Application of Passive Design Strategies in Hot And Humid Climate for High Rise Residential Building

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APPLICATION OF PASSIVE DESIGN STRATEGIES IN HOT AND HUMID CLIMATE FOR HIGH RISE RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS A THESIS REPORT Submitted by

FERNY CELINA S 2018804006 In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of

MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE under FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE AND PLANNING

DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE AND PLANNING ANNA UNIVERSITY CHENNAI - 600 025 APRIL MAY 2020 SESSION HELD IN SEPTEMBER 2020

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ANNA UNIVERSITY, CHENNAI 600 025

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified that this Thesis titled “APPLICATION OF PASSIVE DESIGN STRATEGIES FOR GATED COMMUNITY” is the bonafide work of FERNY CELINA S (ROLL NO: 2018804006) who carried out the work under my supervision.

Certified further that to the best of my knowledge the work reported herein does not form part of any other thesis on the basis of which a degree or award was conferred on an earlier occasion on this or any other candidate.

Dr. Sithalakshmi K.R HOD School of Architecture and Planning Anna University Chennai – 600025

Examiner I Date:

Ar. R.Rajeswari Assistant Professor School of Architecture and planning Anna University Chennai - 600025

Examiner II

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ABSTRACT

Passive design counters to the local climate and site conditions in order to maximise the comfort and health of building users while minimising energy usage. The vital element in designing a passive building is to take the best advantage of the local climate. The unique technologies or salient design features adopted to reduce the temperature of buildings without requirement of power consumption is the main function of passive cooling. Consequently, the aim of this thesis is to test the usefulness of applying selected passive cooling strategies to improve thermal performance and to reduce energy consumption of residential buildings in hot humid climate settings of Chennai. Seven passive design strategies were applied in the gated community building design. Energy simulation software–namely Autodesk Formit and Rhino – Grasshopper- Ladybug, Honeybee and DIVA–was used to assess the performance of the building. Energy reduction was achieved due to both harnessing of proper natural ventilation and the minimising of heat gain in line with applying good shading devices alongside the use of double glazing. Additionally, green cover proved its potential by acting as an effective insulation. This thesis revealed several significant findings including that the total annual energy consumption of a residential building in Chennai may be reduced by up to 27.26% and also water efficiency by 34.60% where the building uses passive cooling strategies.

Keywords: Passive design, Energy efficiency, Solar heat gain, Building performance, Simulations, water management, waste management, sustainable.

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DECLARATION

I declare that this Thesis titled "APPLICATION OF PASSIVE DESIGN STRATEGIES FOR GATED COMMUNITY" is the result of my work and prepared by me under the guidance of Dr.M. Elango and Ar.R. Rajeswari and that work reported here in does not form part of any other thesis of this or any other University. Due acknowledgment has been made wherever anything has been borrowed from other sources.

Name: FERNY CELINA S Roll Number: 2018804006

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ACKONWLEDGEMENT

Firstly, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisors Dr.M. Elango, Ar.R. Rajeswari, Ar.S.Prakash and Ar.S.Aravind for the continuous support of my study and related research, for their patience, motivation, and immense knowledge. Their guidance helped me in all the time of research and writing of this thesis.

Besides my supervisors, I would like to thank Dr. K.R. Sithalakshmi, Head of the department and Dr. Ranee Maria Leonie Vedamuthu, Dean School of Architecture and Planning for their support.

Last but not the least, I would like to thank my mother, my father and my friends for supporting me throughout writing this thesis and my life in general.

(FERNY CELINA S)

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CONTENTS

CHAPTER NO.

TITLE

PAGE NO.

ABSTRACT………………………………..……………………………………....iii LIST OF TABLES…………..……………………………………………….….…x LIST OF FIGURES………….......……………………………..........……….…..xii CHAPTER 1 ..............................................................................................................1 1. INTRODUCTION ..............................................................................................1 1.1.

BACKGROUND ...........................................................................................1

1.2.

AIM OF THE STUDY ..................................................................................4

1.3.

OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY .....................................................................4

1.4.

RESEARCH QUESTION .............................................................................4

1.5.

SCOPE OF THE STUDY..............................................................................4

1.6.

LIMITATION OF THE STUDY ..................................................................5

1.7.

METHODOLOGY ........................................................................................6

CHAPTER 2 ..............................................................................................................8 2. CONTEXT STUDY ............................................................................................7 2.1.

ANNUAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION AT GLOBAL SCALE ..................7

2.2.

BREAKDOWN ENERGY CONSUMPTION PATTERN IN INDIA .........7

2.3.

INDIAS MOVE TO MAKE BUILDING EFFICIENT ................................9

2.4. CONCUMPTION OF ELECTRICITY BY SECTOR IN INDIA DURING 2016………… .......................................................................................................10 2.5.

INDIAS PROJECTED ENERGY DEMAND BY 2047 .............................10

2.6. FACTORS WHICH PLAYS A MAJOR ROLE IN BUILDING ENERGY CONSUMPTION ..................................................................................................11 2.7.

THE MAJOR USE OF ELECTRICITY IN THE BUILDING ...................12

2.8.

PASSIVE DESIGN APPROACH………………………………………...13

2.8.1 WHY PASSIVE ..........................................................................................13 2.8.2 WHY PASSIVE COOLING DESIGN ........................................................13

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2.8.3 SCALE OF DESIGN FROM URBAN LEVEL TO BUILDING DETAILS… ...........................................................................................................14 2.8.4 SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS UPON EFFECTIVE PASSIVE SOLUTIONS .........................................................................................................16 2.8.5 DETERMINING FACTORS FOR EFFECTIVENESS OF NATURAL VENTILATION.....................................................................................................16 2.8.6 NATURAL VENTILATION STRATEGIES .............................................17 2.8.7 ECBC NORMS............................................................................................17 2.8.8 THE ASPECTS OF BUILDING DESIGN RELATED TO AIR MOVEMENT ........................................................................................................18 2.8.9 EVALUATION OF DESIGN THROUGH CALCULATION ...................18 2.8.10 SITE DESIGN, BUILDING LOCATION AND LANDSCAPING ........18 2.8.11 ENERGY SAVING POTENTIALS OF BUILDING ENVELOPE .......24 2.8.12 PASSIVE FEATURES ............................................................................25 CHAPTER 3 ............................................................................................................26 3. CASE STUDIES ...............................................................................................25 3.1.LITERATURE CASE STUDIES .....................................................................25 3.1.1 KANCHANJUNGA APARTMENTS, MUMBAI .....................................26 3.1.2 SOLARIS, SINGAPORE ............................................................................32 3.1.3 STAR GARMENTS INNOVATION CENTRE, SRI LANKA ..................33 3.2.LIVE CASE STUDY ........................................................................................33 3.2.1 WIND MILLS OF YOUR MIND, WHITEFIELD, BANGALORE ..........34 3.2.2 VERNACULAR STUDY ON HOUSES IN MANAPAD ..........................37 CHAPTER 4 ............................................................................................................44 4. DESIGN REQUIREMENT .............................................................................42 4.1. REQUIREMENT WITH AREA STATEMENT............................................44 CHAPTER 5 ............................................................................................................47 5. SUSTAINABLE SITE ........................................................................................45 5.1.

SITE LOCATION .......................................................................................47

5.2.

SITE SETBACKS .......................................................................................48

5.3.

LANDUSE MAP .........................................................................................48

5.4.

SWOT ANALYSIS………… .....................................................................49

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5.5.

ACCESSIBILITY AND LANDMARK ......................................................49

5.6.

SITE VIEW .................................................................................................50

5.7.

SUNPATH DIAGRAM ...............................................................................50

5.8.

CLIMATE ANALYSIS ...............................................................................51

5.8.1 ANNUAL TEMPERATURE ......................................................................51 5.8.2 ANNUAL RELATIVE HUMUDITY .........................................................51 5.8.3 ANNUAL WIND SPEED… .......................................................................52 5.8.4 ANNUAL WIND ROSE DIAGRAM .........................................................52 CHAPTER 6 ............................................................................................................54 6. ENERGY OPTIMIZATION ..............................................................................54 6.1. OPTIMIZATION OF BUILDING ORIENTATION, FORM DEVELOPEMNT AND SOLAR HEAT GAIN ...................................................54 6.1.1.TRANSFORMATION CASE OF FORM DEVELOPMENT 1 ..................55 6.1.2.TRANSFORMATION CASE OF FORM DEVELOPMENT 2 ..................55 6.1.3.FINAL TRANSFORMATION CASE OF FORM DEVELOPMENT ........56 6.2.DEVELOPMENT OF FORM BASED ON AIR MOVEMENT WITHIN AND OUTSIDE THE BUILDING .......................................................................57 6.2.1.VALIDATION OF THE FINAL BUILDING CONFIGURATION ...........57 6.3.DAYLIGHT ANALYSIS WITH RHINO_DIVA ...........................................59 6.3.1.DAYLIGHT ANALYSIS FOR DIFFERENT FAÇADE CONDITIONS ...60 6.3.2.DEVELOPMENT OF PARAMETRIC BRICK WALL ..............................61 6.4.OPTIMIZATION OF ENERGY PERFORMANCE OF THE BUILDING WITH REVIT AND FORMIT ..............................................................................63 6.4.1.DAILY OCCUPATION PERIOD OF MAJOR SPACES ...........................63 6.4.2.MODEL SIMULATION PARAMETERS ...................................................63 6.4.3 ANALYTICAL ASSESSMENT_PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT WITH SIMULATION RESULTS ....................................................................................65 6.4.4.VALIDATION OF PERFORMACE ASSESSMENT WITH EDGE APP .69 6.5.PASSIVE FEATURES INCORPORATED IN DESIGN TO REDUCE THE ENERGY LOAD IN THE BUILDING .................................................................70 CHAPTER 7 ............................................................................................................69 7. WATER MANAGEMENT ..............................................................................71

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7.1 WATER REQUIREMENT CALCULATION BASED ON CPHEEO ..........71 7.2.WATER BALANCE CHART .........................................................................72 7.3.RAIN WATER HARVESTING ......................................................................72 7.4.RO WATER TREATMENT PLAN ................................................................72 7.5.VALIDATION OF WATER EFFICIENCY WITH EDGE APP ...................72 CHAPTER 8 ............................................................................................................72 8. WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM .............................................................74 CHAPTER 9 ............................................................................................................74 9. DESIGN .............................................................................................................76 9.1.PLAN WITH COLUMN LAYOUT AND FIRE ESCAPE LAYOUT ...........76 9.2.DETAILED PLAN ..........................................................................................81 DETAIL PLAN – 2BHK – 2 ROW APARTMENT .............................................81 9.3.SECTION.........................................................................................................82 9.4.ELEVATION ...................................................................................................83 9.5.VIRTUAL VIEWS ..........................................................................................84 CHAPTER 10 ..........................................................................................................90 10. CONCLUSION .................................................................................................90 REFERENCE………………………………………………………………………91

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List of Tables Table 1 Scale of design from urban level to building details – passive methods of enhancing indoor air flow .........................................................................................14 Table 2 Scientific publications upon effective passive solutions .............................15 Table 3 Determining factors for effectiveness of natural ventilation .......................15 Table 4 Natural ventilation strategies .......................................................................16 Table 5 ECBC norms – For openable window to floor ratio ....................................16 Table 6 Building orientation .....................................................................................23 Table 7 Window shades ............................................................................................23 Table 8 Window to wall ratio....................................................................................23 Table 9 Window glazing ...........................................................................................24 Table 10 Construction technique ..............................................................................24 Table 11 Material of construction .............................................................................38 Table 12 Design strategies implemented ..................................................................39 Table 13 Dimension of windows and doors..............................................................41 Table 14 Roof vents and Semi open walls ................................................................41 Table 15 Spatial program ..........................................................................................42 Table 16 Project program ..........................................................................................42 Table 17 Area statement of residential units .............................................................43 Table 18 Share amentites spaces ...............................................................................44 Table 19 Optimization of solar gain, building orientation and building form 1 .......54 Table 20 Optimization of solar heat gain, building orientation and building form ..55 Table 21 Desirable wind speed for thermal comfort.................................................58 Table 22 SP 41 standards for air rate in the room .....................................................58 Table 23 Comparative analysis of simulation air flow rate with SP 41 standards ...59 Table 24 Recommended daylight factor ...................................................................60 Table 25 Daily occupation period of major spaces ...................................................63 Table 26 Model simulation parameters for Revit .....................................................65 Table 27 Advanced energy setting ............................................................................65 Table 28 Analysis properties for building elements .................................................66

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Table 29 Key assumption and energy efficient features ...........................................69 Table 30 Water requirement calculation ...................................................................71 Table 31 Water efficient measures ............................................................................73 Table 32 Volume of waste generated in homes ........................................................74

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List of figures Figure 1 Annual energy consumption at global scale .................................................8 Figure 2 Indian building energy consumption by fuel, 2015 – 2040 ..........................8 Figure 3 Breakdown of energy consumption pattern in India ....................................9 Figure 4 Energy consumption pie chart ....................................................................10 Figure 5 Energy consumption pie chart ....................................................................11 Figure 6 passive cooling example .............................................................................12 Figure 7 Building location and layout .......................................................................18 Figure 8 Building designed in condition of urban site 1 ...........................................18 Figure 9 Building designed in condition of urban site 2 ...........................................18 Figure 10 Building designed in dense urban areas ...................................................19 Figure 11 Normal patterned layout ...........................................................................19 Figure 12 Scattered patterned layout ........................................................................19 Figure 13 Slanted normal patterned layout ...............................................................20 Figure 14 Landscaping feature ..................................................................................20 Figure 15 Ventilation in indoor spaces .....................................................................20 Figure 16 The effect of hedge position on the air flow pattern ................................21 Figure 17 Impact of wing walls on single sided and cross ventilation .....................21 Figure 18 Ventilation quality by different wing walls ..............................................22 Figure 19 Building orientation and layout with respect to sun and wind exposure ..23 Figure 20 View and elevation of kanchanjunga apartments .....................................25 Figure 21 Orientation features ..................................................................................26 Figure 22 Views of interior spaces of the apartment ................................................26 Figure 23 Plan and sectional view ............................................................................27 Figure 24 Organization of space and natural sources ...............................................28 Figure 25 Transparency.............................................................................................28 Figure 26 Unit view and Section ...............................................................................29 Figure 27 Structure and Material ..............................................................................30 Figure 28 Ventilation diagram through the units ......................................................31 Figure 29 Solaris Singapore ......................................................................................31

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Figure 30 Climate responsive features ......................................................................32 Figure 31 Star garments view ...................................................................................32 Figure 32 Passive features of star garment building .................................................33 Figure 33 View of the Wind mills apartment ...........................................................33 Figure 34 Detail view of the wind mills apartment – Plan and section ....................34 Figure 35 Location of manapad ................................................................................35 Figure 36 Houses in manapad ...................................................................................36 Figure 37Houses settlement pattern ..........................................................................36 Figure 38 Basic form and planning principle............................................................37 Figure 39 Orientation of the house............................................................................37 Figure 40 House taken for the study .........................................................................38 Figure 41 Materials of construction ..........................................................................38 Figure 42 Natural ventilation concept .......................................................................39 Figure 43 Sectional view of ventilation ....................................................................40 Figure 44 Air movement within the building............................................................40 Figure 45 Space distribution dwelling ......................................................................45 Figure 46 Location of the site ...................................................................................45 Figure 47 Site setbacks description ...........................................................................46 Figure 48 Land use map ............................................................................................46 Figure 49 SWOT analysis .........................................................................................47 Figure 50 Accessibility and landmark ......................................................................47 Figure 51 Site view ...................................................................................................48 Figure 52 Sun path diagram ......................................................................................48 Figure 53 Annual temperature ..................................................................................49 Figure 54 Annual relative humidity ..........................................................................50 Figure 55 Annual wind speed ...................................................................................50 Figure 56 Annual wind rose diagram ........................................................................50 Figure 57 Programmatic zoning ................................................................................51 Figure 58 Built up area to open area .........................................................................51 Figure 59 Effective circulation design ......................................................................52

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Figure 60 Green cover with native plants .................................................................52 Figure 61 Sustainable parking, pavement, access road .............................................53 Figure 62 Percolating system ....................................................................................53 Figure 63 Transformation case of form development 1 ............................................55 Figure 64 Transformation case of form development 2 ............................................56 Figure 65 Final transformation - form development .................................................56 Figure 66 Development of form based on air movement within and outside the building......................................................................................................................57 Figure 67 Cases taken for ventilation analysis..........................................................57 Figure 68 Sample floor plan taken for analysis ........................................................60 Figure 69 Daylight analysis for different facade conditions .....................................60 Figure 70 Updated design of case 6 model ...............................................................61 Figure 71 Heat gain and Projecting concrete support ...............................................61 Figure 72 Brick jalli work with void space ...............................................................62 Figure 73 Alternative option of vertical fins .............................................................62 Figure 74 Rotating vertical fins from 0 degree to 45 degree ....................................62 Figure 75 Combination of brick jalli and rotating vertical fins ................................63 Figure 76 Envelope summary - as per ECBC norms ................................................64 Figure 77 Revit generated energy model ..................................................................66 Figure 78 Energy model analyzed with Formit ........................................................67 Figure 79 Heat load chart ..........................................................................................68 Figure 80 Comparative bar chart of base case and improved case ...........................69 Figure 81 Passive Features incorporated in design for efficiency ............................70 Figure 82 Water balance cycle ..................................................................................72 Figure 83 Comparative bar chart of base case and improved case ...........................73 Figure 84 Pneumatic Waste Conveyance System (PWCS) ......................................75 Figure 85 Location of waste shaft in the service core...............................................75 Figure 86 Site plan ....................................................................................................76 Figure 87 ground floor plan ......................................................................................77 Figure 88 Typical 1st, 4th, 7th floor plan .................................................................77

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Figure 89 Typical 2nd, 5th, 8th floor plan ................................................................78 Figure 90 Typical 3rd, 6th, 9th floor plan .................................................................78 Figure 91 10th floor plan - space for cycling and jogging ........................................79 Figure 92 11th, 13th, 15th floor plan .........................................................................79 Figure 93 Typical 12th, 14th, 16th floor plan ...........................................................80 Figure 94 Terrace floor plan .....................................................................................80 Figure 95 Detail plan - 2BHK - 2 row apartment .....................................................81 Figure 96 Detail plan 3BHK - 2 row apartment........................................................81 Figure 97 Detail plan 4BHK - 3 row apartment........................................................82 Figure 98 Section AA' with spatial program .............................................................82 Figure 99 Section BB' and CC' with spatial program ...............................................83 Figure 100 North and East elevation .........................................................................83 Figure 101 South and West elevation .......................................................................84 Figure 102 South facing view and open style view ..................................................84 Figure 103 Full height extent of the building design and central court view ...........85 Figure 104 Approach road to the building and drop off area ...................................85 Figure 105 View from the balcony ...........................................................................86 Figure 106 Ground level parking and party lawn .....................................................86 Figure 107 Amphitheater and informal seating and gathering space .......................87 Figure 108 Tennis court and multi-purpose court .....................................................87

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CHAPTER 1

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1. BACKGROUND The impact of climate change upon our lives and livelihood are mainly due to the activities of the industries polluting the atmosphere and higher usage of nonrenewable resources to fuel our growth and development.

It is seen 1hat one third of the world’s energy is consumed by the building out of which 60% is through the air conditioning systems.

Building sector consumes a large amount of energy in order to provide thermal comfort to its occupants in India. It can be seen that 29% of the overall energy is used by the building out of which 20% by residence and 9% by commercial.

In its modern form, a gated community (or walled community) is a form of residential community or housing estate containing strictly controlled entrances for pedestrians, bicycles and automobiles and often characterized by a closed perimeter of walls and fences. Gated communities usually consist of small residential streets and include various shared amenities.

Incorporation of passive techniques in a building design helps to minimize load on conventional systems such as heating, cooling, ventilation & light which in turn helps in improving the efficiency in energy consumption in the building. Passive strategies provide thermal and visual comfort by using natural energy sources & sinks. Ex: solar radiation, outside air, wet surfaces, vegetation etc. means, in warm & humid climate: the aim would be to design a building in such a way that solar gains are maximized in winter and, reduce solar gains in summer, and maximize natural ventilation.

Once the passive architectural concepts are applied to design, the load on conventional systems (HVAC & lighting) is reduced. One can achieve a passive

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design by studying the macro and micro climate of the site, applying bioclimatic architecture design features and taking advantage of the existing natural resources on the site. The passive design strategy should vary from one climate to another. Since these buildings can also function independent of mechanical systems, in case of power failure they are still well lit by natural daylight and thermally comfortable.

CHALLENGES –PASSIVE DESIGN – WARM HUMID CLIMATE  Adjusting for seasons  Understanding site climate  Adapting to conditions OPPORTUNITIES –PASSIVE DESIGN – WARM HUMID CLIMATE Passive Cooling Elements that contribute to passive cooling include the following: 1. Orientation 2. Building shape 3. Buffer spaces and double facades 4. Space planning 5. High-performance windows (clear, low-e) 6. Low window to wall area ratio (N/E) 7. High window to wall area ratio (S/W) 8. Operable external shading 9. Higher degree insulation 10. Thermal mass 11. Minimized infiltration Passive ventilation The passive elements that contribute to natural ventilation include the following: 1. Operable windows 2. Buffer spaces and double facades 3. Building shape

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4. Space planning 5. Orientation 6. Openings to corridors and between otherwise separated spaces 7. Central atria and lobbies 8. Wind towers Daylighting The features which contribute to a daylighting strategy include: 1. Space planning 2. High ceilings paired with tall windows 3. Window size and placement (window to wall area ratio) 4. Interior surface colors and finishes APPLYING THE STRATEGIES: RESIDENTIAL Residential spaces having night-time occupancy and relatively low internal heat gains (aside from intermittent cooking), which results in a heating-dominant residential energy profile in the Chennai climate.

Specific passive approaches that will improve the overall energy performance of residential buildings in Chennai include:  Carefully detailed and constructed of the envelope with minimal thermal bridging, including exterior walls and roofs.  Clear, low-e, high-performance windows in combination with operable external shading to block solar gains during summer and admit solar gains during shoulder seasons and winter  Unconditioned, enclosed buffer spaces (not regularly occupied) that cover the perimeter of the space, fitted with operable windows to provide natural ventilation from the exterior to the interior space when desired.  Thermal mass on the interior side of the insulation, located in the floors, external walls, and walls between adjoining units (i.e., party walls).  Compact and simple form.

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 Air- and moisture-tight envelope.  Passive ventilation throughout the rest of the year and usage of mechanical system for heating during the winter season if required.

1.2. AIM OF THE STUDY An approach to use holistic passive design strategies for building design that uses building architecture and efficient techniques to minimize energy load and to maintain sustainable cycle thought the building life cycle.

1.3. OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY  To create self-contained, integrated neighborhood for corporate people.  Designing a Pedestrian and cycle friendly, barrier free design.  Provide potential passive design strategies for an energy efficient design and making it less maintenance needed.  Improve standard of living by providing amenities like, Swimming Pools, Gyms, Play Areas, Parks, Community spaces, Meditation Centers, Club House etc.,  Providing variety of houses like 2BHK, 3HK, 4BHK and Independent Villas to serve different income group.  To design place close to harmony and nature.

1.4. RESEARCH QUESTION  Could energy efficiency in gated communities be achieved through the application of passive design strategies?  What are the potential passive design features for energy efficient approach?

1.5. SCOPE OF THE STUDY  Designing an integrated neighborhood  Analyzing techniques to reduce energy consumption and to do energy efficient design from grass root level  Planning a smart community – residential development with all amenities.

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 Adopting techniques to blend commercial, recreational and residential areas making it “Self – Contained Development”  Design in harmony with nature.

Thus this GATED COMMUNITY will consist of:  Residential Buildings  Work zone  Commercial Centers  Recreation and Sports Facilities  Library  Gymnasium  Meditation Centre  Clinic  Outdoor Play Area  Parks  Pedestrian Walkways, Cycle and Jogging Tracks USER GROUP:  High income group people  Total number of units: 342units

1.6.

LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

The study is limited in the sense that it was not possible to identify a very good example of application of passive design strategies in gated communities in a similar climatic context as of Chennai from which energy efficiency criteria could be studied.

Instead, the identification of passive design features for energy efficient design is depended on an extensive literature study. While analyzing energy efficient design principles for residential buildings, theoretical limitation was given to passive features for warm and humid climate that can be addressed through design and incorporated at the initial design stage of the buildings. Furthermore, only those kinds

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of measures are considered, that can be addressed through design or by bringing about a change in the design practice.

The application of sustainable site planning, water efficient measure and waste management is limited to concept stage and techniques.

The application of passive design features is extensively applied and detailed in the residential sector and other sectors are limited to master plan level of detailing.

1.7. METHODOLOGY To achieve the objectives defined, the following methodology has been developed.

The following is the methodology of the thesis. Following steps are followed: 1. Problem definition.

2. Discussing the passive design considerations in architectural practice in terms of energy efficient approach.

3. Literature review on Passive Design strategies for gated communities in warm and humid climate.

4. Analyzing the building examples from Chennai and different countries.

5. Selection of site – documentation & Understanding the site condition 6. Conceptualizing the design by incorporating passive design features and development of the design.

STAGE 1 – LITERATURE STUDY  Planning and designing aspects of gated community  Understanding the factors influencing the energy consumption in the building  Understanding the potential features of passive design  Design standards for gated community design

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STAGE 2 – LITERATURE REVIEW  Understanding different literature case examples implement with passive design strategies for the energy efficient approach.

STAGE 3 – LITERATURE CASE STUDY Passive design 1. Kanchenjunga apartments, Mumbai.

2. Star garment innovation centre by JPDA, Srilanka.

3. Solaris, Singapore.

4. Wind mills of your mind, Whitefield, Bangalore.

STAGE 4 – SITE DOCUMENTATION AND ANALYSIS  Site analysis  Design requirement  Spatial programming  Site zoning STAGE 5 – PROJECT DESIGN DEVELOPMENT DESIGN PROCESS  Concept  Site zoning  Form evolution  Master plan  Functional problem solving  Architectural parameters to enhance  The quality of space  Detailed drawings

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CHAPTER 2 2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE 2.1. ANNUAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION AT GLOBAL SCALE

Figure 1 Annual energy consumption at global scale (source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, International Energy Outlook 2017 Reference case) It can be seen from the projection made from the chart is that among all the regions in the world, India has the fastest growth in energy consumption in the building sector. It is also seen that the energy consumption by the residential and commercial building sector in India is expected to grow by 2.7% per year and this growth is expected to happen between 2015 to 2040, which is more than twice comparing to the global average growth rate.

Figure 2 Indian building energy consumption by fuel, 2015 – 2040 (source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, International Energy Outlook 2017 Reference case) The factors which play a major role in energy consumption in building are the rising income, urbanization, rapid economic growth, growing population. During the projection period, an increase in average of 4.2 % per year is expected in household

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disposable income in India. India is accountable for about 19% increase in population across the world during the projection period. It can be seen from the projections that the residential sector consumes greater energy of about more than 70% of the buildings total throughout the projection period. Residential delivered energy consumption is growing at an average rate of 2.4% per year from 2015 to 2040. It is also seen that the household per capita disposable income grows at an average of 3.2% per year, thus making people access to electricity, ownership of electricity using appliances and equipment to grow more. As a result, it is seen that the energy consumption by the residential sector growing fast from 2015 to 2040. Electricity share rises from of 46% of energy delivered to India’s residences in 2015 to 68% in 2014.

2.2. BREAKDOWN ENERGY CONSUMPTION PATTERN IN INDIA

Figure 3 Breakdown of energy consumption pattern in India (source: Research paper 6: Examining the role of building envelope for energy efficiency in office buildings in India) Energy is the fundamental base for the economic development of most of major sectors in the Indian economy such as residential, commercial, industry, agriculture and transport. In India it can be seen that of about 29% of the total energy is consumed by the building sector, out of which 9% energy is consumed by the commercial sector and 20% of energy is consumed by the residential sector. It can be seen that the residential sector are the major consumers of energy, where in the 46% of energy is consumed by the industrial sector, 18% by the agriculture sector and 7% by other sectors.

2.3. INDIA’S MOVE TO MAKE BUILDING EFFICIENT

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India’s buildings are silent power guzzlers. Residential and commercial structures consumed nearly a third (32 percent) of the country’s total electricity in 2016 and with the day to day increase of overall population, requirement of homes and work buildings increase. This causes the immediate requirement of efficient building planning with proper space conservation and proper comfort.

(SOURCE: Latest annual energy statistics published by the Ministry of Statistics Planning and Implementation,, http://mospi.nic.in/sites/default/files/publication_reports/Energy_Statistics_2018.pd f?Download=1) 2.4. CONSUMPTION OF ELECTRICITY BY SECTOR IN INDIA DURING 2016 - 2017

Figure 4 Energy consumption pie chart The electricity consumption in Industry sector and domestic sector has increased at a much faster pace compared to other sectors during 2007-08 to 2016-17 with CAGRs of 8.46% and 7.93% respectively. Due to the rising importance of India among the countries of the world, the number of multi-national industries and companies that has entering our country has increased in the recent past and is continuing to increase.

(SOURCE:http://mospi.nic.in/sites/default/files/publication_reports/Energy_Statisti cs_2018.pdf?download=1)

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2.5. INDIA’S PROJECTED ENERGY DEMAND BY 2047 •

The government’s policy agency, niti aayog, estimates that energy demand from india’s buildings will increase by more than 800 percent in 2047 compared to 2012.

•

Under the current standards, the country will face higher energy costs and skyrocketing consumption for decades.

•

At the same time, air pollution will worsen, adding to the impact of climate change.

Figure 5 Energy consumption pie chart; NOTE: TWh – terawatt hours (SOURCE: India energy security scenarios 2047, https://niti.gov.in/) 2.6. FACTORS WHICH PLAYS A MAJOR ROLE IN BUILDING ENERGY CONSUMPTION

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2.7. THE MAJOR USE OF THE ELECTRICITY IN THE BUILDING

2.8. PASSIVE DESIGN APPROACH 2.8.1. WHY PASSIVE •

Passive meets the minimum requirement

•

Active methods produce greenhouse gases such as co2

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Active solar energy is expensive and more equipment is need for installation

2.8.2. WHY PASSIVE COOLING DESIGN •

Takes advantage of the local climate and site conditions to maximize comfort and health within a structure while minimizing energy use.

•

The key elements are building location and orientation, layout, window design, insulation (including windows), thermal mass, shading, and ventilation, all of these elements work together to maximize air quality and movement.

•

Use of sun and wind to cool, heat, ventilate, and light spaces, the use of energyheavy mechanical systems can be reduced.

Figure 6 passive cooling example (SOURCE: https://inhabitat.com/learn-the-coreconcepts-of-passive-design/)

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Passive that is non mechanical solution are in this regard a natural priority since they design with nature and avoid the need for fossil fuels or other consumption.

Figure 7 Sectional view of implementation of passive strategies

Methods of enhancing air movement are often found in vernacular buildings.

2.8.3. SCALE OF DESIGN FROM URBAN LEVEL TO BUILDING DETAILS – PASSIVE METHODS OF ENHANCING INDOOR AIR FLOW There are several aspects of passive strategies which creates a major impact in the building at various levels such as energy reduction, sustainable site design, efficient in water usage and storage and management of waste material and disposal.

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Table 1 Scale of design from urban level to building details – passive methods of enhancing indoor air flow

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2.8.4. SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS UPON EFFECTIVE PASSIVE SOLUTIONS

Table 2 Scientific publications upon effective passive solutions Source: 1. Elith working paper 05, may 2015, enhancing air movement by passive means in hot climate buildings, author: Chris butters (school of engineering, university of warwick, uk), 2. Design of natural and hybrid ventilation, author: per Heiselberg.

2.8.5. DETERMINING FACTORS FOR EFFECTIVENESS OF NATURAL VENTILATION

Table 3 Determining factors for effectiveness of natural ventilation

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2.8.6. NATURAL VENTILATION STRATEGIES Characteristic aspects and parameters for natural ventilation concepts

Table 4 Natural ventilation strategies 2.8.7. ECBC norms Openable Window-to-Floor Area Ratio (WFR op) •

Openable window-to-floor area ratio (WFRop) indicates the potential of using external air for ventilation.

•

Ensuring minimum WFRop helps in ventilation, improvement in thermal comfort, and reduction in cooling energy.

•

The openable window-to-floor area ratio (WFRop) is the ratio of openable area to the carpet area of dwelling units.

Table 5 ECBC norms – For openable window to floor ratio

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2.8.8. THE ASPECTS OF BUILDING DESIGN RELATED TO AIR MOVEMENT 1. The form of the building envelope 2. The internal distribution of spaces and function 3. The dimensions and location of openings 4. The characteristics and dimensions of the exposed thermal mass 2.8.9. EVALUATION OF THE DESIGN THROUGH CALCULATION The value has to satisfy the air flow rate in an abuilding for a particular area.

2.8.10. SITE DESIGN, BUILDING LOCATION AND LANDSCAPING – PLAYS A MAJOR ROLE IN PASSIVE APPROACH FOR DESIGN BUILDING LOCATION AND LAYOUT – IN THE CASE OF LARGER WATER BODIES

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Buildings close to the sea or large lakes use this phenomenon which is used in ventilation strategies. The building should be positioned fairly close to the shore and with its longitudinal axis parallel to the line of the coast or the bank in order to make use of the day water and night land breeze.

Figure 7 Building location and layout BUILDING DESIGNED IN CONDITION OF URBAN SITE The location of the building should be at a distance from the other building that is greater than the depth of their wake so that they will not shelter it from summer winds.

For a typical house, the average wake length is four times greater the ground-to-eaves height.

Figure 8 Building designed in condition of urban site 1 BUILDING DESIGNED IN CONDITION OF URBAN SITE – IN CASE OF WHERE THE BUILDING IS BEING ABLE TO BE POSITION OUTSIDE THE WAKE OF THE OTHER BUILDING Random positioning of the building with its longitudinal axis perpendicular to the prevalent summer wind direction in order to catch the stream line flow.

Figure 9 Building designed in condition of urban site 2

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BUILDING DESIGNED IN DENSE URBAN AREAS Spaces with most needing ventilation should be put on the highest floors where wind flow is stronger and less turbulent than near the ground.

Narrow passage ways, corners of the building too close together and arcades that go from side to side of the building should be avoided in order not to expose pedestrian to gusty acceleration of the air flow due to Venturi effect.

Figure 10 Building designed in dense urban areas PROJECT INVOLVING A COMPOUND OF SEVERAL BUILDINGS LESS SHELTERING FROM THE WAKES A. Normal patterned layout of the block arrangement, the 2nd and 3rd line of block lie under the building wake area of the opposite building.

Figure 11 Normal patterned layout B. Scattered pattern layout is more appropriate to an optimum use of air movement within the building than a normal pattern layout, because the configuration provides less sheltering from the wakes.

Figure 12 Scattered patterned layout

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C. Similar effect is obtained with normal pattern layout but with the buildings slanted with respect to the normal grid

Figure 13 Slanted normal patterned layout LANDSCAPING Landscaping is an important function in controlling the air movement around the building for optimum natural ventilation The main functions of vegetation as far as air movement is concerned are: Wind Sheltering, Wind deflection, Funnelling and Acceleration of air, Air conditioning.

Wind breakers are the trees and the bushes.

Figure 14 Landscaping feature OBJECTIVE OF VENTILATION LARGEST POSSIBLE PART OF THE INDOOR SPACE A – Wind flow pattern around a building with no openings B – Case of single zone building which is cross-ventilated as a result of two windows placed on the windward and leeward facades.

C – Cross ventilation is improved if two outlets of total area equal to the inlet area are placed on the building side walls. This design permits more efficient ventilation for a wide range of wind directions.

Figure 15 Ventilation in indoor spaces

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THE EFFECT OF HEDGE POSITIONING ON THE AIR FLOW PATTERN THROUGH A BUILDING •

Dense hedges can be placed near a building to create positive and negative pressure zones in order to enhance the air flow through the building.

•

A cost effective approach but not efficient as solid wing walls in producing an increased of the pressure differential.

Figure 16 The effect of hedge position on the air flow pattern THE IMPACT OF WING WALLS ON SINGLE SIDED AND CROSS VENTILATION Influencing factors of wind velocity and pressure field •

Form of the building envelope

•

Height of the building

•

Roof form

•

The aspect ratio

•

Corrugation of the building envelope (overhangs, wing walls, recessed space)

•

This is applicable for the wind direction angle 20° to 160°

Figure 17 Impact of wing walls on single sided and cross ventilation

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VENTILATION QUALITY BY DIFFERENT WING WALLS •

The position of the wing-wall extrusion is critical to ventilation success.

•

Figure A and B show the air flow patterns for two different

•

Configurations where In the case shown in Figure B, ventilation is poorer, because positive pressures are created at both openings, which prevents air circulation and confines the flow to the areas near the windows.

•

Comparison of Figure A and C shows that air circulation is larger when the openings are widely spaced.

•

The dimensions of wing-wall extrusions vary according to the exterior opening width. The optimum required dimension for the protrusion is equal to the opening width and the minimum recommended is equal to half the opening width.

•

Fencing or dense shrubs can act as a barrier and change the wind direction, producing the same effect as wing walls

Figure 18 Ventilation quality by different wing walls BUILDING ORIENTATION AND LAYOUT WITH RESPECT TO SUN AND WIND EXPOSURE The use of external wing walls, or the staggering of spaces can solve problems such as worst combination of wind and sun exposure in hot climates, where cross ventilation is required for comfort.

A – Sun protection, no ventilation B – Cross ventilation, no sun protection

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C – Sun Protection and ventilation D – Sun protection and ventilation

Figure 19 Building orientation and layout with respect to sun and wind exposure 2.8.11. ENERGY SAVING POTENTIAL OF BUILDING ENVELOPE DESIGNS IN RESIDENTIAL HOUSES  Building orientation (the shaded are the best suitable orientation which contributes for higher energy consumption

Table 6 Building orientation  Window shades (the shaded are the best suitable window shading size to the height of the window which plays a major role in solar heat gain)

Table 7 Window shades  Window to wall ratio (the shaded are the suitable window to wall ratio factor which plays a major role in daylight, heating, cooling)

Table 8 Window to wall ratio  Window glazing (the shaded are the suitable glazing with low-e value helps in reducing heat transfer, solar heat gains and better day lighting)

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Table 9 Window glazing  Wall construction – this gives variety of solution for wall construction which helps in reducing heat loss and heat gain

Table 10 Construction technique  Lighting efficiency - average internal heat gains and power consumption of electrical lighting per unit floor area is lower based on the reduced usage of lighting during the day time which is attained by proper availability of daylight.  Panel efficiency which is attained by The percentage of the sun’s energy that will be converted to AC energy. Higher efficiency panels cost more, but they produce more energy for the same floor area.

2.8.12. PASSIVE FEATURES IMPLEMENTED IN DESIGN

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CHAPTER 3

3. CASE STUDIES 3.1. LITERATURE CASE STUDIES 3.1.1. KANCHANJUNGA APARTMENTS, MUMBAI Building type: High rise luxury residence Construction system: Concrete Climate: Tropical wet & dry Building orientation: South west 450 m from sea Structure: Reinforced concrete structure with 6.3m cantilevered open terraces Prevailing winds: From southwest to northwest Site and situation: City landscape surrounded by mid-rise and high- rise structures.

Figure 20 View and elevation of kanchanjunga apartments PASSIVE DESIGN FEATURES ORIENTATION In Mumbai a building has to be oriented East West to catch prevailing sea breezes and to Open up the best views of the city.

Unfortunately, these are two directions of the hot sun and the heavy monsoon rains.

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The old bungalows solved these problems by wrapping a protective layer of verandas around the main living areas, thus providing the occupants with two lines of defense against the elements.

Figure 21 Orientation features BUILDING FORM The form takes the height with rectangular structure with low surface to volume ratio.

WINDOW TO WALL RATIO Living and dining: 48% North west bedroom: 34% South east master bedroom: 45%

Figure 22 Views of interior spaces of the apartment

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•

Direct response to the present society, the Escalation urbanization, and the climatic Conditions for the region

•

Well ventilated and appear to suit the Contemporary life style.

•

One and two floor height terrace gardens in Each flat alike to the protective verandas in Bungalow

•

The typical open floor plans with double Heighted living room for cross ventilation

•

Best views of Arabian sea on west just 450m Away and the harbor on the east.

•

Central core is composed of lifts & provides Main structural element for resisting lateral Loads.

CUBICALLY NOTCHED CUBOID TOWER NOTABLE FOR CROSS VENTILATION  Cellular planning interlock of four different apartment typologies 3 to 6bhk  Sectional displacement accompanied by changes in floor surface.  Combination of interlocking: one and a half story split level 3 and 4 bedroom units two and a half storey 5 and 6 bedroom units  Total of 32 luxurious apartments.

Figure 23 Plan and sectional view

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Figure 24 Organization of space and natural sources TRANSPARENCY

Figure 25 Transparency

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Great deal of transparency has been achieved by the use of large opening and terrace garden on every floor.

Figure 26 Unit view and Section STRUCTURE Whole structure is made of reinforced concrete. This building is a 32 storied reinforced concrete structure with 6.3m cantilevered open terraces. The central core houses lift and other services also provides the main structural element for resisting lateral loads. The central core was constructed ahead of the main structure by slip method of construction. This technique was used for the first time in India for a multi storied building.

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MATERIALS AND COLOUR With its concrete construction and large areas of white panels, bears a strong resemblance to modern apartment builds in the west. However, the garden terraces of the apartment are actually a modern interpretation of a feature of the traditional Indian bungalow: The Verandah. In a bungalow, the verandah wraps the main living area. According to the architect there are some elements to combine the whole city as a form, axis of colors. The color expert says that the quality of sunlight, climate and culture influences color choices hence one would observe a preference for blue and its shade in the west while in India and other Asian countries one finds a predominance of red and yellows.

Figure 27 Structure and Material

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Figure 28 Ventilation diagram through the units 3.1.2 SOLARIS, SINGAPORE Project by: Soil build group holdings ltd Building address: solaris fusionopolis 2b, one north Architect: Tr Hamzah Yeang

Figure 29 Solaris Singapore PASSIVE DESIGN FEATURES SKYLIGHT / ACTUATED SMOKE VEN LOUVERS The primary function of skylight is to bring warm and light into the interior space.

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The light brings in by skylight are up to 5 times of a wall window with the same size.

CLIMATE RESPONSIVE FEATURES

Figure 30 Climate responsive features •

Building’s facade is installed with sunshade louvers or light shelves that are controlled by climatic

•

response censor to adjust them.

•

Sunshade louvers have been designed to reduce direct sunlight from entering the building but at the same time allowing gentle light to enter to the interior space.

•

The light shelves reflect the direct sun beam into the interior space, reducing it to become gentle light to bright up the deeper interior space.

3.1.3 STAR GARMENTS INNOVATION CENTER BY JPDA, SRILANKA Project name: Star garment innovation center Project location: Sri Lanka Architects: Jordan Parnass digital architecture

Figure 31 Star garments view

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Star Garment Innovation Center: Jordan Parnass Digital Architecture (JPDA) has completed the first Certified Passive House project in South Asia.

The project is one of only two certified Passive House factory buildings in the world, and annual energy consumption will be cut by over 75% compared to a conventionally “efficient” modern industrial building.

Figure 32 Passive features of star garment building 3.2. LIVE CASE STUDY 3.2.1 WIND MILLS OF YOUR MIND, WHITEFIELD, BANGALORE Project area: 24 acres (97124) Super built up area: 85,537 sq.m – 19 floors Types of houses: Duplex, Triplex, Simplex, Villas Landscape area: 35 acres (including terrace gardens and skywalks) Adjacent settlement: SAP LABs, L&T INFOTECH, MINDTREE, In ITPL road (EPIP Zone), Close to information technology hub of the city Architectural style – Fusion of vernacular – Modern style Architect: Ar. Shibanee And Kamal, Total Environment Building Systems Pvt. Ltd.,

Figure 33 View of the Wind mills apartment Total number of houses: 405

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Number of towers: 7 Number of floors: 19 lift capacity: lift till 19th floor – 23-person capacity – manufactures by Mitsubishi – 1.3sec / floor – second fastest lift in Bangalore number of simplex house: 152 (4 units / floor) – tower 1 & 7 number of duplex house: 160 (4 units / floor) – tower 2 to 6 (1 to 16th floor) number of triplex house: 20 (4 units / floor) – tower 2 to 6 (17 to 19th floor) number of villas: 73 villas (g+1+ terrace garden) About skywalk: 5 towers joined on the top – across 600m – forms a garden (skywalk) at the 20th level

Figure 34 Detail view of the wind mills apartment – Plan and section

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PASSIVE DESIGN FEATURES Orientation: The building blocks are oriented in the east and west direction with longer axis faces the north and the south thus protecting from the harsh sun during the summer time Building form: It is a combination of rectangle and curved shape with lower surface to volume ratio Shading: The envelopes are shades by box typed façade system with aesthetical view Vegetation: The whole infrastructure is provided with terrace garden, private garden, landscape area which act as a buffer zone Daylight: The north and the south façade are provided with maximum opening for allowing daylight to enter.

3.2.2. VENACULAR CASESTUDY IN THE HOUSES OF MANAPAD INTRODUCTION OF MANAPAD VILLAGE - TUTICORIN The coastal stretch of Manapad extends to about 3145m, and has a total area of 260 acres. It is a Christian populated area with a total population of about 6000 inhabitants.

The village remained intact until 1540’s and later on Indo-Portuguese style of Architecture came into existence. This unique culture is revealed in their architecture.

Their dwellings reflect occupant’s activities in their lives while adapting to the warm and humid climate.

Figure 35 Location of manapad TOPOGRAPHY: It is located at 8°22’39”N 78°3’8”E which is at 60km from Tuticorin and 18kms altitude – 24m above the sea level.

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MONTHLY CLIMATE DETAILS: Manapad comes under warm and humid climate zone.

HOUSES IN MANAPAD  The houses in Manapad are all more than 100 years old.  The architectural style of the houses are of Ceylon- Portuguese style. It has an extroverted planning with lots of open and semi-open spaces such as Balcoes (covered porches, verandas, and Balconies etc. which faces the street and sea.

Figure 36 Houses in Manapad HOUSES SETTLEMENT PATTERN IN MANAPAD The single storied houses are placed near the coastal stretch where the land is slightly at a low level and the houses that are more than one floor are placed on the elevated land. Thus good air movement can be achieved throughout the settlement.

Figure 37Houses settlement pattern STUDY HOUSE – 1 AT MANAPAD – QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS Basic form and planning principles of the study house

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Figure 38 Basic form and planning principle APPROACH  The approach to the house is through the eastern side and the doorway is 4’ opens directly in to the verandah.  The longer side of the building faces the N - S direction and shorter side faces E – W side, the walls are less exposed to the direct sun due to eaves.  North and North-east winds are prominent; it provides a lot of air movement into the building.

Figure 39 Orientation of the house PLANNING CONCEPT  It is a typical single storied traditional house of floor area 1245 sq.ft.  The order of spaces lies as public, semi-private, private spaces and most private.

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 The public and semi-private space are connected directly without any transition space.

Figure 40 House taken for the study MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION

Table 11 Material of construction

Figure 41 Materials of construction

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NATURAL VENTILATION STRATEGIES - Applied Characteristic aspects and parameters for natural ventilation concept

Figure 42 Natural ventilation concept DESIGN STRATEGIES IMPLEMENTED

Table 12 Design strategies implemented

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WINDOWS PLAY A MAJOR ROLE IN NATURAL VENTILATION

Figure 43 Sectional view of ventilation AIR MOVEMENT WITHIN THE BUILDING

Figure 44 Air movement within the building

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EFFECTIVE STRATEGIES FOR GOOD VENTILATION AND COOLING DOWN OF THE BUILDING 1. Cross ventilation is achieved by placing of windows in opposite direction and also in the adjacent walls in all the room in order to distribute the air movement within the building 2. The size of the inlet opening is equal to the size of the outlet opening which helps in better ventilation within the building 3. The living room has two tiered roofing to support stack effect which is provided by the roof vents, there is an open ventilator at the central roof which helps the hot air to escape which is present on all the four sides with support.

Table 13 Dimension of windows and doors Semi open walls types with grill increases the allows of ventilation and daylighting within the building.

The longer eave projection helps in protecting the window from the solar radiation.

Roof vents produces stack effect which results in the exchange of hot sir and cold air in and out of the building thus able to maintain a comfortable environment within the building.

Table 14 Roof vents and Semi open walls

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CHAPTER 4

4. DESIGN REQUIREMENT 4.1. REQUIREMENT WITH AREA STATEMENT

Table 15 Spatial program

Table 16 Project program

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Table 17 Area statement of residential units

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Table 18 Share amentites spaces

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Figure 45 Space distribution dwelling

CHAPTER 5

5. SUSTAINABLE SITE 5.1. SITE LOCATION The site is located in Vengaivasal, Mambakkam, Chennai. Which is surrounded by primary residential development.

Figure 46 Location of the site

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The site sits at a distance of 1.2km from the Perumbakkam lake which is an added advantage for the site as it picks up the cool breeze from the lake.

5.2. SITE SET BACKS

Figure 47 Site setbacks description 5.3. LANDUSE MAP The site comes under primary residential area.

Figure 48 Land use map

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5.4. SWOT ANALYSIS

Figure 49 SWOT analysis 5.5. ACCESSIBILITY AND LANDMARK The site has better accessibility from the transportation aspect and also surrounded by essential requirement of the resident such as hospitals, grocery shops, schools.

College are located at an accessible distance. The bus stop can be accessed at a distance of 1.5km from the site.

Figure 50 Accessibility and landmark

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5.6. SITE VIEW

Figure 51 Site view 5.7. SUN PATH DIAGRAM

Figure 52 Sun path diagram

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5.8.

CLIMATE ANALYSIS – RESULTS FROM RHINO_ GRASSHOPPER_

LADBUG The Rhino_Lady bug software is mainly used to understand the micro climate information of the surrounding environment in the area selected for the study. The figure shows the summary of the weather data in an annual base showing all the temperature variation that happens in each month in average hourly basis. The figure shown which is used as the fundamentals for comfort model in order to maintain the comfort level with the building by maintain the sun shading zone, high thermal mass zone, high thermal mass with night flushing zone, direct evaporative cooling zone, two-stage evaporating cooling zone, natural ventilation cooling zone, fan-forced ventilation cooling zone, internet heat gain zone, passive solar direct gain high mass zone, wind protection of the outdoor spaces, humidification zone and dehumidification zone.

5.8.1. ANNUAL TEMPERATURE The figure shows that from March to October, the Temperatures are above comfort zone where passive cooling strategies to be specifically applied for these months and from November to February, the Average temperature is within comfort range. The temperature is high during the month of May to July, thus the building has to be design in such a way that it is protected from the harsh sun exposure.

Figure 53 Annual temperature 5.8.2. ANNUAL RELATIVE HUMIDITY The humidity is high during the morning hours and late afternoon and evening hours and we have average ranging between 60% to 90%.

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Figure 54 Annual relative humidity 5.8.3. ANNUAL WIND SPEED The wind speed is on an average of 4 m/s. the wind speed is comfortable during the evening hours of the day.

Figure 55 Annual wind speed 5.8.4. ANNUAL WIND ROSE DIAGRAM The predominant wind direction is south west and south direction.

Figure 56 Annual wind rose diagram

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5.9. PROGRAMMATIC ZONING The spaces are zoned in an efficient way where that whole residents have their common shared amenity spaces on the ground and is accessible by all the people. The service area is placed near the front part of the site where the service vehicle can access the area without disturbing the resident people.

Figure 57 Programmatic zoning 5.10. BUILT UP AREA TO OPEN AREA The building is designed in such a way that I occupy minimal plot giving more space for landscape and more of open spaces. And also the road network is limited to half the part of the site thus reducing the paved area spaces.

Figure 58 Built up area to open area

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5.11. EFFEICIENT CIRCULATION The circulation pattern is efficiently designed in such a way that the service lane reaches the essential spaces of the residential apartment other than that the circulation is limited to the service areas such as STP area, waste collection area, water filling point and water treatment plant area.

Figure 59 Effective circulation design 5.12. SUSTAINABLE MEASURES 5.12.1.GREEN COVER WITH NATIVE PLANTS AND TREES Maximizing the land cover with native plants which helps in reducing the water consumption and also has a long plantation life span.

Figure 60 Green cover with native plants

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5.12.2.SUSTAINABLE PARKING, PAVEMENT, VEHICLE ACCESS ROAD The paved surface covers up to 18% of the total site area Wherein the porous concrete and green pavers are used in the paving area in order to reducing the runoff water and percolating them into the ground Green pavers are used in the children’s play area and walkways that are present within the lawn space 0.7% of the children’s play area pathway is covered by grass pavers.

Figure 61 Sustainable parking, pavement, access road 5.12.3.PERCOLATING MECHANISM This system helps collecting the runoff water from the road and from the lawn space during heavy rainfall.

Figure 62 Percolating system

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5.12.4.IRRIGATION SYSTEM The effectives mean of irrigation system used is drip irrigation for all the plans and sprinkler irrigation system is used for maintaining the lawn space. the water source used is treated water and collected rainwater.

CHAPTER 6 6. ENERGY OPTIMIZATION 6.1. OPTIMIZATION OF BUILDING DEVELOPEMNT AND SOLAR HEAT GAIN

ORIENTATION,

FORM

Table 19 Optimization of solar gain, building orientation and building form 1

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Table 20 Optimization of solar heat gain, building orientation and building form 6.1.1. TRANSFORMATION CASE OF FORM DEVELOPMENT 1 Planning is made in such a way that all the apartment faces the exterior, getting daylight and ventilation from one side of the wall of the respective apartment.

The apartment is designed in such way that in covers only 30 percentage of the ground cover thus provide major space for landscape.

Plot coverage: 13230.45 sq.m total built up area: 171995.85 sq.m Solar heat gains due to orientation of the building: 310.6 kWh / sq.m

Figure 63 Transformation case of form development 1 6.1.2. TRANSFORMATION CASE OF FORM DEVELOPMENT 2 Planning is made in levels where the apartment faces both the opposite exterior of their respective wings, getting daylight and ventilation from one side of the wall of the respective apartment.

The apartment is designed in such way that in covers only 25 percentage of the ground cover thus provide major space for landscape.

Plot coverage: 12580.32 sq.m total built up area: 150963.84 sq.m Solar heat gains due to orientation of the building: 240.7 kWh / sq.m

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Figure 64 Transformation case of form development 2 6.1.3. FINAL TRANSFORMATION CASE OF FORM DEVELOPMENT Planning is made puzzle pattern where interlocking happens between two house that is being connected by the corridor The apartment is designed in such way that in covers only 22.5 percentage of the ground cover thus provide major space for landscape.

Plot coverage: 11900 sq.m total built up area: 150963.84 sq.m Solar heat gains due to orientation of the building: 240.7 kWh / sq.m Number of floors: 16 Floors

Figure 65 Final transformation - form development

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6.2. DEVELOPMENT OF FORM BASED ON AIR MOVEMENT WITHIN AND OUTSIDE THE BUILDING The buildings are analyzed in flow design for analyzing the wind movement and their effect on the building and also their impact in the natural ventilation based on the wind speed and the movement of air within the building.

Figure 66 Development of form based on air movement within and outside the building 6.2.1. VALIDATION OF THE FINAL BUILDING CONFIGURATION Based on the airflow simulation model the wind velocity of rooms at various wings was obtained. the obtained velocity was used to calculate the actual airflow rate at various rooms at different wings. the results were compared with Indian standard SP 41 and were found that the calculated airflow rate was found well within the limits.

The sample rooms are taken for the validation analysis.

Figure 67 Cases taken for ventilation analysis

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Table 21 Desirable wind speed for thermal comfort VALIDATION OF THE SIMULATION RESULTS WITH THE INDIAN STANDARD – SP 41 (HANDBOOK ON FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS OF BUILDINGS)

Table 22 SP 41 standards for air rate in the room COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE SIMULATION ERSULT WITH SP 41 STANDARDS OF AIR FLOW RATE IN THE BUILDING

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Table 23 Comparative analysis of simulation air flow rate with SP 41 standards 6.3. DAYLIGHT ANALYSIS WITH RHINO_DIVA ECBC norms: Window to wall ratio > or equal to 40%.

ECBC norms: Openable window to floor area ratio has to be a minimum of 0.16 for warm and humid climate.

Recommended daylight factor – SP 41 (1987)

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Table 24 Recommended daylight factor SAMPLE FLOOR PLAN TAKEN FOR THE STUDY

Figure 68 Sample floor plan taken for analysis 6.3.1. DAYLIGHT ANALYSIS FOR DIFFERENT FAÇADE CONDITIONS Prerequisite for performing daylight analysis are analysis period is done annually, the analysis period is from 8am to 6pm and the analysis grid level is taken at 0.5m from the finished floor as per ECBC norms.

Figure 69 Daylight analysis for different facade conditions

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The case 6 faรงade was further developed by adding sun breakers such as vertical breakers and horizontal breakers and green cover for the frontage of the faรงade to reduce the glare and the direct sun exposure and obtaining comfortable daylight.

Figure 70 Updated design of case 6 model 6.3.2. DEVELOPMENT OF PARAMETRIC BRICK WALL The brick wall development based on the daylight requirement and glare analysis along with ventilation factor.

HEAT GAIN AND PROJECTING CONCRETE SUPPORTS

Figure 71 Heat gain and Projecting concrete support

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BRICK JALLI WORK WITH VOID SPACE

Figure 72 Brick jalli work with void space ALTERNATIVE OPTION OF VERTICAL FINS

Figure 73 Alternative option of vertical fins ROTATING VERTICAL FINS FROM 0º TO 45º

Figure 74 Rotating vertical fins from 0 degree to 45 degree COMBINATION OF BRICK JALLI AND GRADUALLY ROATATING VERTICAL FINS – PARAMETRIC WALL

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Figure 75 Combination of brick jalli and rotating vertical fins 6.4. OPTIMIZATION OF ENERGY PERFORMANCE OF THE BUILDING WITH REVIT AND FORMIT The Autodesk Revit helps in generating the energy model. Inputs are being provided in Autodesk Revit in order to generate the energy model which will be further used

by Autodesk Formit. Inputs provided for energy model generation in Autodesk Revit.

6.4.1. DAILY OCCUPATION PERIOD OF MAJOR SPACES It is seen that most of the evening and the night hours are spent in the main bedroom and bedroom spaces during the weekdays where the living and kitchen are used in minimum. On comparing with the weekends the living and the kitchen space are mostly use during the morning and the afternoon hours while the bedroom spaces are used during the night hours.

Table 25 Daily occupation period of major spaces 6.4.2. MODEL SIMULATION PARAMETERS

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Figure 76 Envelope summary - as per ECBC norms MODEL SIMULATION PARAMETERS FOR REVIT

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Table 26 Model simulation parameters for Revit 6.4.3. ANALYTICAL ASSESSMENT_PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT WITH SIMULATION RESULTS ADVANCED ENERGY SETTING Energy settings control the behavior of the energy model creation. They also control the optional use of

additional information specified in the Revit model, such as

material properties and thermal space properties.

Table 27 Advanced energy setting

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Based on the thermal input values for different components in the building such as wall, roof, ceiling, slabs, floor, and glass, it creates an impact on the

heating and

cooling load in the building.

Table 28 Analysis properties for building elements ENERGY MODEL Based in the inputs provided by the Revit such as location, weather data and thermal properties, energy model is generated in form of base color codes for different components in order to get simulated by Formit.

Figure 77 Revit generated energy model

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Form development is made in levels where the apartment faces both the opposite exterior of their respective wings, getting daylight and ventilation from one side of the wall of the respective apartment.

Planning is made puzzle pattern where interlocking happens between two house that is being connected by the corridor The apartment is designed in such way that in covers only 22.5 percentage of the ground cover thus provide major space for landscape.

Plot coverage: 11900 sq.m total built up area: 150963.84 sq.m Solar heat gains due to orientation of the building: 183.2 kWh / sq.m / yr Number of floors: 16 Floors ENERGY MODEL ANALYSED WITH FORMIT

Figure 78 Energy model analyzed with Formit The blocks which faces the north and the west has comparatively low heat gain on the exposing surface. The blocks which faces the South and the east has gained solar

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exposure because of sun path thus the load is being reduced by use insulating material, low-e glass, sun breakers and green covers.

The cooling load diagram shows the amount of heat energy which is needed to be removed from the space in order to provide an acceptable temperature range, so it can be seen that most of the top floor periphery rooms are super heating during the whole day comparing to the spaces below and the rooms facing the open courtyard relatively feels lesser heat energy compared to the room facing the outer environment.

HEAT LOADS FOR SAMPLE CASE ROOMS IN THE BUILDING The sample rooms are selected and their loads are observed in order to identify the heat gains in the room which can be reduced with passive measures.

HEAT LOAD CHART FOR THE CASES TAKEN FROM 6TH AND 13TH FLOOR FOR THE STUDY

Figure 79 Heat load chart

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6.4.4. VALIDATION OF PERFORMACE ASSESSMENT WITH EDGE APP Furthermore, the efficiency in the building is maintain by use of solar panels to make in order to use the renewable solar energy for full extent. The usage of energy efficient LED lighting fixtures, and Hybrid solar powered ac are powered by solar panels thus improving the efficiency of the building. The base case is created with key assumptions which is compared with the energy efficient features which is being implemented in the design.

Table 29 Key assumption and energy efficient features

Figure 80 Comparative bar chart of base case and improved case

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6.5. PASSIVE FEATURES INCORPORATED IN DESIGN TO REDUCE THE ENERGY LOAD IN THE BUILDING

Figure 81 Passive Features incorporated in design for efficiency

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CHAPTER 7

7. WATER MANAGEMENT 7.1.

WATER REQUIREMENT CALCULATION – AS PER CPHEEO NORMS

The total water requirement for the resident people are calculated with CPHEEO norms (Central Public Health and Environmental Engineering Organization)

Table 30 Water requirement calculation

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7.2.

WATER BALANCE CHART

This charts explains the usage of fresh water for various purposes and further more how the treated water is being recycled and reused for different purposes thus making the water cycle sustainable and also reducing the waste of water and also meeting the water demand.

Figure 82 Water balance cycle 7.3.

RAIN WATER HARVESTING

The rain water from the terrace of area 11900 sq.m is being collected and treated and reused for domestic purpose such as kitchen and for gardening purpose. For 1 hr duration of rain the rain water collected from the terrace would 11900 liters. (1lit for every 1 sq.m of area in an hour). The excess rainwater is drained into rainwater harvesting pit.

7.4.

RO WATER TREATMENT PLAN

The outlet water from the RO plant is proposed to filter in to the ground through a proper soak pit into the ground.

7.5.

VALIDATION OF WATER EFFICIENCY WITH EDGE APP

Comparative bar chart is being created with the base case scenario of full capacity usage of water with water efficient measures.

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Table 31 Water efficient measures

Figure 83 Comparative bar chart of base case and improved case

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CHAPTER 8

8. WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM Maximizing segregation of dry recycling and food waste from residual (nonrecyclable) waste within the home.

As standard provision should encompass: • A three-bin system within the kitchen (Dry Mixed Recycling (DMR), Food, Residual) • A two -bin system within the bathroom (DMR and residual) Where Dry mixed waste are the food waste, garden waste, glass, plastic, paper, cardboard etc., and residual waste are the non-hazardous waste such as ceramics, gypsum board, linoleum, leather, rubber, textiles, glass, industrial equipment, electronics,

pumps,

piping,

storage

tanks,

filters,

fertilizers,

pesticides,

pharmaceutical waste, detergents and cleaners, photographic film and paper etc., VOLUME OF WASTE GENERATED IN HOMES

Table 32 Volume of waste generated in homes PNEUMATIC WASTE CONVEYANCE SYSTEM (PWCS) Source:https://www.hdb.gov.sg/cs/infoweb/about-us/our-role/smart-and sustainableliving/hdb-greenprint/waste-management.

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Figure 84 Pneumatic Waste Conveyance System (PWCS) LOCATION OF WASTE SHAFT IN THE SERVICE CORE The shaft consists of two pipes of 50mm diameter for Dry mixed waste and Residual waste.

Figure 85 Location of waste shaft in the service core

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CHAPTER 9

9. DESIGN The proposed design is an integrated design comprising of apartment and shared amenity spaces such club house, gym, spa etc., which is infused with green cover.

The building is designed to sustain through harsh climatic condition with efficient water and waste management, thus keeping the cycle sustainable. The building is designed in such a way that majority of the spaces are provided for landscaping with reduced ground cover.

9.1.

PLAN WITH COLUMN LAYOUT AND FIRE ESCAPE LAYOUT

SITE PLAN

Figure 86 Site plan

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GROUND FLOOR PLAN

Figure 87 ground floor plan TYPICAL 1ST, 4TH, 7TH FLOOR PLAN

Figure 88 Typical 1st, 4th, 7th floor plan

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TYPICAL 2ND, 5TH, 8TH FLOOR PLAN

Figure 89 Typical 2nd, 5th, 8th floor plan TYPICAL 3RD, 6TH, 9TH FLOOR PLAN

Figure 90 Typical 3rd, 6th, 9th floor plan

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10TH FLOOR PLAN – SPACE FOR CYCLING AND JOGGING

Figure 91 10th floor plan - space for cycling and jogging TYPICAL 11TH, 13TH, 15TH FLOOR PLAN

Figure 92 11th, 13th, 15th floor plan

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TYPICAL 12TH, 14TH, 16TH FLOOR PLAN

Figure 93 Typical 12th, 14th, 16th floor plan TERRRACE FLOOR PLAN

Figure 94 Terrace floor plan

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9.2.

DETAILED PLAN

DETAIL PLAN – 2BHK – 2 ROW APARTMENT

Figure 95 Detail plan - 2BHK - 2 row apartment DETAIL PLAN 3BHK – 2 ROW APARTMENT

Figure 96 Detail plan 3BHK - 2 row apartment

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DETAIL PLAN 4BHK – 3 ROW APARTMENT

Figure 97 Detail plan 4BHK - 3 row apartment 9.3.

SECTION

SECTION – WITH SPATIAL PROGRAM – SECTION AA’

Figure 98 Section AA' with spatial program

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SECTION – WITH SPATIAL PROGRAM – SECTION BB’ AND CC’

Figure 99 Section BB' and CC' with spatial program 9.4.

ELEVATION

NORTH AND EAST ELEVATION

Figure 100 North and East elevation

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SOUTH AND WEST ELEVATION

Figure 101 South and West elevation 9.5.

VIRTUAL VIEWS

Figure 102 South facing view and open style view

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Figure 103 Full height extent of the building design and central court view

Figure 104 Approach road to the building and drop off area

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Figure 105 View from the balcony

Figure 106 Ground level parking and party lawn

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Figure 107 Amphitheater and informal seating and gathering space

Figure 108 Tennis court and multi-purpose court

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CHAPTER 10

10. CONCLUSION The most important factor in passive cooling design is that all main elements must reject heat or provide insulation from solar heat gain and keep the building cool against heat of summer. The passive design varies with the climatic condition and the nature of environment for a more efficient design. The Cardinal foundational element of a cost-effective zero energy building is the passive building design. In case of hot climate and warm environment the load from mechanical systems could be reduced by adding efficient ventilation elements to the building, such as self-shading walls, spaces worked out in levels which can significantly reduce energy consumption. This design shows a holistic passive design approach for attaining maximum efficiency in design by efficient usage of site through sustainable planning, energy optimization, waste and water management thereby helps maintain a sustainable cycle throughout the life cycle of the building simultaneously enhancing the comfort of the occupants.

The are several other that strategies are applied in the building such as providing of proper ventilation in the building and having double height ceiling which means fresh air can be distributed equally all over in the building. This thesis further investigates the potential of passive cooling strategies for Chennai climate, where seven strategies were applied to the gated community building design. Autodesk Revit, Autodesk Formit and Rhino – Grasshopper- Ladybug, Honeybee and DIVA software was the main simulation tool were used. The simulation results were analysed and proved to show potential for energy reduction and the achievement of optimal thermal comfort.

If passive cooling strategies were used, total annual energy consumption could also be reduced by 27.26% and increased water efficiency of 34.60% leading to reduction of water scarcity and proper power management.

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REFERENCE 1. Handbook on functional requirements of buildings – SP 41 (other than industrial buildings) 2. https://beeindia.gov.in/sites/default/files/BEE_ECBC%202017.pdf 3. https://www.grihaindia.org/files/Manual_VolI.pdf 4. https://reader.elsevier.com/reader/sd/pii/S209526351500014X?token=E5E72 28FDA326828B45A397232D5949CF922D14FE5F3EBB18C7E72F4DBF94 29FA66C4FF050CB39363D81287403F42941 5. https://reader.elsevier.com/reader/sd/pii/S1877042815017620?token=DFE55 E8C2B6F2E1F73570C0148BD2C05B3B66782679C600A7D294977D9105 141BBBB4263ED66B51D41D2AE4B2309A159 6. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877042815017620 7. https://warwick.ac.uk/fac/sci/eng/elith/publications/all_publications/elithw09.pdf 8. https://lup.lub.lu.se/luur/download?func=downloadFile&recordOId=894725 8&fileOId=8962014 9. USING DIVA FOR ASSESSING CLIMATE-BASED LEED DAYLIGHT CREDIT - https://www.researchgate.net/publication/301543450 10. Determination of Optimum Window to External Wall Ratio for Offices in a Hot and Humid Climate Halil Alibaba, Faculty of Architecture, Department of Architecture, Eastern Mediterranean University, Mersin 10, Turkey.

11. A Comparative Study of Passive Design Features/Elements in Malaysia and Passive House Criteria in the Tropics Fahimeh Tatarestaghi1, Muhammad Azzam Ismail2*, Nor Haniza Ishak3 1, 2Department of Architecture, Faculty of Built Environment, University of Malaya, Malaysia 3Department of Building Surveying, Faculty of Built Environment, University of Malaya, Malaysia

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12. Passive Solar Design Strategies for Buildings:A Case Study on Improvement of an Existing Residential Building’s Thermal Performance By Passive Solar Design Tools By Serkan BİLGİÇ.

13. Application of Passive Design Strategies for New Low-income Affordable Housing Developments in San Pedro Sula, Honduras.

14. CHALLENGES OF PASSIVE COOLING TECHNIQUES IN BUILDINGS: A CRITICAL REVIEW FOR IDENTIFYING THE RESILIENT TECHNIQUE Abbas M. Hassana, Hyowon Leeb, Segyu Ohb* aDepartment of Architecture, Faculty of Engineering, Al-Azhar University, Qena 83513, Egypt bSchool of Architecture, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbongro, Bukgu, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea.

15. Use of traditional passive strategies to reduce the energy use and carbon emissions in modern dwellings S. Srivastav* and P.J. Jones Welsh School of Architecture, Cardiff University, Bute Building, King Edward VII Avenue,Cardiff CF10 3NB, UK.