Mid-Tanque Verde Creek Basin | Suitability Analysis

THE MID-TANQUE VERDE CREEK BASIN

SUITABILITY ANALYSIS FOR POTENTIAL DEVELOPMENT

Felicia Farrante | plg 580 01

Urbanization is a global phenomenon that involves populations migration from rural areas to urban areas. More and more we begin to see small and isolated population centers changing into large metropolitan cities very quickly, resulting in mass land conversion of natural land to urban use.

According to United Nations’s Population Division report published in 1975, about 38% of the earth population is living in urban areas and bu 2005; the proportion was expected to increase to roughly 61%. This implies that about 5 billion people out of total world population of 8 billion will be living in urban areas (UNPD, 1995; www.wri.org/wri/wr-96-97). Moreover, this rapid increase of urban population has impacted the urban environment and the natural landscape significantly - creating many problems such as unplanned sprawl, inadequate housing facilities, traffic congestion, insufficient drainage, sewerage facilities and lack of other amenities (Liu, 1998).

Past planning efforts have drastically shaped landscapes according to the cultures and practices of past efforts. In Tucson, Arizona, most planning efforts have given little thought to the preservation of natural landscape due to human desire. In that sense, most of the area is a slave to sprawl and auto centric activities. Because of poor planning practices in the past, Tucson is faced with the most challengeable task of providing land with better infrastructure to fulfill growth demands. Efficient and thoughtful use of land is thus an important step in managing and developing any area, especially one as vast as that of the Santa Cruz Watershed in Arizona.

INTRODUCTION

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METHODOLOGY 05 SENSITVITY ANALYSIS

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CAPABILITY ANALYSIS

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SUITABILITY ANALYSIS

10-11

DEVELPOMENT ANALYSIS

12-13

REFERENCES + INDEX

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TABLE OF CONTENTS 02

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Land conversion for human settlement is a common theme. The realtionship betweenhumans and the natural environmetn is innately sensitive. Decades ago, there was a mutual respect between both entities. However, as demographics change and trends start to take consume the way we live, ecosystems are inevitable changing. The amount of rescouce that we consume at a vast rate can have irreversible effects on the natural environment if we are not aware of our action. Once of the ways we are able to mtiigate anthropocentric habits is by making informed and conscious deccision on both an individual scale and a global/regional one. Conscious land planning efforts will take into consideration what aspects of the land are most sensitive in terms of preserving not only environmental quality,but also the capability of the land to support human development.

The purpose of this report is to utilzie thorough thinking and apply it towards a plan for 1,000 new resiential junits and 10,000 sq ft. of retail space in the Mid-Tanque Verde Creek Basin. This area is robut in ecologically sensitive componetns, therefore this proicess of analysis is ciritcal in regards to determining land suitable for development. While a lot of this synthesis will focus on environmental sensitivity, concious decisions that look into develpoment feasibility and sustainability will be explored.

Environmental planning utilizes various tools to synthesis ecological resources. In a number of analyses that take place to catalogue and asses these ecological resources, the over arching goal of environmental land use planning is to better integrate the natural landscape into an ubran setting. Environmental planning is a proactive process geared toward decision making and comprehensive planning such that it begins to guide natrual and built interactions.

The scope of the project focuses on the MidTanque Verde Creek Basin located in the Santa Cruz Watershed - located throughout Arizona.

The scope of the project is to determine areas that are most suitable for develpoment and residential dwellings within the site boundary.

In doing so, the process uses ESRI’s ArcGIS software to identify soil types, land cover, canopy cover, and slope characteristics. Following the identificiation process, each element of the region is then hierarchally ranked on priority in regard to its sensitivity to human influence; which is then used in an environmental sensitivity analysis for the Mid-Tanque Verde Creek Basin.

SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS

The analysis will start with an environmental sensitvity analysis of both the Santa Cruz Watershed and the Mid-Tanque Verde Creek Basin. It will synthesize a set of biophysical characteristics of the landscape. In the midst of performing a sensitivity analysis, a number of biophysical characteristics among these watershed were discuessed. Some of these factors that were analyzed are the following: soil erodibility, land cover, canopy cover, slope, water proximity, species richness, soil permiability and water capacity. The fist step of this process is to gather geospatial data from the appropriate locations. Data was obtanied from

introduction 04

the USGS National Land Cover Dataset, USGS National Elevation Dataset, USGS Nataional Hydrography Dataset, the USGS GAP Analysis Species Datet and the USDA SSURGO Soils Survey, for the AZ669 subsection.

Once the data had neem cp,[o;ed. Model Builder in ArcGIS was utlized to create a simplified version of the work process perfomed in the analysis (see PAGE 15 for figure). The model involved creates a weighed overlay analysis using fuzzy logic, rating the biophysical factors on a continuous scale of 0-1. Each dataset was then scaled on a range from 0-1 based on identified critical values in order to create a sensitivity analysis. For the sensitivity anaysis to be thorough, it should be noted that some of the dataset may need tobe converted into fuzzy logic because they are not given in a raster format.

The soils data, for example, are given in a vector format from the SSURGO Dataset, ultimately suggesting that a conversion into raster fomat using the polygon raster tool is necessary. Once this has been completed the datasets are ready for fuzzy logic, using the fuzzy membership tool.

The fuzzy logic dataset for soil permeability is then merged with a dataset for impermeable surfaces from the NLCDS, which will need to be converted to fuzzy logic before merging. Once the two have been merged using the weighted sum tool (weight of 0.5 for each, so the range goes from 0 - 1), we will have a dataset that measures the potential hazard for groundwater contamination fromsoil runoff that is in fuzzy logic form, and ready to be combined into the final merge.

Through the analysis land areas that are least susceptible to human corrution and areas that may be used for future development will be identified.

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DEVELOPMENT ANALYSIS

Once a sensitivity analysis for devlopment has been completed, a green ifrastrucutre sythesis can be derived to focus towards a develpoment analysis. Based on economic factors proximity to nearby services, logical locations for developing land can be proposed and planned for. By using a green infrastructure anylsis and a sensitivitity analysis, a suitability analysis can be created for develpoment. Similar to the sensitivity anlyses perfomed for both the Santa Cruz Watershed and the Mid-Tanque Verde Creek Basin, ArcGIS Model Builder was also used to create a work flow that demonstrates the fuzzy logic continuous ranking of develpoment feasibility. The model can also be found on page 15 of the index.

The fuzzy membership model that was created for this model consisted of an analysis of proximity to nearby services which accounted for 50% of the weight, and the other 50% consisted of economic and housing characteristics from the Pima County GIS FTP Server, which mostly came from the 2012 American Community Survey done by the United States Census Bureau. The data was analyzed at the census block group, which is generally the smallest, most refined analysis that can be done with Census Data in a GIS System, and the most appropriate analysis for the area of a sub-watershed.

methodology

HYDRIC SOILS

Hydric soils are soils that are permanently or seasonally saturated by water, resulting in anaerobic conditions, typically found in wetlands. Because they are typically saturated with water, they tend to be associated with swelling and instability characteristics. Thus, by idnetifying hydric soils, decision makers can avoid areas in which erosoin and swelling occurs. On the other hand, soils that may have high permeability rates among wetlands may be destireable to conserve for possible groundwater rejuvenation.

Moreover, it is important to not that soil texture and land cover are essential for groundwater recharge and play a significant role in permeability.

FARMLAND SOILS

Farmland soils are equially important such that they hold in reserve. More and more, population migrates from rural land to urban land, forcing a substantial amount of land to be converted. Due to the increase in sprawl, there has been a depletion of food productive lands. Thus efforts should be made in order to preserve farmland and farmland soils.

Farmland soils are a critical component because they are comprised of permeable soils. However if farmland soils arent necissarily being used for crop production or livestock, it is still critcal to perserve these lands because they aid water infiltration and groundwater recharge.

LAND COVER

CANOPY COVER

SOLAR ASPECT

SLOPE|ELEVATION

Land cover is particulartily important to the Sonoran Desert and Santa Cruz Watershed.

Within this boundary land cover assits in soil retention along the banks of the washes.

Land cover characteristics also assist in the ransevaporation of groundwater, which ultimately acts as a cooler for climactic conditions. In addition to creating microclimates for species to thrive, land cover characteristics also catalyzes migration patterns for wildlife.

The vegetation tyopes that are the highest priority within the Santa Cruz Watershedconsist of creosote bush, and woody species. Woody elements like the Palo Verde and Ironwood species provide soil stability andf shade.

Canopy cover is tightly niched with land cover.

As you can see from both the land cover map (left) and canopy cover map (right), areas that are darker shade coincide with foresty areas; which are usually associated with Palo Verde and Ironwood trees. Canopy cover is thus an important entitity of the Sonoran Desert.

Within the deser region there are “sky land� of deciduous and evergreen forests that more or less provide habitats for various species.

In addition to its role among wildlife diversity, canopies provide shade for the hotter days. All in all, canopies are a natural mitigation strategy for soil erosion. The denser the canopy, kthe less erobile an area is such that a canopy decrease the velocity of rainfall and keeps the ground compact and consistent.

Solar orientation is critical to consider especially in desert regions. Solar orientation and its relationship to the landscape provides unique features to the Sonoran Desert; and acts as a catalyst for micro climate situations.

The south slopes for example, are highly populated with desert shrub and cacti that are familiar entities among this boundary, and more importantly - house the desert most profound sepcies, the Saguaro Cactus. The north facing slopes, on the other hand produce special biomes that are not adaptive to drought.

Therefore the northern slopes are a bit cooler in contrast tp the hot tempered slops that face the south.

Slopes are defined by slope intensities that are derived from engineering degree standards.

Erosion is associated with steepness of slopes.

Erosion is unique such that it soil erodes at a faster rate whenslopes are steep and the ground is sandy. This is because there is minimal cohesion beween soil partciles.

Shown in the map above, the red to deep red classification is the most suscptible to soil erosion and movement of earh deposits.

This creates a hazard and a high potential of contamination among the basins of the hillsides, such that deposits are being dumped into the valleys.

SANTA CRUZ WATERSHED

SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS 06

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SENSITIVITY OVERLAY

TABLE 1. WEIGHTED RANKING FEATURE HYDRIC SOILS FARM SOILS

CURRENT CLASSIFICATION B - moderate C - slow D - very slow 4 - prime with irrigation 0 - not suitable for agriculture

LAND COVER

CANOPY

SOLAR ASPECT

SLOPE DEGREE

RECLASSIFICATION DESCRIPTION WEIGHTED OVERLAY 3 B is categorized as the highest priority (3) because it is 1 2 the most permeable and the most erodible.

0 3 Prime farmland is selected due to the increase of sparwl, its high inflitration rate and its proximity to the water 2 0 table.

open water develop | open space develop | low intensity develop | medium intensity develop | high intensity barren forest | deciduous forest | evergreen forest | mixed shrub | scrub grassland pasture crops wetlands | wood wetlands | emergen herbaceous

3 3 2 1 0 0 3 3 2 2 1 0 0 3 2

0 - 25% 25 - 50% 50 - 75% 75 - 100% (-1) flat (-1 - 30) north (30-90) northeast (90-150) southeast (150 - 210) south (210 - 270) southwest (270 - 330) northwest (330 - 360) north 0 -5 degrees 5 - 15 degrees 15 - 25 degrees 25 - 74 degrees

0 1 2 3 0 3 1 2 3 2 1 3 0 2 3 3

These features are reated based on their significance to the region. Open water (3) because it is a scarce finite resource that should be protected. Barren land (0) because it does not need to be protected. Evergreen and decidious forests (3) are a high priority due to their impact on diversity and animal habitat. Mixed forst and shrub (2) are a mid priority because theu are abundant in the desert. Grassland (1) is a low priority due to its scaricty and lack of erosion control. Cultivated crops and pasture (0) are not a priority becuase they are the least sensitive and do not require protection.

3

Canopies provide habitats for species and prevent soil erosion. It can handle rainfall intensity, such that it aborbs and foreces rainfallupon its leaves, trunks and branches such that it can decrease sheet erosion. 100% (3) is the highest prioprity ranking and 0% is the lowest.

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South and north face slopes are the most unique and distincitive attributes to the sonoran desert. For example, saguaro cacti only grow up on the south slope, along with many other lowland drought tolerant cacti and shrub. The north face, on the other hand is populated with pine and chapparel trees. This is because the north face creates a micro climate of cool air that comes from the shaded mountain sides.

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Slope is prioritized in degree steepness. 15 degrees to 25 degrees or more is rate (3) higher due to high erodbility and sensitivity to human acitvity.

SANTA CRUZ WATERSHED 08

WEIGHTED SUM

1

The ranked values of the previous sensitivity analyses are used in an overlay analysis to determine the capability for potential development. The reclassified values of the previous analyese were used to create a miatrix that desibes the least to most sensitivie areas of the Santa Cruz Waterhsed. The map displayed below shows the final sensitivty overlay of the Santa Cruz Watershed. Within the boundary, green represents areas that are least sensitive to human influnce, whereas red indicates areas that are most sensitive to human activity. Areas that are shown as red seek extensive management efforts.

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The site analysis maps are ranked in a hierarchal fashion , ranking specific entities upon sensitivity to human influence and demand. By indentifying the components that are most sensitive to human habits and have prominent significance in environemtnal management, planner and develpoers should have a better understanding in potential develpoment can occur.

After each element of every map is ranked in hierarchy and compared with its shared component, (i.e. barren lands (0) ; little sensitivity veresus forests (3) high sensitivity), they are then overlaid and summed. The weighted sums are the result of importance (0-3) that is given to each analysis. The purposed for performing a weighted sum exercise is to demonstrate areas of the environment that are most sensitive and susceptible to anthropocentic habituals.

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1

3

This map also shows that the south and north slopes of the mountainous areas are extremely sensitive to encroachment such that vegitation biomes and the microclimate are shown in red. On the contrarty, the valley floors that are shown in green suggest taht these areas are no influenced as much by human behavior.

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CAPABILITY ANALYSIS 09

MID-TANQUE VERDE CREEK BASIN The Mid Tanque Verde Creek Basin is part of the larger Santa Cruz Watershed, lcoated to the east of Tucson, Arizona. Over the past years, home development has encroached the ecological systems, increasing the amount of impervious surfaces, runoff, erosion and non-point source pollutants into waterways. This overhauling theme, not only present in the Tucson region but also across the nation has led to displacement of wiildlife habitat and disruption to migratory patterns.

The objective of this study is to locate acreage to support future residential development and potnetial commerical demand. A sensitivity analysis of the entire watershed and the subwatershed is necessary to determine develpoment suitability. Utilizing the previous analysis , 3 more overlay analysis are applied to develop a green infrastructure synthesis.

A distance raster is thus created from the major and minor swashed, using a 100 ft (200ft total) buffer to desinate areas that need protection.

FEATURE SITE�SENSITIVITY

IMPERVIOUS�SURFACE

WASH�DISTANCE

CURRENT�CLASSIFICATION high medium�high medium�low low high� medium�high� medium�low low 00�-�42�meters 42�-�106�meters 106�-�199�meters 191�-�400�meters

HYDROLOGIC ACCUMULATION

GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE

IMPERVIOUS SURFACES

Through the use of the Hydrologcal Unit Classification (HUC12) and the reclassifcation process of units so that they are simple (High/ Low scale), ArcGIS established the washes within the region in terms of possible rainwater accumulation. It is in these aras that develoment must be avoided. If develpoment were to occure in areas whhere water accumulation is high, greater disturbance of ripirian vegettation will assits in depleting habitats and further break down soil stability , and disrupt wildlife patterns.

Not only do they currently provide a natural aesthetic and home for all species, but they also protect the landscape from the scorching sun. Ripirian areas dilineated by hydrologic accumulation assists in the micro-climate by reducing heat through transevaporation.

Green infrastructure is identified by the acquired “flow accumulation”’ synthesis of the hydrological unit classification. Areas that experience high water accumulation, especially during the monsoon season, provide ideal corridors for wildlife. The streams that are displayed within this subwatershedare mostly woody and emergent herbaceous wetlands that are crtical for soil retention and wildlife diversity. The Green Infrastructure areas that we have designated are intended to preserve the areas that are highly sensitive, as well as provide natural open space for humans and animal species to enjoy equally.

The Green Infrastructure was derived from any areas thathad a ranking of 0.6 or higher in the sensitivity model. While a large portion of the features come from the derivation of the sensitivity model, the concept of landscape linkages also influenced the derivation of features

The previous analysis that identifies where the most least and most sensitive lands were in the Santa Cruz Watershed are used in an overlay analysis to dtermine where impervious urban surfaces are. This analysis exposes the small rivulets that are common to the desert landscape m that gather surface runoff directed otwards the greater washes. Additionally, areas that are proper for development are exposed in the green color, whereas areas that are orange to red are the most sensitive - suggesting avoidance or applicable mitigation practices.

The prelimnary analyis is useful to locate suitable land for residential and commercial properties.

In addition to the extensive sensitivity and suitability analysis that determines capability, additional calculations were performed in order to accommodate proper residential acreage.

Infrastructure was calculated at an additional 15% of the required acreaege to support additional residences.

Secondly, there is a profound need to accelerate green infrastrucutrue in addition to the residential and commercial component. Green infrastructure catalyzes connectivity. It connects parks, waterways, wildlife corridors, natural hazards and pother environmental systems that aid in health and mobility of our ecosystem inhabitants. These series of connected spaces and the species that utilize them aid in the air quality of the city through filration of pollution and dist particles. Therefore it is critical to tstart thinking about park space for pedestrians, cyclists and other urban entities so that we can continue to keep the balance bewteen these interrelated components.

RECLASSIFICATION DESCRIPTION WEIGHTED�OVERLAY 3 Taken�from�the�Santa�Cruz�watershed�studies,�we�can� 2 establish�the�ranking�of�priorites.�High�senstive�areas�(3)� 3 are�ranked�the�highest�priority�due�to�possible�erosion,� 1 habitat�loss,�permeability�and�contamination�of�soils.

0 3 0 Impervious�surfaces�are�significant�because�they�are� 1 correlated�with�runoff�pollution.

3 3 2 1

Proximity�to�washed�and�other�bodies�of�water�are� prominent�because�they�hepp�prevent�drastic�changes�to� drainage�patterns.�

2

TABLE 2. RANKING OF SENSITIVITES OF THE TANQUE VERDE BASIN

SUITABILITY ANALYSIS 10

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NEW DEVELOPMENT POTENTIAL The new develoment builds upon existiing conditions in order to propose a suitable development type that is site specific.

It consists of two density types, 3.3 person per acreand 1.5 http://dl.sjp.ac.lk/dspace/bitstream/123456789/1582/1/Analysis%20of%20Locational%20Suitability%20 person per acre. The purpose of the lesser person per acre is for%20Residential%20Development%20in%20Colombo%20Sub%20Urban%20Area%20Application%20of %20Analytic%20Hierarchy%20Process.pdf to maintain the existinf blance beween the rural landscape of the region to east of the Tanque Verde area. The 3.3 is greater density than the typical 2.5 person per acre that is common to http://nemo.srnr.arizona.edu/nemo/characterizations/uppergila/LandSuitabilityAnalysisUpperGilaRiver Tucson.

The purpose of this analysis is to increase the density Watershed.pdf within the existing infrastructure without increasing sprawl, The parcel selected was already establuished by the existing stree infrastructure, maintaine d by Pima County. As based on our https://issuu.com/cooperaka/docs/sitesensitivityanalfnlstandard delineation of green infrastructure, alot of our land use decisions were made around these delineations. Additionally, residential development was FEATURE CLASSIFICATION RECLASSIFICATION DESCRIPTION WEIGHTED�OVERLAY placed inCURRENT� proximity to these areas, with the mindset that these SITE�SENSITIVITY high 3 medium�high 2 critical areas can be used as 1public open space for wildlife and 3 medium�low low 0 people to enjoy.

This land use map plan consists of approximately IMPERVIOUS�SURFACE high� 3 medium�high� 0 1 acre dedicated for commercial use and required parking, and 1 medium�low low 300 acres zoned for residential.

The commercial was placed WASH�DISTANCE 00�-�42�meters 3 42�-�106�meters 3 in closest proximity to major street intersections within 2the 106�-�199�meters 2 191�-�400�meters 1 watershed.

Taken�from�the�Santa�Cruz�watershed�studies,�we�can� establish�the�ranking�of�priorites.�High�senstive�areas�(3)� are�ranked�the�highest�priority�due�to�possible�erosion,� habitat�loss,�permeability�and�contamination�of�soils.

Impervious�surfaces�are�significant�because�they�are� correlated�with�runoff�pollution.

Proximity�to�washed�and�other�bodies�of�water�are� prominent�because�they�hepp�prevent�drastic�changes�to� drainage�patterns.�

TABLE 2 + 3. LAND USE ACREAGE ACREAGE�OF�BASIN� ACREAGE�OF�NEW�GREEN�INFRASTRUCTURE ACREAGE�OF�NATIONAL�PARK NEW�RESIDENTIAL�DEVELOPMENT NEW�COMMERCIAL�DISTRICT TOTAL�OF�NEW�DEVELOPMENT

RESIDENTIAL�PERCENTAGE TOTAL�ACREAGE

31063.79 5718.78 18068.78 362.92 97.22 24247.75

70% 30%

ACREAGE�DIFFERENCE

ACRE 254 109 362.92

5916.03

The final proposal shown on the right identifies the Green Infrastrucure and the new residential and comemercial properties for the subwatershed.

The study utilized Digital Elevation Models (DEM) and Land Cover raster sets to identifity sensitive areas that should be preserved or avoided in regard human influence. The solar direction, synthesized in the sensitivity analysis is a critical compenent for this propsoed plan. The solar direction of any new development is imporant for residential comfort and homelife. This proposal takes advantage of passive solar design and seeks to prevent devestation of souuth facing slpoes that contain abundant examples of the Sonoran Desert’s unique assets. The DEM adied in the analysis of slopes that are sensitive to erosion such that any disturbance to the surface cover would increase site erodibility and downstream flooding. The slope analysis also located where the washed might create potential hazards during develpoment construction - or any built environment near its banks. From t he previous analysis, we can determine that the slopes are unstable due to the soil texture and tree deveastation.

It is essential for the stabilitty of waterways and land cover to stay intact and reamin woody and herbacious, because of its significance to wildlife migration patterns; in addition to the continuous vegetation root system that stabilizes the wash sides. In addition, impervious surfaces were used in this synthesis to aid areas for potential develpoment by location the bst parcels for infill.

Through the use of environmental planning and land use practices, better integration of wildlife and human habitation can be constructed and maintained for a healthy ecosystem. The integration demands proactive policies to prevent hazards on the ecological sytem. Additionally, proper environemtnal planning techniques can provide a blance between both ecosystem entities. For example, greenpaths provide pedestrians and cyclsits transportation options that can help transform the current “multi-modal” network, and decrease current health concerns.

Moreover, green infrastrucure, like green paths can provide shade for the pedestrianand decrease a heath island effect, commonly correlated with impervious surfaces in urban areas. In addition to infrastrucure recommendation and policies, stormwater management techniques can be implemented throughout the site. Some of these strategies for management may include: bioswales, porous pavement, depressed round-abouts and xeroscaping and many others, in order to capture and retain surface runoff for aquifier recharge. Through some of these mitigation strategues, water quality can be improve for the city and the various inhabitants of the Sonoran Desert.

MID-TANQUE VERDE CREEK BASIN 12

FINAL PROPOSAL

DEVELOPMENT ANALYSIS 13

REFERENCES GEOSPATIAL DATA Jin, S., Yang, L., Danielson, P., Homer, C., Fry, J., and Xian, G. 2013. A comprehensive change detection method for updating the National Land Cover Database to circa 2011.

Remote Sensing of Environment, 132: 159 – 175.

Pima County GIS FTP Server. Available online at http://webcms.pima.gov/cms/One. aspx?portalId=169&pageId=25365.

Soil Survey Staff, Natural Resources Conservation Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Soil Survey Geographic (SSURGO) Database. Available online at http://sdmdataaccess.nrcs.usda.gov/ US Geological Survey, Gap Analysis Program (GAP). May 2011. National Land Cover, Version 2 US Geological Survey National Hydrography Dataset. Coordinated effort between the United States Department of Agriculture-Natural Resources Conservation Service (USDANRCS), the United States Geological Survey (USGS), and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

LITERATURE Daniels, Tom and Kantherine Daniels, The Environemtnal Planning Handbook. American Planning Association, Chicago Il. Davies, P. E., & Nelson, M. (1994).

Relationships between riparian buffer widths and the effects of logging on stream habitat, invertebrate community composition and fish abundance. Marine and Freshwater Research, 45(7), 1289-1305.

MODEL 1. SITE SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS OF THE SANTA CRUZ WATERSHED

Wissmar, Robert C., Raymond K. Timm, and Miles G. Logsdon. “Effects of changing forest and impervious land covers on discharge characteristics of watersheds.”

Environmental Management 34.1 (2004): Pp 91-98.

Dayton, G. H., & Fitzgerald, L. A. (2006).

Habitat suitability models for desert amphibians. Biological Conservation, 132(1), 40-49.

Hudson, W. (1991). Chapter 2. In Landscape linkages and biodiversity. Washington, D.C.: Island Press.

MODEL 2. SITE SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS OF THE MID-TANQUE VERDE CREEK BASIN

Marsh, William, 2010. Landscape Planning: Environmental Applications. 5th Edition. John Wiley and Sons. New York, NY. ISBN: 978-0470-57081-4 “Natural Resources Conservation Service.”

Highly Erodible Land Definitions. United States Department of Agriculture, n.d. Web. 13 Apr. 2015.

Randolph, John. “Environmental Land Use Planning and Management”. Island Press, 2004.

INDEX + REFRENCES

INDEX + REFRENCES 14

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