An Illustrated seaweed flora of Calatagan, Batangas, Philippines

OK 575 P6 T76

1980

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An eow~

FlorO

Calaftlgan, B aftlngos,

Philippines

AY.l>.[A MUSEUM LIBRARY

by Gavino~?no, J[

Edna T Ganzon-Fortes

Technical Information AN ILLUSTRATED SEAWEED FLORA OF CALATAGAN, BATANGAS . Copyright © 1980 by Filipinas Foundation, Inc. and the University of the Philippines Marine Sciences Center. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in any retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means wi thout prior permission of the authors and the pu blishers.

Book Design: Jule Perez and Ponch Onate lilustrations : Senora S. David Marianne P. Valencia for Halimeda macroloba Book Production Coordination : Maricor G. Abellana PubJjshed for the University of the PhiJippines Marine Sciences Center by Filipinas Foundation, Inc. , 4th Floor, Makati Stock Exchange Bldg. , Ayala Avenue, Makati, Metro Manila.

PCPM Certificate of Registration No. SP 855 Member, PAPI Printed by A Baut ista Press ¢ Co.

0?9;ZY AYAr.A MUSEUM LlBRARY

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Table of Contents In troduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. I Description of Study Site ..... . I I Descriptive Catalogue and Fig.. . 1 Chlorophyta . . . . . . . . . . .. 3 Phaeophyta . . . . . . . . . . .. 37 Rhodophyta . . . . . . . . . . . 59 Glossary of Technical Terms . .. 111 Literature Cited . . . . . . . . . . . .. 133

Foreword: Being situated in th e coastal area, a significant portion of the population of Calatagan has long been engaged in fishing as a main source of livelihood. Due however to the tremendous pressure exerted on the coastal environment from v31ious sources th e local production of finfishes, mollusks and crustaceans has been significantly redu ced . Th ere is no doubt that this negative production trend will continue unless concerted efforts in the manageme nt and conservation of these marine resources are applied.

The need to develop and conserve these resources is a major concern to us.

In order to rationalize the development and conservation of these resources, we have commissioned the University of the Philip pines Marine Sciences Center through Filipinas Foundation, In c., to carry out research on the development of marine resources for Calatagan. Seaweed research is one of the major components of this program, designed to develop the potential of seaweeds indigenous to the area through developm ent of farming techniques and na tu ral management schemes. Economically, seaweeds are proving themselves as significant species.

This volum e is the result of th e initial efforts of the authors in their inventory and assessment work . Although there may have been isolated reports in the past, the present work is I believe the first major report on the seaweeds of Calatagan. Th e fifty species included are described in a manner understandable to even a layman.

The information on wh ere these species are found and their economic potential as food or raw materials for commercial prod ucts is not generally found in other comparable literature on seaweeds.

We fee l that th e publication of this book will be an important instrument in developing awareness among Filipinos of the economic potentials of local seaweed species.

As a reference material, it will be useful not only to technical people but to the general public as well.

Finan cial support for this program is our very sincere way of expressing concern for the development and conservation of the marine resources in the country.

Introduction The natural dependence of coastal inhabitants on the sea as source of food and livelihood is best exemplified among the rural communities in the Philippines as well as in Southeast Asian countries. The rapid increase in population, with its concomitant demands for food , services and other forms of amenities are exerting tremendous pressure on coastal resources. Moreover, coastal areas accessible to population centers are being slowly encroached upon by urban development and pollutive industries with very adverse effects on the productivity of these areas. Such encroachments are exemplified by the changes in the land uses in these areas. In view of these problems, the utilization of marine coastal reso urces will remain as a major concern of Filipinos especially in the remote areas of the country.

To a large extent, however, the utilization of marine resources has been limited to fmfishes, crustaceans and shellfishes. Seaweeds, on the other hand, are among those which have not been utilized or developed except for a few species traditionally recognized as food . This condition may be attributed to the unfamiliarity of most Filipinos on the importance and potentials of the seaweed resources as food and as source of raw materials for the manufacture of commercial products. There also exists the lack of appreciation on their role in the productivity of shallow coastal areas. Fortunately, a new impetus towards resource development arose during these last few years due to increased demands in both local and foreign markets for seaweeds and seaweed products. The farming of some species such as Caulerpa lentillifera for food , Eucheuma striatum and E. spinosum as raw materials for the manufacture of carrageenin, are significant examples of these development.

It is necessary to sustain this present trend by developing the awareness and familiarization of the people to the economic importance of the seaweed resources.

This illustrated manual of the common species of seaweeds of Calatagan was written with this primary purpose in mind. The format as well as the information for each species are a significant departure from the purely technical papers we have written in the past in order that this book may be more useful not only to students and researchers on seaweeds but to the laymen as well. The language used is in a form which can easily be understood by laymen w'thout necessarily sacrificing the technical aspect of the taxonomy . A glossary is also included to facilitate the understanding of some technical terms used in the text .

A review of available literature showed that a total of fifty-three species have been previously reported from Calatagan. Of this total , thirty-six were macrobenthic forms while seventeen were epiphytes (Cornejo and Velasquez 1970; Velasquez et al. 1971). Eighteen of the previously reported macrobenthic species are included in the present report. Of the fifty species presently reported, twenty-two are new records for Calatagan .

The fifty species included in this book are primarily macro benthic forms, i.e ., the large and attached species which are commonly encountered in the study site. Each species is fully described and illustrated based on its easily recognizable external as well as internal characteristics.

Whenever available, information on their economic uses, local distribution and future potentials are mentioned .

II

Description of Study Site The municipality of Calatagan, located at 13 0 50' N lat. and 120 0 37' E long. occupies the whole of the peninsula fo rming the northwest boundary of Balayan Bay in Batangas. It is a small community where the industries are agricu lture, fi shing and fish-farming. Calatagan Inlet fronting Bo. Balong Bato also serves as a docking area as well as a small port for both local and transient motorized bancas which discharge their fish catches for the local market or for transport to Metro Manila.

The whole of the western shoreline of the peninsula fronting the Sou th China Sea from the Calatagan Inlet northwards is bordered by a broad and welldeveloped fringing reef separated from the shore by a very shallow lagoon. Although the reef, lagoon and the shallow subtidal areas near the reef margin have had their share of degradation from both illegal methods of fishing, coral gathering and removal of mangrove fo r fi sh pond purposes, Calatagan still remains one of the typ ical coastal areas suitable for marine biological studies which is relatively accessible from Metro Manila. Its marine flora and fauna have remained relatively rich compared to other coastal areas in Batangas.

The floristic survey was limited to the western side of Calatagan Peninsula starting from the Calatagan Inlet to as far north as the Bo. Layon (Fig. I). The study area was divided into four sections, namely : THELAGOON The wid th of the lagoon is irregular and measures a maximum of 500 meters at certain portions with depths ranging from 6 to 12 feet at its deepest portions during high tides. A significant portion is exposed during low tides. The lagoon is protected from the impact of strong waves from the open sea during the southwe st monsoon by a very broad and well developed reef.

Slow to moderate currents prevail in the lagoon.

Water gets into the lagoon through the lagoon entrance in the vicinity of Matabungkay farther north as well as through a natural break in the ree f slightly north of Bo .

Layon. Water ex its at the southern end through Calatagan Inlet at Bo. Balong Bato (Castillo and Berenguel 1976).

The water is characteristi cally turb id all year round.

The substratum is muddy to sandy-muddy with occasional big coral rocks or reef patches. It is predominan tly a sea grass community where the genus Enhalus prevails.

Collecting stations I to 14 are located within the lagoon.

THE INNER REEF This area includes the sandy rocky margin of the reef adjacent to the lagoon. It is protected from the west-southwest during the southwest monsoon by the reef itself. Slow to moderate current passing through the whole length of the lagoon influences the area. It is also affected by slight to moderate wind-driven waves coming from the east-northeast during the northeast monsoon.

Most of this section are partly exposed during low tides.

Collecting stations 21,24, 26 and 27 are located in this section.

THE MIDDLE REEF This area is broad and flat, mostly exposed during low tide. The water is relatively clear. Water movement is generally slow to sometimes moderate to strong in some portions during tidal changes. The area is characterized by sandy substrate where sea grasses predominate with few coral heads. Stations 19,20,22,23, 25 ,28 are located in this section.

THE OUTER REEF This region is characterized by intensive growth of the coral community. Collections were made near the reef margin. Strong waves prevail over the area especially during the southwest monsoon. The water is clear at the relatively deeper areas. Some parts may be exposed during low tide. Stations 15-18 are located in this area.

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CALATAGAN

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Map showing the portion of Calatagan, Batangas where the study was conducted. The collecting stations are numbered.

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DescriJ;tive Catdlogue &Flgum

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Division

Chlorophyta

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Order : ULOTRICHALES Family: Ulvaceae

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Enteromorpha intestinalis The thalli are up to about 17 cm. tall, bright green when fresh, whitish when dried, made up of many erect, thin, tubular, hollow branches proliferating from a common slender stipe attached to the substratum by a small discoid holdfast. The branches are tapered below, inflated above, irregularly twisted, contorted and somewhat constricted.

The membranous walls of the branches are one-cell thick. The cells

(LlNNAEUS) LINK

References: are irregularly polyhedral, 16-23 micro ns Material examined: Howe 1911; Taylor 1052, Sept.

22 ,1 978, long in surface view and filled with 1960; Trono 1973a.

Isla Puting Bato. spherical chloroplasts.

The alga can be observed at exposed intertidal areas on solid substrates like rocks and pieces of corals.

The species is reported to be edible as well as being used as feed to milkfish.

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Order: CLADOPHORALES Family: Cladophoraceae

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Chaetomorpha crassa

(c. AGARDH) KUTZING

The thalli consist of unbranched filaments forming loose clumps entangled with other algal species. The clumps are bright green with some greenish white portions. The filaments consist of cylindrical cells, 600-700 (900) microns in diameter. sometimes as

Materials examined: 1131, Nov. 11, 1978, Station 1; 1460. Feb . 17, 1979, Station 29; 1439, Feb. 17, 1979, Station 24; 1424.

Feb. 17, 1979,

long as broad but usually twice to two-and-a-half as long as broad.

The young and fresh materials of this species have been reported as edible.

Station 23; 1330. Feb. 3, 1979,

Station 12.

References: Taylor 1960; Trono 1972a, 1975.

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Portion of plant (drawn from reo soaked specimen).

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Order: SIPHONOCLADALES Family: Valoniaceae

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Boergesenia forbesii The thallus is solitary or colonial, with pear-shaped to clavate fluidfilled vesicle which is 1.5 cm. or more in height, grassgreen to yellowish-green in color, smooth and shiny when fresh. This is attached to the substratum by rhizoidal holdfast.

This species is common on shallow reef flat attached to pieces of dead corals or rocks. It may be found epiphytic on larger algae or on eel grasses.

(HARVEy) FELDMANN

Materials examined: 1222, Dec. 10, 1978, Station 15; 1042, Sept. 22, 1978, Station 4 ; 1089, Oct. 20, 1978, Station 4 ; 1068, Oct. 6, 1978.

Station 3; 1916, Nov. 26,1978, Station 14.

References: Trono 1968; Dawson 1954a; Yamada 1950.

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Habit of a co lony (drawn from pressed and dried material).

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Valonia aegagropila The thallus is bright green to brownish-green and grow up to about 3 cm. forming thick fleshy crust attached to sandy-rocky substrate by rhizoids. It is composed of many vesicular -segments laterally and compactly adjoined to each other by hapteroid cells. The clavate vesicles

(segments) are slightly constricted at the bases and are arranged in layers with two to five daughter vesicles arising from a parent vesicle. These are filled with fluid when fresh and are 4-6.3 mm. long, 1-1 .6 mm. in diameter.

(c. AGARDH)

Materials examined: 1665, April 6, 1979, Station 14; 1715, April 27,1979, Station 24; 1161, Nov. 10, 1978, Station 4 ; 191 7, Feb. 24, 1978; Station 8.

References: Egerod 1952; Dawson 1954a' Taylor 1950 ; , Trono 1968.

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A portion of the plant showing several

daughter segments (vesicles) arising from one parent segment

(drawn from pickled material).

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Valonia ventricosa

1. AGARDH

The thallus is usually solitary, bulb-like, ovate to spherical and filled with fluid. It measures up to about 6.0 cm. tall and has bright green or brownish green color when fresh, attached by rhizoids found at the base.

Materials examined: 1209, Nov. 12, 1978, Station 8; 1098, Oct. 20, 1978, Station 4 ; 119 7. 1, Nov. 26, 1978, Station 14 ;

References: Taylor 1928 , 1960; Egerod 1975 ; Dawson 1954a; Trono 1968, 1973a, 1975.

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2358, Sept. 15, 1978.

Station 2; 111 7, Nov. 4, 1978 , Station 7; 1642, April 6, 1979, Station 14.

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Family: Boodleaceae

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Boodlea composita The thalli are filamentous and fOlm spongiose, bright green masses which grow on other algal species. Branching on the main axes is generally pinnate, alternate to irregular in certain portions with the branches anastomosing with one another by means of special attachment cells, somewhat matted, forming an amorphous structure. The primary axes measure

248-538 microns broad and the branchsegments are 58-130 microns in diameter.

This species is limited to the intertidal zone in the inner reef and lagoon areas where it is partially exposed during low tides.

(HARVEY) BRAND

Materials examined : 1400, Feb . 3, 1979, Station 9, 1315, Feb. 3, 1979, Station 1 ; 1375, Feb.3, 1979, Station 6; 1483, Feb . 24, 1979, Station 6; 1714, April 27, 1979,

Station 25; 1307, Jan. 21,1979, Station I.

References:

Taylor 1960; Egerod 1952; Dawson 1954a; Trono 1968; Boergesen 1940.

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Portion of thallus (drawn from fresh material).

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Order: SIPHONALES Family: Cau/erpaceae

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Caulerpa lentillifera The thalli are of grass-green color composed of cylindrical stolon giving rise to erect branches above and rhizoidal branches below. The erect branches are spaced 3-14 mm. apart, each made up of a cylindrical axis of 2.5-7 cm. tall, beset with ramuli that are arranged radially and crowdedly, forming a berry-like or grape-like structure. The ramuli are 2-4 mm. long consisting of a short stalk and a globular head of 1.5 mm. in diameter. Distinct constriction is

present between the base of the globular head and the distal end of the stalk of the ramulus.

This species grows in shallow protected reef nat characterized by soft sandy substrate. It is commonly known as "Iato" (Cebuano) or "ararucip" (Tagalog and liocano). The species is edible and sells at a good price in Metro Manila markets. It is also being farmed in ponds in Mactan, Cebu.

J. AGARDH

Materials examined: 11 29, Nov. 11, 1978, Station I ; 1425, Feb. 1425 , Feb. 17, 1979; Station 23.

References: Eubank 1946; Trona 1968; Gilbert 1942,

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Caulerpa racemosa The thalli are of grass-green color consisting of erect branches measuring 2-10 (2.5-6) cm. tall and distributed at 3-22 mm. apart on the robust stolon. The ramuli are 2.5-10 (5-7) mm. long, arranged pinnately, alternately or radially on the cylindrical (a) to flattened (b) erect axes. These are stalked and are variable in Conn, from clavate to globose with apices

measuring 2-3.5 mm. broad.

This species is common in sandymuddy and protected areas of the reef but may be also found in rocky and moderately exposed areas near the edge of the reef.

This species is edible although not as much preferred due to their coarser texture and peppery taste.

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(FORSAKAL) J . AGARDH

Materials examined: 1211. Nov. 12. 1978.

Station 8; 1270. Dec. 10, 1978, Station 25; 1028. Sept. 15, 1978.

1256. Dec. 10, 1978, Station 23; 1195, Nov. 26, 1978, Station 14.

Pulong Bakaw;

References: Gilbert 1942; Taylor 1960; Trono 1973b.

1454. Feb. 17, 1979, Station 28;

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Habit of plant with cylindrical axes (drawn from pickled material).

Habit of elant with flattened axes (drawn from pickled material).

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Caulerpa serrulata The thalli are dull green, consisting of erect branches which are up to 6 cm. tall and which are distributed at 2-11 mm . interval on the horizontal stolon. The lower 1/4 to 1/ 3 portion of the erect branches is commonly naked, cylindrical, becoming flattened towards the tips, dividing dichotomously to subdichotomously into strap-shaped, foliose branches of

about 3 mm. wide that are beset with coarse teeth all throughout their margin. The anterior ends of the foliose branches are generally curved or twisted, or in one variety, the entire strap-shaped blades are strongly twisted in to spirals.

This species is not edible due to its tough consistency.

(FORSSKAL) J. AGARDH EMEND. BOERGESEN Materials examined : 1435, Feb . 17, 1979 , Station 24 ; 1453, Feb . 17, 1979 , Station 28 ; 2359, Feb. 17, 1979, Station 28; 2360, Nov. 11, 1978, Station I; 2108, Aug. 23 , 1979,

路Ha bit (drawn from

pickled material).

Station 22; 2127, Aug. 23 , 1979

Station 24.

References: Gilbert 1942; Taylor 1960 ; Trono 1969; Dawson 1954a.

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Caulerpa sertularioides The thalli are grass-green in color consisting of erect, feather-like branches which are up to 4.5 cm. tall, distributed at 5-22 mm . intervals on the stolon. Axes are cylindrical throughout which support the distichously and pinnately arranged cylindrical pinnules (ramuli) measuring 3-10 mm. long and about 0.2-0.5 mm. in diameter. The pinnules

are with mucronate tips, up curved and becoming sickle-shaped towards the terminal portion of the erect branches.

This species is also edible and the slightly sour and pungent nature of the young and fresh thalli give it a spicy taste. It may form a sizeable colony in sandy and protected areas of the reef.

(GMELIN) HOWE

References: Taylor 1960; Gilbert 1942; Trono 1973b; Station 20; 1405; Feb. 17, 1979, Eubank 1946; Trono 1968; Dawson 1956.

Station 20.

Materials examined:

1239, Dec. 10, 1978,

Habit (drawn from pickled material).

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Family: Codiaceae

Halimeda cylindracea The thalli are green , erect, generally slender and moderately calcified, measuring up to about 17 cm. tall excluding the large bulbous holdfast which extends to 9.5 cm . long. Basal segments are cylindrical to cylindricalcompressed, sometimes barrel-shaped and fused, all together forming a stipe supporting 4 t o 5 separate segments. The thallus becomes bran ched at the middle portion but more frequ ently towards the terminal portion.

Branch-segments are slightl y com-

pressed to cylindrical near the base,' abruptly decreasing in diameter from the middle to the terminal portion oJ the thallus. Segments at the middle portion of the thallus are 3.5-8 mm. in diameter, 2-4 times longer than broad, becoming more cylindri cal and narrower towards the tip , 1.25I. 5 5 mm. in diameter, 3-5 times longer than broad.

This species is found in similar habitat as that of H. macrolo ba although not as common.

DECAISNE

Materials examined: 1002, Sept. 1, 1978,

Pulong Ba1<aw; 1176 , Nov. 26, 1978, Station 13; 1192 , Nov. 26, 1978, Station 14 ; 1144, Nov. 11 , 1978, Station 2.

Habit (drawn from pressed and dried material).

References: Hillis 1959; Trono 1968.

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Halimeda macroloba The thalli are erect, flat and moderately calcified. It grows up to 19 cm. in height excluding the long, bulbous holdfast which may extend to 5 cm. Basal segment is somewhat cunueate or rectangular with slightly expanded anterior portion supporting two or more separate segments, each of which support several younger segments, all together forming a fanshaped unit. Segments are generally

flabellate with dull surface, measuring 1.2-3.6 (2.2-2.5) cm. broad, 1.5-2 cm. tall and 1-2.3 mm. thick; the upper margin is entire, undulate to deeply lobed.

This species is a common component of the sea grass community and generally abundant in protected intertidal and shallow upper subtidal areas where the substrate is generally sandy to sandy-muddy.

DECAISNE

Materials examined: 1462, Feb. 17,1979, Station 29; 1269, Dec. 10,1978, Station 25; 1287, Dec. 10, 1978, Station 27 ; 1258, Dec. 10,1978, Station 23.

J labit (drawn from pressed and dried material).

References: Hillis 1959 ; Trono 1968; Barton 1901.

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Halimeda opuntia The thalli fonn thick clumps on sandy-rocky substrates attach ed by rhizoids arising from any point at the lower portion of the thalli that comes in contact with the substratum.

These are moderately calcified, greenish to cream when dried. The branching system is irregular and overlapping. Segments are dull, generally

(LlNNAEUS) LAMOUROUX

renifonn with a prominent central rib, often with two other lateral ribs.

These are 6.5-10 .5 mm. broad, 4-8 mm. tall and 0.5-0.75 mm. thick ; their distal margin is sinuate to deeply lobed.

This species is found in intertidal areas on sandy-rocky substrates always growing wi th other algae .

Materials examined: 1001 , Sept. I , 1978, Pulong Bakaw ; 1207, Nov. 12,1978; Station 8; 1257, Dec. 10, 1978; Station 23; 1266, Dec. 10, 1978; Station 24; 1437, Feb. 17, 1979; Station 24;

Habit (drawn from pressed and dried material).

1280 , Dec. 10,1978, Station 26; 1143, Nov. II, 1978, Station 2; 1069, Oct. 6, 1978, Station 3.

References: Hillis Hillis 1959; Trono 1968,1975 ; Taylor 1928,1950.

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Halimeda simulans The thalli are erect, moderately calcified, dark green when fresh, greenish to cream when dried and grows up to II cm. in height, excluding the well-developed rhizoidal holdfast which is up to 5.5 cm. long.

The basal portion consists of one to three fused segments, all together forming a fan-like stipe. This supports 5 to 8 daughter segments, each also supporting a series of segments which

decrease in thickness from base to apex. Segments vary from cuneate, subcuneate, flabellate to reniform, their surfaces slightly ribbed and generally dull. The upper margins of the segments may be truncate, entire, undulate to lobed; the size vary from 3.5-11 (7-10) mm. wide, 6-14 (7-11) mm. tall and 0.3-1.5 mm. thick.

This species is found in the sam e habitat as H. macr% ba.

HOWE Materials examined :

1205, Nov. 12, 1978, Station 8; 1067. Oct. 6, 1978, Station 3; 1088, Oct. 20, 1978, Station 4 ; 1142, Nov. 1142, Nov. II , 1978, Station 2; 1032, Sept. 15, 1978,

Station 2 ; 1130, Nov. I J, 1978, Station I.

References: Hillis 1959; Taylor 1928; Trona 1975.

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(ELLIS AND SOLANDER ) LAMOUROUX

Halimeda tuna The thalli are erect, up to about 9 cm. tall, greenish to cream when dried. The rhizoidal holdfast is not so well developed and somewhat inconspicuous. The basal portion consists of one or two segments which may be fused, forming a sub cuneate or barrel-shaped stipe. Branching is dichotomous to tetrachotomous.

Segments are overlapping and are either spreading or compact. Branch segments are moderately calcified, generally flabellate to broadly reniform, 13-33 mm. across and 11 -19.5

mrn. tall with dull to glossy surface.

Segments are 0.5-1. 7 mm. thick, usually increasing from the base to the upper end. The distal margins of the segments are significantly thicker appearing wavy and folded when pressed.

This species is found on rocky or solid substrate where it forms a slightly compact habit when the habitat is exposed to strong wave action, or it may be lax in habit when found in protected areas.

Materials examined : 1206, Nov. 12, 1978, Station 8;1194, Nov. 1194, Nov. 26, 1978, Station 14; 1165, Nov. 11 , 1978, Station 12.

Habit (drawn from pressed and dried material).

References: Hillis 1959 ; Barton 1901 ; Taylor 1928; Trona 1975.

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Order: DASYCLADALES Family: Dasycladaceae

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N eomeris van -bosseae The thalli are solitary or may form small colonies, erect, moderately calcified, cylindrical-clavate, 11-19 mm. t111, 1.7-2.4 mm. broad, ending in h~jry blunt apex attached by small rhizoidal hold fast. Their color is wilitish-greenish at the lower portion becoming dark to bright green at the hairy tip. The central axis bears closely placed whorls of lateral compound branches. Each lateral consists of a cylindrical, slender primary branch bearing at its expanded distal end a central stalked, spherical-oval gametangium and two lateral (one on each side) secondary branches, terminating

HOWE

in a peJtate-capitate structure which appear hexagonal in surface view.

The latter are all joined together to form a monostromatic cortex which remains intact especially at the younger (upper) portion of the thallus where they bear hairs to fonn a persistent apical tuft.

In the mature thalli, the secondary branches at the lower 1/3 or 1/2 portion are usually cut off, leaving the gametangia exposed to the surface. The gametangia are never coherent and remain free from each other.

Materials examined: 1921, June 12, 1979, Station 14.

2mm

Habit of immature tha llus (drawn from

pickled material).

References: Howe 1909; Egerod 1952; Gilbert 1943.

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Phaeophyta

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Order: DICTYOTALES Family : Dictyotaceae

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Dictyota dentata The thalli are yellowish-brown to greenish-brown in color and are composed of strap-shaped branches.

Branching is distinctly aIternatesubdichotomous with one of each pair of branches usually shorter than the other; the axils formed are rounded, the angle of branching

LAMOUROUX

about 60 to 75 degrees. The tips of the apical branches are generally rounded but are distinctly dentate in some. The margin of the branches are entire but with occasional short spine-like outgrowths.

This species is found in the inner protected portions of the reef.

Materials examined: 1237, Dec. 10, 1978, Station 19; 1140, NOY.II , 1978, Station I, 1248, Dec. 10, 1978, Station 21; 1210, Noy. 12, 1978,

Station 10; 1169, Noy. 10, 1978, Station 5.

References: Taylor 1928, 1960; Earle 1969; Vannajan and Trono 1978.

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41

Padina australis The thaUi are large, broadly flabellate, always divided into several fanshaped lobes. They grow to about 8.5- 16.5 em. tall and have greenllihbrown or yellowllih-brown color when dried. A small discoid holdfast attaches them to the substrate.

The basal portion is covered with brown rhizoids. The lower surface lli always encrusted with calcareous substances. The blades are 2-cells thick throughout, divided into wide and narrow glabrous zones, 2.5

HAUCK to 3.0 mm. broad, by concentric hair lines. The hair lines on the upper surface alternate with those at the lower surface. Clusters of non-indusiate sori are borne at or near the center of the narrow glabrous zones on the lower surface of the blade.

This species is common at the rocky edge of the reef, bordering the lagoon where it lli partially exposed during low tide and protected from strong wave action.

Station 14; Materials examined: 1641, April 6, 1979, 1880, June 12,1979, Station 14.

Station 5; 1214, Nov. 12,1978, Station 8; 1288, Dec. 10, 1978, Station 26; 1686, April 6, 1979 : Station 2; 2363, Feb. 24,1979, References: Station 11 ; Okamura 1932 ; Trono 1395, Feb. 3, 1979, 1969 ; Weber路van Bosse Station 9; 1902, June 12, 1979. 1913.

Habit of fertile t hallus (drawn from pressed and dried material).

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Padina minor The thalli are f1abellate, their height reaching up to 7 cm. They are yellowish-brown in color when dried and are divided into several f1abellate lobes. The blade is 2-cells thick with the upper surface always covered with white chalky material. Concentric hair lines are well-developed on the lower surface, dividing the blades into almost equally wide glabrous

YAMADA

zones varying from 1.9 to 2.6 mm. broad in different materials. The sori, are non-indusiate and form equidistant concentric bands a little above the hair lines.

The species has a broader local distribution than P. australis. It was collected from the stations at the inner reef, middle reef as well as at the outer portion of the reef.

Materials examined: 1830, Feb. 17, 1979, 1259, Dec. 10, 1978, Station 19; 1247, Dec. Station 23;1490, Feb. 124 7, Dec. 10, 1978, 1490, Feb. 24, 1979, Station 21' -'J Station 13; 1411, Feb. 17, 1979, 1251, Dec, 10, 1978, Station 21.

Station 22;2383, Feb. 2383, Feb. 24, 1979, References: Station 11 ; Yamada 1944; 1768, April 27, 1979, Okamura 1932 ; Station 28; 1529, Feb. Tro na 1969 .

1529, Feb. 17, 1979, Station 18 ;

Habit of fertile thallus (draw n from pressed and dried matetial).

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Order; DlCTYOSIPHONALES Family: Scytosiphonaceae

45

Hydroclathrus clathratus

(BORY) HOWE

The thalli are yellowish-brown in color, found floating or fonning dense mat on the substratum, reticulate or net-like due to the numerous perforations of variable sizes. The typical materials have coarser thalli with perforations varying from 0.5-12 mm . in diameter. In dried materials, the reticulate segments measure 424-2000 microns broad. The materials with very fine thalli have

Materials exantined: 1394, Feb. 3, 1979, Station 9; 1340, Feb. 3, 1979, Station 13 ; 1450, Feb. 17, 1979, Station 27; 1440, Feb. 17, 1979, Station 24; 1463, Feb. 17, 1979, Station 29.

perforations of 0.6-7.0 mm. in diameter and the reticulate segments measure 8 1-480 microns in dried materials.

This species is edible. The fresh thalli are cleaned, then blanched in boiling water. The excess water is removed by squeezing. The seaweed is then mixed with tomatoes and onions, salted or mixed with "bagoong" to taste.

Referen~es :

Setchell and Gardner 1967; Taylor 1960; Tsuda 1972 ; Trona and Santos-Maranan 1974.

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47

Hormophysa triquetra The thalli are bushy , dark brown and erect, measuring up to 32 cm. in height. It is attached to the substrate by disc-shaped holdfast from which radially disposed branches arise. Th e branches are foliaceou s and are divided into segmen ts. Generally, each segment has a vesicle at the center which is oblong Or slightly tapered at both ends. The segments are triangular in cross-section with the ridges extended into leaf-like extensions or blades. The margin of the blades is serrate to dentate. The cryptostomat es are sca ttered on the surfaces of the blades.

In sterile thalli, the blades of the segments are broad and the vesicles

are large . The branch diameter in

dried materials measures between 5 to 15 mm. and the vesicles are from 5 to 10 mm . long. In fertil e materials, however, the segments have very narrow leafy extensions limiting the branch diameter to only 1.5-4 mm. The vesicles are generally elonga te on which dark brown spots representing the conceptacles are found; the segments becom e more distinct and the absence of the explanded blades make them look more typically tri-ridged .

The species is commonly found in rocky margins of the reef bordering the lagoon.

KVTZING

Materials examined: 1292, Dec. 10, 1978, Station 28; 1438, Feb. 17, 1979, Station 24; 1266, Dec. 10, 1978, Station 24; 141 5, Feb. 17, 1979, Station 22; 1213, Nov. 12, 1978, Station 8; 1389, Feb. 3, 1979, Station 14; 1034, Sept. 15 , 1978, Station 2; 133, Nov. Il33, Nov. II , 1978, Station I; Il9 6, Nov. 26, 1978, Stat ion 14.

Upper portion of sterile thallus (drawn from pickled materia]).

References: Boergesen 1937 ; Trona 1973c, 1976; Taylor 1966.

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Family : Sargassaceae

49

Sargassum polycystum The thalli are up to about 35 cm. tall , with yellowish-brown to dark brown color, attached to the substratum by a discoid holdfast. The main axes are cy lindrical and rough due to the presence of num erous ou tgrowths, supporting al ternately arranged branches bearing leaves and vesicles.

In young thalli , the leaves are longer and broader measuring 13-42 (26-32) mm. long including the stalk, and 2.5-11 .5 (5-9) mm . wide (dried).

These are generally oblong, slightly tapered below, ret use or emarginate at the tips, finely serrated throughout the margin. In mature thaili, the leaves are fewer , sma ller, 7-IS mm. long including the stalk and 1.7-4 mm . wide (dried), oblanceolate, oblong with tapered bases; the apices are rounded , obtuse to acute; the

outer margin is coarsely serrated.

The midrib is prominent only at a short distance from the apex of the leaves. Cryptostomates are scattered on the surface' of the blade.

Pedunculate vesicles are ovate or spherical, with a diameter of 1.5-3 mm. These are tipped with spinose or thin leaf-like extensions and with few cryptostomates. They may be solitary or may form clusters attached to the primary and secondary branches, and are more numerous but smaller in mature thalli.

Distinctive of this species are the short and general ly V-shaped proliferations which are up to I mm. long on the primary and secondary branches.

The species is ge nerally limited to rocky or corall y substrates within the protected portions of the reef.

C. AGARDH

Materials examined : 1323, Feb. 3,1979, Station 14; 1430, Feb. 17, 1979, Station 23; 1360, Feb. 3, 1979, Station 3; 1414, Feb. 17.1 979, Station 22 ; 1035, Sept. 15, 1978, Station 2; 1322, Feb. 3, 1979, Station 14; 1332, Feb. 3, 1979, Station 12; 1412, Feb. 17, 1979, Station 21.

Refe rences: Tsuda 1972 ; Pham路 Hoang Ho 1967.

lcm

b

a) upper portion of thallus ; b) detailed illustration of a portion of the thallus showing the leaves, vesicles and proliferations on the stem

a

(drawn from resoaked material).

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51

Sargassum sp. 1 Th e thalli are bushy , ye llowishbrown in color and measures up to about 40 cm. in height. The primary axis is stipe-like, short, slender and cylindrical, from which several secondary branches arise bearing alternating branch lets beset with leaves and vesicles. The seco ndary and tertiary axes are distinctly flattened , strap-shaped, 2.5-6.5 mm . across, abruptly narrowed at the base, slightly decreasing in breadth towa rds the apices. The axes are with few cryptostomates and a prominent midrib is present along its entire length.

Leaves are ovate or lanceolate, generally 30-40 mm. long, 7-10 mm.

wide, ending in obtuse tips ; the outer margin is entire, finely to not-uniformly serrate. The midrib is distinct up to the tip. Cryptostomates are irregularly sca ttered on the surfaces.

Stalked vesicl es are large and spherical , generally 4-7 mm. broad, attached sing ly or in tw o's on the sta lk of the leaves.

Receptacles are fasciculate borne on the stalk of the leaves at the distal end of the branches.

This species is also limited to the rocky margin of the reef adjacen t to the lagoon.

Materials examined: 1146, Nov. II , 1978, Station 2; /3/ 8, Feb. 3,1979, Station I; /369, Jan . 21,1979, Station I ; JJ 84, Nov. 12, 1978, Station 10.

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the thallus (drawn from resoaked material) .

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Sargassum sp. 2 The thalli have yellowish-brown to dark brown color and are made up of few long branches up to 20.5 cm. long that are attached alternate ly or secundly on the slender cylindrical mam axes.

Leaves are denser on the upper 2/3 to 3/4 portion of the secondary branches, commonly linear with attenuated tips, some oblong or obovate with rounded apices. The margin is finely serrate to dentate, almost incised. The midrib is distinct only up to a short distance from the tip. The cryptostomates are irregularly distributed on the leaf or somewhat arranged parallel to the midrib .

The sta lked vesicles are very small spherical, about 1-2.5 mm. in dia-

meter and denser on tlie lower portion of the secondary branches. These may be solitary or in clusters, attached to the main branches or to the stalk of the leaves. The cryptostomates are uniformly sca ttered on the surfaces.

Receptacular clusters are racemose, consisting of long, slender and terete alternating branches of about 3.5-10 mm. in length . These are attached to the secondary branches and they occur densely on the terminal portions.

This species is found on the inner protected portion of the reef together with the other species of SarglUisum.

Materials examined: 2369, Dec. 10, 1978, Station 24; 1281, Dec. 10, 1978, Station 26; 1271, Dec. 10, 1978, Station 25.

Habit of plant showing only the detailed portion of one main branch of the thallus (drawn from resoaked material).

55

Turbinaria conoides The thalli are erect, up to 44 cm. tail, dark brown in color, tough and attached to the solid substrate by coarse, branched, rhizoid like holdfast.

The axes are cy lindrical, supporting scattered alternating primary branches beset with numerous stalked turbinate leaves.

The leaves are 6- 12 mm. long (dried), consisting of a subterete stalk, a small vesicle and a blade with coarsely dentate outer margin. From a surface view, the leaves appear

(J. AGARDH) KihZING

triangular or irregularly rounded, measuring 3.5-9 mm. broad and sometimes cut on one side reaching the vesicle.

Receptacular clusters are 3-14 mm. long attached to the stalk of the leaves at 1/4 the distance from the main axis. These are composed of a main branch bearing slender lateral branchlets which are sometimes bifurcate at the tips.

This species is commonly associated with H triqueIra.

Habit of sterile thallus (drawn from pickled material).

Materials examined: 1291, Dec, 10, 1978, Station 28; 1457, Feb. 17,1979, Station 28; 1295, Dec. 10, 1978, Station 29; 2377, Feb. 17, 1979, Station 24; 1445, Feb. 17, 1979, Station 26; 2735, Dec. 10, 1978, Station 26; 1210, Nov. 12, 1978, Station 8.

References: Taylor 1964; Trono 1972b, 1973b, 1976.

Habit of fertile thallus (drawn from pickled material).

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57

Turbinaria ornata The thalli are erect, up to about 13 cm. tall, tough, with dark brown color and attached to the solid substrate by a coarse, branched holdfast. The erect axis is subcy lindri cal supporting alternately and polystichously arranged stalked turbinate leaves.

The leaves are /3-20 mm. long, with subterete stalks slightly tapering below and becoming expanded and triangular above. The distal marginal blade may be vesiculate or evesiculate,

(TURNER) J. AGARDH

10-15 mm. broad, co ncave at the center which may be surrounded fully or partially by an inner crown of teeth ; the outer margin is lined by large, prominent and sharp teeth.

Paniculate receptacular clusters are racemose, attached to the stalk at 1/4 the distan ce from the main axis.

The species is associated frequently with H. triquetra and T. conoides bu t may be found also at th e rocky exposed margins of the reef.

Materials examined : 1024, Sept. 8, 1978, Station 1; 1236, Dec. 10, 1978, Station 19; 1232, Dec. 10, 1978.

Station 18; 1229, Dec. 10, 1978, Station 17; 1099, Oct. 20,1978, Station 14.

References: Taylor 1964; Trono 1976; Dawson 1954a.

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Habit (drawn from pickled material).

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Division

Rhodophyta

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61

Galaxaura oblongata The thalli are erect and bushy , up to 13 em . in height, moderately calcified, greenish and whi tish in color in some portions when dried and attached to the substratum by a small discoid hold fast. Branching is regularly dichotomous and divaricate, forming acute angles. Branches are cylindrical throughout and divided into annulate segments by nodes which are constricted at the bases, I-IS (S-8) mm.long and I.S-2 mm. in diameter.

The cortex is made up of an ou ter layer of epidermal cells which remain attached after decalcification, forming thin sheets, and an inner 2 (occasionally 3) layers of sub-epiderm al cells. The epidermal cells are poly-

(ELLIS AND SOLANDER) LAMOUROUX

gonal, from a surface view, and are 16.7-20.7 microns broad. The outermost sub-epidermallayer is composed of one or two smaller subglobose terminal cells measuring 18-32 microns broad attached to the larger, globose or oblong cells of the lower (second) layer which are 40-S6 microns broad.

The cells of the inner (third) layer, if present, have similar shape and size to that of the second layer. The medullary fIlaments are cylindrical and measure 7.2- 13.3 microns in diameter.

This species is limited to the ou ter rocky subtidal margin of the reef exposed to mod erate to strong wave action.

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Materials examined : 1404, Feb. 17, 1979, Station 17; 2384, Feb. 17, 1979, Station 2S ; 1407, Feb. 17, 1979 Station 20.

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(drawn from dried material).

References: Chou 1947; Trono and Santiago 1970.

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Order: GELlDIALES Family: Gelidiellaceae

63

Gelidiella acerosa The thallus is composed of slender, cylindrical stolon that give rise to erect and decumbent branches above, and coarse , short and simply-branched rhizoids below. The axial branches are cy lindrica l to compressed , up to 8.5 cm. tall, 0.5-0.8 mm . in diameter, bearing pin nately to sometim es alternately arranged filiform pinnules which are denser at the lower to the middle, wan ting at the terminal and basal portions of the axes . These ~e 0.7-4.6 mm. long, slightl y atte-

(FORSSKAL) FELDMANN AND HAMEL

nuated, ending in truncate or mucronate tips.

The stichidia are borne on the swollen tips of the pinnules.

This species is commercially important as raw material in the manufa cture of agar. The seaweed is harvested hy hand from the ree f, cleaned and sun-dried. Bleached materials command a better price than the unbleached in the local market.

This species is commonly encountered on rocky intertidal areas.

Materials examined: 1203, Nov. 26, 1978, Station 14; 1041, Sept. 15, 1978, Station 2; 2300. Oct. 25, 1979, Station 2; 2094, Aug. 23,1979, Station 13.

Habit (drawn from resoaked material).

References: Trono 1969, 1973b; Trono and Bma 1973; Dawson 1944, 1954a_

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65

Desmia hornemanni ChondrococcuS hornemanni The thalli are erect reaching up to about 7 cm. in height, flat, cartilaginous, forming reddish to brownishred clumps and attached by a small discoid holdfast. Branching is in one plane, th e branches overlapping, repeatedly alternate to pinnate forming round ed rudls. The ultimate branchlets at the distal portion of the thallus have broader tips which are distinct-

LYNGBYE (MERT.) SCHMITZ

ly incurved . Those at the basal portion have acute tips.

This species is a common component of the algal community found at or near the rocky edge of the reef exposed to moderate to strong wave action .

This species upon collection exudes an aromatic odor not encountered among any other species.

Materials examined : 1590, Feb. 24, 1979, Station 16; 1591, Feb. 24, 1979 , Station 17 ; 1296, Dec. 10, 1978, Station 29 ; 1289. Dec. la, 1978, Station 27; 1530, Feb. 17, 1976, Station 18.

tem

a b a) habit ; b) detailed upper portion of the

thallus (drawn from resoaked material).

References: Tro no 1969, Chandra

coccus homemanni (Mert.) Schmitz, Okamura 19 16-1 923.

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Fam il y: Co rallinaceae

Amphiroa fragilissima Th e thalli are generally crea m in co lor, forming thick hemisph eri cal clumps on the substratum and always in termingled with other sea weeds.

Branchi ng is basically dichotomous to trichotomous, divaricate forming acute angles, bifurcate at the apices.

Branches are cylind ri cal, highly calcified except at the nodes. Intergen icula are slightly swollen on both

ends, of not more than I mm. in diameter, 6-10 mm.long but shortest at the apices.

This species is comm on in shallow protected intertidal areas of ree f flats and forms a common component of the sea grass community.

A habit (drawn from dried material).

(L1NNAEUS) LAMOUROUX

Materials examined : 1160, Nov. 10, 1978, Station 4; 101 7, Sept. 15, 1978, Station 4; 1344, Feb . 3, 1979, Station 13; 1335, Feb. 3, 1979, Station 12; 1397.1, Feb. 3,1979, Station 9; lI7l , Nov. 10, 1978, Station 5.

Reference s: Trono 1969; Taylor 1960; Dawson 1954a.

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Jania capillacea The thalli are ep iphytic on Turbinaria or on other larger algal species, forming fin e, thick, pinkish clumps.

Branches are calcified, branchillg repeatedly dichotomous and divaricate which form acute angles. Interdichotarnal segments are 64-107 microns ill diameter and are 950-1293 microns long, 4 to 10 times, longer than broad.

The apical segments are generally shorter and are 190-355 microns ill length.

HARVEY Fertile specimens are characterized by the presence of concep tacles at the distal end of the segments. The conceptacles at the tips of the ultimate segments are generally elongate to oblong while those found at the dichotomies are generally slightly compressed , ovate in shape with a pair of segments ex tending diagonally from the sides of the conceptacle resem bling a pair of horns. The conceptacles are open at their apical end s by a distinct pore.

Materials examined : 2352, Feb .}, 1979 , Station 12; 1329, Feb. 3,1979, Station 14; 1615, March 22, 1979, Station I; 1553, Feb. 24, 1979, Station 6; J612.J , ApriI6 , 1979 ,

Stat ion 12.

A portion of the thallus (drawn from pickled material).

References: Trono 1969 . 1973a, 1973b; Dawson 1953, 195 4a.

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71

Family: Cryptonemiaceae

Halymenia durvillaei var. ceylanica The thallus is generally solitary, erect and bushy, up to about 30 cm. tall, bright red-orange in color when fresh, cartilaginous, attached to the substratum by a sma ll and discoi d holdfast . The axes are flat and percurrent measuring 2-15 mm . across, giving rise to numerous fl a ttened branches which are 12-47 mm. long, generally arranged in a pinnate-alternate manner. Few of the lateral branc branchlets are irregularly disposed on

the flat surface of the axes. The ultima te branchlets are 1-4 mm. long, linear, attenuated, with acute or spinose tips. The lateral margin of the axes are frequently beset with short proliferations.

This species is one of the most attractive species of red algae found on rocky-corally substrates which are exposed to moderate wave action. It is also edible and is generally prepared as salad or as soup thickener.

(KUTZING) WAB ER-VAR BOSS E

Materials examined: 1103, Oct. 20,1978, Station 4 ; 1288, Dec. 10, 1978 , Station 27: 1962, Feb. 12, 1979, Station 29; 1930, June 12, 1979.

Station 15.

Habit (Drawn from resoaked material).

References:

Weber-van Bosse 1921; Trono 1969, 1974b; Trono and Bilia 1973 .

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Order- GIG Famil;: Ne~RTINA LES astomaceae

Titanophora Sp. is erect, up to b 20 The cm thallus tall ,flattened r a out til . ' agmous, with a ' s lillY and carmall fast. The fronds disco id holdfresh, pinkiSh-whit~ P~k to red when mam axes are broa w en dried. The WIth d, blade-like ,eset b m 'few spinose prOj" ectJons at th argm as w II The axes on the flat surfa;es gularly and d repeatedly, irre- . ensely-branch e d WIth .

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the branches beco . narrower tow d mmg shorter and apical branch: t~ the apices. The short , papillose tormmate into fine ultim?te branchlet: pmose, flattened ThIS species is r . areas which are ro~ted to deeper to wave action shY and exposed reef margins or ~;anas Ithose near the ne s.

Materials examined ' 1519,Feb. 17197路 Station 16' ' 9, 140 6, Feb.' 17 1979 Station 20" , 18 35, Feb.' 17, 1979 StatIon 19' ' 1401, Feb.' 17 1979 , Station 15" 1733, Aprll27 I Station 29 ' 979,

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Family: Solieriaceae

75

H ypnea cervicornis The thalli are erect, laxly branched, robust, cartilaginous and range from dark greenish-brown to deep purple in color. The main axes are cylindrical throughout, 1.5-6 mm. in diameter when dried. The lateral ultimate branches are arranged secundly to alternately on the axes; these are terete, attenuated to acute or spino~e tips varying in length from 1-17 mm. and 1-2 mm. in diameter near their bases.

The cross-section of a branch shows a medulla composed of small thick-walled cells interspersed among

large parenchymatous cells at the cen ter. The cortical cells are very small.

The species is commercially farmed and forms the bulk of the dried Eucheuma exported abroad. It is used as raw materials for the manufacture of carrageenin.

It is also edible and prepared as salad. Pieces of the fresh seaweeds are placed in boiling water until these are partially blan ched and half cooked. These are then mixed with sliced onions and tomatoes and spiced with pepper, salt or fish "bagoong" .

SCHMITZ

Materials examined: References: 1094, Oct. 20, 1978, Kraft 1970; Trono Station 3; 1974a, 1974b.

1346, Feb. 3,1979, Station 13; 1151, Nov. 11 , 1978; Station 2; 1219, Nov. 12, 1978, Station 8.

Habit (drawn fro m fresh material).

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Family: Hypneaceae

77

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H ypnea cervicornis The thalli are loosely intricate, made up of fine cylind rical branches which are reddish to purple when fresh. The primary branches are 1-1.2 mm. in diameter, subdichotomously or alternately branched, their terminal portions bifurcating into long cervicorn-like fine branches. The primary and secondary branches are beset with irregularly placed simple or decompound cervi corn ultimate branchlets measuring 675-890 microns in length and attenuating into acute tips.

The main branches of the cystocarpic thallus are bigger than the sterile ones and are about 1. 2-1. 7 mm.

in diameter. Branching is irregular from subdichotomous to somewhat pinnate. The primary and secondary branches are densely covered with ultimate branchlets which are simple or sometimes forked at the apices and characteristically stout and spinose. The cystocarps are globose, solitary, or occasionally in two's, attached to the secondary branches usually at a short distance from the main axes.

This species is also known as "culot" (Ilocano) and is also prepared as salad. It is limited to the protected portions of the reef.

AGARDH

Materials examined: 1081, Oct. 6,1978, Isla Pandac; 1070, Oct. 6, 1978, Station 3; 2350, Jan. 21, 1979, Station 1; 1367, (female), Jan. 13, 1979, Station I.

References: Tanaka and Pham路 Hoang Ho 1962 ; Okamura 1916; Tana路 ka 1941; Dawson 196 1.

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H ypnea esperi

BORY

The thalli are intricate-cespitose, forming prostrate clu mps that are always mixed with other algal species.

These are greenish and reddish when dried. Branching is somewhat irregular. The main axes are cylindrical, measuring 348-546 microns in diameter, supporting numerous delicate long and fi liform ultimate brancWets which are terete, acute at the tips but sometimes bifurcate. These are 7401955 (3000) microns long and 95-172 microus in diameter.

The tetrasporangia are zonate, oval, 34.4-44.2 microns long, 23.3-31 micro ns broad and are borne in stichidia formed near the tips of the ultimate branchlets.

This species is one of the several species commonly known as " culot" (llocano). It is edible and is prepared as salad with sliced tomatoes and onions.

Materials examined : 1419, Feb . 17, 1979, Station 22; 1671, April 1671, April 6. 1979 , Stalion I ; 1533, (te trasporop hyte).

Feb. 17, 1979,

1451, (tetrasporophyte), Feb . 17,1979, Station 27 ; 11 98, (tetrasporophy te), 26 1978 , NOV..

S . 14 tatlOn

.

References: Station 18; Trono 1969; Dawson 1527, (te trasporophyte), 1954a; Tanaka 1941.

Feb.17, 1"979, Station 19;

1 em

1 em

b

a a) upper portion of thallus; b) detailed portion of a branch

(drawn from resoaked material).

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81

Hypnea pannosa , The thalli are distinctly intricatecespitose, forming low, prostrate clumps on the substrate. These are reddish, purplish or greenish when dried. The main axes are not percurrent and are compressed or subterete measuring 0.3-1.7 mm. broad in dried materials. Branching is repeatedly subdichotomous to alternate in wide angles forming rounded axils. The branchlets bifurcate into short stubby spines at the terminal portions. The short ultimate branch-

J. AGARDH

lets are not dense and are arranged alternately, pinnately or secundly.

These are characteristically stout, stubby and spinose.

This species grows well in rocky, slightly wave-exposed areas at or near the margin of the reef. It forms luminescent clumps when seen under water, usually lodged between coral rocks, or in depressions . Thls is one of the potential species as source of phycocolloid.

Materials examined : 2390, Feb. 3,1979, Station 12; 2392, Nov. II , 1978, Station 2; 1713, April 27 , 1979, Station 25:

1327, Feb. 3, 1979, Station 14; 1737, April 27 , 1979, Station 29; 1090, Oct. 20, 1978,

Station 3; 2349, Nov. II , 1978, Station I.

References: Trono 1969; Tanaka 1941 ; Okamura 1907; Dawson 196 1.

J

15 mm

b

a) habit; b) detailed upper portion of thallus (drawn from resoaked rna terial).

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83

H ypnea valentiae The thalli are erect and laxly branch ed, with distinct or percurrent cylindrical main axis varying in thickness from 680 to 1700 microns. The ultimate branchlets are 300-1800 microns long irregularly disposed around the axis. They are generally simple and filiform but may be occasionally forked and are distinctly oriented at right angle to the axes.

(TURNER) MONTAGNE

Stichidia are seen as swollen bands at the middle, near the base, or rarely near the tips of the ultimate branchlets.

This species is also edible and the freshly gathered seaweeds are commonly prepared as salad. It is also limited to the protected portions of the reef.

Materials examined: 1703, April 27, 1979 , 2388, (tetrasporophyte), Station 25.

Jan. 13, 1979, Station 1; 2429, Feb. 17,1979, Station 22 ; 1353, Feb. 3, 1979, Station 2; 2348, (tetrasporophyte), References: Jan. 2, 1979, Trono 1969; Dawson Station 1; 1954a, 1961.

2.5mm

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a) habit of tetrasporophytic thallus; b) detailed portion of (a) showing stichidia seen as swollen bands near

a

the base or at the middle portion of the ultimate branchlets (drawn from resoaked material).

,

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Family: Gracilariaceae

85

Ceratodictyon spongiosum The thallus is characteristically sponge-like in habit, hard and tough, greenish-purplish to brownish in color. Branching is very irregular.

The branches are 3.5-7 mm. broad, anastomosing with each other at certain points to fonn coarse clumps.

Under low magnification, the thallus is actually made up of cylindrical branche~of about 295-400 microns in diameter, beset with short, attenuated acute branchlets, all

together strongly intertwined and anastomosing with one another such that it becomes quite difficult to separate them.

The antheridial branchlets are clavate or spherical to obovate and are borne at the tips of the branches at the outer portions of the thallus.

This species is a well-known spongesymbiont, assuming the habit and fonn of the sponge.

ZANARDINI

Materials examined : 1727, April 27, 1979, Station 24; 1653, April 6, 1979, Station 13 ; 1708. April 27, 1979, Station 25.

em

Habit (drawn from dried material).

References: ' Okamura 1909 ; Trono 1969,1973b;Trono and Bifta 1973; Dawson 1954a.

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Gelidiopsis intricata

(C. AGARDH) VICKERNS

The thalli form bushy, wiry clumps usually mixed with other seaweeds.

They are greenish to purplish-brown when fresh and are attached to thesubstrate by rhizoids. The lower branches are somewhat creeping and entangled. The upper ones are erect, filam entous, about 2-6 cm. tall, cylindrical, 160-454 microns in diameter and tapering towards the apices.

.Materials examined: References: 1220, Nov. 12,1978, Taylor 1960; Dawson Station 8; 1954a;Trono 1969.

1551, Feb. 24, 1979 Station 6; 1018, Sept. I, 1978, Station 1; 1422, Feb. 17, 1979, Station 22; 2038, Aug. 23, 1979, Station 13.

Branching is sparse, irregular and somewhat subdichotomous.

The cross-section of a branch shows a medulla composed of thickwalled and very small rounded cells.

This species is a common c.Qmponent of the algal turfs on rocky substrates in the protected portions of the reef.

1 em

a

b

a) habit; b) portion of thallus (drawn from pickled material),

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89

G racilaria coronopifolia The thallus is erect, cartilaginous dark green to brownish in color, forming bushy clumps that are attached to the substratum by a small discoid hold fast. Two to three main axes arise fro m the holdfast; the branching is sub-alternate, subdichotomous to secu nd and divaricate, fonning a corymbose structure towards the distal end . The internodal segments decrease in length from base to apex, varying from 1.5 to 6 mm. long. The branches are cylindrical throughout, 1-2 mm . in diameter, attenuated and acute at the apices.

The characteristically bifurcate and corymbose tenninal portions, with one branch of the tenninal pair generally shorter than the other, are distinctive of this species.

Its local distribution is limited to the inner protected portions of the reef and lagoon commonly associated with the sea grass community.

This species is edible and is generally prepared as salad mixed with tomatoes and onions, spiced with pepper and salt or mixed with "bagoong". It is also a potential source 0 f agar.

J . AGARDH

Materials examined: 1274, Dec. 10, 1978, Station 25; 1l48, Nov. II, 1978, Station 2; 1851, June 12, 1979, Station I; 1418, Feb. 17, 1980, Station 22; 1163, Nov. II, 1978, Station 4.

References: Yamada 1941; Ohmi 1958 ; Dawson 1949 ; Galutira and Velasquez 1963.

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_Habit (drawn from pickled material).

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91

G racilaria eucheumoides

HARVEY

The thalli are cartilaginous, greenish-brown to purp le in color when fresh, forming prostrate clumps and attached to the substratum by hapters originating from the ven tral side of the flattened brancnes. The branchmg pattem is very irregular and the branches are compressed measuring 2.5-7 mm. across and are provided with coa rse teeth along the ir margins.

Materials examined: 1233, Dec. 10, 1978, Station 18; 1226, Dec. 10, 1978, Station 15 ; 1343, Feb. 3, 1979, Station 13 ; 1333, Feb . 3, 1979, Station 12; 2169, Aug. 23, 1979, Station 2.

This species is economically important as source of agar and as fo od.

It is generally limited to the intertidal areas with rocky substrates which are ex posed to moderate to strong waves. It is also found in the rocky lagoon margin of the reef exposed to moderate cu rrents and winddriven waves.

References: .

Trono 1969; Trono and Biiia 1973 ; Weber路 van Bosse 1928; Dawson 1954a,

Habit (drawn from pickled material)

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93

G racilaria salicornia Two fonns of growth have been observed for this species. In wellprotected areas where the substrate is sandy to sandy-rocky and the water clear and exposed to full sunlight, the plants are bright orange in color, laxly branched and decumbent (b).

The thallus is composed of a small discoid hold fast from which several series of clavate segments arise ; two to fou r segments arise from a parent segment. Branching is dichotomous to tetrachotomous and divaricate. The segments are cy lindrical, 3-4. 5 mm. in diameter, 7-1 8 mm. long, distinctly clavate, co nstricted at the bases, increasing in diameter toward the distal end where it abrupt Iy expands into a globose head. The terminal segments are shorter of about 4 .5-6.5 mm . in lengths.

In contrast, those found in partially ex posed areas where th e water movement is moderate and the water is turbid, the plants are dark green to brown , short, prostrate, forming clumpy growths that are always associated with other algal species (a).

Branching in this fonn is irregular tending to be subdichotomous to trichotomous to alternate. Branches at the basal portion of the thallus are not distinctly divided into clavate segmen ts excep t at the terminal portions where the segments are shorter.

This species is also edib le and prepared in the same way as the othe mentioned edible species. It is also a potential raw material fo r the manufacture of agar.

(C. AGARDH) DAWSON

Materials examined: 1215, Nov. 12, 1978 , Station 8; 1204, Nov. 26, 1978, Station 14; 1433, Feb. 17, 1979, Station 23, 1399, Feb. 3, 1979, Station 9; 1141 , Nov. 11,1978, Station I ; 1811, Nov. 4,1978, Station 6; 2345, Nov. 11 , 1978, Pulong Bakaw.

References: Dawson 1954b ; 01uni 1958, Trona 1969 ; Trona an d Bma 1973 ; Reyes 1970.

]l cm

b A habit of plant found in partially exposed areas where water movement is moderate and the water turbid

(drawn from pickled mate rial).

A habit of plant found in well-protected areas where water is clear

and exposed to full sunlight (drawn from pickled material).

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95

Gracilaria arcuata The thallus is erect, rigid and cartilaginous, having a dull green or purple color when fresh and attached to the solid substrate by a discoid holdfast. The main axes are somewhat irregularly branched, cylindrical and 2.5-5 mm. in diameter.

The primary and secondary (ultimate) branches are generally secund, slightly constricted at the bases, slightly enlarged above the constrictions and attenuated towards the mucronate

ZANARDINI

tips. The ultimate branchlets are 2-7 mm. long, arcuate, appearing like long simple coarse spines or may be forked into 2 (-3) short, stubby spinose branchlets at the terminal portion of the thallus.

The cross-section shows a medulla composed of large pseudo-parenchymatous cells which are 336-569 urn microus broad, surrounded by an out路 layer of small rounded cortical cells which are 11.9-16.5 microns broad.

Materials examined: 1915, June 9, 1979, Station I; 2337, April 6, 1979, Station 3; 1584, Feb. 24,1979 , Station 14; 2432, Nov. 12, 1978, Station 8; 1464, Feb. 17, 1979, Station 29 ; 1624, April 6, 1979, Station 3.

References: Chang and Xia 1976; Ohmi 1958 ; Okamura 1931.

]

Habit (drawn from pickled material).

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Order: CERAMJA LES Family. Rhodomelaceae

Acanthophora muscoides The thalli are erect, rigid and cartilaginous, fonning bushy reddish to purplish clumps on the substrate.

Branching is subdichotomous to alternat e and with a tendency to fo nn whorls at the tenninal portions of the thallus. The main branches are cylindrical, 0.7-\.9 mm. in diameter , tapering to acute tips which are sometimes somewhat annu late . The determinate brancWets are usually in the fonn of simple short spines or sometimes compound spinose branchlets similar to A. spici!era. These are irregularly disposed on the branches but more dense at the tenn inal portions where they may bear hairs or trichoblasts.

The cross-section of a branch shows a small rounded cen tral cell of

74-92 microns in diameter, bounded by 4 pericentral cells which are 150-176 microns broad and a two- to three-cell thick medulla. The cortex is composed of about two layers o f very small rounded cells.

Cystoca rps are ovate, urn-shaped, wi th a large opening or os tiole a t the mammilate tips and are always borne on the detenninate branchlets.

This species is limited to portions of the reef protected from strong wave action. Although no information is availab le at present , it appears that this species may turn out to be one of the more eco nom icall y important species in the future. Its close relative, A. spici!era, has been reported to con tain lambda carrageenill which is in demand in the world market.

BORY

Ma terials examined : References : 1244, Dec. 10, 1978 , Boergesen 191 5-1920 Okamura 1907.

Station 20; 1137, Noy. I I, 1978, Station I ; 1263, Dec. 10, 1978, Station 23; 1275, Dec. 10, 1978, Station 25 ; 1268, (female), Dec. 10, 1978, Station 24; 1801, Noy. 26, 1978 , Pulong Bakaw; 1218, Noy. 12, 1978, Station 8; 1191, NoY.26, 1978, Station 14.

1 em a

b

a) upper portion of thallus; b) detailed portion of a branch

(drawn from pickled material).

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99

Acanthophora spicifera The thalli may be few or may form bushy clumps which are erect and are up to abou t I I cm. tall. These are cartilaginous, reddish to greenish when fresh and are attached to solid substrates by small disc-like holdfasts. The main axes are prominent and terete measuring 0.5-2 mm . in diameter. The determinate branches are spirally arranged along the main axes. Each determinate branch is

(V AHL) BOERGESEN

beset with numero us simple spines or compoundly spinose short lateral branchlets.

In fertile materials, the cruciate tetrasporangia are formed near the tips of the swollen spinose branchlets.

They measure 73-87 microus in diameter.

This species is ed ible and generally prepared as sa lad . Recent studies showed that this species contains lambda carrageenin (Cajipe., et ai. 1980).

Habit (drawn from pickled materia!);

Materials examined : 1217, Nov. 12, 1978, Station 8; 1044, Sept. 15, 1978, Station 2; 1264, Dec. 10, 1978, Station 23 ; 1154, Nov. 12, 1978, Station 3.

References: Trono 1969; Boer路 gesen 1915.1920; Taylor 1960; Oka路 mura 1907路1909.

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101

Laurencia cartilaginea The thallus is erect, up to about 9 cm. tall, cartilaginous, reddish to purple and attached to the substrate by a small discoid holdfast. The lower 1/ 2 to 3/ 4 older portion of the thallus is always covered with calcareous rna terials. Abou t 3 to 5 branches arise radially from a common holdfast or from a short stipe supporting alternately arranged secondary branches which are I to 25 mm. long, the longest of which are near the base gradually decreasing in length towards the upper portion giving the whole branch a somewhat

pyramidal appearance. The alternating tertiary branches are beset with ultimate determinate branchlets which are wart-like and with truncate apices. A distinct pit is found at the tips of the determinate branchlets.

In the longitudinal section of an ultimate branch, the cortical cells are not arranged in palisade and are without secondary pit connections.

These do not project into the surface of the branch.

This species is listed as edible and is commonly prepared into salad. It is generally common in rocky , slightly wave-exposed areas.

a

YAMADA

Materials examined: 1230, Dec. 10, 1978, Station 17 ; 2087, Aug. 23, 1979, Station 20 ; 2065, Aug. 23 , 1979, Station I S; 2310, Oct. 25 , 1979, Station 16; 1991, June 12, 1979, Station 17.

b

a) habit ; b) detailed portion of a branch (drawn from pickled material).

References: Saito 1967, 1969; Yamada 1931 ; Trono 1969.

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103

Laurencia papillosa The thalli are composed 0 f several erect branches which are up to 12 cm. long, 3.5-3.8 mm. in diameter and which arise from a common slender cylindrical stipe attached to the substrate by a discoid holdfast.

The branches are cylindrical, decreasing in diameter from the primary to the tertiary branches. The secondary branches are 13-27 mm. long and 2.3-3 mm. broad, secund to pinnately arranged on the main axes, sometimes forming irregular whorls at the apical portions; the tertiary branches, when present, are 7-9.6 mm. long and are about 2 路mm . in diameter. The determinate branchlets have distinct apical pit, simple or bilobed at their tips and are 0.8-2.8 mm. long by 0.8-1 mm. broad. They are radially arranged in regular longitudinal rows on the secondary and

tertiary branches, but are irregular and less dens.e on the primary branches, decreasing in length from the base to the tips of the branches.

The cortical cells are somewhat rectangular-oblong, 2:2:8-23 .26 microus by 10.7-12.8 microns arranged like palisade and not projecting into the surface of the branches. Secondary pit connections are absent.

Tetrasporophytic plants have swollen determinate branchlets which bear oval tetrahedral spores measuring 90-134.5 microns long and 63.5-100 microns broad . .

This species is also limited to the inner portions of the reef protected from strong wave action and are exposed to air during low tides. This species is edible and is commonly known as "culot" or "dipdipig" in lIocos.

(FORSS楼.AL) GREVILLE

Materials examined: 1317, Feb. 3, 1979, Station I ; 2413. Dec. 10, 1978, Station 2; 1015, Sept. I, 1978, Station I; 2414, Dec. 10,1978, Station 20; 1722, April 27, 1979, .Station 24; 2418, Nov. 26, 1978, Station 14; 2045, Aug. 23, 1979 , Station 13.

References: Yamada 1931;Saito 1969 ; Trono 1969.

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a

a) habit of tetrasporophytic plant; b) detailed portion of a sterile branch

(drawn from pickled material).

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105

Laurencia sp.

Tetrasporophytic plants fonn thick clumps, composed of erect and decumbent branches above, prostrate or creeping branches below.

Th eir co lor ranges from deep purple to dark brown when fresh. Branching is irregular but becoming secund or alternate in some portions. The branch@s are cylindrical an d tapering towards the distal portion of the thallus. The primary bran ches (axes) are 2.6-3.2 mm. in diameter, supporting seco ndary branches which are 32-42 mm. long and 1.6-2.7 mm. in diameter. The tertiary branches are shorter and narrower, 1.4-9 mm. long and about 1.0-1.2 mm. in diameter.

The ultimate branchlets are papillate, with distinct apical pit, haVing a length of I to 1.6 mm. and a diameter reaching up to I mm. These are simple or usually bilobed to trilobed at the tips, occurring singly and irregularly on the tertiary branches, or

may fonn distinct paniculate clusters disposed irregularly at about 1.5-3 fIll1l. apart on the primary and secondary branches.

Cortical cells are somewhat rounded, angular in some portions, 16.522.9 microns long and 13.7-22.9 micro microns broad, not arranged in palisade and do not project into the surface of the branch. Secondary pit connections between these cells are absent.

The tetrahedral spores are oval, borne on the tips of the slightly swollen ultim ate branchlets. These are 125-140 microns long and 90-110 microns across.

At portions of the reef towards the lagoon, thick growth of this species have been observed and recorded.

They appear to favor areas with sandy-rocky substrates partially exposed to air during low tides.

Materials examined: 1466, Feb. 17, 1979, Station 29;1459, Feb. 1459, Feb. 17, 1979, Station 28 ; 1091, Oct. 20, 1978, Station 3; 1038, Sept. IS, 1978 , Station 2 ; 1341, Feb. 3, 1979, Station 13; 1390, Feb. 3, 1979, Station 14.

b

a

a) habit of a tetras porophytic piant; b) detailed portion of a branch in (a). (drawn from pjckled material).

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107

Tolypiocladia calodictyon The thallus is purplish-brown in color, bushy, soft and spongy, commonly epiphytic on sea grasses or other seaweeds. Branching is irregular, somewhat secund or alternate.

The branches are cylindrical, tapering, acute at the apices. The main branches measure 2-2.6 mm. in diameter ; the ultimate bran ches are 4.3-5.2 mm. long and are about I mm. broad.

The branches are made up of an axis consisting of a small axial cell

(HARVEY) SILVA

Materials examined : References: bounded by 4 pericen tral cells which are 296-392 microns in diameter. These 2399, Feb. 17, 1979, Trono 1972b;Dawsor Station 27; 1956; Tsuda 1964. give rise to numerous and closely 1606, March 4, 1979, packed terete determinate branchStation 9; lets of 484-540 microns long bearing at 1681, Ap ril 6, 1979, their tips 3-5 acute ultimate branchStation 2. lets arranged in stellate fashion. These anastomose with neighboring ultimate branchlets giving the thallus a spongy appearance. Very fine uniseriate hairs arise from the ultimate branchlets (b).

1

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A habit (drawn from pickled material).

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Detailed portion of the tip of a branch Ie!.

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Glossary 0 uchnical erms & Literature Cited

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Glossary of Technical Terms

A acute - ending in a sharp point. agar - a dry, amorphous, gelatin-like, nonnitrogenous phycocolloid obtained from red algae like Graci/aria. alternate - the branches, leaves, etc. are placed singly at different heights on the axis, on opposite sides, or at defmite angular disianccs from one another. amorphous - having nO specific shape. annulate - having ring-like bands. antheridium - the sex organ producing motile male gametes. attenuate - tapering gradually to a narrow extremity. . axil - the angle between the upper side of a branch and the supporting axis (either a stem or branch). axis - the longitudinal support on which organs or parts are arranged.

hairs_ cuneate - wedge-shaped; broad above, tapering by nearly straight lines to the base . cystocarp - the "fruit" resulting from fertilization in Rhodophyta ; in Floridoeophycidae, this consists of gonimoblast filaments and carpospores usually within a pericarp .

o decumbent - reclining on the substrate. dentate - toothed with the teeth sharp and pointed outward. determinate - having limited growth_ dichotomous ~ forked into two similar parts_ discoid - having the form of a disc. distal - remote from the place of attachment.

divaricate - branching at wide angles_

B bifurcate - divided into two branches. blade - an erect, leaf-like flattened portion of a thallus.

c capitate - having a globular head. carpospores - diploid spores borne in carposporophytic plants which after germination will produce sporophytic plants. carposporophyte - a plant formed after sexual fusion of gametes in Florideophyddae. carrageenin - a gelatin-like phycocolloid resembling agar, but obtained from Eucheuma and other red algae of the family Solieriaceae. cervicorn - resembling a deer's hom_ cespitose - matted together ; growing in dense tufts. clavate - club-shaped_ conceptacle - cavity opening to the thallm surface and containing reproductive organs. cortex - the outermost cell layer or tissue of an algal thallus. corymbose - having the form of a flattopped convex cluster. emciate - having the contents of the tetrasporangium divided in 2 or 3 planes at right angles to one another_ cryptostomates - minute cavi ties in the outer cortex of Fucales bearing tufts of

E emarginate - notched at the apex_ entire - having the margin continuous and not broken by divisions, teeth or serrations. epiphyte - a plant that grows upon another plant but is not parasitic. evesiculate - without a vesicle.

F fasciculate - arranged in small bundles_ filiform - thread-like _ flabellate - fan-shaped; broad and round at the top, narrowed below like a fan. foliose - leaf-like.

G gametangium - an organ or body producing the gametes. genicula - the uncalcified joints between segments in a coralline a1ga_ glabrous zone - smooth zone; the surface devoid of hakor pubescence_ globose - globe-shaped_

H habit - the characteristic fonn of the thallus.

habitat - place where the plant naturally lives or grows_ hapter )- a basal multicellular outgrowth forming part of a holdfast. holdfast - the basal attachment organ of an alga .

I incised - deeply-cut. indusium - a thin outer covering of a sorus_ intergenicula - the calcified segments between the uncalcified joints in a coralline alga_ intertidal - portion of the shore which is alternately covered and exposed during tidal changl,,_

L lanceolate - three or more times as long as wide, widest below and tapers upward, shaped more or less like a lance _ linear - narrow and several times longer than wide and of about the same width throughou t, their margin nearly parallel. lower surface of Padina - associated with the convex surface of the inrolled margin

M mammilate - having a nipple-like structure_ medulla - the central tissue of an internally differentiated thallus. midrib - the middle or main rib of a leaf_ mucronate - abruptly tipped by a small short point.

N node - that part of a stem that normally bears one or more leaves or branches_

o oblanceolate - broadest above the middle and tapering downward oblong - two or three times as long as broad and not conscpicuously narrowed the sides nearly paralleL ' obovate - an inversely ovate body, with the broad end upward_

112

obtuse - blunt or slightly rounded at the end. ovate - twice or less as long as broad, widest below the middle and more or less narrowed upward.

p panicle - a loose and diversely branching cluster of flowers, receptacles, etc. paniculate - arranged in panicles. papillate - having the form of a small nipple.like projection. pedunculate - prOvided with a stalk or peduncle. peltate - having the stalk attached to the lower surface but not at the margin or base. percurrent - extending through the entire length. pericarp - a sterile envelope around a cystocarp (in Florideophycidae). pinnate - feather· like. pinnules - one of the pinnately disposed division of a pinnate branch. polystichous - in many ranks. prostrate - lying flat on the ground.

R racemose - the receptacles are borne on short stalks lying along a common axis. radiaI - developing uniformly around a central axis. ramulus - a determinate branchlet. receptacle - the specialized fertile portion of the branches in Fucales containing the conceptacles. reniform - kidney.shaped, broader than long, with a sinus at the base. reticulate - net·like. retuse - an obtuse apex which is somewhat indented. rhizoid - a unicecllular or multicellular mament functioning as an organ of attachment.

s secondary pit connection - cytoplasmiC strand laterally connecting the cortical cells in some species of LauTencia.

8eCUJld - arranged along one side of an axis.

serrate - having sharp small teeth that are projected forward. sinus - a small, rounded depression between two projecting lobes. soms - a group or cluster of reproductive organs. stichidium - an inflated, expanded or swollen specialized branch bearing the tetrasporangia (in some Florideophy· cidae). stipe - the stem·like, usually basal part of a thallus. stolon - a slender branch or shoot growing out from the base of a parent plant and capable of producing another shoot. substratum - the base or material on which an organism lives. subtidal - portion of the shore which is always submerged even at the lowest tides.

T taper - to become gradually slender towards the apex. terete - cylindricai and slightly tapering. tetrahedral - having the contents of a tetrasporangium triangularly divided so that only 3 of the tetraspores can be seen in one view.

tetrasporangium - reproductive cell which produces tetraspores. tetrasporophyte - the asexual, diplOid thallus among the red algae which produces the tetrasporangia. thallus - a single vegetative plant body undifferentiated into true leaves, stem and root. truncate - square or broad at the end, as if cut off transversely. turbinate - inversely conical, bell·shaped.

u undulate - to have a wavy form or surface. upper surface of Padina - associated with the concave surface of the inrolled margin.

v veside - a bladder·like structure.

w whorl - a circular arrangement of like parts (as spines, branches, leaves, etc.) around a point on an axis.

113

Literature Cited Barton, E.S. 1901. The genus Halimeda. Siboga Expeditie Monog.

60. E.J. Brill, Leiden. 132 pp.

Boergesen, F. 1915-1920. The marine algae of the Danish West Indies.

Vol. II. Rhodophyceae. Printed by Bianco Luno, Copenhagen. pp.

200-412. ___ . 1937. Contributions to a South Indian marine algal flora, II. J . Indian Bot. Soc. 17(4): 205242, 13 figs., 2 pis. ___ . 1940. Some marine algae from Mauritius, I. Chlorophyceae.

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