Towards a cross-species symbiosis

Koç

TOW ARD S

za Fey BRAVE NEW WORLD

C A

S S Y E M I C B E IOSIS P S S ROS

Master Thesis : Towards a cross-species symbiosis Student: Feyza Koç Academic Supervisor: Caroline Sohie Master Thesis Studio: Brave New World KU Leuven Faculty of Architecture Campus Sint-Lucas Brussels, Belgium International Master of Science in Architecture Academic Year 2021 – 2022 Publication June 2022

© All rights reserved under International Copyright Conventions.

All non-referenced pictures, diagrams and sketches are the work of the author.

Acknowledgements I’d want to convey my heartfelt gratitude to Caroline Sohie, my supervisor, for guiding me through this entire process. I would like to thank her for her insightful input and feedbacks that never ceases to spark thought. In addition, I’d like to thank my family and friends for their support. Especially my mother, who stood by my side through this research.

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ABSTRACT The impact of unplanned urbanization on natural landscapes leads to obstruction of waterways and narrowing of rivers due to the development of floodplains. In a vulnerable context of climate change our future world becomes therefore prone to natural disasters, such as the increase in flooding and loss of biodiversity in topographic lows. It is thus interesting to question the way we live in current societies, leading to not only deterioration of our water quality but degradation of various natural habitats. Consequently opening the possibility to research the interaction between human and non-human habitats and the impact of soil artificialization on natural ecosystems. In other words altered natural ecosystems by man and the conversion of natural landscapes into artificialized impermeable land. There is an increase in the building of roads, parking lots and other kinds of infrastructures across the world, ultimately to serve and facilitate human daily life without considering the consequences. A recent WWF report demonstrates that the artificialization of land and sea spaces form the main cause of extinction of global biodiversity. It is within this context and setting that my thesis seeks to interrogate the impacts of industrialization along a city’s previously organic water network canalized for economic profit; consequently leading to a loss of different species in various natural water habitats.

Furthermore the European agency of environment settled a concept of ‘no net land take’, which means, that from 2050 onwards every artificialization should be compensated by a deartificialization of the equivalent area. As a result our approach within the architectural practice needs to undergo a revolutionary transformation.

Through theoretical research and analysis of current trends, a future scenario set in Liège, within the Wallonian region of Belgium, with increased flooding is explored through spatial conceptualization. This research aims to explore the history of the river Meuse and Ourthe as an integral part of the industrial landscape and bring a new perspective into industrial activity which is more integral with nature.

Moreover, my thesis aims to explore a non-human centric design approach to the landscape. It aims to delve into the regenerative nature of the river throughout history and investigate how this can lead to a regenerative future, inhabiting an alternative productive architecture. Water is used as a productive layer in the city, that underpins food production and stimulation of vegetation typologies to flourish; reintroducing new hybrid relationships and interaction between nature and human based environments. Therefore water is not only a tool for production but also reforms as a social structure, strengthening the community fabric.

TABLE OF CONTENT ABSTRACT 00 : INTRODUCTION

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•Research-by-design question •Objectives •Research Methodology

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01 : DECODING • The “Human Era” » Visuality under the Anthropocene » Capitalocene » Decolonizing the Anthropocene » Geological forces •What is Artificialization? » Artificial landscape put under the loop •Cities of water » The role of water through time » Water resilient city

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02 : ENVISIONING •Lanscaping concepts » Third landscape » Garden in motion » Gardens of resistance » Planetary garden •Flows on aquatic ecosystems » Environmental flows » Human flows

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03 : POSITIONING •Siting •Liège through different lenses » » » » »

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SOCIO-CULTURAL : From the urban center to the periphery ECONOMICAL : Deindustrialization leads to industrial wastelands TECHNOLOGICAL : Liège shifts towards a high tech city ENVIRONMENTAL : Liège : highest soil artificialization rate POLITICAL : No net land take by 2050 in Wallonia

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•Liège as a “ville d’eau” » Accessibility to the city » The alluvial plain » The Meuse » The Ourthe » Previous courses of the Meuse and the Ourthe » The Légia •Border landscapes » Mapping Borders » Defining “Borderscapes” •Personas of Liège » Personas Human vs Non-Human » Initial study cases » Biotopes of Liège •Explorative futures » Positioning the city through speculative scenarios

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04 : PROJECTING •Pressure of flooding » From flood parameters to urban strategy

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05 : GENERATING •Design strategy » From productive landscape to cross-species symbiosis » Architectural approach : macro scale » Architectural approach : building scale

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06 : CONCLUSION

» Transitioning towards a new way of life

IMAGE REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHY

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00 : INTRODUCTION 00 : INTRODUCTION

Figure 0

INTRODUCTION

RESEARCH-BY-DESIGN QUESTION Through the analysis of different parameters, my work intends to focus on the following critical themes : What is the impact of artificialization on the relation between human and nonhuman habitats? Thus, how can we reintroduce new hybrid relationships between nature and human based environments?

Furthermore, how could we look through a different lens into productive architecture which is more integral with nature?

Artificialized territories Land of unknown nature and/or not Agricultural land Wooded land Other non-artificialized land Figure 1 - Main categories of land use in Wallonia (2019)

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INTRODUCTION

OBJECTIVES The objectives within this research-by-design project focus on reimplementing a previous biodiversity and enhancing natural habitats artificialized by humankind.

The project aims to research the interaction between human and non-human habitats and the impact of artificialization on natural ecosystems. An overexploited urban landscape situated in a topographic low with a hydrology prone to flooding, is the entry point. Consequently aiming to explore the ambiguity of borders formed between urban centers and natural landscapes. Further exploring urban expansion on visible and invisible borders thus understanding human settlement patterns impacting biotopes and different natural habitats of species. On the other hand elements impacting natural landscapes such as; human migration flows, spread of seeds through weather flows, migrating species etc. become an interesting focus point. Additional interesting questions arise such as; What are the impacts of human urbanization along a previously organic water network, thus what will riverside areas look like towards the year of 2050 and further? How will the loss of a natural ecosystem affect a city within a context of climate change vulnerability?

Policy changes such as the “no net land take” additionally form a great initiative to avoid any further loss of natural land within our urban landscapes. If the trend of artificialization continues until the year of 2051, this would lead to a situation where a drawback of land take will be an impossible scenario. This speculative design research’s aim is thus to further push this ‘no net land take’ policy and reimplement a natural biodiversity to form a breathable city.

rate ≤ 5,3% (min. 3,7%) 5,3 < rate ≤ 6,3% 6,3% < rate ≤ 7,2% 7,2 < rate ≤ 10,6% 10,6< rate ≤ 13,7% 13,7 < rate ≤ 18% rate > 18% (max. 26,4%) Figure 2 - Impermeabilization of soils in Wallonia (2007)

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INTRODUCTION

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY This research by design project is framed through multiple phases, starting by the analysis of key parameters such as the main drivers of change impacting the city of Liège. After a clear outline of the STEEP framework and acquiring the knowledge of these drivers through different social, economical or environmental lenses a thorough understanding of the context is obtained. This collected data enables a smooth transition to further map out emerging concepts and envision possible scenarios in the given context. An in depth city scan and on site analysis will furthermore be crucial in the mapping of possible opportunity areas of spatial intervention.

Within a concept of non-human centered approach, it is essential to map out different habitats and biotopes on site. This mapping can be explored through different mixed media such as; drawing, photography and video footage. This approach enables a better understanding of different flows of natural elements within the urban landscape through a specific time. The next step is cartographic mapping which leads to a deeper understanding of context and the intensification of borderland, informed by different urban development patterns. By an in depth investigation of different sites, the envisioned future scenarios will become easier to situate and project on the context itself.

Another important component becomes interrogating the impact of flooding within different future timeframes. Within this projected flooding scenario a nonhuman centered design approach is investigated. Moreover, different thematics will be spatially analyzed by means of two dimensional plans, sections or three dimensional drawings. Alternatively atmospheric collages will map out the different visual aspects of the project, portraying the ambiguous borders between human and non-human habitats.

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01 : DECODING 01 : DECODING

Figure 3

DECODING

THE “HUMAN ERA”

#01 - Irmgard E., n.d, p. 131

Visualization under the Anthropocene Human impact on the earth has become very strong to the point we are seeing shifts in hydrological flows, climate change, disappearance of species. Not only is there a spatial human impact but the way we represent and perceive things has also seen a radical change. According to Irmgard Emmelhainz, the Anthropocene era implies the transformation of the world into images. The condition of the world is transformed into a series of images represented through different mediums. #01 New point of views within visuality is taking place in not only impressionism and cubism but also between cubism to experimental film, finally from experimental film to digital media. Cubism and experimental film, brought an outbreak on humans’ visual perception of the world within a context of forceful spatial alteration by humanity. Imagery in which the Anthropocene had been previously downsized to an apocalyptic vision of human and world finitude.

Capitalocene In a conversation between Donna Haraway and Martha Kenney, Donna who is a vital thinker on the politics of nature and culture, states: “ …The current use of the term Anthropocene dates to the year 2000, when it is used in a paper in a geology context. The term was coined by ecologist Eugene Stoermer and the Nobel-Prize-winning atmospheric chemist Paul Crutzen to refer to the influence of human behavior on the earth’s atmosphere, lithosphere, and hydrosphere in recent centuries, and has been proposed as a name for a geological epoch. But it has quickly become way bigger than that. It has been picked up by artists, humanists, politicians, scientists, and the popular press…I also think the term feeds into some extremely conventional and ready-to-the tongue stories that need far more critical inquiry. The figure of the anthropos itself is a species term. The anthropos—what is that? All of Homo sapiens sapiens? All of mankind? Well, who exactly? Fossil-fuelburning humanity is the first short answer to that. Industrial humanity, however, is still a kind of a species-being; it doesn’t even speak to all of industrial humanity, but specifically the formations of global capital and global state socialisms…”

#02 - Donna H., Martha K., n.d, p.258-259

Through different destructive technologies in an age of carbon we are witnessing the extraction of the last bit of carbon out of the deep earth. According to Harraway, calling this human era the Antrhopocene would miss all of that and treats it only as if it’s a species act and that she would rather call this era the Capitalocene. #02

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DECODING

Geological forces In a project focussed on mapping out and witnessing geological forces, Jamie Kruse and Elizabeth Ellsworth created a photographic tale and speculative narration on the Great Lakes region close to the borders of Canada and the US. Their photographic tale represents these geological forces as something dynamic and not static, constantly shaping the material reality of the Great Lakes and thus impacting the notion of the Anthropocene and beyond.

A very present geological force is “human land use” for most projects sited in the Great Lakes region. Moreover, it is said that humans evolved during the Pleistocene. Today, not only hydrology or geology but also human activities shape certain spatial connections. Land use by humans creates pollution, invasive species, contamination, alteration of ecosystems throughout regions and more. Because of a visible geological change, geologists declare that a new era has begun, called “The Anthropocene”, named after the species that has become a powerful player in this geological change. This human impact has severe unpredictable consequences for the future on natural and human based environments.

The Anthropocene is a moment in history within our contemporary way of living, in which waste materials are produced that will outlast the survival of the human species. The fabric of human life, which is highly dependent on the extractions of depleting resources that took millenia to mold, thus needs a radical change.

Other visions include geologists agreeing that the Pleistocene is not over yet. There have been five major ice ages throughout Earth’s history in which waters continue to rise and fall. The Anthropocene has been ushered by human actions. Specific parameters indicate a future shift in ongoing geological forces generating the next ice age.#03

Figure 4 - Geological water and soil patterns

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#03 -Jamie K., Elizabeth E., n.d, p.155 - 164

DECODING

Decolonizing the Anthropocene Current discourse in the Euro-Western academia has consolidated around the notion of the Anthropocene as a narrative tool in a time of environmental crisis. In 2002 Paul Crutzen popularized this notion referencing an epoch in which humans are dominant drivers of geologic change on the earth today.

#04 - Zoe T., n.d, p.241

#05 - Zoe T., n.d, p.244

#06 - Irmgard E., n.d, p. 131

#07 - Jamie K., Elizabeth E., n.d, p. 156

In her essay Zoe Todd criticizes the current discourse of the Anthropocene, stating it is important to define who decided certain problems and deciders of the players involved. She argues that we should examine how other people are describing our “ecological imagination” rather than engaging with the Anthropocene as a determined fact, implicating everyone as equally accountable for the present socio-economic, ecological, and political state of the world. According to Zoe Todd, Indigenous artists can offer an important view on the complex connections between people and land, and that they can create specific responses to the violence of economies taking place in the Anthropocene.#04

“...the Anthropocene references an epoch in which humans are the dominant drivers #05 of geologic change on the globe today.”

“...the Anthropocene has been reduced to an apocalyptic fantasy of both human and world #06 finitude...”

“The Anthropocene is a moment in the history of our species when the fabric of human life depends on extractions of rapidly depleting geological material that took millennia to form. This is also a moment when anthropogenic activities have produced waste materials whose recognizable geological stratification will outlast the #07 survival of the human species.”

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WHAT IS ARTIFICIALIZATION ?

Artificial landscape put under the loop According to AGDP (Administration générale de la Documentation patrimoniale, the general administration of patrimonial documentation in Wallonia), “artificial land” can be defined by any surface removed from its natural state (natural meadow, wetland etc). This state can be defined by forest or agricultural land, whether it is built, paved or not such as; car parkings or even the garden of a suburban house.

Artificial surfaces therefore also include non-built artificialized spaces such as; urban green spaces, sports and leisure facilities and can be situated outside urban areas, villages in suburbs, or even in the middle of a countryside. #08

#08 - Iweps, 2022

When putting land artificialization into perspective, soil artificialization cannot be defined by a single factor, it is the consequence of the synergy between several dimensions that can be summarized as follows: soil impermeability, the loss of natural, agricultural and forest areas (changes in use) and finally the form of urban development (de-densification). Besides, land artificialization usually takes the shape of low-density urban expansion, which is typically at the expense of agricultural land.

Although the notion of artificialization may seem simple to conceive, it is in reality far from being straightforward. For their part, the European Environment Agency (EEA) and the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) in France, refer to “urban sprawl” to designate areas that : • for the EEA, are characterized by a combination of three dimensions: the size of the built-up area, its spatial dispersion and the built-up area per inhabitant or job.

• for the OECD, areas that reach a certain level of population density and spatial dispersion of that density. #09 Artificialization is therefore a phenomenon with multiple forms, leading to the scientific collective ESCo making a proposition to look at it from three different perspectives, as follows:

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#09 -Anne-Catherine L., Anne-Laurence P., 2019, p. 25

DECODING

ARTIFICIAL LAND urban parc

IMPERMEABLE LAND

sports field private garden quarry ...

high way asphalted parking tiled terrace build ground ...

HYBRID LAND

HYBRID LAND

#10 -Anne-Catherine L., Anne-Laurence P., 2019, p. 26

• The level of soil impermeabilization: depending on the extent of impermeability generated by new developments, artificialization is associated with a more or less substantial alteration in soil condition. Artificial soils lose their useful features when they become impermeable, that is, when they stop permitting biophysical exchanges between the subsurface and aerial layers.

• Changes in land use: artificialization is also linked to a shift in land use, with natural, agricultural, and forest areas being the polar categories, in contrast to urban uses (housing, economic activities, shops and leisure activities in particular). The subject of how to classify built-up agricultural features utilized for agricultural area management, for example, can be raised. As a result, depending on the size or artificialization indicator used, certain places may or may not be considered artificial.

• Forms of urban development: finally, according to the level of sprawl and dispersion of new projects, artificialization is related with a change in the shape of the city. The density of the population and the dispersion of these densities in space are modified. #10

NON ARTIFICIAL LAND NATURAL LAND not/little managed forest swamp waterway ...

field pasture plant nursery orchard ...

Figure 5 - Artificial vs Non-Artificial land

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DECODING

CITIES OF WATER The role of water through time Rivers such as the Nile, Euphrates, Tigris, and Indus allowed agricultural and trading operations to flourish, resulting in the rise of some of humanity’s most well-known civilizations. Water is thus the lifeblood of human society and has always been a critical determining factor in the formation and location of cities. Riverbanks were the birthplace of great civilizations such as the Roman Empire, Egyptian culture, Venetian Empire, and Omayyad Dynasty, to name a few. For example, the Romans were the first to pipe water into their expanding cities, particularly through their aqueducts. Modern cities such as London, Paris, Moscow, Cairo, New Delhi, and Stockholm are also built along river and lake banks.

For a long time, cities have concentrated their efforts on creating water and sanitation systems that ensure the public’s health: safe drinking water and sanitation for all.

However, water in cities’ mission has broadened from promoting a livable city to nurturing a healthy city connecting back to a natural water cycle. Concerns about healthy ecosystems in and around the city are increasingly being addressed, as is the development of water for comfort and well-being, water as a motivator for recruiting enterprises, and water as a means of providing citizens with a sense of belonging.#11 Water resilient city Beyond basic service provision, embracing urban growth for sustainable water management in cities is therefore a key factor for the future of cities. Furthermore, cities are facing the reality of water-related disasters and chronic stress as a result of climate change. Cities’ agendas have thus included climate change adaptation, with water being a primary concern. Cities are now focusing on lowering waterrelated risk in order to become more risk-resilient. Consequently, it is crucial to reconnect to the natural water cycle for this resilient transformation to take place.

Reducing, reusing, and recycling – for the long-term sustainability of our cities within their ecosystems – helps us to reduce our reliance on unknown future resources and creates significantly better risk resilience. Due to an unpredictable climatic future and population expansion, many cities must additionally plan for future water scarcity. Moreover, we must recognize that the water cycle is a natural system that has been significantly influenced by urban development.

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#11 -Ger B., Bert D., Corinne T., n.d.

DECODING

In Europe or North America, for example, the historical development of urban water, sanitation, and stormwater management has been progressive in time, resulting in systems that are sometimes inflexible and difficult to adapt to changing vulnerabilities (flood level, reduced water supply, etc.) Therefore, the sustainability and resilience of our cities must increase through the usage of natural resources that can be regenerated.

Natural streams, storm and flood control, and regenerative urban water services can only be completely implemented if they are incorporated into urban landscapes at the building, district, and macro level. The city of Rotterdam, for example, has a “regenerative” approach to stormwater management, which involves filtration and storage for reuse, as well as green roofs to reduce rainfall surges.

#12 -Ger B., Bert D., Corinne T., n.d.

Therefore, embracing the concepts of “re-duce,” “re-use,” “re-cover,” “re-cycle,” and “re-plenish” for a Regenerative City allows for increased risk-resiliency and increase in the sustainability of our cities by only using regenerative resources. #12 In order for a city to be more water resilient, water-related planning must thus be fully incorporated with urban landscapes and other urban services, while still staying connected to its basin and related ecosystemic layers.

Furthermore, cities supply water and sanitation, as well as resource recovery and synergies with other sectors, due to their higher density. However, the increased density poses a threat to the conservation of waterways, sustainable water withdrawals, and population settlement on high-risk land. Cities must be designed with buildings and urban landscapes that connect the city to its natural water cycle, with water flows sculpting the city, waste recovered as a resource, and water reused as needed for self sufficiency.

Water is the most important natural resource in cities that provides opportunities for interaction between different sectors such as; waste management, energy, food production, transport, spatial planning, etc. It is an undeniable fact that cities heavily rely on water, it can thus be an excellent starting point for transitioning to a new design strategy including citizens in the natural water cycle containing different species. This natural resource forms a habitat for intersectorial but also interspecies interaction, allowing for new ways of life to be explored.

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02 : ENVISIONING 02 : ENVISIONING

Figure 6

ENVISIONING

LANDSCAPING CONCEPTS

#13 - Gilles C., 1995

The Planetary Garden Landscape architect Gilles Clements’ concept of the planetary garden refers to planet Earth as a garden. This is underpinned by the following reasoning; the first reason being the anthropic coverage and the fact that human presence is everywhere on the planet, just as a gardener everywhere on his land. The second reason is due to the mechanics of planetary mixing. Nomadic humans settled down as soon as the first garden was created in the course of history. Through technological advancements in transportation, the plants within a garden are not static to a local environment. Consequently, plants will migrate from evermore distant places even crossing oceans and breaking spatial borders. Moreover humans are accelerating the natural mechanics of planetary mixing that previously only existed through natural methods such as winds, animals and ocean streams. The third reason refers to the definition of the term garden which means both enclosure and paradise. Gilles Clement within his concept further refers to the biosphere as a small thickness covering the surface of our planet being the only space of the “living”. #13

#14 - Gilles C., 1991

Garden in motion The notion of “the garden in motion” reinforces a practice in which biodiversity is protected and enriched by not interfering against the living beings present on the site. The living beings such as plants, animals, fungi or micro-organisms play an important role in the spread and acceleration of natural processes taking place in a garden. This notion thus takes into account the behavioral diversity of these various beings and gives them the chance to generate within a vegetative system. These processes happen naturally in which flows such as winds, waters, animals disperse various seeds each time in a different location and create a dynamic environment.

If the change in the shape of the garden is accepted by humans, the diversity of wandering species can be preserved. Consequently, the notion of the “garden in movement” refers to a natural habitat of which the composition doesn’t remain constant overtime.#14

Figure 7 - Visualizing flourishing mesophilic grasslands, scrubs, thickets and ruderal vegetation

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Water from air

Water from water Water from soil Level 0

Troposphere ≈ + 10 000 m

Biosphere = Space of life Oceans’ bottom ≈ - 8000 m

Limits : Top of the troposphere Bottom of the oceans Biosphere = Planetary garden WE ARE ALL IN WATER

Figure 8 - ‘The Planetary Garden’ by Gilles Clément

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Mowed or clipped herbaceaous layer

Flowering herbaceous layer + Late annual mowing

Arborescent layer

Figure 9 - ‘Garden in motion’ by Gilles Clément

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Gardens of resistance The following seven points explain the different aspects of Clements’ gardens of resistance: • The term “garden of resistance” refers to all public and private spaces where gardening is developed according to a balance between nature and man without enslavement to the market but with the concern to preserve all the diversities in the greatest respect of water, ground and air. Additionally with a great concern to preserve the common good and humanity depending on this common good.

• The garden in resistance supports the philosophy of doing as much as possible with and as little as possible against the energies in place. This notion of resistance can be extended to all levels. Mankind shouldn’t be carried away by the consumerist flow and ideals of development claiming an ecological approach, when in reality all action is driven by commercial profit.

• The gardens of resistance propose a way of living that does not consume the commons and thus develops a new economy within an emerging ecosystem.

Relocalization of exchanges and distribution systems reduce the global costs of production through a shift of an emerging economy of fair consumption and community sharing. Moreover the planetary mixing multiplies exchanges between beings and cultural systems who were originally isolated from each other.

• Within an emerging economy of the gardens of resistance, two dynamics are included. One of them being an economy associated with distant exchanges generating independence. Another economy associated with local exchanges permitting self-sufficiency.

• The gardens of resistance exist on the planet in atomized form. Networking is not justified by the atomization of the system responding to the logic of selfsufficiency. Gardens of resistance promote the exchange of intangible goods resulting from cultural diversity on the planet.

• The capitalist model is a destructive machine that needs to be opposed by creating a shift towards a distribution of goods, from the privatization of goods to its liberation. According to Clement, only then can the idea of a Planetary Garden take place.

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• The concept of the Planetary Garden, emphasizes the notion of fragility and high dependence of humanity on natural biodiversity. Human alteration of ecological balances leads to the disappearance of non-human species, consequently meaning extinction. There needs to be a balance of energy between what is taken and what is given back to the environment.

#15 - Gilles C., 2009

These seven points would allow us to establish a new governance system leading to a new constitution, where sharing and increasing knowledge would play a central societal role. #15

#16 - Gilles C., 2004

Third Landscape Another concept of Gilles Clement is the notion of the Third Landscape which refers to spaces where humans don’t impose any kind of intervention. After analysis he states how abandoned places are richer in biodiversity compared to artificially maintained spaces. A third landscape forms a place of diversity in which different landscape figures develop naturally. Wastelands should thus be considered as precious assets on which our biodiversity depends. Consequently creating places where we do not intervene and which do not allow human presence for the further expansion of its richness.#16 The third landscape in the Parc Matisse in Lille, France, by Gilles Clement is an interesting project to investigate. A walled body of landscape on a height of 7 meters was placed centrally from the common place, receiving an “ideal forest” of 3500m² growing and expanding by nature alone. It serves as a natural landscape entirely inaccessible but observable by people in the park, creating an indirect visual interaction without impacting the organic process.

Figure 10 - ‘Third landscape’ by Gilles Clément

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Landscape architect : Gilles Clément Year : 2009-2011 Location : Saint-Nazaire, France Area : 2 hectares THIRD LANDSCAPE SAINT-NAZAIRE “The Third Landscape garden proposed for the Roof of the Saint Nazaire Submarine Base is made up of species belonging to the Third Landscape of the Estuary and, in part, of convergent species compatible with the climate and the absence base floor.

It is divided into three parts: • The Trembles wood • The Jardin des Orpins • The Jardin des Etiquettes”#17 Figure 11 - Benchmark example, Third landscape Saint-Nazaire by Gilles Clément

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#17 - Available at: https:// www.coloco.org/projets/jardinsdu-tiers-paysage/

ENVISIONING

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ENVISIONING

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Architect : Bas Smets Year : 2010-2011 Location : London, United Kingdom

#18 - Available at: https:// www.bassmets.be/projects/

SUNKEN GARDEN “The former mineral courtyard of a historical building in central London has been transformed into a Lush garden. Measures taken on site revealed a microclimate ideal for the development of large tree ferns. Large stone slabs and a misting system complete this radical transformation, while a Frans West sculpture captures the light.”#18 Figure 12 - Benchmark example, Sunken Garden by Bas Smets

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FLOWS ON AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS Environmental flows To function, native species require natural flow patterns; too much flow manipulation by humans has severe consequences for biodiversity. Damming, diverting, or channeling water alters the normal flow pattern, which has major impacts for the plants and animals that rely on it. As a consequence, if natural water flow patterns and quantities are drastically altered, freshwater habitats and species suffer. Natural seasonal cycles of rising and decreasing water levels in freshwater systems construct aquatic and riparian ecosystems, generate cues for migration and spawning, disperse seeds and nurture their growth, and ensure that rivers, lakes, wetlands, and estuaries function appropriately. Environmental flows are important and can be used to estimate the quantity and timing of flows that humans can safely alter or divert without hurting aquatic ecosystems.#19 The Nature Conservancy, for example, is a world leader in the science of environmental flows, which involves assessing the amount and timing of water flows necessary to maintain the components, functions, processes, and resilience of aquatic ecosystems, as well as the products and services they give to people.

#19 - Nature Conservancy, 2018

Freshwater biodiversity decreases dramatically despite major advances in water quality (in early industrialized countries). The significance of flow regime to healthy freshwater ecosystems was for instance not recognized until the 1990s. However, In the 1970s, the attention switched to reversing the effects of development, particularly the loss of water quality. Minimum flows were necessary in some places to combat pollution and, later, to keep rivers dry to a certain level for specific fish species.

The natural hydrological course of riverbeds have been severely impacted by Anthropogenic artificial manipulation, thus contributing to the freshwater biodiversity crisis. Hydrologic alteration by dams, water withdrawals and land use form some of these Anthropogenic factors additionally leading to climate change. Furthermore, freshwater ecological systems are regulated by different water variables, “flow” being the most important aside from - water quality, energy cycling, physical habitat and biotic interactions. Restoring a healthy ecosystem requires for the key variable “flow” not to be impacted severely, meaning the revival of water quality for instance will not be enough for this process of healthy regeneration. In a natural water body, the natural hydrologic cycle is the pattern of available water, timing, and fluctuation. #20 Figure 13 9 - Water stream inbetween prominent topography

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#20 - Nature Conservancy, 2018

ENVISIONING

Environmental flow components can be defined in terms of magnitude, frequency, duration, timing and rate of change consequently regulating ecological processes.

These flows are the quantity and timing of water flows required to maintain the components, functions, processes and resilience of aquatic ecosystems and the goods and services they provide to people. The Nature Conservancy, for instance, urges that for any specific water body, a hierarchical structure be used to find the holistic environmental flow technique that will lead to the most effective implementation and strategic planning of flow provisions.

Human flows The following is a breakdown of different human interventions harming river ecosystems: • Damming: While damming can be used as a flood control strategy to keep towns and areas safe from flooding, on the other hand, hinder migratory fish passage and affect the life cycles of a variety of aquatic species. Although having the capacity of being a magnificent renewable energy source, it has the potential to severely harm river ecosystems by obstructing the organic river flows.

• Channelizing: Changing the natural flow of a stream or river into a different pattern, consequently leads to the possibility of a significant impact on floodplains.

• Dumping: Disposing of waste in a river. Any substance dumped down a storm drain, such as automobile oil or antifreeze, will run right into the river.

• Recreation: Through Anthropogenic alteration, activities done for the purpose of relaxation or enjoyment have also played a major role. Riding horses, fishing from a boat or even simply having a picnic could have a harmful influence on river biodiversity if not done carefully.

• Littering: Trash and rubbish are thrown away carelessly.

• Domestic Animals: Livestock waste may be carried into rivers, bringing with it extra nutrients and disease-causing microorganisms. Additionally pet waste is another issue, likely harming the habitat of local species by chasing or hunting it.

• Invasive species: One invasive, foreign species can completely wipe out native species, alter the ecosystem’s functioning, and lower the area’s biodiversity. By the introduction of invasive species, the habitat of native organisms has the risk of being completely taken over.

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03 : POSITIONING 03 : POSITIONING

Figure 14

POSITIONING

SITING Contextualized by the natural landscapes and biodiversity of the Wallonian region in Belgium, the project is sited in the city of Liège, which forms the capital of the province of Liège. Although Wallonia has a lower percentage of soil impermeabilization than the Flanders region, Liège forms the most impermeabilized city in Wallonia aside from Charleroi, and thus becomes an interesting site to explore within Wallonia’s rich nature. Analysis of the historiography of the city’s hydrographic network, shows a high artificialization level of the organic water network, which forms the most occupied land. The centrally situated water network through the city forms an interesting site to test different possible scenarios of reintegrating species and new ways of cross-species interaction.

Additionally, having one of Europe’s major rivers, the Meuse, flowing through its urban landscape, makes Liège an interesting point for international economic connectivity. Thirdly, the city shows an increased vulnerability to flooding due to its geographical location combined with climate change. It is thus interesting to analyze the city’s past as a “ville d’eau” and further question its relationship with industrialization and artificialization of land towards the future. The project aims to explore the impact of urban expansion on its original topography, which has been altered through time. Mapping the different border zones on borderlands between its prominent topography and urban centers leads to the identification of opportunity areas for further analysis of the relationship between human and non-human habitats.

Figure 15 - Arrondissement of Liège and the city of Liège on the Belgian map

33

POSITIONING

LIÈGE THROUGH DIFFERENT LENSES SOCIO - CULTURAL From the urban center to the periphery Liège experienced a phenomenon of depopulation (in 1976, during the merger of municipalities from which the current territory of the city resulted, Liège had 227 974 inhabitants). According to the official statistics published by the Walloon Institute for Evaluation, the population has been decreasing since 2017, counting a total of 197 885 inhabitants and 197 217 by 2020.#21

#21 - Iweps, 2015

On the other hand, the phenomenon of the peri-urbanization of Liège towards its first and especially second ring, and even beyond, continues. The increase in population in the central city is mainly explained by international migration, while the outer ring is experiencing a constant increase in its population following periurbanization. Consequently, this leads to an international migration balance which is negative for central Liège and positive for both crowns.#22

#22 - SDALg., 2017

PROJECTED SITUATION FOR 2045 ≈ 250 700 habitants +32.200

≈ 236 100 habitants +30 600

≈ 225 600 habitants +29 600

≈ 712 400 habitants +92 400

+ 15% Figure 16 - Population projection for the year of 2045

34

POSITIONING

EVOLUTION OF THE POPULATION SINCE 1831 250 000 200 000 150 000 100 000 50 000 0 1850

1900

1950

2000

Figure 17 - Evolution of the population since 1831

MAIN FOREIGN NATIONALITIES Morroco Romania Turkey Italy Others

Other countries of Asia Cameroun Democratic Republic of the Congo Spain France

7,6% 37,2% 11,7%

9,6% 17,5%

3,9%

Figure 18 - Main foreign nationalities of Liège

35

POSITIONING

ECONOMICAL Deindustrialization leads to indusrial wastelands During the 19th and part of the 20th centuries, heavy industry (metallurgy, mining, etc.) was the main engine of economic development in Wallonia. In 1978, 60% of employment within the district of Liège was located in the metal sector. This changed after the Second World War, starting in the 1960s. The steel industry suffered a long decline, leading to industrial infrastructure left behind in an abandoned state.

Heavy industry thus no longer has the central position it once occupied in Liège’s economy. With the decline of the “traditional” sectors, the areas formerly devoted to industrial production are gradually left to abandonment. Deindustrialization has led to the appearance of numerous industrial wastelands, which form the heart of many issues of economic redeployment and urban renewal. #23 TECHNOLOGICAL Liège shifts towards a high tech city Liège’s economy saw a huge shift after the late 20th century, leading to the development of various other sectors playing a technological role. Today, Liège is a center for mechanical industries, space technology, information technology, biopharma, biotechnology, and the production of water, beer, and chocolate.

Additionally, the city hosts groups of headquarters within high technology, such as Techspace Aero. The city also has many electronic companies and other firms in the lightning sector. Furthermore, the University of Liège accommodates various “spin-offs” and high-technology businesses in the Sart-Tilman Science Park. This trend is reinforced by good connectivity, with the airport of Liège being the 8th largest airport in Europe for the air transport of goods, situated 12km from the city center. #24

developing industrires

steel industry

Figure 19 - Sectorial evolution of Liège

36

#23 - Bruno D. 2017

#24 - Bruno D. 2017

POSITIONING

Figure 13 -

Figure 20 - Liège Arondissement: economic heart of Europe

Figure 14 -

Figure 21 - Industrial backbone of Belgium ‘Sillon Industriel’

37

Bassenge

Visé Dalhem

Oupeye

Juprelle

Herstal

Awans

Blegny

Ans

Grâce-Hollogne

Liège Saint-Nicolas

Beyne-Heusay

Fléron Flémalle

Seraing

Chaudfontaine

Trooz

Neupré Esneux

Sprimont

Comblain-au-Pont Aywaille

Metropolitan heart Metropolitan suburb Urban center Urban ring Peri-urban area Residential area

Agricultural territory Natural landscape Community space Economic area Economic - commercial area

Figure 22 - Land uses within the Arrondissement of Liège

Soumagne

POSITIONING

ENVIRONMENTAL Liège : highest soil artificialization rate After the 19th century, important morphological changes happened within the urban landscape of Liège. Industries undertake an occupation of the alluvial plains near the water. The landscape becomes industrialized as the rural ways of living fade away. Development of trade and ambitious projects led to the reconfiguration of the waterways, gradually reducing the Meuse into a simple river transport pipeline linking Liege to the sea.

ARTIFICIALIZED TERRAIN (km²)

#25 - Charlier S., 2014

Towards the end of the 20th century, infrastructures further settled on the last branch of the river Ourthe. Starting from the end of this century towards now, the environmental balance has started to be questioned, leading to the commencement of a green revolution.

Quarries, landfills, wastelands Retail, offices and services Transport infrastructures Agricultural buildings

Recreation and urban green spaces Industry and craftsmanship Public services and equipments Residential sector Figure 23 - Aritificialized terrains in Liège since 1985

39

POSITIONING

POLITICAL No net land take by 2050 in Wallonia The increase in infrastructural and urban development leads to the natural ecosystems being altered and losing their richness in biodiversity. Substantial amounts of land being covered halt natural soil processes generating an immense problem. As a result the European agency of environment settled a concept of “no net land take” on a global scale, which means starting from 2050 every artificialization should be compensated by a deartificialization of the equivalent area. #26

#26 - European Commission, 2016

The urban development of Liège within Wallonia shows a problematic of urban sprawl being part of the “no net land take” policy concerns. According to the European commision urban sprawl forms a prime example of the tragedy of the commons. Objectives of the SDT (Schéma de Développement du territoire) of Wallonia aim to limit the land take to 6 km²/year by 2030. Finally aiming to reduce the land take to 0 km²/year by 2050. #27

#27 - Christine R., 2020

CONSSUMPTION (km²/year)

OBJECTIVES OF THE WALLOON SDT

Objective of SDT Walstat 2008 - 2016

Walstat 2002 - 2008 Expon. (Walstat 2008 - 2016)

Figure 24 - Objectives of the Walloon SDT regarding land take

40

Hyperdense landscape 2051 Urban sprawl 2040 Urban sprawl 2030 Existing land take 2022 0

1500

Figure 25 - Urban sprawl speculation

POSITIONING

LIÈGE AS A “VILLE D’EAU” Accessibility to the city The geographical location of Liège, close to the German and Dutch borders, in the past, well located in relation to important towns such as Maastricht, Tongeren, Huy, and Namur, highly influenced accessibility. Circulation by water was made easy, thanks mainly to the Meuse, even if for a long time river connections were modest especially towards Antwerp. It was the presence of the Meuse, which was for a long time a primary axis of circulation, and the confluence of valleys that made Liège accessible. Besides, the city of Liège also established itself as a key junction of roads before becoming a major crossroads of highways. In addition to the road network, there was a train system in the nineteenth century, additionally the valleys influenced the route layout and prominence of the railroad hub once again.

The alluvial plain The city rests on an intersection, one that cannot be comprehended without studying the waterways and their previous courses. The change of direction in the Meuse’s flow, as well as the plain’s significant expansion, are two prominent elements of the alluvial plain at Liège. Its alluvial plain, which is small between Kinkempois and the Cointe hill, widens to 3 kilometers before shrinking to 1 to 2 kilometers downstream of Liège.#28

#28 - Bruno D., 2017

The Meuse The Meuse, seen as a capricious river often overflowing its banks, was intervened by human constructions to control these flows. There are also fluvial deposits, known as “terraces,” several dozen meters above the plain’s level, remnants of ancient alluvial plains. The Meuse’s alluvial plain and terraces equate to a layer of gravel 6 to 7 meters thick, overlaid by fluvialite silt (3 to 4 meters), and then human originated landfill. Furthermore, the alluvial extent on both sides of the river can only be comprehended in relation to the many arms of the Meuse and the Ourthe, which created a complicated and constantly shifting network.

The Meuse is thus no longer a natural river as a consequence of its shires having been channeled and its organic course being straightened and regularized by locks and dams. This river, the site’s primary shaper, cuts across the Liège territory diagonally and, along with its branches, considerably aids in the fragmentation of the landscape.#29

42

#29 - Bruno D., 2017

Water network XIth century Water network XIIIth century Water network XIXth century Water network XXth century 0

1500

Figure 26 - Hydrographic evolution

20th.

19th.

18th.

13th.

11th.

0

100

Figure 27 - Hydrographic evolution within center

POSITIONING

Despite the fact that the slopes of the Meuse (grade of 0,1 percent) are minor (20 - 40cm height change per km), they correspond with a local acceleration of the river downstream from Liège. This pluvial-oceanic river’s flow rate is around 270m3/s, showing regular variations. These variations seasonally can fluctuate, leading to abundant rainfall during winter and spring, especially when joined by melting snow. Summer low-water marks, on the other hand, are generated more by evaporation than by a lack of rainfall. These low-water levels formed a major issue, particularly for ship traffic.

The ratio of higher to lower monthly flow is roughly 1 to 10, although daily flow is generally greater, approximately 1 to 20, excluding unusual changes in water level and fluxes above 2500 or 2950 m3/s. An example of an unexpected rise in water level can be seen during the 20th century, in 1925-26. Furthermore, during the late 19th and early 20th century, the high water levels sometimes reached 6 to 7 meters in height which were normally 3 to 4 meters at most. This heavy rise in flooding was more noticeable when the mines collapsed. The continuation of this led to the beginning of major works to reduce drought in 1928, allowing all of the water to be collected and pumped into the Meuse.

#30 - Bruno D., 2017

The Ourthe The Ourthe, Belgium’s largest branch of the Meuse, flows similarly to the Meuse diagonally downstream from Liège. When compared to the mainstream, major changes and human intervention can also be seen in its riverbed. Except for one, which was turned into a canal named the ‘Dériviation’, all of its arms beginning from the current confluence have been filled up by man. Similar to the Meuse, the Ourthe also sees variations in flow through different seasons, with a daily flow of 61 m³/s at Angleur. An extreme seasonal variation was seen during the high water of 1925, for ten days, 783m3/s was reported. As a contrast, during the low-water period in 1955, the flow dropped to 8m3/s. #30 Previous courses of the Meuse and the Ourthe The river has been an axis of circulation and a source of both water power and drinking water since the city’s foundation. Everything suggests that traffic on the Meuse has occurred since Roman times, and that Mosan trade grew significantly in the 11th century.

45

POSITIONING

The river’s arms and tributaries used to activate wheat mills, mills that processed oak bark for industries, and mills that made (hammers) for working metal. Besides, the city was also able to easily supply itself with drinkable water thanks to the river and its alluvial plain. The Meuse and Ourthe rivers had a significant role in Liège’s evolution over the past centuries. The ancient landscape can’t be understood without an interpretation of the secondary valley, the Légia, which is now completely dried out.

The Meuse, morphologically, used to be split into two branches known as Petit Paradis. Their alluvial soil and the river’s frequent overflows turned them swampy.

The one river branch further north, known as the ‘île’, was more irregular in shape and much larger, and was located between the present-day Boulevards Meuse, Piercot, Avroy, and de la Sauvenière, as well as Rue de la Régence. The other, which was quite long and slightly arced, occupied the current Parc d’Avroy and the Terraces area. The topographical location combined with the multitude of branches flowing through the landscapes of Liège, made the city prone to flooding.

Besides the mainstream, the Ourthe also is partitioned into multiple branches.

As already stated, many of the Ourthe’s previous arms have been filled-in forming important boulevards today, from which one has been made into a canal ‘Dériviation’. A series of low islands of different shapes and sizes made up the original area between the Ourthe and Meuse. #31

#31 - Bruno D., 2017

The Légia The stream connected to the Meuse via a series of irregular branches. The Légia had a regular flow pattern, but the velocity of flow was unpredictable, resulting in catastrophic floods and huge alluvial deposits to the plain, particularly near the foot of Pierreuse. Liège first developed itself on the left bank of the Meuse, near the confluence of the Meuse and the Légia. To defend itself from flooding, it extended downstream and upstream, initially on the left bank of the Meuse and later on the right bank at the Outremeuse, on the islets in the alluvial plain, and along the circulation axis. The Meuse, the Ourthe, and the Vesdre formed an industrial basin in the Middle Ages, and growth was linear from the 23rd century forward. #32

#32 - Bruno D., 2017

46

POSITIONING

Human settlement was primarily on the plain, and its density resulted from the requirement for protection against flooding. Coal mining, steel production, nonferrous metallurgy, metalwares, and the railroad all contributed to the 19th century expansion of Liège and nearby communes. To the north, east, and south, the plain and hills are currently completely occupied with diverse residential to commercial constructions.

#33 - Bruno D., 2017

Lastly, the complexity of the urban landscape is shaped through a noticeable irregular relief near the town’s boundaries. The primary infrastructures in the city follow the valley axis or the plateaux’s relatively flat surfaces: roads and trains use the valley floors, while highways are built on the plateaux. #33

Figure 28 - Liège’s topographic, hydrographic and urban layer (2022)

47

POSITIONING

BORDER LANDSCAPES Mapping Borders The Meuse and its secondary arms no longer being natural and channeled by humans through the past raises interest in the role of human activities impacting visible and invisible boundaries. The mapping of the urban expansion and hydrographic evolution in the center of Liège, thus becomes the starting point for mapping “border” landscapes.

Consequently opening up the question on how we can define these “borderscapes” with its de- and re-bordering processes. The following “border” mappings help in framing the understanding of limits by both urban and natural flows, and lead to a rethinking of borders through the interaction between the urban and nature, especially characterized by Liège’s prominent topography.

Defining “Borderscapes” Different meanings within the notion of borders can be distinguished, although we’ll first look at the meaning explained by Josh Kun. According to him, borders can’t be perceived without its dimensions of economic globalization and its different fluxes.

A borderscape is an environment that is shaped and reshaped by transnational flows and goes beyond the modernist notion of clearly defined national territories.

This is in direct contrast to Harbers’ concept of “borderscape.” A borderscape, according to Harbers, is a physical landscape defined by the occurrence of a boundary.

Harbers specifies the following: “(w)e shall describe the distortions borders bring to the built environment or nature as ‘border solidifications’, or borderscapes”.

The borderscape, according to this definition, is the material result of the difference in authority defined by the international boundary. Furthermore, Derwent Whittlesey made a survey in 1935 called “The Impress of Effective Central Authority onto the Landscape,” in which the effects of boundaries on the landscape were highly considered. Whereas, Dolff-Bonekämper and Kuipers define “borderland” as a part of the land surface that is altered by the presence of an international boundary, similar to Harbers definition. #34

48

#34 - Ellena D., AnneLaure A.Z., 2015

POSITIONING

XIIIth century XVIIIth century XIXth century

XXth century 2022 Water network XIth century

Figure 29 - Urban expansion within the city center URBAN EXPANSION URBAN EXPANSION XIIIth century

XIIIth century

XVIIIth century

XVIIIth century

XIXth century

XIXth century

XXth century

XXth century

2022

2022

URBAN EXPANSION XIIIth century XVIIIth century XIXth century XXth century 2022 water network XIth century

water network water network XIth century XIth century

XIIIth century XVIIIth century XIXth century

XXth century 2022 Water network XIth century

Figure 30 - Border mapping of the city center URBAN EXPANSION URBAN EXPANSION XIIIth century XIIIth century XVIIIth century XVIIIth century XIXth century XIXth century XXth century XXth century 2022

2022

BORDER MAPPING XIIIth century XVIIIth century XIXth century XXth century 2022

49

water network XIth century

POSITIONING

Architect : Bas Smets Year : 2016-2022 Location : Bordeaux, France BRAZZALIGNE “The former railroad tracks on the right track are transformed into a public walkway.

Lying on an old dike of the river, the elevated path has splendid views over the river and its two banks.” #35 Figure 31 - Benchmark example, Brazzaligne project by Bas Smets

50

#35- Available at: https:// www.bassmets.be/projects/

POSITIONING

51

POSITIONING

PERSONAS OF LIÈGE Personas Human vs Non- Human To situate Lièges landscapes within a wider spectrum after strong Anthropogenic impact, it is important to understand and identify its different living beings. This includes everything from actual human citizens with diverse migrational backgrounds to various living creatures and microorganisms in the city’s urban environment to natural biotopes. As a result, the subject of how distinct hybrid areas can develop in “borderscapes,” where urban and natural environments collide, as well as the relationship between humans and species, is raised.

Initial study Cases As Liège consists of different layers of spatiality within its landscapes, three areas have been chosen for analysis and the mapping of various species and biotopes.

The first being, Hillsides of the Citadel, situated within the North region of the city where the prominent hill topography and densified urban layer meets. Secondly , The Houlpais area was chosen as it is situated in a “borderscape”, that is both visible through the collision of the riverbed and hillside and invisible due to an administrative border between Liège, Blegny and Beyne-Heusay. Lastly, The zone around the centrally situated Ourthe Canal was chosen to further explore the ambiguity of both industrial and urban landscape interacting with natural water habitats.

small household INTERNATIONAL MIGRANT 1. Italy 17,5%

1

2

senior Liégeois

2. France 11,7% 3. Morocco 9,6% 4. Spain

7,6%

5. Turkey 3,9%

3

LIÈGE CITIZEN NATIONAL MIGRANT 1. Liège 2. Luxembourg 3. Flemish Brabant 4. Namur 5. Hainaut

Figure 32 - Human personas of Liège

52

POSITIONING

1

2

3

STUDY AREAS FOR BIOTOPES AND SPECIES 1 Hillsides of the Citadel

left bank

2 The Houlpais

right bank

3 Ourthe Canal

south

Figure 33 - Study areas for biotopes and species in various contexts

53

Slow worm

Alpine newt

Common Newt

Mammals

Higher Plants

Figure 34 - Species perceived on the Hillsides of the Citadel

54

Stock dove

Birds

Greater knapweed

Mazarine Blue

bryony ladybird

Tetrops

Mallow Skipper

Wood White

Green rose chafe

Short-tailed Blue

Ivy bee

long-horned groundhopper

Blue-winged grasshopper

insects Orthoptera

carex muricata

Astata boops

insects Coleoptera Chrysis gracillima

insects Hymenoptera

Common Frog

Common Wall Lizard

Amphibians

Common serotin

Butterflies

Wild garlic

Reptiles

Agrimonia procera

POSITIONING

PERSONAS NON-HUMAN

Higher Plants

Rosa tomentosa

Pyrola rotundifolia

Alpine newt

Amphibians

Helleborine

Reptiles Marbled White

Butterflies

Slow worm

lesser stag beetle

Green rose chafe

insects Coleoptera

Natterjack Toad

Byssal resin-leafcutter

Panurgus calcaratus

Anthidium punctatum

insects Hymenoptera

Grass pink

POSITIONING

PERSONAS NON-HUMAN

Figure 35 - Species perceived on the Houlpais

55

Figure 36 - Species perceived at the Ourthe Canal

56 Amphibians

Reed bunting

Butterflies Queen of Spain Fritillary

ancalia schwarzella

24-spot ladybird

Blue-winged grasshopper

insects Orthoptera

Hawkweed oxtongue

Mammals Palmate newtP

Aristotelia brizella

Fishes Lobesia littoralis

Moths

Amur bitterling

insects Coleoptera

Beav

Macropis europaea

Ivy bee

Vernal colletes

insects Hymenoptera

her

Scared Warbler

Higher Plants

Ceratophyllum demersum

C

Marsh warbler

Southern Skimmer

Wide redeye

Blue eye

Dragonflies

Nuphar lutea

Birds

Armeria maritima subsp. halleri

POSITIONING

PERSONAS NON-HUMAN

Large-scale ornamental garden areas

Lines of trees

[Robinia] plantations

Broadleaved deciduous woodland

Ornamental shrub plantations

Hedgerows

Ruderal thickets

Temperate thickets and scrub

Thermophile woodland fringes

Mesophilic grasslands

Dry lawns

Dry lawns

Fruit and nut tree orchards

POSITIONING

BIOTOPES OF : THE HILLSIDES OF THE CITADEL

Figure 37 - Biotopes perceived on the Hillsides of the Citadel

57

Figure 38 - Biotopes perceived at the Houlpais

58

Medio-European rich-soil thickets

Atlantic lowland & collinar [Betula] woods

Non-riverine woodland

Temperate [Cytisus scoparius] fields

Ruderal vegetation on limestone

Ruderal vegetation

Sub-Atlantic lowland hay meadows

Surface standing waters

POSITIONING

BIOTOPES OF : THE HOULPAIS

Calaminarian grassland

Mesophilic grasslands

[Glyceria maxima]

Lowland and collinar riverine [Salix] scrub

smooth-flowing watercourses

[Typha] beds

[Phragmites australis] beds

Medium-tall non-graminoid waterside communities

POSITIONING

BIOTOPES OF : OURTHE CANAL

Figure 39 - Biotopes perceived at the Ourthe Canal

59

POSITIONING

EXPLORATIVE FUTURES Positioning the city through speculative scenarios Within the first stages of positioning the evolution of Liège towards the future, different explorations are made through the lenses of trends such as “artificialization” and the “no net land take” policy. The occurrence of the first artificialization phenomenon as stated many times previously was due to tremendous amount of human altering within urban and industrial contexts.

Furthermore, looking through the lense of what happens before the implementation of the no net land take regulation helps frame the vision of land use. Consequently giving the opportunity to speculate about different ways of architectural intervention, leading to questioning the possibility of complete drawback of land after 2051 taken after unplanned urban sprawl - to possible rewilding scenarios. Provided that this phenomenon takes place, the architect intervenes to think about different ways of counteracting the further expansion of this artificialization and land take.

+

ARTIFICIALIZATION

Artificialization continues within urban landscape where there is no more land take

Hyper-artificialization within a nonreglemented urban landscape

-

+

NO NET LAND TAKE Artificial land stays constant, but urban sprawl takes over

Non-artificialized lands progress within a policy where people can’t build on new land

Figure 40 - Diagram of initial main drivers of change

60

NON-HUMAN CENTERED URBAN DEVELOPMENT

POSITIONING

Human flows

Urban sprawl

Hyper - rewilding

Urban vs third lanscape Figure 41 - Speculative sketching

61

POSITIONING

19th.

Heavy steel industry

1930’

civil war

11945’

end World War II

incoming Mediterranean workers

1990’ 1995 1999

Orthetrum brunneum

end 20th.

2004

charter against racism green revolution great technological development enlargement European union : Central & Eastern Europe

22005 2006 2

European coalition of cities against racism

2007

Romania joining EU - R

2008 2008

Acrocephalus palustris

ow x2 in 6y Portuguese x3 Greek x3 Italian x2

2010

economic crisis Southern Europe

22010’

migrants distant & politically unstable countries : Cameroon

Settlement of foreigners in certain neighbourhouds 2014 2015

The centre Outre - Meuse Sainte - Margeurite Saint - Léonard Bressoux Longdoz

Acrocephalus scirpaceus

2018

2050 Figure 42 - Timeline of human vs non-human migrational flows

62

European no net land take policy

POSITIONING

GLOBAL planetary garden European no net land take policy international migration human as nomad accelerator planetary mixing

cross border connectivity

wandering species international flow of species

WHAT IS A NON-HUMAN CENTERED URBAN DEVELOPMENT APPROACH? LOCAL

REGIONAL removing communal borders

interregional mixing

no communal boundaries

expanded landscape

interregional circulation

interconnected ecosystem

interregional migration

non- artificial building technique garden in motion all natural state

movement creates landscape

reintroduction of species

human & species interaction

artificialized centre vs third landscape

Figure 43 - Non-human centered mindmap

63

POSITIONING

Architect : team.breathe.austria Year : 2015 Location : Milan, Italy AUSTRIA PAVILION – MILAN EXPO “...At breathe.austria the pavilion itself is the exhibition. It functions as a prototype to address possible future interaction between the natural environment and urban strategies by demonstrating the potential of hybrid systems that integrate nature AND technology. The central element is a dense Austrian forest brought together with technical elements in order to create a breathing microclimate. With this oxygenand carbon-producing core, the pavilion becomes an “air generating station” – and the only building on the entire EXPO site to withstand the hot Milanese summer without conventional air conditioning. For the project designers, combinations of natural and technological systems will initiate a paradigm shift in the future...” #36 Figure 44 - Benchmark example, Austria Pavillion by team.breathe.austria

64

#36 - Available at: https:// www.archdaily.com/629540/ austria-pavilion-nil-milan-expo-2015-team-breathe-austria

POSITIONING

65

POSITIONING

2051

2 03 0

D

ARTIFICIALIZATION

2022

XXIth century

XVIIIth century

XIIth century

ARTIFICIALIZATION

XIth century

Figure 45 - Speculative diagram within a scenario of drawck back of land take after 2050’s not net land take

66

ND TAK

2060

OF LA

WBACK RA

2 04 0

DRAW BAC K

E

OF

D L AN

TAKE

POSITIONING

2060

2051

DING WIL E R

2040

RE W ILDI

NG

2030

ARTIFICIALIZATION

2022

XXIth century

XVIIIth century

XIIth century

ARTIFICIALIZATION

XIth century

Figure 46 - Speculative diagram within a scenario where rewilding is needed after uncontrolled land take until 2051

67

POSITIONING

Human centered densified urban stamps

Relationship between waterscape and roadways

Interspecies landscape forming a planetary garden Figure 47 - First vision board of Liège 2051

68

04 : PROJECTING 04 : PROJECTING

Figure 48

PROJECTING

PRESSURE OF FLOODING From flood parameters to urban strategy Previous hydrographic mappings of the Meuse and secondary rivers such as the Ourthe and the Légia were mapped, showing the morphological changes of the riverbeds through time. The initial hydrographic analysis is taken as a starting point to further explore future growth of the watercourses. Therefore, within this chapter the focus lies in the further disentangling of Liège’s waterbeds.

#37 -Alexandra B., Catherine S., Aurore D., 2012

Temperature evolution for the end of the 21st century (2071 -2100) on the Meuse catchment within Belgium was previously determined, showing a temperature rise between +1,57°C to +4,9°C projected for the winter season. Whereas the projection for the summer shows a temperature rise between +2,12°C to +8,12°C, indicating a probable extreme dry season. #37

#38 -Alexandra B., Catherine S., Aurore D., 2012

Additional parameters also include projected scenarios of extreme rainfall for the same period in the late 21st century. The rainfall evolution projected on the Meuse catchment indicates a parameter of rainfall between -6% to +66% during the winter, leading to an extreme wet season compared to other neighboring countries such as the Netherlands, Germany and France. On the other hand the summer parameters once more show an extreme dry season occurrence with a percentage of -54% to +12%. #38 Taking these parameters as a point of departure, various flooding maps are made to define future scenarios within a context of climate change vulnerability. These flooding maps allow a better understanding of water level change and shifting patterns over a 100-year period.

Finally, the various flood patterns aid in identifying the most flooded zones and vulnerable urban to natural areas, leading to a site of intervention positioned between two hillside topographies in an industrial and residential setting. The urban strategy’s chosen site is used to further investigate the interplay of the landscape during various wet and dry seasons, allowing for a new water management approach in a hybrid programmatic context.

71

PROJECTING

Country (reference)

Timeframe

Projections

2021-2050

Winter: + 0,9°C to + 2,3°C Summer: + 0,9°C to + 2,8°C

2071-2100

Winter: + 1,8°C to + 4,6°C Summer: + 1,7°C to + 5,6°C

2045-2065

Winter: + 2,5°C to + 3,0°C Summer: + 2,0°C to + 2,5°C

2021-2050

Winter: + 1,25 °C to + 1,75 °C Summer: + 0,75 °C to + 1,75 °C

2071-2100

Winter: + 3,5 °C to + 4 °C Summer: + 2,25 °C to 3,5 °C

2071-2100

Winter: + 1,57 °C to + 4,9 °C Summer: + 2,12 °C to + 8,12 °C

The Netherlands (van den Hurk et al., 2006)

France (Pagé et al., 2008)

Germany (DWD, 2008)

Belgium (d’leteren et al., 2003; Marbaix et al., 2004; Goderniaux et al., 2009; Willems et al., 2009)

Figure 49 - Temperature evolution projected for the end of the 21st century on the Meuse catchment

72

PROJECTING

Country (reference)

Timeframe

Projections

2021-2050

Winter: + 4 % to + 14 % Summer: - 19 % to + 6 %

2071-2100

Winter: + 7 % to + 28% Summer: - 38 % to + 12 %

2045-2065

Winter: 0 mm to + 100 mm Summer: - 200 mm to - 100 mm

2021-2050

Winter: -5 % to + 20 % Summer: - 20 % to 0 %

2071-2100

Winter: + 15 % to + 50 % Summer: - 15 % to - 10 %

2071-2100

Winter: - 6 % to + 66 % Summer: - 54 % to + 12 %

The Netherlands (van den Hurk et al., 2006)

France (Pagé et al., 2008)

Germany (DWD, 2008)

Belgium (d’leteren et al., 2003; Marbaix et al., 2004; Goderniaux et al., 2009; Willems et al., 2009)

Figure 50 - Rainfall evolution projected for the end of the 21st century on the Meuse catchment

73

Undetermined water height Water height between 0 - 0.3m Water height between 0.3m - 1.3m Water height more than 1.3m 0

100

250

Figure 51 - Flooding zones in 25 years

Undetermined water height Water height between 0 - 0.3m Water height between 0.3m - 1.3m Water height more than 1.3m 0

100

250

Figure 52 - Flooding zones in 50 years

Undetermined water height Water height between 0 - 0.3m Water height between 0.3m - 1.3m Water height more than 1.3m 0

100

250

Figure 53 - Flooding zones in 100 years

Undetermined water height Water height between 0 - 0.3m Water height between 0.3m - 1.3m Water height more than 1.3m 0

100

250

Figure 54 - Flooding zones in extreme case

PROJECTING

Undetermined water height Water height between 0 - 0.3m 0

100

Water height between 0.3m - 1.3m Water height more than 1.3m

250

Figure 55 - Flooding zones on most impacted site in 25 years

82

PROJECTING

Undetermined water height Water height between 0 - 0.3m 0

100

Water height between 0.3m - 1.3m Water height more than 1.3m

250

Figure 56 - Flooding zones on most impacted site in 50 years

83

PROJECTING

Undetermined water height Water height between 0 - 0.3m 0

100

Water height between 0.3m - 1.3m Water height more than 1.3m

250

Figure 57 - Flooding zones on most impacted site in 100 years

84

PROJECTING

Undetermined water height Water height between 0 - 0.3m 0

100

Water height between 0.3m - 1.3m Water height more than 1.3m

250

Figure 58 - Flooding zones on most impacted site in extreme case

85

05 : GENERATING 05 : GENERATING

Figure 59

GENERATING

DESIGN STRATEGY From productive landscape to cross-species symbiosis The project proposal aims to bring a new typology of productive landscape which is more integral with nature, tying into the history of the river being part of the industrial landscape that was actually generated by the river. Furthermore, bringing the aspect of natural landscape and non- human centered design into it, without avoiding the confrontation, building on Liège’s history. Additionally, as a result of a flooding crisis one brings a totally different approach to the asset, still positioning it within a historic continuity by intervening in a flooded industrial building previously functioning as a construction firm. The strategically chosen building becomes the heart of a reinvented idea of productive wet landscape linking back to the idea of the river being regenerative for its environment. The pressure of flooding disrupts the existing urban and ecological layers of the site, enabling the opportunity of bringing a new layer of nature within the layer of water. The previous layer of the Anthropocene is therefore conquered by nature, the next level of civilization as a result returning back to it, allowing for the exploration of many spectrums and typologies, from a more natural to a more urban approach.

Rather than to contain flooding and create an edge condition, the reinvented productive landscape lets the water come in and makes it an element of contemporary living in the future. Further creating a new layer of water as a productive layer in the city, that underpins food production for the habitants. Porous environments are created by partial wet lands introduced on the site, reflecting on the attenuation of water.

The industrial building within this water landscape, forms the heart of production still in the benefit of the common and further creates a space of exploration for a crossspecies symbiosis. The Intervention aims to show a more human- centered regulated aquponics for food production on one side, a space of non Anthropogenic impact, a free landscape of intervention, the third landscape on the other, and finally a very organic living system where human and non-human organisms meet. Furthermore using the building as a starting point for resilience within fluctuating seasons, it enables a space of water management through different angles. Elements of water capture during the rain fall seasons enable fish cultivation, drinking water for the common and crucial storage of water for dry climates.

87

GENERATING

ARCHITECTURAL APPROACH : MACRO SCALE CURRENT STATE : 2022

Figure 60 - Current state of strategically chosen area in 2022

88

GENERATING

Figure 61 - Current state on centrally situated industrial site in 2022

89

GENERATING

ARCHITECTURAL APPROACH : MACRO SCALE FUTURE PRESSURE : 2072

Undetermined water height Water height between 0 - 0.3m

Water height between 0.3m - 1.3m Water height more than 1.3m

Figure 62 - Flooding zones on most impacted area in 50 years

90

GENERATING

Industrial building - heart of logistical site - is flooded

Undetermined water height Water height between 0 - 0.3m

Water height between 0.3m - 1.3m Water height more than 1.3m

Figure 63 - Flooding zones on heart of the most impacted area in 50 years

91

GENERATING

ARCHITECTURAL APPROACH : MACRO SCALE FLUCTUATING WATERLANDSCAPE

WET LAND SEASON Figure 64 - Impacted area during winter season

92

GENERATING

DRY LAND SEASON Figure 65 - Impacted area during summer season

93

GENERATING

ARCHITECTURAL APPROACH : MACRO SCALE LANDSCAPING STRATEGY

Figure 66 - Isometric section of projected water management strategy

94

GENERATING

rea

an a

ri Ripa

arian et rip

s

zone

ea ls cr

ne chan l a r Natu

Figure 67 - Natural water channels for extensive flood prevention

95

GENERATING

ARCHITECTURAL APPROACH : MACRO SCALE LANDSCAPING STRATEGY

Figure 68 - Agricultural wet lands

96

GENERATING

Figure 69 - Swampland creates water bufferzone

97

ARCHITECTURAL APPROACH : MACRO SCALE MASTERPLAN

Figure 70 - Projected masterplan for the year 2072

98

99

GENERATING

ARCHITECTURAL APPROACH : BUILDING SCALE OLD - NEW EXISTING PROGRAMMING STORAGE OF SIGNALING EQUIPMENT

STOCK OF FORMWORK MATERIAL

OFFICES

INTERN CIRCULATION

BODYWORK

SANITARY

ELECTRICIAN’S WORKSHOP

CLOAKROOM

MECHANICAL REPAIR WORKSHOP

MEDICAL ASSISTANCE

WELDING WORKSHOP DELIVERY RECEPTION STOCK OF MECHANICAL EQUIPMENT

CO N

STR U

CTI

ON

FIR M

EXISTING PROGRAMMING

Figure 71 - State of building 2022

100

STORAGE OF SIGNALING EQUIPMENT

STOCK OF FORMWORK MATERIAL

OFFICES

INTERN CIRCULATION

BODYWORK

SANITARY

ELECTRICIAN’S WORKSHOP

CLOAKROOM

MECHANICAL REPAIR WORKSHOP

MEDICAL ASSISTANCE

WELDING WORKSHOP DELIVERY RECEPTION STOCK OF MECHANICAL EQUIPMENT

GENERATING

HUMAN CENTERED

INTERSPECIES

INT

ERS

PEC

IES

HA

BIT AT

NON-HUMAN CENTERED

Figure 72 - Projected programming and circulation

101

GENERATING

ARCHITECTURAL APPROACH : BUILDING SCALE HYBRID PROGRAMMATION : AQUAPONICS FOOD UNIT

Figure 73 - Isometric highlighting the aquaponics food unit programmation

102

GENERATING

The building takes the pressure of flooding and turns it into an opportunity by introducing freshwater aquaculture and aquaponics in the shed area previously used as offices, mechanical repair workshop and welding workshop. Many aquatic species, including fish, crabs, and mollusks, as well as aquatic plants and algae, are cultured within this section of the building serving as a food production unit.

Moreover, the recirculation of recuperated water allows food production to be rethought and tailored to the context’s fragile climate conditions. During extremely wet seasons, the water stimulates the aquaponics process while also providing refiltration for the fish cultivation tanks. By the cultivation of various leafies and fish, aquaponics creates a valuable addition to the community’s diet. Although still human-centered, the unit takes a different approach to food production by reimagining the relationship between humans and animals within a productive architecture, allowing for a mutually ongoing relationship. As a tool to bridge the gap between the general public and sustainable agricultural approaches, the aquaponics food production unit is further used under an educational setting. A spatial intervention of mezzanines thus creates a walk-through exhibition area for the micro and macro community while respecting the building’s existing typology.

3

2

4

1

6

5

7 8

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

Aquaculture Rain water catchment Water storage Aquaponics fish tanks Degassing and Filter tanks Hydroponic racking system Bio packing Storage of production Figure 74 - Food production process

103

GENERATING

ARCHITECTURAL APPROACH : BUILDING SCALE HYBRID PROGRAMMATION : THIRD LANDSCAPE

Figure 75 - Isometric highlighting the third landscape

104

GENERATING

The section at the end of the building with the clerestory roof typology is the most affected by flooding, as it is the space that faces the water first. Previously functioning as a storage space for signaling equipment, bodywork and electrician’s workshop, it has now been overtaken by nature. The notion of the Third Landscape

by Gilles Clement which refers to a space where humans can’t impose any kind of intervention becomes relevant again.

Consequently making it an almost abandoned space of the building where a richer biodiversity can take place compared to the artificially maintained part of the building, such as the regulated aquaculture unit. This third landscape creates a diverse environment in which many landscape characters can emerge spontaneously and interact with the existing buildings’ materiality.

It becomes an almost poetic space where all Anthropogenic imprint fades away again, while seeking ambiguity as there is a contrasting human- centered space right behind the separative brick wall.

Figure 76 - Landscape in constant motion

105

GENERATING

ARCHITECTURAL APPROACH : BUILDING SCALE HYBRID PROGRAMMATION : SYMBIOTIC HILL

Figure 77 - Isometric highlighting the symbiotic hill programmation

106

GENERATING

When looking at cross-species relationships, symbiosis can mean many things, one of them being “mutualism”, which is exactly what the space with the monitor truss typology wants to enhance. This space previously used as a storage warehouse for mechanical equipment and formwork material sees a programmatic shift towards 2072. It questions the different lengths of spatial and symbiotic relationships.

Mutualism is a beneficial relationship between creatures of two different species, and are most likely to form between organisms with vastly diverse necessities of life.

Consequently opening up the question of future mutualistic relationships not only between species but humans. Therefore the ‘symbiotic hill’ , although still artificially generated, creates niche habitats for microorganisms with an added educational layer partially accessible by the public through mezzanines. As a result creating a continuous symbiotic space of interaction between human and non-humans without immediate contact. Gently unearthed soil is recuperated within the underground of the space, to create the topographic symbiotic landscape, generating a buffer space underneath the building for catchment of water. Consequently establishing a space of immense biodiversity and ecological flow processes.

Figure 78 - Symbiotic hill morphology becomes habitat for various macro & microorganisms

107

GENERATING

ARCHITECTURAL APPROACH : BUILDING SCALE HEART OF THE PRODUCTIVE LANDSCAPE

0 Figure 79 - Plan level 0

108

GENERATING

+1 Figure 80 - Plan level 1

109

GENERATING

ARCHITECTURAL APPROACH : BUILDING SCALE

Figure 81 - Longitudinal section through building

110

GENERATING

111

GENERATING

ARCHITECTURAL APPROACH : BUILDING SCALE

Figure 82 - Cross section through building and landscape

112

GENERATING

113

GENERATING

ARCHITECTURAL APPROACH : BUILDING SCALE

Figure 83 - Cross section through building

114

GENERATING

115

GENERATING

ARCHITECTURAL APPROACH : BUILDING SCALE Roof typology: Shed / monitor / clerestory

Mezannine walkways

Symbiotic hill Food production process

Third landscape / swampland Existing steel structure

Brick exterior walls

Added steel structure

Underground water catchment

Figure 84 - Exploded isometric of the building

116

GENERATING

Figure 85 - Interior views of the building

117

Figure 86 - Isometric top view of interior spatiality

Figure 87 - Aquaponics food production unit

Figure 88 - Third Landscape

Figure 89 - Symbiotic Hill

06 : CONCLUSION 06 : CONCLUSION

Figure 90

CONCLUSION

Transitioning towards a new way of life By relying on concrete parameters, decoding the current trends and engaging with fluctuating water conditions, the project provides a space for exploration in a hybrid context. Although this research by design, does not claim to be an answer, it trusts to provoke critical thinking by addressing the issues arising from human impact consequently creating extreme climate conditions such as flooding. This project is a representation for transitioning towards a new way of life, thus questioning the meaning of architecture and space.

The project in the year of 2051 - 2072 and beyond, provides a reinvented productive landscape that lets the water come in, making it an element of contemporary living in the future, on the macro scale. Therefore, water is used as a productive layer in the city that underpins food production and stimulation of vegetation typologies to flourish; reintroducing new hybrid relationships and interaction between nature and human based environments. Within the smaller scale, the building functions as a provocation towards rethinking the hybridity of space and relationship between humans and non-humans, thus providing a space of symbiosis where an interspecies relationship finds place.

This research believes the approach within the architectural practice needs to undergo a revolutionary transformation, where architecture isn’t only perceived within the aspects of built materiality, but goes beyond that by reintroducing new typologies of spatiality. The introduction of an artificial sensorial hill as a habitat for macro and micro species becomes the starting provocation point for addressing spatial interventions in the interaction between nature and urban transitions.

Consequently providing reflection on the hybridity of spatial, cross border and crossspecies relationships.

127

IMAGE REFERENCES

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