or mer Const abular y office ro Guerrilla on Leyte in August 1 943 .

- 124 -

.3 5 3

J AKARI A, Abukako.

J AKOSALEM, Lt . Col. LlU S J ALA1"JDO - ON, Ma j . MG nuel G. J .ALDON~ Me j . MG-nue l D4 J Ai'i]lLA, Ca pt . Se r gi o J AiVIYUI.JWER, Lt . J W lD J A!V]ORll., Co.pt . Ire nn 0 F .

J AliJTZEN, Arno P .

J AYME , IV!n j. Alf onso JELLESON, Cpl o JElYOZA, Co.pt .

JIMENEZ , Cr.:pt .

JI ZMUNDO , Cnpt . Je su,~ M. JOHNSON, Fr ed J OENSON, Lt . Will i niTt J OLKIPLI ~ Dctu No.rr azid JONIALESA, Yflo. j . J OS8 J 01TES, Co.pt. EdBond JO~~S, Gen . E . R. J ONSON, Lt . Tiburc i o JORNALES ~

Victor

J OSE , Pacif ico J UlU\f , Sgt . Antoni o JUMADIL~ Lt .

JUNTILLA , Ca pt. Alipio !Vi .

JURADO , Lt . Col. Eirr-ioue L .

JURAO, 1 st Lt . A. P .

Guer rill a l oader r ep crted surr ender ed in Sc p t cBbe r 1943 , [,jjindor o .

F or me r CO of scuth Ce bu unde r CUShI NG. 35 CQptured by J a ps in Nby 1943 and induced into mGk i ng pr o - J o.p o.ppe o.l s .

Wo.s CO of 7 2nd Engr Cor ps trying t o 79 ir.lpr ove i t. N()w CO of the Nor theo.st Ne gr ()s Se ct or.

Guerrill a l eader Tubur a n , La nao , 86 1 87 , 93 J lm 1 943 a nd CO 1 21 st Regt , ZCJlbo 6.ngc. , May 1 943 .

Finance Officer , Boh ol Cor..rlcnd, J une 44. fl In Pn.ngasinnn , c[l pture d June 1 91+3 .

S - 2 , 6 5th Combut TeGT:l. , Panuy .

54 DGnish , C1T:~ol oye e Insular LUlllber Co , Fdbric :.1 Ne gr os Occi de nt cl .

3 G- 3 t o KlINGLEON in Aug 1943 , Ley te .

31 s t 1m , in LAPI-IAi·! cor:!r.1und .

Negr o s gue r r illa who a t t empt ed t o hind e r CUSHING fr om r eachi ng VILLk"10R in Augus t 1 943.

CUSHI NG finance off i ce r, Cebu .

55 CO, 2nd Bn , 66th COJnba t Te c,m , PnnCiY .

Al:le r i c nn me stizo i n Cot a ba t o .

Guer rill a l eC',de r Gnd intel ligen ce office r SW D6.vD.o Gu~f .

Mos t inf luent i al Mer o le uder in 65 ;3outher n Pni mi:::n .

78 F a bricoj j oined gUBr ril l as in n orthe rn Ne gr os . Ad j , 7 2nd Div .

10 Wi th MERRILL in Za mbal e s .

I AssuJned nDHe l.1Sed by :·l~.:. j . Ed wi n P .

CO 93rd tl FA1t in n orthe rn S,-unaT j for r'le r 5 Cons t a bula ry of fice r.

Silliman st ud ent~ j oined AUSEJO in 73 mid-1942 , Ncgros Or .

G-l , HUNTERS .

21 Gue rrilla vn i t corrnl"o.nde r on Le y t e .

Guer rillc. l eader in 3r d Bn , I pil , J ol o < 1 04 MORGPJIT a ss ocia t e in BvJddnon ear l y 1 94 3 . Pr e s e nt a ctivitie s un ce rtain .

F or ner off i ce r of the PI Of f 48 , 50 , 59 Sb or e Pat r of . Now Qcting a s 60 , 6 2 , 66 i ntel s uper visor and Gctv.<::l gue r r i ll a commarri e r of Mindor o f or PERALTA. S - 3 , 1 s t Bn , 63r d Conb a t Teom , Pana y .

53

- K KADuA.I7ERO , Pr oce s o

KADEL , Capt . R. C. I<_4LAW, 7.bj . Bus r o.n KANGLEOF , Col . Rupsrto K. KJ-\.Y1iNAN, Ma j . Cor s ino C.

Pr ov incial Audi t or of 9t h illl]). Emc r g8n cy Curre ncy Board . Appoint ed Pr ov o Tr8asure r by KANGLEON in wi n t e r 1 91,3 .

Or dna nce , wi t h ~ERP~L L , Zambal es .

91 Mor o , ear l y guerr ill a l e ader i n Lun ac , ass ocia t e of MORG t':tN, now CO 126t h Re gt .

CO, Lc yte Are u Coamnnd .

1 - 5 , 6 , 7 ,48 Left ABCEDE t o j oin GLDOR ,; was 73 , 81 GiillOR Rc gt CO ne a r Tanj ay a nd 10. t or f led t o Boh ol 1!Vi th GADOR l Oth Sig Se r Cc j in IJiPHJJVl a r e a mid 1944 .

0

KERLY, Lt .

- 1 25 -

KERSON, Vens T.

KHODR , Capt . Khal il KI ERULF, C. KI R.i:J1 , Lt .

KI RUQ , Sultan JamahD. KITCHO Kl\TORTZ, Capt . WillieT:1.

KO , Capt o KUDER , Mr . Ed vlTar d

~p, .

KilOK , Lt . Albert I. N.

l,:r:rer i can Viho or gGnized guerrill as and civil goverK.ont at Brooke I s Fa i nt . Later r E,'- oved because of Filipino desi r e to run the show .

Ha s been evacuat ed s in ce.

CO of t he 113th Re gt. Lr ea , .hguSc.n .

95 , 97 Guer rilla on Leyte in July 1943 .

Guer rille leuder in 3r d Bn, Lur:lapid 104 marsh , Jol o .

102 S~ut an , Borne o ~ Bulu ; di ed 1936 .

Local pol itical and guerr ill a leader in the Ri zal ar ee , Pal ewan .

Leuder in 113th Regt , d r o~{ned Sep 95,96 1943 .

On HUEBt';.LAJ i:..P St aff .

Pr omi nent Mor o educat or , as s i s ted 86 , 91 , 92 gue r rilla s as Civil Adwinis t r et or , Lenao , lmt ~l eve cu ted in l et e 1943 .

104 ,105 Or gani zer and leader of Chinese guerrilla bo.nd in Je sselton , North Bor neo . Killed 1944 .

- L -

LABIN.ADO, 1st Lt . Teodor ico LACS ;Ji!1uIJA, 1s t Lt . Federico LAGAEIT, L AG(:~ ,

~lja j .

Francis co

Lfi.GI DAB, D&tu

LAGROZA, 3rd Lt . DOnt:'.w LAGU1JillIli, 1st Lt . Alberto LAMONTE, Lt .

LJ~TG , Lt . Gordon A.

LtiO LAONG, 3rd Lt . Pc.uli no -::'LAPR.4.M , Capt . Robert B. 0- 379114 , Cav L.t;PLAP, Ma -1 • L AP1~ A , Capt . Gavino

Int el 0 , Tc.bl as Is land , Feb 1944 .

Na tive of Le Uni on ~nd gr aduEte Santo Tomas Medical School . NoVJ CO , ffle dical Co ., Su1 u j:"r ee Command .

CO , 86th Regt, Bohol Ar ea Command , De c 82 1944 .

Local pol itical l eeder end guer rilla in Car &r1ay , Pal m-mn .

Mor o f rom Gc.nes ci , power behind the 91 throne t ype , ve r y r eliable .

Filipino , 26 ye ars old, i ntelligent and dischar ged dutie s to best of ability, but limited by l ack of experience . j:~D S AG , 10t h MD (wi t h FERTIG) 1943.

FOTlY'er school t ea cher ; r eported t o be hurd workin g , depend able , and r e20DI ce flU 9 Pnl awen .

6th MD Abr a agent.

67 I l O C OG 6th M D intel agent .

66 U.s . Ncvy man fr om Cebu y was guer rill a 1 Capt . on Leyte Yvi th KL.NGLEON . In Mar ch 1944 vms r eported ns Suppl y Offi cer f or KtJ\TGLEON. See M,."ivlfJU NTA. Has 11 ye'}rs service as rr;ember of PC; ha s shovvn except icme1 courage .

Pal awan gue ~r il l a s .

Guerrill a l e2der in Panga sinan , 9 ,10 , 43,44 Nuevo. Ec ij a .

CO (?) 109t h Regt , :£isC):lis Or .

94 Signal Of fice r. Bohol Gomrrand , JlIDO 81 194/+ •

LAPUS , Ma j . Licer io LAPUS, Maj . Ismael .Rh , Hilar i o L.A LllREZA , Capt . Luis

For merly PC hend in Sor - 23 , 24 , 26 ~ 27 , 28 , 29 s a gon . Now l eader of 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 58 , 66 uni t in .Albi.:y :lnd Sor s egon .

Contc ct in Manila and vici ni t y f or 22 Pre s . Que zon ' s Ovffi Guerri l las .

14 See LAVli, Frencisco .

For mer QM of f icer , FA ; Ex 0 t o LAPUS, Sors ogon o

- 126 -

42 yea r s ; Lt . PA Re s; t ea che r at Guihv~ ngan , s urren de r ed a nd escap ed .

G- l , Distr i ct Hq , 7 th l'JID .

Vias secr eta ry t o Guingona , good man and LASANG, Salva dor Im ows hew t o keep mcuth s hut , As s t A.C. of S . , G- 2 , 1 0t h IVlD , Oct 1944 .

Seni or off i cer, PQOG , Batan gas .

LASAT , Capt . Faust mo 86 Ea rly guer rilla le-ade r 115th Re gt, LASOL A, I\ila j .

ZambrJa nga .

45 nd of lmits in t he vicin ity cf Comma .

Capt LASSO, Pasuq uin, Iloco s Nor te.

Guer ril la datu , ac tive in Tampa r an ar e a , LASUB , I man Lan ao . l y guer rilla l eader Davao Pr ov 979 1 00, 101 Claro .

Ear Col LAURETA, Lt . n ow CO , 1 07th Di v .

15 id t o have or g nized HUKBALAJA?S .

Sa LAVA , Franc i sco HUKBALAJ AP Pol i ti cal Dir e ctor , BlUa c 2L LAVA, Dr . Jesus Provi n ce.

61 rilla le ader r epc:rted s urrende r ed Guer LAUTERIO , J ulio in Se p 1 9L!-3 , Mindor o 80 ited guerr ill a news p&pe r on Bohol .

Ed LAVILLES , Atty G. 86 , .

Pr e - war Prov Treas urer , lVIis amis Oc e LAYA, Ubal d o D. . advi sing FERTIG on c i vil ma t t er s 52 1 s t C o~ bat Team, Panay .

S-4, LAYO , Ca pt . J os e Seni or Off:i_ cer , PQOG, Bat angas .

LAYOG, Lt . Col. Basil i o 87 , 88 GO , 1 21st Regt . , Zamboanga Ci t y .

LECOUVRE , Lt . Dona ld o. i ad r Br ot he r t o above , on d uty 10th LID LECOUVRE , Lt . Leon ard .

Hiding weste r n Zamba le s early 1944 LEEDS, \'JO J â&#x20AC;¢ 27,29 r s mall uni t l eader . NOT, G- 3 Forme LELI S , I,nD. j . f or ZABAT .

35 4 c 8mbi ned FENTOrJ'- CUSEI NG cOIllma nd , GLEON, Ca pt. de Cebu . , 11 CO v"es t e r n Nuevo. Ecij e. , ECLGA .

LEON, Diosc or ode of , puppe t Gove rnor LEON, Lt . Fr a ncisc o Pon ce de Relat i ve of FERl\T[-\lIJDEZ pa ne se , a nd Lm cle a J he t under m'lan Pal , IiIay or of Cuyo .

LEm~ e d Ponce o r Ped of b or at ed wi t h colla have o t cted pe sus Is pa r t of 1942. early he t in e s apane J the as a t t he, rill guer the o int n ake t r e La t .

A GA.RCI . pt Ca of ce en in s is t 15 in command of HUKBALAJAP , 2nd Reg 2nd de ose J Cel. LEON, . land Com i on[ll or of euyo . Re por t s &r e c onfli ct i n g 64 Llciy de Ponce o Pedr , LEQJ\' as t o hi s a tt i t ude t oward s Arre r i c&Ds .

Ac cused of murde ring Lt . GLEW. Pr omine nt civil ian i n Bukid non , &s sist ed 93 LEUTEHIO, Vicen te ear l y Bt~idnon g uerrillas .

81 Engine e r , Bohol Co~~a nd, June 1944 .

LIGllli , Lt . Me l ani o .

1944 March n i o or lJlind in Inte l 0 a ctive LI M, Lt . A. ~~ ob abl y under Lt . Col . J URADO .

1 05 O~ the J es sel ton y Bo rneo , guer rilla .

Z SUARE h t wi ct onta c tmi t ; has 5 98 th Ini' in 1TN Sama r ; f orme r CO o an Mari Capt. . LP"! , cher. school t ea s vvi th t he PC 9 d es cr ibed a s year 9 urino Ta .

Lt 31'0.

LIM, be i ng Cl good l eade r ; Pal awan guerr illas .

Has assuI!1ed t he name of Col. Elliot P .

LI N, Ge n . Vi cen t e 19 ELLS1mRTH ( ? ) , 92 ' , 86 of t wes 8&o.er 1 rilla Early guer LI MENA , Ma j . Ange l es . is i\(Jisam de Cagay an 45 G- l, MA.BARLIKA gue r rill as .

Asst Jr. , Angel .

Lt 2nd , O LDIfIOC 17 , Area y nr t ili M l Bal s I N PA; G-4 Al'WERSO LI NDAYAG, Cb.pt . Di cnici o , Bul a can .

43 ng with ENRI QUE Z in centr al Worki R. LI SI NG, Luzon .

LAROT, Capt . Grego ri c:

<

... 1 2'7 -

EOg§

'71 Repor ted a tt '::lched t o LRING guerr ill& LISO]llDRA y entit id er furth uni t, Negr os Or, 1LTlknmm .

Re gt CO . ~ Locc.t ed Il oc08 J end is ut the 42 LIZ~RDO, Lt. Col. CIQro same t ime the distr ict BC inspe ct or.

Manil a , attc. ched ECLGA . Of 1,7ed thy LLANEZA , Lt. E. Flbnil a f ernily ; ex- PIiMi. 28 Form.e r PC of fice r. NOV7 G- 2 of Z.AB iiT I ;:; LLENARIZAS , Ma j. A. P. unit , Sorsogon.

13ubst cmti al business man in Lc.mc.o , dor .Most Sc.lva T n essma Congr , LLUCH loyal t o USFIP , Civil Affc.i r s Dir e ctor , succe eding KUDER .

Impor tant offic er on L.APUS ' staff .

LOMERO, Capt. Ant onio Acc used of murder of ESCUDERO man

by ESCUDERO .

99 abnto guerr illa.

Cot A. , CK LONTO .

54 Panay Ex OJ ~4th Combat Team , LOPEZ J Ma j. Tomas C .

19440 Mar CO , Sibuy an 10. guerr il bs LOZADA J 3rd Lt. Arcad io 79 , 75th 1nf, Sout h Negr os Se ctor . e CO Felip . j rJb TON, LUBA .

45 llecs G-1, MiiHARLIKA guerr i LUCERO, Capt . Aure lio .

104 Tava Tatri Leade r 1st Bn , Languyon , LUDUM , Lt . A. HlINTER leade r , centr al Luzon .

1942; j. iVi!} L1JNA, Medical offic er vd th CUSHING , Cebu .

L m~A J Maj . Manue l 95 CO 110th Regt , Bnlin gnsag , IViay 1943.

LUZ , Capt.

- M -

MLABUFGA , Capt . Pedr o ~rJ,-CA ,

Eugen i o

MACOLOR , 2nd Lt . Simeon

f.!lAGALLANES , Isidr o

r~GLAYA J Ma j . Fr oi1an MAGSAKAY, Co.pt.

MAGT Al'JGOL, Col. Torry

MABINAY , Mn j. Ruper to ~I!.A1C AI'(JPO, Lt. Gerar do MALE J Capt . Domin go R. MALIC UDIO , 3rd Lt . Mari ano Nli~LI W ANAG , Cnpt. M, ·tin A. !VIAMA , Lt .

MAl\llAJUL , 3rd Lt • .Art ero MAMAR1NTA , Capt. (LAO'?)

IVlANALANG, Lt . 01 impi o '!'1JAl"JALO , Lt. Col. Gr:egorio

MA1~ALO,

Lt . Pe dro

Pangns inan gUErr illa leade r, captux8d June 1943 .

61 Gue:cr i1l a le r der r e ported s urrender ed in Sep 1943; Mi nd or o.

Ex 0 , "C" Co , Pal avmn Spe cial Batta lion . 63 Gr oduat e of UP a s mining e ngine er.

Regnr ded as one of the bette r offi cers on Pa1awan .

45 Guer rilla of fi cer under Gov . ABLA1\T; captu red in Apr il 1943 .

Appoint ed Cler k of Court of 1 st Inst ance by K~BLEON in 1943 .

Membe r of t he goo r rillGs in the CQpnyas ar e!} , Po. l Gwan .

44 G-l fo r VOLCKffiANN , North ern Luzon .

99 Cot abnto guerr ill a .

20 Alia s, nssumed name of l ender of .

HUNTERS (See lillEVOSO, Eleut erio) For mer CO of Nor theas t Cebu Sect or .

86 Earl y ~ue rrill a leo.de r , Zamboo.ngc. City.

54 S-2 J 64th Comba t Team, Panay .

55 .

8-2, 3rd Bn , 66th Comba t Tec.m , Panay 81 1944.

Ex 0, 1st Bn , Boho1 Comma nd , June 86 Mor o guerr illa offic ial under ~LARCON , Zamb oanga .

59 CC , "A" Co , MGrind uque guerr illas . h Repo rted t o have had a good deal wit bring ing Lnnao Mor os into 108th Div command . and Ad l , 1 st MP Bn , Bohol COIl1ffia nd , Ex Jurl(j .1944 .

Leade r of c onst o.bula ry r emnan ts a cti ve 39,43 .

Nueva Viz caya und er E11RIQUEZ in 1943; r eport--cd c'}ptu red in Manil a in ear ly 1944.

Lt . on int e l dutie s under Lt . Col. J URlillO , 1944, r'1 indor o.

°

- 128 -

MJ1...NAPSAL, Lt. M.Al\TARUNDUNG 1 Datu Kc.li

Bicol 6th WID inte l agent .

Native of G~as , Lan ao . Active guerrill a le ader on Gnna ssi -Mal a bang

Raud o HM-:EJA , 1st Lt . J ose M. .

MANEJA , Ca pt . J os e M!-ll,TGAOIL , Cc.pt .

- MAl\iGKON, Col. Daud l\flANIGQUE , Capt . AnQstacio FJiANIGQUE, Mn j . Pedro

MANIKAN, IVlaj . GUlilaliel IV1ANUBAG , Maj . Primo

IvlANRI QUEZ , Ma j . R. fA .

r~ZJ~O , Capt. J ames B. Mf.JJZANO , Lt. Col. Narciso i\1.APA, CoL J ose

'NillR , Capt . Quirico del

IvIAJtA1ViBA , Maj .

r~CARIOLA ,

Guiller~l1c

Ca pt . Alipio

MARCOS , Lt. Col. Fe rdinand

jviARCOS, 1st Lt . Pacifico E. Maj . Alejandro las MARKING MARQD-:EZ, Lt . I gmedio iVIARSHALL , Capt . Paul H. M~EIAS,

YLATA, Col. MAT A, Lt. Col. Erne-do S. 0 -1 550 , PA MATA, Lt. Col. Na tivdad MAT,AS, M8j .

Adj. t o BL?lNCi~S , 8s c&ps0 t o Le yte Qnd 80 , 81 f crrncd a guerr illa unit; was an inspe ctor in Bohel Cor.u:lc.nd , June 1944 .

Ad j, 107th Div , D,lVGO .

101 G'--4 , l07thDiv , DavGo. 101 l£ader of Bakmguencs , asso cia t ed 19 vU th MARlG.NGS .

CO , 2nd lViP Bn , Bohol Cor.1r.',and, J une 1944 . 81 F orner Lt . Gnd CO ot: PC Detach63,64,65 ment on Pa l awan . OrgGnized guer r illas, l c.t cr r epl Gced by Ma j . i\.11JYCO. Pr e s ently in concentration camp f or r efusal t o c oope r a te with MUYCO .

Regarded as be ir~ wea k , ambiti ous pol itically Gnd pr O- Amer ican .

Ex 0 , 66th Combat Team , Pnnny .

55 F or mer master S8r gonnt , PA. CODi-:1c.nded Northwest Cebu Se ctor unde r c ombined Ceb~ c OITl.'n&nd , late r r c pL:ced

by HALE .

Prob&bly active wi th n orthc, r n 41 ,LI-2 , 44~5 , , Luzon gue rrillas since 1942 ; T:1uY h3ve been with ENHIQUEZ t s o rg[miza ~ t ion; noV! section cor;nnander G"gaynn , Apayao unde r VOLCill1UU~ nnd r eported by one source t o c ommand 300 men in Mountain Prov with a man nQffied EXTRERA and a Ca pt. NlliTIAS . Als o r epor t ed CO , 2nd 'District, l'v'IAH LLR.LIKb. .

G-2 .Al'J DERSON until August 1944 .

Conne cted lIdth Fr e Philippines .

17,18 Leads group 125 IIfJuqKINGS in Rizal , Lag1.l11a; ~ne of best 'MfiRKING c om ba t l eaders; prc -l;:nerican .

For mer Judge Advoca t e with CUSHING .

F or me r CO of PC unit on Pa lnwan , evacu~ 64 at ed t o t he hills a t time of Japanese oc cupation , Qnd r efused t o have anythi ng t o do with t he guer rillas.

Killed by Alfr ed COBB , 29 June 1 944, allegedly in self defense .

CO, Hq Ba ttalion , CUSHING unit ; was 38 Sgt in PS .

Lsader of the JlflAHARLI KA or ganizati on , 22 , 45 a ctive in n orthe r n Luz on since mid 1943 a s an ind ependent or ganization engaged l arge ly in sabot c.ge .

Ex 0 of f,'lAHJu'1.LI]{A. 45 'For me r ly wi th GAUOR, now with 7th MD? 73 Centr al Luz on guerrilla loader .

9 On LAPUS staf£'.

Dnvc:o PW es capee; CO 114th Regt, 96,97 nnd n ow CO 110th Div, AguSD.fl .

Leader 1 50 Mi"1-Flli.-rPGS &t Ca rdona , Rizal.

Ex- convict? We ll known Laguna and Rizal end pro-American.

OrgG.nizGd guerril1 ns in 69 /70,76,77,78 n orthern Negros; now Gcting CO, 72nd Div and is cis in District Hq .

Cnmarines Sur guerrilla.

17 ,23 ,25 Gue rrilla IGcder in Cotaba t'C) - Le bak 98 nr oa .

- 129

MATIAS, Capt.

MATIONG , Lt .

MAUT, Lt. Sc.ber nl wIl r1AYOR , Cnpt. Narizidsd

McCARTHY, Cnpt. Frank McCARTHY, J oe tITcCLISH, Lt. Col. Ernest E. McGEE , Lt . Col. Frc.nk McGT.JIRE, Cc:.pt . Ralph McINTYRE , Jnmes /'

McKENZIE , Hurry f:flcLAUGHLI N, Capt . Willi wy, L.F. MEDINA , Lt. MEDINJ:. , ~ilo. j. Agat on

FEDIN A. , Mc.j . Angel MEDINA , Capt. Tomns MELCHOR, Pedr o MELGAB., F. MENDOZA, Col. IV1ENDOZA , Cc.pt, Higino

MENDOZA, 2nd Lt . Jus tiano MENDOZA , 2nd Lt . Lucio P. MERCADO , Ma j. Hermenegildo

NIERC WO , Capt. J. MERC/iliO , J ose, Jr. MERENAS , 3rd Lt . Manuel ~ffiRRILL, Lt .C ol . Gyles 0-7402 MERRITT, Capt . Pedro V. 0-1456, PA !viE TES,2nd Lt. Conr ade L. MICABEL , Lt. Lor eto MI GUEL , Capt. Patrici::> M. rJII J.ARES, Capt . Gil M. NIILITANTE , Pedro

Reported to be with iVlf:ll\1RlqUEZ in Mountcin Prev, 1944.

6th NID CQvite intel agent.

66 On duty , Sulu irre a Command , forTte r t eacher and ROTC gr adu~te, CO of IIDII Co, with Hq o.t BroGke ' s 65 Point . Not gener &lly liked by hi s men vv-ho ar e afr :lid :)f him. Cl&i ;:lS t o be a r ese rve Cc.pt. in US Army .

Early guerrilla le o.der, Zamboo.nga.

86 1 87 Div QM, 107th Div, Dcvao .

95 CO, lloth Div , eV&0uDted Jan 89, 95 ,96 ,97 1945.

CO , 106th Div , Cot abQt c .

98 ,99 Guerrillc. le ader ZQnbal es; killed 10 ,11 by natives 1943 .

USAC, or ganized guerrilla units at 95 Claveria , Mis umis Or .

US Plining engr, Laguna; cornmissioned Lt. by jJ~DERSmJ 1942, not confirmed.

CO, 112th Regt , Bukidnon .

94 Governor ESCUDERO l eader.

31 G-4, CUSEING unit; former 1st Lt., 32.

USAFFE; commanded Ncr th Cebu Sector under combi ned cOJTI..ITlcma. 9 well l iked by men 3nd civilians.

87 , 88 Believed present CO , 115th Hegt .

CC , "E" Co , 11,1ashlte guerIli llc.s under 58 Tkl\JSIONGCO , 61 Guerrillq leader r eported surrendered in Sep 1943; Mindor o .

Guerrilla on Leyte July 1943.

Le ads MARKING unit ne ar Infante , Tayabns ; irrcspansible and not l iked, Reserve Capt . of P.A . Pre-wo.r 63, 64 ,65 doctor at PuertCl Princesa and f or mer Gov. of Paluv:TQn. Esc dped t o hills nnd organized guerr ill a unit which assist ed some American PVI who escE.ped fr om Puerto Princesn . Was CO of "A" Co . wit h Hq J.t Mnlcc:y;,po 'when cGptured by the Japanese in J anuary 1944 .

Forner Chief of the Cuy-q Hospit&l. at Cuyo . Wa s gener ous t o American soldiers and is r eg.:-;,r ded as a cnpable man.

S-4, 2nd Combat T~nm, Pnnay , 52 Organized guerrillas in 70,71 ,72,73,78 nor thern Negr os Or; was f or time wi th G.ADOR and now CO , 72nd FA. Regt.

Former Asst Pr ovincial Inspector, 27,28 Albay PC . Now r:ith Sl-iNDICO. Doctor; appointed Previncial Health Offi cer by IGJ.\i"GLEON in winter 1943 .

54 5 -4, 2nd Bn , 65th COI:1bcl t Team , Panay.

American; nor theast of San Marcellino5 10 , 11 Zamba1es .

Guerrilla l eader in northern 5,6,7, 8 ,31, 66 S-4, 3rd Bn , 65th Combnt Team, Penny .

G-l t o KANGLEON in Au'S 1943.

S-2 , 63r d Combat Team , Panay .

Adj and S-l, 65th Combat Tenr:J. , Pal1c:y, Appointed District Provincio.l Au.dit or

by KIU~GLEON in wi nter 1943 .

- 130 -

54 3 53 54

~~ILIER, Lt. Ge c r ~e FlI LLS, Ralph E .

I\'~INDl.J,:JifO, Capt. i·':anclao

rURiiFLORES, Gre gori o MIRANDh , BIas

"

HI RiJWI·\. , Capt. Juan

II':l TRf"

Assemblyman Rd'110n

110B?JJ tiN , DalJ.d rflOLI Nt';.S, Lt. !\~O~"UGAj"" Cnpt . Jose MOl\l"EY , Lt . Hill ar d T. iViOj\iEOY, Ma j. Celestii"'lo S . rJiONSOD, God of r ed 0 i'.lONTArll.tlN , Antoni o ?~ON T.ALV (;N ,

Capt . Jusu.s.. J.

!,'imJ TELl BAYO , Alfr ec1 0 ~:lONTERON ,

3r d Lt.

ItfIONTILLA, Leon HONTI NOLA, Lt. Col. ;"~ORALES, Capt. Pedro '.:ORGAf , L. C. ~iORG ci1' , Capt. L'uis flORTERA, Lt. Col. Ciriaco MOSES, Lt . Col. Martin

MOSKAlRA, Col. Roger ;vlOS(.1.)ELh., Lt. EOY.A , Cnpt. Leon hlUEGO , I'mRiLLA, Lt. A. M. MURPHY , Lt. Andrew MuRPFI',. I':Iaj . .i\x thv..c P .

0- 334755

j,merican; a ttached ,.R~u:NGS .

28 th Bs'mb Gr ~-,up; n ow wi t h jJ,,; DERSm;' .

I\l:; r ': , pr e-minent s:uer rilla l eader, 91 CO l 27th Re gt .

Local ~ue rrill a le ader a t Pon2'olc:.si3.n , Pal awan .

Leader of ~ ue rrill a lJnit which con - 2,4 »48 trolled territ,)ry fr om R.ybo.y to Pa l ompon, Ley-t e , in winter l S43 .

Had c lushe::' IIi th =~(J.NGLEO]\ ' 2 for ce 3 ar o'Llnd Baybay in vihich a number c:f people we r e killed.

For me r Ser 2'C:unt , Pi, . Le ader 23 ,?!:.,25 , 26 of unit in Camarine s S ~IT. 2r / , 29 ,31, 66 AS 20 ciat ed with LhFUS. Conne cted wi th E N RI(~1JEZ, nOlIT Deput;y 43 Governor of Baguio._ Independent guerrilla l eoder, San IVlateo , Lnguna ; well lmmm and l E:d. • Leader of sma.n unit l.mder ZA EhT. 2S F OTmer CO Nort heTTl Ce1::u Se ctor.

Le ad er in a tta ck ag[~ins t - utuan, 95 Agus c.n , in May 1 943 .

6th ~m G-l Off icer, 51 Governor of Nueva Ecij a ; bel ieved 13 advisor of HUKBnLAJkPS .

Br other t o J esus ~ON T;l1V.hN; is Luzon a€:ent. l Oth lvID , G- 2 , "b.r ch 1 944 .

Governor of Free Ne€TOS; pre -~iG.r 'IS , 77 Governor of Negr 08 Oc e; well likED_.

T& B:c.loG, f ormcr Deputy Treas urer, Su1u:; now Free 3u1u Govt i1.~l(htor and Quthentica te 2 ~lJJ.~~ Ener gency Currency .

Pre - war m&yor of Jovelletr. Loyal ' ~!.L:d 28 smal.l ~mi t • Now with OROBI h.

6th Gill Adjutant .

51 81,99 S- 3 , 1st Bn, Bonol Comd., Jm-.e 1944 . '. . C • 0 f S • , G..... .r,<. , Ri"n.... ·oS",C_" n-""110 Z U·~ tl- on H. .L:J.L o r t.::, :"';'l EaTly guer rill a l eadeT in 75 , 23,84 , 86 , 87 L:1D.J.o , guerrilla or sanizer 8S' -90 , 91 ,~ 02 and cis lOth nID Qntil Sep 1943 .

88 , 93 Formerly CO 1 05th Div , now AG "At! Corps.

Former officcr of the 11th Div, FA ~ 41,43 es c ~ped from Bn t nan and VVl th NOBLE , estnbli shed a c oor dino. ted guerrill :1 command in northern Luzon after the cc.pture of CoL NAKAR; capt~IT ed b:'i the Japs on 1 J~me 1 943.

IVViRKI NG guerr illas .

66 6th f:ill s~uthern Tayc.ba s inte l cgent .

3-4 , 74th Inf, Northwc~' t Negros Se ctor . 78 Senior Inspe ctor ; Puppe t C~nst nb~uary 82 . CO in Tagbil ar an, Bohol. uuerrilla on Ley t o in July 1943.

America n mestizo; earl y leader N Lano.o .

44 Captain , AUS . Also wi t h VOLC X:.1Ai\N cOIJIJ1'land, ~de st Point class 1934 .

G- 2, 11th Di v on Bato.,:.;n unO. escc.ped . No') VOLC';\I;;.;.,iIIN ' s G- 2 . Ihl j . at da te of surrender • (I

. - 131 -

lVIUYCO , Maj . Pabl o

Po.;:-c

Member of the S-3 section of the 6th MD~5 sent by Col. rnRilliTl~ to or gunizG the Pa l awan Special Battalion . Regarded as a good man but is lnflucnced t oo much by Capt . GARCIA . Has npp&r ently done a good job of pr ote cting the people and cooperating with t he fr ee' civil govcrnrnont .

- N -

NABA " Capt . J cse

Labor l eader, Iloilo City, pY'opagano.a of fi cer f or guerrill as , good j otTI'nalist i c abili ties . Has men spotted t hr oughout Iloilo City but sour ces not fully utilized by 6th MD inte l s e ction .

Or ganized smal l guerrilla group in 5 NACARIO, Capt. nor thern S&mar; Tii1o.yor of Calbiga .

54 S- 2 , 3rd Bn , 6th Combat Team, Panay .

NACIONALES " 2nd Lt . D ariy8s ~ .

NAGhLAN, Dr. Deme t rio Medical Officer, HUNTERS . Asst G-} , fuL\HARLI KA guerrill as .

45 NAGT tiliON , 1 st Lt. DclDt e G.• GuerrillQ l eader in 3rd Bn , Ku~ay 104 Nf.JN , Chief kulay , J ol o.

Commander of r emnant s of the 14th 39 , 40 , 41 N[.J\1ill " Lt . Col. Guiller mo Z. Inf in r;· ueva VizcaYQ . Established the first coordinat ed guerrilla comInQnd in north central Luzon. C ~~ptrIT'ed by the Japs in Scp 1942 cnd r cportGo. exe cut ed shoTtly ther eaft cT. 87 Prominent guerrill a leQder NIi s . Oce .

NARANJO , Capt .

NAVALTA , Lt .

CUSHING r egime ntal signal offi cer .

Early gueTTilla l eader at Compostela, 100 . NAVAIillO , Lt .

Davao . :r:.T;~"\{;;J1RO , Lt . Edmund o Attached t o Manila group and fled 41,42 , 43 t o Negros 1i;,i t h Col. BORROMEO .

FA, with TEORP mid -l%.2 . Possibl y NAYLOR " Lt . Charle s L. near BaleI' mid -1944 .

NAZARENO, Jose 2 Reported commanding guer Tilla garri s on between Lil oan and Cabalian , Leyt e , Apr i l 1943 .

NEEDH.b1'/" Capt . J. R. With PRAEGER at Kabuga o , July 1943 .

40 NEIGUIvl , Cpl . Got Tie b 31st Inf , escaped Pi; attached ~ihRKI NGS as Col. until .t-;pril 1944 , now with ANDERSON . ~~POMUCENO , Ricardo Judge , connect ed vvi th Fr ee Philippine s .

11EPONUCENO., 3rd Lt . Vicente S. Graduate of ROTC school and is act ive under Capt . Aiu'lOHES in "c" Co , Palavian Special Battalion.

HUNTERS CO , Santo Tomas , Batangas t 0VITl . 21 NERA, Catalino 18 Asst G- 2 , FTee Philippines .

NERI, Lt . Loreto S-4 ENR.H2UEZ guer rillas . Was in Manil a 41 ~JERY , 1st Lt . Manuel now in Nueva Ecija , an i nactive re leased PW .

For mer ly with 57t h Inf; w~ th PRAEGER 40 JIJ'EWMAN , Capt . Shelby F . in February 1943 .

Known in Feb 1944 0-351381 t o be free on Luz on , whereabout s not s t ates .

At t orney ; Socialist leader and political NICOLAS (alias Eleen) advisor in Bulacan .

For mer office r of the 11th Div, FA; NOBLE , Lt . Col. Artr.n.TI' 41 , 43 . escaped fT om Bataan and with MOSES , established a coordinated guer rilla connnand in N Luzon eSter the capture of Col. N.A.KAR; captured by t he JaFS on 1 June 1943 .

- 132 -

NOEIEGf.. , Copt . Ru.fin.el NOV, ..LE,s , Vicente Nm:il~G , Cupt . Vicente / .

6th lID Hanila a '::ent.

Junior officer, HUNTERS. CO, 8 5th ReGt, Bohol COTI"nIland, Dec 19M+ .

81,82

- 0 -

OC [.'·:PO , Capt. [,1f re6.o

t.djutant General on ESCUDERO Staff.

31,33 i':lember of SaYOC - OLONDRIZ - OC ,:';:;PO clique.

21 oel; PO, Lt.C ol. Ernam'Bl BUNTER CO, L"tLmbang-P8.1lit u , La -::;una area ~ for mer P f.. reserve? v\'ell !·m::;-~.n and liked .

16 OCEUA, Ma j . ~~anuel CO FUKBhLt>.Jb.P #48 S~uadron .

OCTAVIJJm ,- Capt . IS H 1J:'O S - 3 , 63rd Combat Team , Panay • .

53 Cotobato guerrilla .

CJFli'DhL, Capt.

99 Formerly CO 63rd Re gt, no~ GO 1st Bn , OFFE l;lfUU A , r:Iaj . Francisco 53 63rd COJYlbat 'l'eam , Pa nay.

OLINClUO , Lt .

Forme rl y joint leader vvith Lt . C;ul.O 25 of T.M.E.Federotion guerrilla Lmit .

Nov,; '~;-i th PhDU[., Bicels .

OLIIlERO , 2nd Lt . Gab ino G- 3 , {\.I'WERSQf; ' s Ball Military l.rea, 17 Bulacan .

CC , I E" , Go , Marinduque €, uerrillas .

OLIVES, Santi u~o OLONDRIZ, l''ianuel FormeI' Sors o~on civil offici al. Kow G- 4 f er ESCUDERO unit.

Q"'iBRIi. See i~.IVlILB1-J"!GS.A. 102 OPINION , 31'0. Lt . Glic9r lo , Jr. As at G - ~,. , I;Ii;...f-iiJ~BLIKA. gue rrillas .

45 ORtl.CImJ, c ,pt. Timo te o S. G- 4 , 73rd Prov Div , Nesros Or .

79 OR?EGOSO , Ccpt . J oaquin V. S - L!- , 65th CODbnt Team, Pumy .

54 ORCILLO, Capt . -Ifictcrinc Former 31'0. Lt . PA (?) . CuSHING battali on CO , Cebu .

OROBIA, liGen . II Ge r a I'o. o Forme r i tinorant arti,st. IITow leade r 24 , 28, of unit in Albay.

ORTEGJ1, Col .

Leader elf McKiNLEY Brigade , associated 20 wi t h MARKINGS .

ORTEG hS , 1st Lt . Pedro S - 2 t o 1. F ALL ARIA , CC 6th Combat Team , 54 Panay.

ORTIGAS , 1st Lt . ResLU'reccion Adj & S - l , 2nd Bn , 2nd Combat Team, 5~ , 58 Niasbate under T.b.NSIONGCO .

OJ;,.J...N, Maj . P. B. CO , 3rd Combat Team , Pa nay.

53}55 OS~,iEN A. , Lt . Col. E:Ililio CUSEING ordered ESPIRITU t o atte~:lpt t o l ocate; kill ed by FENTON monin 1 943 .

- P -

PABIeo , Lt .

PABILICO , Lt .

PIGILONA, Lt . Col. Filemon PACALIN.A , Da tu PADUA , Ca pt. Te ofili o PADUGA PhGM~TllliPN,

Zacaria p

PAGE, Maj . Herbe r t PAIS 0 , Mar celo T .

PALAITCA, 3rd Lt . A-Yltonio Pl,.LINGHE, 3rd Lt . Sal"L1!3tinao

Important off i cer on DIMlEL.A r s staff .

26 6th MD Corr egidor intel agent .

66 Gmrrill a on Leyte in Augus,t 1943 .

2,4 Moro guerrill a leader at Tugaya , La~~o .

Le ade r of Camp Isorog Unit 23,24$25,26 i n Cnmarines Sur. Former coun2'i,29,31 cill oI' vvi th ZlillAT .

The 3 PADUGA brothers are members of the gUE r rillas in the Danlig areR~ PalawQXl .

Guerrill a l eader a t Bac ao on Dumaran I s l&nd .

CO , l 16th Regt, Cotabato. <;8 ,99 86 Governor Lcnao und er guerrillas .

Son of J ose PALANCA, f ormer Mayor of Puert o Princesa . Early member of Ca pt . MENDOZA I S unit , Pol mvan .

S-2 , 72nd FA Regt, East Ifcgros Sector .

- 133 -

Face Company off icer under :~a j. RUFFY; bo- "'6l lieved t o be sti ll 1/ith :iiaj RUFF~ , i-indor o .

In ~\11a rch 1944 r eported as Mnj . conunand - 2,4 ing gue rri Has fr o'-,', Carigara 2nd ,;il . laba, LeytG, northwards includin<;:"' Biliran I Gltmd , under KAr.:GLEOr .

19 Homan , b a ckbone of ~"l-l.11l\.n'G ::;uer rilla ,s .

Ex 0 , 1st Bn , 66th Combat Tent) , Pan.ay .

55 Ex 0, 72nd F i. Regt , East Negros Sect or. 7'6 Was f or ne r mer;,ber of Constabula r;)T ~ctivo in the Leyt e - Cebu a rea after J ap occupation .

1 04 Leade r, 1st Bn , Cawacawa , T3.\;i TawL 'Jlmior of ficer, HUNTERS: ROTC pt'. il .School of Arts.

Nueva Ecija 6th i':lD inte l agent .

GEr-. , SvIPA , we nt t o :.:ind<3.nao in 84 , 85 , 93, 98 ] 943 f or sGver,-,-l ;:-,onths.

16 Wi th H0KB£:Jdi.JAP #23 S ,lladr on .

81 Eohol liaison offi cer t') fvli nd&nao.

18 Attorney c onne cted v["l th Free Philippines .

P"l.U'ported c:ivil en([incc r said t ,.) bave 32 c onne cti'Ons with STR,."GF.J\; at pre sent with ZSCuDERO .

18 Eurly gue rrillo. lC D-de r, now Ex 0, Illth Pr ov Bn ; D ~vQo .

6 Deputy Governor of So.ma r .

Ex-convicU Attached j',~~aN GS near To.no.y , Rizal, not liked .

Moro , early guerrilla 93,94 ,C;'1 ,S8 ,99 l eo.d er C ot o. bo.t o -BlL~idnon , now CO , 118th Regt , Cot abato .

AssRmed name pDssi bly used by Mo.j .

Edwin P . RAl""SEY. Guerrilla CO , north of Bo.col od .

Early guerrill a leader o.t Saug , Davao . 100 CO , 6th MD . . 6J ll,1 8 ,22 ,31, 38 ~ /.!.5 , 4::> -62, 64,65 5th MD Mnnila agent.

67 67 Leo.der of guerrill a group, "43rd Diyll on Luz on .

LeGds MCJ1.KHTG band ne nr Ant ipol o , Rizal . IT o-Anerican.

US offic er t o ivlindQ:J.Uo JlLne 1944 , s till the r e, bel ongs iNDERSON command .

21 cis, HUl\TTERS. Moro, guerrilla in Cotabat o , joined 9-7 , 99 command 1943 .

Has had 6 ye.:.trs service as ,'lenoor of the PC. Pnlawan gl~ rrillas .

GHQ r epr esent a tive on r;~indo r o in 12,61 , 62 l a t e 1943 , and cnrly 1944 .

86 S-2, under ALARCON , Z:U:1boanga City area early 1943, 65 Coastv;atcher , B:r-ooke 1B Point , Palawal! .

CO, 3rd Bn , 66th Comba t Team , Pcu,y .

55 Assis t ant G-2 , 52nd Div , 5th lVIO , Bic ::::ls .

Alias I\ib j . J ose :SANAL : EUIffiJiliAJAP CO , Pnmpanga .

On HUKBALAJAP staff.

15 20 6th ivID r epresentative with HUNTERS .

PALUSTRE? Lt.

<

PaNLILLO? Yay P [:!NTJ.iLEON , CG.pt . DUT!o.lao L PA-BJ-iLEJl13 J Copt . Rl.letico PAREDES, Lt .

0

0

PAROJI, Lt.

PARPAN, Ernest o PAHRENS, Sgt .

PARSONS, Condr C. P.lffilJYGAil, Lt. Pedro PATIGPI\.S, 1st Lt . Pj~bo G. PAULINO, J-tJ.nn PAZ , C. R. de l a PEDRli.YA, Lt'. Javi to PEDROSA, Lor enzo K. PENAH.i1.NDA, Col . LEci e PEFDATUl\T, Sal ipida

PEFIDtc , Cupt .

PEPITO, Lt. PER.ALTA, Col. rlia cari J PEREZ, Angel PEREZ, Capt. Ri ca rd o ?EHING, Maj .

PETTITT , 2nd Lt . Bert E. PIA, Teresa PI.A1JG , Da tu Gumbay (Ccot 0) PILI , 3rd Lt . GGlacio PHILLIPS, Ma j .

La~T ence

R.

PINEDA, Lt. B. PLACIDO, Sgt .

PLAGATA, Mo. j . Samuel C. PLANCA, Lt . Carl os POBI£TE, Jose

f

"POGO" POLICARPIO, Ivb j .

- 134 /

POLICbRPIO, Silva PONCE , Capt.

PONCE y Capt. vlashingbn PORE, F .

PORTUS, Capt . J ose R. POSONCUY, Lt . Ral ph J. POTENTE, Enrique

POTAYOS , Lt .

Ju~n

PRAEGER, rfln j. RGl ph R.

PRES BYTERO , Maj .

PUGNE , Lt .

PUKING, Lt .

PURING

EUKB {1L.hJ P,p Re gi nental I nspe ctor' Nueva Eci j a c.nd t owns cf n crth Bula can .

CUSr: I NG re gi mental off i ce r.

8 .. 2 , 1st Bn , Boh ol COl"fldand , June l '":: L:4 .

81 Guerrilla on Le.yte in J"luy 1943.

Ex 0 , 2nd COl:1bat Te a!ll , P,m ay .

52 Chinese mesti zo Gt Cari gar c. , Leyt e .

3 G- 2 t o KANGLEON, Aug 1943 .

Cha irman of Leyte Emer gency Cu..rrency· BOGrd in Sep 1 943 . Appointed Prov Aud i t or of Leyte by K~J.IJGIEON in . winter 1943. \:Jith MABU1-JG A, PQngQsinan , captured June 1943 .

Of ficer of He n Tr oop , 26t h Cav , 4 0 ,~1,43 and leader of a guerrilla band f or med a r ound this "lmi t in l\buntain Prov o Captured by ' the J aps in Au~ 1943 • .cO, Ka banJealan a r e2 , Negr os Occ. 66 6th iVID Nbnila age nt.

Guerrilla leQder on Cuyo . Believed t o be a rel a tive of l'tnj . Pedr o PONC:S DE LEON. NaL0e given t o wild guerrilla gr oup in 71 mounta ins of e <..~ st central Negr os.

Origi nal CO this ii:r oup also known a s PURI NG, ' n ow killed .

- Q -

Q"llEJADA, Mnj , (Feli;oe P.? ) QUEZQIi , Mamlel QUIMBO, Lopez C. QUINES, Hcm:)ri o QUINTERO , Lt. Col.

Lui~

CO ( ? ) , 108 th Re gt} L;-:nao .

Preside nt of the PI . ~n e a rly 1943 crea ted the ;'.lindanao Ener gen cy Curre ncy Board • Judge of First Inst2nce , S ~mar Pro vincia l Board.

S -2, ENRI QUEZ gUE:: rrlllas . PI,lA. 1 942 , beheaded by ·JapD.l1ese in Pangas inan (19447) Iri2pector Gene r a l t o KAI,GLEON in August 1943 .

92 86

6 41 ,42

3

- R -

RAEAlIJG, Guila n RADAZA, Lt . D o~ingo RAFOLS, 3rd Lt. RJf nel RAI1i:A, Ca pt . Mari o RAJll'iS, f.bj .

RAPIREZ, Col .

RAl',.qGDO, Lt . Elped i o RAf-r:OS, Cnpt .

RAMOS , Lt .

RA!'10S, Alf onso RAI"-OS, G'Llal berto , 3rc3. Lt. RAEOS, EiraD Rf.iJ<OS, Ma j. Norbert0 RA" SEY, Edwin

Gue r rilla leader in Gcr an , Dwnaran 10. .

Asst G- 2 t o KAlIJGLEON in AUJ 1943.

3 Gradu2t e of Officer s Tra ining .school a t Tc: rl a c . He is Ex 0 of "A" C o ~ Pnl awan Spe cial 30tto Ji on.

PQOG officer, liais on vd th tIind[mao .

82 G- 3 , Bohol ATea ComInand , 1944 .

20 Conne cted with HmnZRS. Guerrilla on Leytc in Aug 1 943.

CO of E c oast Bn (S -lrrlar) under VALIEY .

7 Guerrilla a t Buenavista , Agus ~n .

Member of ENRIQUEZ ' s Manila orgal1iZ243 ti en . Now in Albay .

S-4, 1st Bn , MMF, De c 1 ';)42 , kneo .

Member of ENRI QUEZ ! S !\!l[:nila or ;aniza tion . 43 (brother t o .Alfonso? ) Gnd n ow PQOG oper a tive in F ort Santiago .

G- 3 , IYlAHA.ELIKA guerrillos .

45 C; ,1l,l2 , USA, gue rrilla l eader i n central Luzon.

13 ,16 , 67

- 135 -

Rfi.-rGAS, Lt .

RAThG , Lt . I sma el RhVAL , Capt. Cons t ant i n 0 R:-l.V tlL , Vi cent e RAVENA, 2nd lJt . Cornel i o P .

RAYOLli , Lt .

RECOTE , Ca pt . Emilio REDOR, Col. Ponc i a no REGIUJADO, Rufino

REL1J1:HA, Lt . Col. L . H.

RK EDIO- GOIvlEZ, IVir s .

RE:Sli"RP..ECCION, A. Pt.F:r"ES , Lt .

REl'ES, RE YES, RC;YES, REYES , REYES,

'Ce.pt . Alfredo de l os Lt . Ant oni o Lt . Dominador 1st Lt . E. C. Fran c o Vera

RE).' ES, Ri car do RE YES , J os e B. L. FE YES , Ma j . ROQ,ol ph o REYES , T .

RE YES, Lt . V. T .

RE l~ OSO , Capt .

RIBO, Mame r t o

" e s t~r

RI CHARDSON, Lt, I l iff Dav i d

RI DAD , Freder i c o

RI EL , C. RIVERA , jl!l aj . T .

RI VERA , 2nd Lt . Ra,:~oY'~ RIZALES , Capt .

RIZ ALI NO , 1 st Lt. G. RO!:'LES , Ramon ROBLES , Ca pt . ' :o, riano ROCES , Raf ae l , Jr .

RODRI Gu~Z ,

3r d Lt .

Er~no

Gue r rilla on Leyte i n J l1.ly 1 943 .

G- 2 , 8 ulu Ar ea COT"and .

1 03 ,1 04 6e F OTne r CO RO;,lbl on gue r ::illas , l ate r 6t h ivID Luzon agent and now p0sSl'o1;;· ~:ill ed • CO , 1 s t District, " ,(',}: hRLIiC~\. , 45 ,S - 3 , 6 ;, t h Conbat Team, Pcnay .

51:66 6 t h ~~TI) La Slma inte l a gent .

7 Le ader of SITu l l g uerrilla gr oup in S;l So.I'1Cir , abs orbed by ARTECBE .

1'7 Lead er of Fi l-JJJe r ican Gue r r il las , a s s o cia t ed 'v i th ,,'lLiliKHC:S. Ch ief Di v of Inv es t igation , HUKBQ.,A 15 J APS J f or ne r l y Ulay or of Ca l1..unpit.

F or mer :;laj , USI1FFE. Chief of 30 ,32,46 ,47 Staff t o V,SRALTIi , 6th LTI) .

48 , 50 , 51, 54 Chief of It Ba rri o Un ion Defe ns e C or~Js lI 14 in Central Luzon .

F or me r I"layo T of Oas , now offi ce r 01:, ZABAT t s staff .

Hor ked 1;:i t h EFRl~ljE Z < !,J FERTIG of fic e r w::'o Tac t 'Id th Capt . ':;IA'RCI,Ll of ClS HI KG Lmit in r egar d to Cebu r.:dtuation i n Jun e 194 3 0 S - 3 of Pa l mvan- 8pe c i G.l :Gatta l ion . ,)5 CO HUKBiiLAJ AP #ij Sqv.ad r or: .

16 I mporta nt LAPUS junior off i ce r , Ai de t o RA':': 8EY, ce nt rul Luzon . (CIO - 12 ) A Filipin o agent wor ldng fo r 42 the J o.ps (? ). , Ex 0 of lVlATJ. . t S gue r rillas .

25 Att orney , c onne c t ed vv1. th Fr ee Fl1il iP:; lii18 S,18 For ner 18\iy-yer i n Ba colod , now G- 2 , 77,78 ,-Distr ict Hq , 7t h MD. GllBrrill a ~n Leyte i n July 194 3 .

I n t e ll ige n ce of fl cer of ABL.AI:~ guer 45 rillas .

Captured in Man i l a , F e~ l S44 .

43 Appointed As s t Pr ov inc ial Fis cal, Leyte ,

by KJ..NGLEON in wi n t e r 194 3 .

USrJR; j,ITB 8 q No . 3; s e n t t o ins t a l l 3 largo r adio s e t f or KANCLEON lD Fe b 1944. V:as ro por t ed t o ac t a 2 Liaison Offi ce r fr an F2RTIG t o KAjI."GLEOJ\T • 22 y ear By Sillir:nn s t udent ; ear ly gl!Gl'r i l l a l ead e r i n rTegr os Or ; was En CO, 7 5th IT'S 9 n ow in 7 t h MD He: ., , Gu e rrill a on Leyte in Jul y 1943 . ,/ Ex 0 and 8 - 2, 130th Rcgt Regt, Davuo .

1 01 8-4 , '77 t h Pr ov Rcgt, ~' e gro s Or .

79 6th ~m Luzon agent .

8 - 2 , 66th Comba t Te an , Pc nay .

55 .Al i a s ; EUKB1L AJAP CO, BU.luca n tovm 16 west of line i'Jieyca,1i&yan t o Bali9.g .

CC, 64th Comba t Te an , Pansy .

54 Manila bus iness i't a nage r conne c t ec3. ',: th 18 Free Philippines .

Has h ad 6 year s ser v i ce wi th t he PA~ i"Ja s on Bat aan . Rega r ded o.s a good man. Pa l mvcm He and his brother , F e rnondo , 3r e gL~ r ­ rill o. l eader s i n the Dol Pil ar a r e a , Pa l awan . \Vith brothe r , F el ot eo , guerr i lla l e aders in De l F i l a r ur eci , Pa l o.wcn . <

RODRI GUE Z, Fe l ot eo

RODRICrUEZ 7 Fe rnando

- 136 -

r

RODRIGu'EZ , 3rd Lt . lrmeo ROGERS, Col . Eadie ROG~RS ,

2nd Lt . Robert Ro

RQIi,1ERI US Rm''iERO, Lt . IT .

ROSA, J-LLfonso de l a ROS A. , Col. Armando de la ROS A, Lope de la ROSEL ROvffi, Comdr George F . DSNR RUFFY , J ose P,'I . , Ma j.

RUIITIV~R ,

Cc pt . A.

RUIZ, Capt . H. V.

t1 r-:e F or me r school t ea che r a t Br ooke Ts Feint .

Nov: Wl th t he gue rrillc.s in northern Palavian .

F Or i!le r Secy t o Adm EART ( ? ). Good intel agent fo r Lli'J....BKINGS in l\{c:nila .

Pro-America n .

AI!lerioan mestizo 'i n the mine s c.t Coron .

Wa s em e urly guerrillQ le uder W'.L th Ca pt . AJ'JORES o Reported t o be depend a bl e and r esolITcefll_l.

Guerrilla leader r eported Sllrrender ed 61 irt Sep 1 943 ; Mi nd oro .

S~4 , 1 21st Regt , mid - I SO .

86 HDI\:biilit'iJAP Politic[,l Director in 16 Ma nila .

ContE.J.cted by Negr o s ' age nt,s 1943 9 C O:c.l nected with Lt . NAVJLPLB.,O: IG of Mt,RKINGS .

Member of Military COTn.i11i ttee HUK6ALLiTAf8 . 15 Earl y guerrilla lead e r on f'i[l.. sb:1te , ·,JTe - 57 s e nt loc ation Th"'lknovm .

GHq r e.pre sent a ti ve on :'~ind o ro since 62 mid-1944 .

Pre - war s r nior inspe c t or of ConstabL.c- 61, 62 l ary. , Comr.13:nds a ZAB' T unit in ll \d - Tabeco area , Albay .

Ex 0 , 1 st Combc t Te am , Penay; good 52 f r iend of Cirilo GAHCl A. 0

- S SAAVEDRA, Filemon SAAVEDRA , 1st Lt . P. SAB.ARt-'cE , Ma j . Antonio ST JOHN, Lt .

SAI PUDIN, Lt . Jucudin SALAZAR, S f.~AZAFc , SALAZAR , SALAZAtl.,

Ma j .

Lt. Eugenio iVb j . J ose .

Maj J ose #

SALCEDO , ~na j. Frede ric o SALVACION , Lt , Felix SA1~ff,;J)OR,

Col. Teofilio Z.

S AlI!JPANG Sf\j;:iPIANO , Da tu

SAl\~PSON,

Capt .

SL11WULDE , Ma j. Adr iano SAN AGUSTIN, Ma ,j . Ant::mio SAl\' AGUSTIN, Lt . Primitivo

Prov incial Treas"LITer of Leyt e Emer gency Currency Boa rd . Ap pointed Provincial Auditor '0;:;- KANGLEON vv·inter 1943 .

Ex 0 , 3rd En , 63 r d Comb<lt Team, P.:?tD2Y .

53 Ex-Gove rnor of S amB r 'out was retired to perform spe cie,l mi s sions .

From 14th Bomb S q , 19th Gp,; wa s oper a 3 ting r ad io stati on on Leyt e in spring 1 944 .

On duty , Sll~U ,:.reo. Command , forme r tea che r o.nd ROTC gr2dL~te .

82 G- 4 , Bohol Arec. Comrno.nd , 1941, .

67 6th WID Mcmila o.gen t • Former Si gnal Offi ce r f or CUSHI NG. F or merly GP~OR I S Signa l Officer, 73 , 77 , 78 n 01N 7th MD Signal Off icer • 6th MD Intel O. ;"'-9 , 51 CC , "G " Co , f!!ct sba t e gue rrillas vJ1.ner 58 TA1'JSIONGCO .

Lt , PA , CE . ·~iel l ¥.novm and liked i n Ca r dona , Rizal. Le ads Dc ti ve bc:md " 150 ~'Lr'\,H.laNG guerrill Cts; pro-!-uuericaD .

One of 5 contr olling h~KELili AJAPS Sulto.n sa BaruraQ, on cOu st Oo. st of Mo.labang , Lo.nao . One of few clean hunde d Moros on the coast , prote cts Christians , working wi th ~uGrril12s .

CO in" nor the rn Negr os .

CO, 2nd Bn , 65th Combc t Tean , PQll[lY .

54 .

PQOG officer , Dcton gas .

PQOG offi ce r, B:tangas , li ais on to 22 Mindanao . i

- 137 -

S,~,CHEZ ,

3rd Lt . Andres

SANCHEZ , Lt . CoL

Sfll~DI CO,

F2~~ian

Mcj . Froncisco

S A.l'JDOV tiL , 3rd Lt . AH:erto Casicno Coll1mbuf:'

SA~DOVAL , S A}~ DOV AL,

SANGAR, Ma j . Antonio S.Al\' GUlL A, J oseph

SAT\lIN, MQj . J < R. SAN JUAN, Col. A. S AN JUM~ , Frcncisco S M JUAN, Mc,rcel SAlIJTAYDA, SAt.:TIAGO , Sili:Tl AGO, SAi\TTIAGO,

Q1.:dnt o ArmQnd o Es t D. cli t o M3.j . JllCD

SAN TI LLA, Co.pt'. E . ~; .

S ~NTI LLMJA , Lt .

S A}lTOS, Muj . Alejb Slu1 TOS , Pedro Aba6 S APON, Lt .

SAPUL , Lt . J luhs ri S A..l1ILE s 3r d Lt . Ber:C:.Qro.o SluiROSA , Cupt . Fro.nci:=co SAULOG SAOXAR , Capt .

SAVALLOfI' , Lt. S AYOC, Lt . Col. B. T ..

SCRl LLA , 2nd Lt .

Jl~~~

E.

SEGURA, Iv1aj . Mnnuel SElViBRANO, 2nd Lt . J-eSl1.S A. SEf~RES , Col . Snl v ador

SERRAlT, Lt . Col. P .

SHARP, Gen . Will bEl. SHOFNER, Mc j. J. C. SHORT, Sgt . Albert A* SIA, Gunlbe rto SIATONG, 2nd Lt . B£',ll:tist Q P .

2nd in cOlJlI1cnd of HUKBALAJ AP gth Re gional C ('llJl~'Yla. nd .

F OLTrIe r school t eQcher. • Fed Qna. pro t Ected severQl Affie ric ~n sold le~s in hi~ hone in CUyo .

Fonner Civil Affairs Officer f 'or 35,38 CUSEING, ~70W G- 2 ( 7 ) , Forrle rly 1st Lt , US A.FFE ~ Cormn&nded Northeast Ce bu Sector undel' combined c OElmGnd ~ s :::v, c;ction on MindQno.o as a Cc:.pt . i8,23,25,27 F or mer Provincial Inspector PC , Albay , POVJ lecder of Q 28,30, 31,32 guerri lla Lmi t in Albay .

Young 'd oc t or.? PQlavmn g-L,-errill Q, Dr , c onnected wi th F r ee Philippine!?

18 Chine se -Fil ipino g -l..lerrill o. mestizo on CUyo .

16 CO HUKi3t;LAJAP #44 Squadron . lVloro fr om M1..Un2Y, did l:1UC h to ffilnl:1.llZe 91 r{;oro-Chrietian outbrea:-:s , involved. wi th MORG AN agninst FERTIG in 1 943 .

ZABAT officer in c OIll.'1lc:nd of n If r egin:ent lf • NULRKING Regt CO , C ~ rdonn , Riz a l; pr o knericnn .

21 G- 2 , HUNTERS. l'Jati v e of Cu;y-o , now Vii th the guerrillas at Cnramay , Palawan .

67 6th !ijill :ilcnilc inte l agent . ~;:eI:1be r . Tic no Island cOl1 stwnt cher p3rty . 5~5S (alins?,) Son of Je s us }l,ZACI-LRllA. 58 20 Leade r of Anilao , a s so ci o.ted with MARKINGS .

Officer with 1.iLGF, ZCI:,bules. g7 Guerrilln in Za..rnboClnga Ci ty o.r ea 1943 4 Guerril l a le ader in Bu~ncQn Prov o 11 , 17 Hl'KBALAJ AP leader.

13,15 CO , Curunn (Znmboanga ) SectoT , end 1942 .

On duty , 15th En , SlUU Area ConwQnd , former te a cher ['.nd ROTC grnduat e .

CC , fl CII Co , MO.l'ind uque gue rrillas .

59 S - 3 , 75th Ini' , Sout h Negros Sector .

79 CO Cnr mono. - Nanez Are d , Ca vit e .

22 ZABAT s taff officer , Albay .

CUSEING re gi me ntQl off ice r , Cebu .

For me r PC medic o.l Lt . Now 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 C ~ ief of Stcif t o ESCDl)ERO. 17 G- 2 , ANDERSON ' :::: BQll Wilita r y Aren , Bulncan .

Adj for CLJSEIl';G vms 2nd Lt. USAFFE 38 Adj of Northeost Negr o,s Se ctor.

Edu c ated , y-i th FAIT: with fl:IARIITNGS afte r capture of STR AUGP~~ ; r &ises fund s for" M.ARKI FGS .

G":'2 to PERALTA J 6th Tn l' Panay , 28 , 29 , 49,52 until Mar ch 1 944 .

55, 5g ,66 USAFFE c o~nnnder Qt Dansol nn , L8n o.o , 71 , 78 a t time of slrrre nder .

Da vQo PW es c ape e , g1..lBrrB:l a le ade r 114th Re gt , novv eva c un t ed .

Reported still free in Feb 1944 .

40 11 Guerrillo. leader Olongapo o.nd Botolan , Zambales S- 2 to Y. YATAR, CC , 64th Comh.::t Team , 54 Punay .

0

:- 138 -

SIBALA, Capt . Gal i c s.no L. SILLI MAN , Robert B.

SILVA, Policarpio SILVER M.sj . j

SDPEK , 3rd Lt . Urnlla SINAY , Capt. Oteo Sn~DAGA , Lt. Do ,sIRLTIGA, 2nd Lt . Eugenio SKIVASOKI , 1st Lt. Felix SMITH, Cupt. Cha rles 'i .

_ S;:lITH, Lt . Col. Cbar l es

ii' .

S,:I TH, Lt . rtussell Howar d

SOLIDON, Le onar do SOLI:!IAN, Lt Eo SOLIMAN, Col. Marcos 0

SOLIVZN, Ma j . Fidel 0 - 1042, PA SORIANO , Capt . DI) roteo SORI ANG, Col . One Zl:1D SOROi'lGAN , Co.pt . Reynoldo SOTELO, AlI' onso SPIELMAl.\', Lt . Rober t STERNBERG , Lt. ,Adolpll STRATT AF, Sgt .

STRATTA1\', Cupt. Guy STRA.UGlfN, Col . Eugh I

SU A-RE Z, Nla,j .

SUAREZ, Col. Alejandr o SULCI SURIJljJ , Lt . Taib P .

SY, Co.7 t . Antollano P. SY CIP, rv1anuel

G-2, 73ro. Prov Div, Negros Or. Sillinan Univ Prof. of history, Dep Gov of southern Negros Or. under VILL AlviOR 7th NID Command 9 evacuated early 1944, Regtl Inspector Jf E",KsAL, JAP 8th 16 Regional CO;~lj:l&nd .

Bataan ve t eran , pro - A.meri can \7i th iflARKI J\iGS • G- 3, S"Lllu Area COlnf:land .

102 , 103 Chief. Signal Off i cer f or VOLCKffiAl'i"N .

44 Leader 1st Bn, Layya ( ? ), Tawi Tawi.

1 04 S- 3, 2nd Bn , 63rd Combat Te &El , Panay .

53 6th MD Cavite - Batc.ngas intel agent .

67 Aner icem I1esti zo , unO. branch nanage:c 7C; of Interno.tiona l Harvester Co, in Bacolod befor e surr ender. Joined gue rrillas and i'13 now Ex 0 , North west Negr os Sect or .

6 , 7,11 , 31 , 33,84 Appoint ec1. CO , SaGar Com _ Eland September 1944 .

Forr!1e r Sgt 28th Bomb Sq; f r om Ra pid City, S Dakotac f"e111 ber of Mindanao gUE rrill a forces in 1 943 . Reported a t r adio sktion on Le;yte i n March l S44 .

Junior ~Eer[, ber Samar Provincial Boa~d .

6 G'L1errilla l eader in northern Sarrar.

5 Grad"L~te of Ft . Benning . ci s for 2 ;\II RANDf.. . Reported t o h2ve eva cuated. to northern islQnds of Bonol in J an -Feb 1941+ .

Chief of Folice in Bacolod before 77,78 surr ender; now Adj , District Hq , 7th MD . Mixed in l o cnl politlcs.

Guerrilla in Bukidnon with FEND;lTUJ\T , 98 , 99 n ow G- 4. , 107th Divi s ion , Mindanao .

Ed uco. ted, with F AI T; with NlARKINGS afte r capture of STRrl_UGHN 5 r aises f"Lmd s for M~lRKIl'mS . }£x 0 , 1st Bn , 63rd COE,bat Team , Panay.

53 Guerrilla l oader r epor ted SL~rendered 61 in Sep 1943.

Davao PII 8SCQpee; guerrill a leader 96 114th Regtj Suri gao , GuerrHI G. lender and intelligence 101 officer nenr DelVno City .

Leader , 1st Bn , Tehem , Tawi TawL 104 F ood Administr ator, S'LUU Area Corr@anc~ former Deputy G overncJl~ of SuJ_u.

Original l eader o.nd fO"Lwder 9 ,11 ,18 ,19 of Filipino - timerican -Irregu- 20 , 22,27 ,32 l o.r Troops in centra l Luz on.

Capt ured by JapLtn ese .

On duty, Hq Bohol CO[llnand , June 1944 .

CO , Su~u Area C01-JIl1c.n<i . _ 84,52 ,.102 ,103 ,104 1 05 7 Ex-Governor of Samar ; l eader of small gue rrilla gr oup , Leader 3rd Bn , Mt Tu:mant angi s , Jolo.

1 04 iks G_ADOR I sAG. 73 Chinese , Dwaague te ;: e rch,:.nt, hel ped 74 guerrillas with supplies .

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TAALA, Mateo C. TABI

Treasurer, Samar Pr evincial Board.

Political and guerrilla leader on D"l.:rrnaran Island .

TACERLA y Capt .

Guerrilla leader on 3urias I dand .

24 5 29 TADL:RAlJ y Maj . Juan F.:.

Early guerrilla in 1&nao, now G-3 , 92 108th Div. TAGALOG, p..Jt .

Leader 1st Bn , Laun TabauEn , S ~~ian.

104 TAHIR, Lt. Pantaril On duty 2nd Bn , S'I.UU Areo. COlmnand , f ormer t eacber and HOTC gr acl.1.:late .

TALE, Capt. Iluminado D~ Ad j and S-·l, 73rd Prov Div , Negl~ o s Or. 79 TAN~E.lJYONG , Datu.

Moro g chief friendly leader in eas t er n 102 J ol o .

T.Ali,1PUGAO , Datu Mor o guerrill a l eader at Tuburan ,Lanao .

TAN, 2nd Lt . Anton 102 School teacher and re serve officer; Chinese - Mor o mestizo from Sibutu; brother CJf Us op TAN, pEDpet. official in Jolo; CO , H~ Service CO, SlUU Are a ColTh'TIand • TANADA, Lorenzo Att orney , cDnnected wi t h Free Philippines .18 TANSIONGCO ~ Maj . Vicente A. 6th f,ID backed comnlander of Masbat e 52,57,58 gue rr i llas in mid -1944 ; now on 59 Pariay.

Tlu'JTUICO, Francisco Appointed Asst Pr ovincial Treasurer 3.nd Cashier :)f Le;yte by !'::"4NGLEON in vdnter 1943.

TANYAG, Lt . CoL Bienvenid 0 S. Senior officer PQOG, Batangasc TAPARAN, Col. CO Ternate -l\IIaragondon River Area ,Cavite . 22 T.ARuC , Luis One of 5 controlling HUKBALAJAPS. 15,16 TATE, Capt. Nilliam Ear l y guerrilia l eader, Lanao 8S , 87 , 89 Prov , assisted MORGM~ dr i ve Japs fr om Mi samis Occ. TAYAG , Enriclue D. NieJ11.ber of ENRIQUEZ's Manila or ganization . 42 TAYAG, Maj . Hermenigildo .

Contact in centr al LUSJon f or Pres.

22 Quez on ' s Ovvn Guerril l as .

TEft~1 0 , Lt. Col. Just Lnc 87,88 PA, on staff 105th Di v, Zam boanga • TECSON, Lt . Rudolpho J r BC Inspector , Boac , Mar induque 59 TEJERO, Capt.

Sta Filomena, ,J&nnar y 1943.

TERRAZA, Sgt .

GEerrilla unit cORmander in Leyte.

2 TEVES, Capt. Lorenz o 26 ye ars ; l aw stunent , in G-2, 7th MD Hq. G-2 , If A" CDrps (?) , we stern lVlindanao TEOfllf..AS , Maj . Chandler B 93 THON1VlES , Lt . Richard -For me r G- 3 , 110th Div; now oper at es 96 C ~1 s t at ion on Camigl..un 1d .

THORP, Col . Claude Central Luz on guerrilla leader, 9 , 10,16,103 captured 1942 .

TDIlBAN , Emeterio Chief of Management (Chief Supply 15 Offi cer) of HUKBALAJAPS. TIIVlBlJNCAYA, Lt. Guerrilla o;ticer on Cuyo. Was in Br ookers Poi nt, Palawan , for a time in 1943 .

102 TIO, Lt. Konglam Early guerr illa leader Si asi Se ct or; now has weather s t ation on Ta~~ Tawi .

TOBIANOSA, P. "Jas named by LAPUS as the Acting Engineer Officer in a t entative organization pl an for the 5th MD. TOI'/iANNING , Capt.

Guerrill a le-ader ir:. Li[mga , Suri g8.D• TOMAS , Eleuterio App::->inted Pr ovincial Board Member f or Ley t o by :t~NGLE ON in :t(ov 1943 . Reported captured by or surr endered t o Japanese in spring 19-44 .

TORIO, 1st Lt. Manuel 6th MD La Union agent .

67 61,62 For mer Bn 5-2 under Maj . RUFFYand TORRE, Lt. Gomen ind ': de l a present commande'r of liB" Co , under BELO(GCIO~ Mindoro. <

9

0

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TORP.ES, !VIa j . Enriq ue, -Sr.

TORRES , Lt. Enriq ue TORRES, Ferna nd o TORRES, Capt. Leona r do C. TRASlVIONTE , Torrib io TR AZO , Ma j. Abel TRE&PECES , Lt. Aleja ndr o TRINI DAD, fu1anue l P .

TRINI DJ\...D , Capt. Pater nos TUBAT , 2nd Lt . Cesar iG TUGGLE TULA\VIE , Capt. Arol as TUNlBAGA , Lt. Emil io

Forme r civili an in NegI'GG Oce . or ganiz ed a gUB rr illa group near Binal bagG n , jl'l.id -1 9L!-2 ; and joined ABCEDE ' s c o~~and , n~w in charg e of Rq troop s , 7th MD Distr i ct Hq .

10 Sent fr :J!!l SNPA. mid -1944 with Sllppli e::: ce. ligen intel ~ LtlPRM foI' and t o assis t Forme r, school t eacr..c r and nov. a gcter .. r ill a l eader in the Malcampo ar ea , Pal81m n .

Pre - war Pr ovinc ial Inspe ctor PC , Bonol , on duty '\1!i.. th Bohol Comma nd, J 'lme 1 9.44 .

71 Pr e - war a t torne y; was with PDRING gue rt puppe and ed; r ill as but, now Eu.rr ender Mayor of Guihu lngan . .38 CO , 87th_Inf Regt. Repo rtedly ver y urs ; abl e; veter an of Ccrre gidor r ender ed , but escap ed .

1 02 ,1 0.3 Ex 0, S"L.uu Area Command .

71 rgue Pre - war attorn ey , joined FURING r illas ; surre ndeTe d Jan 1944 .

S- 2, S O-~.thern Cebu S8cto r.

79 Adj , 75th Inf , South Ncgr os Sect or.

US minin g pr omot er ; vv i th r~JERRILL i n Zambal es .

1 02 Guer rilla leade r Eilaa n (Jolo) se ct or . , 65 64 , Gue rr i ll a leade r at Brook e ' s Point ed Palaw an . Repor ted t o have drown in Dec 1943.

- U -

UDTOG, Datu Ma t al am UMALI , Lt. Ull'lALI , UlViALI, illJIALI , m·1ALI j

Lt . CoL Godof redo Maj . Juani to Ma j . Mari ana Vi cen te

UMPA , Malamit

S7 , 98 Moro , earl y Cotab ato gue r rilla }.

DATD leade r, broth er-in -law toPEN Guer rilla commander of N"v!i Mindo r o (S ablay an to lITa de Ilog) in Nov lC:L!-3.

SEnio r offic er PQOG. Se nior offic er PQOG .

Senio r offic er PQOG. 22,43 L,eade r of Pres . Quezo n ! 8 Own Guer. illas r ~f'or o f r om ""adamba , outsta nding , c 01.Jrage01.1S 7 ono of Lt oCol. :83DGEsr mos t truste d off icers QM? BUN TERS • 59? 60 Mar induq ue guer rilla le&de r , close .

Panay on A GLRCI o Ciril of frie nd Guor rilla on Ley~e in JlUY 1943. lOLl:toro , '"'h elped SUAREZ e.s c ape to Batob &to ...

Com Area Su~u duty on now ; in 1942 mond , 1st Bn BasbaE. , Tawi Tawi . <

UNsm , Salva dor 'lJNT ALAN , Capt . Sofr onJ_o URIBE, B. Lt . Sabta l

US~1AN ,

40 14th Engr. , ? S .

79 /15, 7~c n -r r'orthc from tizo s me Amer ican ostab in BELL ed t assis Negro s, lishi ng r adio conta ct with USA and S~-"PA; now Signe J. Offic er, 7.3rd Div . o;:: Se ctor .

VALDEF.RAl'A. , 2nd Lt. l"emef'io S . S-4 , I:or theG.s t Negr YG8 , thoug h doubt ed f,lARKIi th i \ ::1y Posdl VALDEZ, Col . Alejo MOR c

by VILLA 42 ,45 4, MAHARLIKA GUBRRILL,AS. G. ~~ n Simeo .

Maj Z, VALDE

VAGC,AB, Cpl. .silve,= tl~ o L VAIL , Capt . Louie

<

.. 141 -

V;J.,ENTE 7 1s t Lt. ~en l~c- ·i!'. ~, _8_8_· _____ _____--~ALER A , Lt . J O

S-2, let Bn, 65th Comba t Team , Po.nay .

F2d cont a ct v,:it h NE Berl!.co~ n Ovi en ':;pccl al , !2i s2 l on t a ncrt ~le rn Luzon .

VALI EJ\TT, CD1. Eric ::3 .

VALLE, V31eri ano d E-l VALLEY , Manue l

A?' ,

F A~ T.

F i9 ca l , Samo. r Pr cvinc L.l Doo.r d .

6,7 Organ i zed guerr illa group i n So.n.ar , o. t ta chcd or g . ,nizr: ticn t o Kl-l.NGLE OI-: .

92 G- l , 1 08th Div , Lanao .

VAL" ORE,5, Co.pt . Ce l::'o 43 '~lOrkcd wi th ENRIQl.iEZ, centr al Ll.!Z:n .

VARGAS, Capt .

62 Sl, Co . offic er under ltlQ j . HliFFY , ,"indo r o .

VASQUEZ, 3rd Lt. Fl or ente New En S- 4 under BEL ONC i O, ::inde r c .

78 Ex 0 , 76th 1m, Centr a l j\ cgr cs Socto r .

VEL.::'RDE , Cc pt. J 03C1X'.::' 29 Puppe t mayor of Lib on . v.8LASCO, Mayor 21 nan gasi Pan o t 3tivG osent epr r Ei HLNTIR VELAS QtEZ, J os e and 011 n orthe rn pr ovi n ce s.

Adj (?), S1.llu Area CCIYlYncnd , f or mer VELAS QUEZ, 3rd Lt • .~l,J.xiE1iar. o i'! llpervis ing tc:n ch or in Siasi .

11 CO Eas t ern Bllla can , ECLGA. VENANCI O, D0I'1in go de • C2 e: l e at l or, ct So B.) oans (ZaGb CO Vi t o. li.

VENTUR A. , Lt. Roymu.n d 0 20 FHA 1 942 , .CO Hli1ii T2RS. Exl I·1iguo VER, 22 c Bondo , oup gr illn gucrr Leade r cf VERA , "Gen." Ga uo.e n cia Pcnins 1.l1a . offic er, SOTs ogon Pl'CV. LAPuS Lt. VERA, Luis de , 3rd Guerr illa on 1cytc in J ul y 1943 .

VEYRA, F . de '''' uC)':'l~ " :.:. _.) ). __ ....l.. 1,, _ _ ..., ..l ' of "h.fG~ltr I_U nil _ 1;; U l ' TERS Y 11 v , UUi\ C'/q VILLA, Col. . zal Ri o.nd a known Gnd liked in t1:mil S7 , L.th Ope r 3ti oDal (L1t c l) Die trict CO VILLALUZ, Pedr o . on tl a go.niz or on Luzon , PERAL'I'A intel 98 rill a l ead er b e t we e n D&v[lo Gulf [lyd Guer VILLAEOR .

Saran gc:mi Bo.y , i"lindo. nno 1J' 38 ent G- 3 f or C 'GSE~]m . PMA gr 3duat e; Pros 'J e::nd rn VILLAl\jIOR, Ma j . Fe r epor t ed ?ood f ighte r .

35 , 37 ,..li2, 6S , 72 on spe cial missloD by Sent F ..

A VIL1.M OR , Ma j . Jesus 74 , '7 5'-'7 ~, 89 , 94 rn S .~'PA t o PI , was on s outhe 0 -1 568, PA , S43 l Negr os fr om J an t o Oct te mpor a ry 7th 1ID Corrunc. nd er May t o J1.lly 194-3.

57 , 58 sba te gucrT illa leade r, r e boile d iVb 1n ' JU c VILLAOJADA, Ca pt . ed kill , again st PERALTA influ ence in Lucen a , TC.Y3b o.s , enrly l S44 .

1 00 Early guerr ill o. l eader o. t Lingi g , VILLARI N, Lt. Sur igao . , 6 5th Comba t Toam , Pc nay .

CO . r :ll.:J.io : ,' VILLASIS, Lt . Col. 13r , "1" Co , 1s t Combo. t Tearn , Panay .

CC VILLASUR , Capt .

38 years y early Nc gros Or . iSuerVILORIA, Mo. j. Benj m'li :-iN . r ill a le nder ; Engl iEh a nd ROTC Ins tr uctor nt Silli mo. n Uni v ; n ow eta t ioned o. t 7th rED Hq .

24 rae r gov er nor of Cc.l!1.D.T ines t,;orte , or F VI NSONS , Han. ';1. T. f 01.mde r of VINSONS Tr avell i ng Gl~r­ r i lla s ori ginall y in C ar~rinG s Norto .

66 Isabe l n 6th MD intol agent .

VITO, Lt . ,43 0 4 , 0 1 Ex- 31st Inf , a ctivo with PRAEGER VOLC KI<'1ANN , Lt. Col. Russe ll 44 , 45 in 1943 s.nd now co:m:lo. nder of the n r lea ding gue rrill G cC)[Il2.;IG nd i n n ortl18 Luzon , L~r gely r emncn ts of t he IVIOSES ~OBLE or ga nizat i on .

7

WARNER, Ever ett L, WATERS , Lt . Ll oyd

;Vjaj ~

'-A

CO , 14th Infcn t ry ; s urren der ed f'!lay 1 9~2 . 3 9 ,L.0 Li ved near Ormoc , Le ytc , i n Y;lay 1943. uor WDS on staff of Col . j\;;cCLIS E, @ r illQ on iVIinda na 0 .

Amer ica n atta ched with lviARlC NGS ( ?)

0

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gCl, ":'fILLS J Ca:ot. Donal d WILSONJ Lt. Oiien ',; iILS~, Comdr . Senne l

WILSON$ Capt . Vi . )v .

93 i'Jli ndana o .

G- 3 , . "A" Corps , ,101 06 1 . ao Dav , Bn CO , Illth ?r ov.

USNR~ j oined BO,1Lb R a t Tc11ak ag , Sep 1942 ; oxcel lent cffic er and invalu..abl s servi ce; wi th :~~indD. nao Cl.l.r:r cncy Boar d . Evacu at e d t o New G1.Un8 a and t ho US , Nov 1 944 .

71 USA Sgt . a nd on tlDon Est a bal" when s~"e as ill gUGrl' was s unk. Joine d PURLi\G and was se ccmd i n c omr1an d ; evacu at ed t o USA in 1944 . ves te r~

- Y YAP ~ Capt. P . jlrt .

YATAR , f:laj . Pedr o Y. YATON, Ma j. Pe dr o I .

YB1.jJITE Z, YJa j . J esus YMALAY , 1 s t Lt . Pa lagio YQUNG , Capt . Frank YULO , 2nd Lt . Luis YUSON, Capt. Franc i s c o YUSON, Restit uto

~

8 - 3 , 1 s t Comba t Tean , P&nay .

CC, 64th Comba t Team , P&nay .

S- 4 , 64th Comba t Team , Pa nay .

Ba taan vete F or merly G-2 f or CUSHI NG ran, esca ped af t e r joini ng t he Be at Cobu; capab le man .

S- 4 , 72nd FA Rogt, East Negr o s Se ct or.

Assis tin g Col. SUbRE Z, Sulu.

S-3 , North east }kgr os Se ctor.

CC, "H" Co , J<Qasba t e gue rrilla s under TAJ.IT3IONG CO. Dr, Unive r s ity of Sa nto Tomas , c on ne cte d w~th Fr e e Phili ppino s .

Q

52 54 3t 78 1 03 10 58 18

-zZABALA, J os e ZABAT, Lt. Col. M. M. ZAFRA , Ca pt . Filomen.')

Zl'll mRA, Juan C. ZAPAN TA, Capt . Vi ce nte .

ZARAGOSA, l r t Lt. Vi t o

Re porte d t o be a trl1s t Fortb y Spani ard with t he guer r i llas in the Car amay ar ea , Palawan .

23 ,24,25 , 2S , 27 , 28 , F or me r pC Const a' ul ar ;y29 , 30,31 ,32 , 59 ,66 traff i c Lt . NOVI l e ade r .

Albay n i of unit 81 CO, Bol o Bn , Boh ol , June 1 944 . .

City bu Ce of Puppe t Mayor - Skippe r of "Athe na", suppl y ' bancCl 9:,Tcindan ao.97 58 8 -3, 2nd Bn , 2nd Comba t Tealn , rJIasba tG .

NGCO und e r TANSIO

â&#x20AC;¢

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