Bay Creek Preserve Guide

BAY CREEK NATURE PRESERVE GUIDE With: Joe Fehrer, Naturalist Bay Creek’s spectacular 350-acre Nature Preserve enhances the authentic coastal living our community is known for, offering a place for activity and exploration among forests and shorelines. Some of the most scenic land within, this natural wonderland is now protected from future development and will serve as a permanent conservation area for Bay Creek owners.

A crucial part of our mission in responsibly creating this Nature Preserve was to make it accessible for residents and guests. The Nature Preserve is a haven for hiking, walking, canoeing, kayaking, and learning about the world around you.

On foot or on the water, Bay Creek residents and guests have a beautiful natural world opened up for their enjoyment, and for the preservation of the Eastern Shore’s valuable habitat.

Enclosed in this guide is a plethora of information to help you navigate the wonderful land of the Preserve. Search for bird species, identify native Eastern Shore Plants, and find yourself face-to-face with the life brimming within our Nature Preserve.

Adventure on!

Tree & Shrub Guide

Interpretive Trail, Base Camp to Base Camp Rd. 1. Bald Cypress (Taxodium distichum) [80-120 feet height, to 2,600 years: Needles 1/4-7/8” long, green on both sides, mostly flat; Cones ball shaped about 1” in diameter with thick scales] A member of the conifer family but unlike others of their tribe, the Bald Cypress drops its needles annually, hence it goes “bald” in the fall leaving only bare branches. These trees are more at home in freshwater wetland settings [rivers, creeks and swamps] than in the upland location as this specimen is. An unusual feature of these trees are the “knees” often seen around the trunk. As part of the root system, the “knees” are used to help stabilize the trees which is important if they are growing in a wetland environment. Bald Cypress are the oldest known living trees in eastern North America and a relative to the Redwoods, in the genus/family Cupressaceae.

2. Common Wax Myrtle (Myrica cerifera) [10-20 feet height, trunks usually in clusters: Leaves alternate, often leathery, wedge shaped, toothed or not toward the tip, less than 1/2’ in width, hairless with resin dots on both surfaces; Fruit 1/8” diameter, in clusters, globular, pale blue, granular, wax coated] An evergreen southern shrub or small tree. One of the most prominent shrubs on the Lower Shore and one that is beneficial for a host of species. Fall migrant birds and our winter resident birds feast on the berries as do many small mammals. In colonial times, the berries were gathered and boiled down to render the waxy coating which floated to the surface. The wax would be skimmed off the water and then used to make candles, it takes about one pound of fruit to make 4 ounces of wax.

3. Eastern Red Cedar (Juniperus virginiana) [30-45 feet height, to 200 years: Leaves usually opposite, both scale-like and longer, sharply 3-sided needle-like, 1/4-3/4” entirely green, in pairs in 4 rows along 4 sided twigs and branchlets] A common successional tree of old fields and meadows, these trees are moderately salt tolerant which allow them to grow in dune swales and tidal marsh environments above the limits of the highest tide. An evergreen member of the pine family, its branches are covered by tiny overlapping scales that form prickly needles. Red Cedar is a favored food for Thrushes, Robins and Cedar Waxwings, its aromatic wood is very durable and is widely used for furniture and closet linings as it supposedly repels moths and other insects.

Tree & Shrub Guide cont.

4. Black Cherry (Prunus serotina) [50-60 feet height, to 200 years: Leaves alternate, lance to lance-oblong, V-shaped base, narrow, blunt toothed, midrib prominently fringed beneath with white or brown hair] An important tree for woodworkers, Black Cherry is also used heavily by wildlife. In spring, the conspicuous rounded clusters of small white flowers give way to a dark purple juicy but tart fruit. The twig bark of older trees was used for its medicinal properties by Native Americans and early Europeans. The cherry species are an unwilling host to both tent caterpillars [in spring and early summer] and fall web-worms [in late summer and early fall] which easily can denude the tree of foliage.

5. Northern Bayberry (Myrica pensylvanica) [30 feet height, trunk diameter up to 6 inches: Leaves alternate, thin, egg shaped, point-tipped, resin dots few or lacking, somewhat hairy upper surface, generally not toothed, more than 1/2” wide] Unlike its cousin the Wax Myrtle, Bayberry is deciduous and sheds its leaves in the cold weather months. During the growing season, the difference between the two species are subtle and hard to discern. Northern Bayberry while not a legume is a [soil] nitrogen fixer, which is why this is an important shrub of old field and fallow places. Like the Wax Myrtle, it too is an important wildlife food; the berries are used by many bird and small animal species.

6. Loblolly Pine (Pinus taeda) [60-80 feet height, to 200 years: Needles to 6” sometimes longer, stiff, tip ending in a horny point, generally 3 per cluster; Cones mature in 2 years, stout, conical to oblong, 3-6” long, scales mostly under 1/2”, thorn tipped] The lumberman’s friend, the most commercially important softwood species on the Eastern Shore. It can tolerate a wide range of habitats and soil conditions, grows fast and straight, and reaches saw timber size in 35 - 40 years. Like most of its southern tribe, Loblolly Pine is fire adapted and able to outcompete many deciduous species. It is, however, shade intolerant and cannot compete with mature hardwood species in the under-story.

Tree & Shrub Guide cont.

7. Black Locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) [40-60 feet height, trunk diameter of 12 inches: Leaves alternate, compound, 6-20 leaflets arranged oppositely leaflets short 1-2” long, egg-shaped; Strong 1/2-1” paired thorns flank nearly circular leaf scars] A woody legume and common in old fields, Black Locust are an early successional species of fast-growing trees flowering at six years of age.

The creamy white flowers hang in large fragrant clusters in the early spring, in later summer the fruit [seeds] are contained in brown leathery pods that hang from the branches. Locust wood is especially hard and very rot resistant and was once widely used for fence post, house sills and wooden pins or nails. Often when used as fresh/green post they will “sprout” new growth. More remarkably, it’s not unusual for the post to then take root. Like most legumes, they “fix” gaseous nitrogen in nodules on their roots, slowly releasing it as the trees decline from insect damage and competition from other larger trees.

8. Sweet Gum (Liquidambar styraciflua) [50-100 feet height, to 300 years: Leaves alternate, star shaped, toothed, hairless, 5-7 lobed, sweetly fragrant when crushed] A tree most often associated with the canopy layer, Sweetgum displays a beautiful deep orange to red color in the fall. Known for their distinctive fruit which are in the form of a spiny ball, these often remain on the tree throughout the winter months. The seeds contained in the “gumballs” are primarily dispersed by birds and do not germinate until the second year. The Latin Genus or family name “Liquidambar” was given due to the fragrance of the sap, which when fresh is pleasant to chew.

9. Post Oak (Quercus stellata) [50-80 feet height, to 400 years: Leaves alternate, leathery, usually 5 lobed, grey to brown-hairy beneath, cross shaped, twigs somewhat gray-hairy; Acorn cups bowl shaped, cover 1/3-1/2 of the acorn] These oaks are considered a medium size tree and can be distinguished by the “Maltese cross” shape of their leaves. Post Oaks are grouped in the White Oak family; having a rounded lobed leaf without bristle-tips, the acorns of White Oaks are white (when opened) and mature in one year. They are edible, oftentimes sweet (depending on the species). The bark of the White Oak is lighter in color than that of the Red Oak tribe.

These trees grow slowly and can achieve a very great age, and as its name implies, this is a commercially important tree with the wood often used for fence post or timbers.

Tree & Shrub Guide cont.

10. Southern Red Oak (Quercus falcata) [70-100 feet height, to 200 years: Leaves alternate, 6-9” long, 3-7 lobes, variable, usually with prominent pair of narrow lobes toward tip, dark green shiny above, pale green to rusty and hairy below; Acorn cup flat, gray-hairy, saucer-like] Also known as “Spanish Red Oak” this is a common species for our area and can be distinguished from other members of its group by the peculiar shaped leaves. Unlike the White Oaks, the acorns of the Red Oaks are yellow (when opened) and take two years to mature, they’re bitter and generally inedible. The bark is darker than the White Oaks and is rich in tannins used to cure leather. Native Americans utilized the acorns of all the Oak species, including the Red Oaks, by boiling the acorns to release the tannic acid and rendering them somewhat palatable. A note regarding Oak species: the Red Oak group is known to hybridize across species and can make identification difficult; professional botanists often are puzzled by apparent hybrids and variants.

11. American Holly (Ilex opaca) [40-80 feet height, to 300 years: Leaves alternate, evergreen, oblong 2-4” long, 1.52” wide, spiny, thick leathery, shiny, rich green above] We often associate Holly with cold, snowy weather and Christmas decorations. At one time, the berry producing branches were a valuable cash crop here on the shore. Holly is much more than that, however, adding color to our winter landscape and feeding many of our winter resident birds. Holly trees are either male or female, never having both flowers on the same tree, the bark is smooth and the leaves leathery with spines, the leaves persist for two to three years before they fall in the spring.

12. Virginia Pine (Pinus virginiana) [40-80 feet height, to 150 years: Needles short, stout, blue-green, in two’s, 1/16” or less across, twigs yellowish to purplish and whitened; Cones generally egg shaped, 1.5-2.5”, numerous, remaining on tree for 3-4 years, scales tipped with 1/8” thorns] Also known as Scrub Pine, a “land re-claimer” and “soil builder,” Virginia Pine is often an early successional tree, taking hold on soils too poor to support other trees. The needles are short [1.5”-3”] usually in two’s and slightly whorled or twisted around each other. Highly shade intolerant, it can soon be crowded out by larger tree species. The wood is brittle and knotty making the tree more susceptible to injury from wind, ice, and wet snow.

Tree & Shrub Guide cont.

13. Bitternut Hickory (Carya cordiformis) [50-75 feet height, to 300 years: Leaves alternate, 6-10” long, compound with 7-10 leaflets on slender hairy petiole, finely toothed, thin, firm, dark yellow-green above, paler and hairy beneath] Hickories are an important canopy component of our eastern forest. Several species in the Hickory family [Pecans] produce edible nuts and have commercial value. The Bitternut, as its name implies, isn’t one of the edible varieties. The fruit has a 4 ridged husk that splits open when ripe exposing the light red to white nut. The seed is a favorite of many mammals, turkey and even waterfowl. The word “hickory” is believed to be the result of the English contraction of the Indian name “Powcohiscora,” as first spelled by John Smith of the Virginia colony. There was, at one time, a dispute among botanists over the genus [family] name for the hickories; some felt the name “Hicoria” would be more appropriate. Carya won the day and stands as the genus name.

14. American Sycamore (Platanus occidentalis) [70-150 feet height, to 300 years: Leaves alternate, 4-7” long and broad, nearly hairless, 3-5 lobed edged with large teeth, thin, firm, bright green above, pale green and woolly below] Best known for the mottled appearance of its bark, it is the largest tree of the eastern forest with its crown reaching more than 100 feet in width. Once a very common tree, it requires rich soils [nutrient dense with a pH between 6 & 7] on which to grow, the same soils cleared for farming. The Sycamore is now more commonly seen in urban environments than rural. The seeds of the Sycamore are contained in “seed balls” and are minute, with about 200,000 seeds per pound. Although the wood is hard and dense, the tree is prone to heart rot, leaving the tree supported by the outer trunk. The hollow trunks of some of the largest trees had an interior area big enough to be utilized as living space or barns by early European settlers.

15. Groundsel Tree (Baccharis halimifolia) [3-10 feet height: Leaves alternate, thin fleshy, of varying shapes and forms, petioled on larger branches, blue-green, 1-2 1/2” long] Baccharis is a tall robust shrub more often associated with tidal wetlands, although it will grow in an upland situation such as this specimen. In late summer, beige to yellow flowers appear and by late September, the white bristles on the seeds are prominent. The thin alternate leaves vary broadly, with those at the base being larger and irregularly toothed and those near the top being small and lacking teeth.

Although Groundsel is deciduous, the bare stems appear somewhat greenish throughout the winter.

Tree & Shrub Guide cont.

16. Marsh Elder (Iva frutescens) [3-10 feet height: Leaves opposite, somewhat thickened, leathery, upper ones narrow to elliptical, leaf blades tend to taper at both ends, foliage hairless or fine hairy, coarsely toothed toward the apex, light gray-green, to 4” long] Iva is found at the upland margin of salt and brackish wetlands. It’s a rather small shrub, seldom growing over 10 feet tall. While similar in general appearance with Baccharis, a closer look will note characteristic differences. Iva has thicker leaves than Baccharis, they’re more distinctly toothed and are oppositely arranged on the stem. The small flowers appear in July and persist through September. In contrast to Baccharis, the bare stems of Iva have a whitish-gray appearance.

17. Shining OR Winged Sumac (Rhus copallinum) [4 to sometimes 20 feet in height: Leaves alternate, compound 6” to 12” long, divided into 11-23 narrow smooth-edged shiny leaflets, midrib bordered by thin “wings”, twigs and leafstalks velvety, round and marked with raised dots. The fruit matures in late summer, deep red in color and hangs in large nodding clusters] Like Poison Ivy, Sumacs are members of the Cashew family. Sumacs, however, are non-poisonous. Generally seen in our area as a moderately sized shrub, they can develop into small trees. The large red fruit cluster is utilized by many mammal and bird species during the winter months (Poison Sumac has white berries and does not occur on the Lower Shore). Commercially the species is without value, but the rich fall coloration of the leaves and fruit make it a desirable ornamental. Sumac leaves are also rich in tannin and were once frequently used in the tanning of leather and the manufacture of dyes.

18. Persimmon (Diospyros virginiana) [20 to 60 feet in height and 1 to 2 feet in diameter, usually a small to medium size tree in our area; leaves alternate, elliptical, 4-6” long and 2-3” wide, margin entire and wavy, thick leathery dark green with a broad yellowish mid-rib above, pale green below.

Flowers are small (1/2”) and white to greenish-white in May and June, fruit plumlike up to 2” in diameter, green becoming orange to dark orange in the fall, very astringent until fully ripe usually after a heavy frost] The fruit of Persimmon which is very sweet when ripe and was sought after by Native Americans in our region. They are often dried (like figs) and used in bread or saved for later consumption. The wood can be deep purple to black in color; several tropical species in the genus provide commercially important ebony wood. Persimmon wood is very hard and shock resistant and has been used for golf club heads and spindles and shuttles for looms.

Tree & Shrub Guide cont.

19. Hackberry (Celtis occidentalis) [Average height of 40 to 60 feet with a diameter of 1 to 2 feet, occasionally reaching 120 feet with a diameter up 4 feet; leaves alternate, 2.5-3.5” long and 1.5-2” wide, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, long pointed apex, coarsely toothed except near the base, thin, rough, with splotches above, dull green with prominent mid-rib below. Flowers small (1/8”) light green in small clusters, fruit maturing in late summer or early fall, a berry-like globular drupe, 1/4” in diameter, dark purple, hard and shiny]

Hackberry is a common tree on the Lower Shore. In winter, it’s easily identified by its gray smooth bark covered with irregular corky hard ridges. The small, thinned skin fruit is edible with a flavor that’s been compared to sweetened coffee. The wood while heavy is rather porous, soft and without serious commercial value; it was once used for basket making and mill-work. The trees are very well adapted to our region, and with deep roots they’re able to resist high winds, rain, and heavy snow. The berries are an excellent food source for birds and small mammals in the fall and winter, and the insects using the thick leaf cover provide ready protein for migratory birds.

Northampton Birds List Birds observed on Bay Creek property and in the Cape Charles area in the past year are in bold print and asterisked* by: Joe Fehrer along with Steve and Kim Grimes

Bird Species

Spring/ Summer

Fall/ Winter

Snow Goose*

X

Brant*

X

YearRound

Canada Goose

X

Wood Duck*

X

Blue-winged Teal

Migration

X

Northern Shoveler*

X

Gadwall*

X

American Wigeon*

X

Mallard*

X

American Black Duck* Northern Pintail

X

Green-winged Teal*

X

Canvasback

X

Redhead*

X

Ring-necked Duck*

X

Greater Scaup*

X

Lesser Scaup*

X

Common Eider*

X

Surf Scoter*

X

White-winged Scoter*

X

Northampton Birds List

Birds observed on Bay Creek property and in the Cape Charles area in the past year are in bold print and asterisked* Bird Species

Spring/ Summer

Fall/ Winter

Black Scoter*

X

Long-tailed Duck*

X

Bufflehead*

X

Common Goldeneye

X

Hooded Merganser*

X

Common Merganser

X

Red-breasted Merganser*

X

Ruddy Duck*

X

YearRound

Northern Bobwhite*

X

Wild Turkey

X

American Coot*

X

Pied-billed Grebe*

X

Red-necked Grebe

X

Eared Grebe*

X (winter)

Clapper Rail*

X

American Oystercatcher*

X

Black-bellied Plover*

X

Piping Plover Killdeer*

X X

Wimbrel Marbled Godwit

Migration

X X

Northampton Birds List

Birds observed on Bay Creek property and in the Cape Charles area in the past year are in bold print and asterisked* Bird Species

Spring/ Summer

Fall/ Winter

Ruddy Turnstone*

YearRound

Migration

X

Red Knot

X

Sanderling*

X

Dunlin*

X

Purple Sandpiper*

X

Least Sandpiper*

X

Semipalmated Sandpiper*

X

Western Sandpiper*

X

X

American Woodcock*

X

Wilson’s Snipe*

X

Spotted Sandpiper*

X

Solitary Sandpiper*

X

White-rumpled Sandpiper

X

Pectoral Sandpiper

X

Greater Yellowlegs*

X

Lesser Yellowlegs*

X

Willet*

X

Bonaparte’s Gull Laughing Gull*

X X

Ring-billed Gull*

X

Herring Gull*

X

Northampton Birds List

Birds observed on Bay Creek property and in the Cape Charles area in the past year are in bold print and asterisked* Bird Species

Spring/ Summer

Fall/ Winter

YearRound

Lesser Black-backed Gull

X

Great Black-backed Gull*

X

Least Tern

X

Gull-billed Tern

X

Caspian Tern

X

Common Tern

X

X

Forster’s Tern*

X

Royal Tern

X

Sandwich Tern

X

Black Skimmer

X

Migration

Red-throated Loon

X

Common Loon*

X

Northern Gannet*

X

Double-crested Cormorant*

X

Brown Pelican*

X

Belted Kingfisher*

X

Great Blue Heron*

X

Great Egret*

X

Snowy Egret*

X

Little Blue Heron*

X

Tri-colored Heron

X

Northampton Birds List

Birds observed on Bay Creek property and in the Cape Charles area in the past year are in bold print and asterisked* Bird Species

Spring/ Summer

Green Heron*

X

Fall/ Winter

Black-crowned Night Heron

YearRound X

Yellow-crowned Night Heron

X

White Ibis*

X

Glossy Ibis*

X

Black Vulture*

X

Turkey Vulture*

X

Osprey*

X

Northern Harrier

X

Sharp-shinned Hawk*

X

Cooper’s Hawk*

X

Bald Eagle* Red-shouldered Hawk

X X

Broad-winged Hawk

X (fall)

Red-tailed Hawk*

X

Eastern Screech Owl*

X

Great Horned Owl*

X

American Kestrel*

X

Merlin

X

Peregrine Falcon Yellow-bellied Sapsucker*

Migration

X X

Northampton Birds List

Birds observed on Bay Creek property and in the Cape Charles area in the past year are in bold print and asterisked* Bird Species

Spring/ Summer

Fall/ Winter

YearRound

Red-headed Woodpecker*

X

Red-bellied Woodpecker*

X

Downy Woodpecker*

X

Hairy Woodpecker*

X

Pileated Woodpecker*

X

Northern Flicker*

X

Eastern Wood-Pewee*

X

Acadian Flycatcher

X

Eastern Phoebe*

Migration

X

Great Crested Flycatcher*

X

Eastern Kingbird*

X

White-eyed Vireo*

X

Yellow-throated Vireo

X

Blue-headed Vireo

X

Philadelphia Vireo

X (fall)

Red-eyed Vireo*

X

Blue Jay*

X

American Crow*

X

Fish Crow*

X

Carolina Chickadee*

X

Tufted Titmouse*

X

Northampton Birds List

Birds observed on Bay Creek property and in the Cape Charles area in the past year are in bold print and asterisked* Bird Species

Spring/ Summer

Fall/ Winter

Horned Lark*

Migration

X

Northern Rough-winged Swallow

X

Purple Martin*

X

Tree Swallow* Barn Swallow*

YearRound

X X

Bank Swallow

X

Cliff Swallow

X

Golden-crowned Kinglet*

X

Ruby-crowned Kinglet*

X

Red-breasted Nuthatch

X

White-breasted Nuthatch

X

Brown-headed Nuthatch*

X

Brown Creeper* Blue-gray Gnatcatcher*

X X

House Wren*

X

Winter Wren*

X

Sedge Wren

X

Marsh Wren

X

Carolina Wren*

X

European Starling*

X

Gray Catbird*

X

Northampton Birds List

Birds observed on Bay Creek property and in the Cape Charles area in the past year are in bold print and asterisked* Bird Species

Spring/ Summer

Fall/ Winter

YearRound

Brown Thrasher*

X

Northern Mockingbird*

X

Eastern Bluebird*

X

Migration

Veery

X

Swainson’s Thrush

X

Hermit Thrush*

X

Wood Thrush*

X (mostly spring)

American Robin*

X

Cedar Waxwing*

X

House Sparrow*

X

American Pipit

X

House Finch*

X

Purple Finch

X

Pine Siskin

X

American Goldfinch* Grasshopper Sparrow*

X X

Chipping Sparrow*

X

Field Sparrow*

X

Fox Sparrow*

X

Dark-eyed Junco*

X

White-throated Sparrow*

X

Northampton Birds List

Birds observed on Bay Creek property and in the Cape Charles area in the past year are in bold print and asterisked* Bird Species

Spring/ Summer

Fall/ Winter

Seaside Sparrow X

Saltmarsh Sparrow

X

Savannah Sparrow*

X

Song Sparrow*

X

Swamp Sparrow*

X

Eastern Towhee*

X X

Bobolink

X

Eastern Meadowlark* Orchard Oriole*

X X

Baltimore Oriole

X (fall)

Red-winged Blackbird*

X

Brown-headed Cowbird*

X

Common Grackle*

X

Boat-tailed Grackle

X

Ovenbird*

Migration

X

Nelson’s Sparrow

Yellow-breasted Chat*

YearRound

X

Worm-eating Warbler

X

Northern Waterthrush

X

Blue-winged Warbler

X

Black-and-White Warbler*

X

Northampton Birds List

Birds observed on Bay Creek property and in the Cape Charles area in the past year are in bold print and asterisked* Bird Species

Spring/ Summer

Prothonotary Warbler

X

Orange-crowned Warbler

Fall/ Winter

YearRound

Migration

X

Nashville Warbler

X

Common Yellowthroat*

X

Hooded Warbler

X

American Redstart*

X

Cape May Warbler

X

Northern Parula*

X

Magnolia Warbler

X

Bay-breasted Warbler

X

Blackburnian Warbler

X

Yellow Warbler

X

Chestnut-sided Warbler

X

Blackpoll Warbler

X

Black-throated Blue Warbler*

X

Palm Warbler*

X

Pine Warbler*

X

Yellow-rumped Warbler*

X

Yellow-throated Warbler*

X

Prairie Warbler

X

Black-throated Green Warbler

X

Northampton Birds List

Birds observed on Bay Creek property and in the Cape Charles area in the past year are in bold print and asterisked* Bird Species

Spring/ Summer

Summer Tanager*

X

Fall/ Winter

YearRound

Scarlet Tanager

X

Northern Cardinal*

X

Rose-breasted Grosbeak

X

Blue Grosbeak*

X

Indigo Bunting*

X

Dickcissel

X

Chimney Swift*

X

Ruby-throated Hummingbird

X

Yellow-billed Cuckoo*

X

Rock Pigeon*

X

Eurasian Collard Dove

X

Mourning Dove*

X

Common Nighthawk Chuck-Will’s-Widow

Migration

X X

Among these birds, some are rare or uncommon. Birds that are RARE are Canvasback, Common Merganser, Red-necked Grebe, Eared Grebe, Red Knot, White-rumpled Sandpiper, Pectoral Sandpiper, Yellow-throated Vireo, Philadelphia Vireo, Bank Swallow, Northern Bobwhite, Cliff Swallow, Veery, Swainson’s Thrush, Blue-winged Warbler, Hooded Warbler, Piping Plover, Bay-breasted Warbler, Blackburnian Warbler, Dickcissel and Common Nighthawk. Birds that are UNCOMMON are Common Eider, Lesser Blackbacked Gull, Sandwich Tern, Little Blue Heron, Tricolored Heron, Red-shouldered Hawk, Broad-winged Hawk, Acadian Flycatcher, Blue-headed Vireo, Horned Lark, White-breasted Nuthatch, Brown-headed Nuthatch, Brown Creeper, Winter Wren, Sedge Wren, Marsh Wren, Wood Thrush, American Pipit, Purple Finch, Purple Sandpiper, Pine Siskin, Seaside Sparrow, Nelson’s Sparrow, Saltmarsh Sparrow, Bobolink, Baltimore Oriole, Boat-tailed Grackle, Worm-eating Warbler, Northern Waterthrush, Prothonotary Warbler, Orange-crowned Warbler, Nashville Warbler, Cape May Warbler, Chestnut-sided Warbler, Black-throated Green Warbler, Scarlet Tanager, and Rose-breasted Grosbeak.