CMA544-AIRFIELD CONSTRUCTION

FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE, PLANNING AND SURVEYING BACHELOR OF SCIENCE (HONS) CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT AP246

CMA544—CIVIL WORKS COSTRUCTION AIRFIELD CONSTRUCTION KUALA LUMPUR INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT NAMA

MATRIX NO.

MUHAMMAD TAUFIQ BIN NOORASHIDEE

2021264488

MUHAMMAD FARID BIN NOR AZMI

2021646746

NURUL MAISARAH BINTI ROSLEE

2021223834

MUHAMMAD SYAZWAN BIN ABD HALIM

2021481562

DATO’ WAN AZLAN SHAH BIN EDDIE SHAH

2021251448

PREPARED FOR : SIR MUHAMMAD HALIFF HAIKAL BIN NORHALIM

ABSTRACT AIR FIELD CONSTRUCTION CASE STUDY : KUALA LUMPUR INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT 2, SEPANG, SELANGOR PROJECT BACKGROUND

PHOTOS 1 : AERIAL VIEW OF KLIA 2 DURING CONSTRUCTION

Kuala Lumpur International Airport, KLIA and KLIA 2 is the largest and primary airports in Malaysia including the biggest airport in Southeast Asia. KLIA officially operating in 1998 with capacity 25mil passenger per year for domestic and international flights with the cost is RM 10 Billion where located in Sepang, approximately 45km away from the capital city, Kuala Lumpur. There are two main air traffic control tower which is Tower East for air traffic flow and the second is Apron Tower for vehicle traffic from northern and southern areas of the Satellite Terminal building and the cargo apron areas.Built with two parallel runways of 4 km each, runway on the left and right side with Runway 1 (14L/32R) and Runway 2 (14R/32L). This runway also used by Low-Cost Carrier Terminal (LCCT) for low budget airline terminal was opened for public in 2006 with AirAsia as its main occupant.

In 2010, KLIA 2 was built and officially opened in May 2014 to replace the current Low Cost Carrier Terminal (LCCT) that operating starting March 2006. KLIA 2 designed to accommodate 45 million passenger per year with the cost around RM 4 Billion, it is the biggest terminal built specifically for low-cost airlines. In order to facilitate its operation, a third runway (Runway 15/33) were build including the new air traffic control tower (Tower West) for support the operation.

MAIN ELEMENT : AIR FIELD CONSTRUCTION Airfield construction or Airport construction involve on constructing building, taxiway, apron and runway for an aircraft to depart and landing. Airfield construction can be classified as commercial runway which commonly being used for commercial airline or federal airport which commonly being known as army air-force base depends on the usage of the airfield. The construction of runways for the airfield is similar to the roads construction but the design and pavement that required is depends on the loads that need to be carried.

The pavement of an airfield must need to facilitate safe aircraft operation on the ground and the strength and the stability of the airfield must be sufficient to withstand the stresses which induced by heavy wheel loads when the airplane is on taxi and the high tire pressure when the aircraft is landing. Basically, the runway is the area where aircraft landing and take off which can be grass packed dirt or pavement surface. The runway or airfield have special marking for help pilot in the air for landing and take off.

This paper to describe summarises of the Malaysian involvement in airport runaway construction for KLIA. The structure of airport runaway including taxiways and apron must be well-constructed to withstand for strong pressures generated by aircraft during takeoff, taxi and landing, as well as explosions generated by jet engines as not to damage the airport runway. Therefore, the aim of the case study is to explore from the planning, design and construction for Malaysia Airport KLIA runway to form a comprehensive framework to ensure the continuing for safety flight operation.

In addition, construction management resources are also important as a crucial component in the success of a construction project.

OBJECTIVE The objective of the case study is to identify a three basic element for airport runaway construction : i) The main element in air field construction with variety issue and risk factors since Malaysian geographical conditions for airport location has caused numerous complications for flight landing or take off. ii) The platform structure and surface for flight landing and takeoff need to be construct under professional project management to conduct the project planning & the methods used for guidance to construct airport runaway iii) Identify the design issue base on Malaysian demographic conditions.

METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION - (SITE PREPARATION)

MAIN ELEMENT : AIR FIELD CONSTRUCTION

a) SITE CLEARANCE The process of clearing and grubbing is the removal of all trees, bushes, vegetation, rubbish and any other relevant obstruction within the line of work. Establish the survey markers to indicate the working area for the site clearance

PHOTOS 4 : RUNWAY OF KLIA

iii) RUNWAY PHOTOS 2 : APRON OF KLIA 2

i) APRON The airport apron is the area of an airport where aircraft are parked, unloaded or loaded, refilled, or boarded. The apron is not usually open to the general public and a permit may be required to gain access. apron is designated by the ICAO as not being part of the manoeuvring area. All vehicles, aircraft and people using the apron are referred to as apron traffic.

According to the International Civil Aviation Organization, a runway is a "defined rectangular area on a land aerodrome prepared for the landing and takeoff of aircraft".

Runways may be a man-made surface or a natural surface (often asphalt, concrete, or a mixture of both) or a natural surface (grass, dirt, gravel, ice, sand or salt). Runways, as well as taxiways and ramps, are sometimes referred to as

METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION I) SITE PREPARATION

PHOTOS 5 : SITE CLEARANCE

b) SETTING OUT The process of locating points for runway, site boundary level, infrastructure position and other necessary structural parts according to the construction drawing.

-Site clearance -Setting Out -Earthwork II) CONSTRUCTION OF AIRFIELD—RUNWAY -Drainage system -Flexible Pavement -Airfield Lighting System PHOTOS 3 : TAXIWAY OF KLIA

-Airfield Marking

ii) TAXIWAY

III) TESTING –AFTER CONSTRUCTION

A taxiway is a path for aircraft at an airport connecting runways with aprons, hangars, terminals and other facilities. They mostly have a hard surface such as asphalt or concrete, although smaller general aviation airports sometimes use gravel or grass.

-Friction Testing

PHOTOS 6 : SITE SETTING OUT

c) EARTHWORK The process of land grading to reconfigure the topography of a site. Proper earthwork needed to ensure the platfrom of the airfield is and flat and proper compacted

REFERENCES : 1.

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Hafizullah Sadat 2017 ; Indian Institute of Technology ; Airport Runway Construction Sr. Dr. Mohd Saidin Misdan ; Faculty Built & Environment UTM ; Airport and Runway AIP Guide (2010), Airport Planning, Central Region Airport Division Haziq Zamri 2013; The effectiveness of using RC structure compare to Flexible pavement and Polymer Modified binder.

Metropolitan Airports Commission 2016; How are runway decision made ?

PHOTOS 7 : SITE EARTHWORK

CONSTRUCTION OF RUNWAY

CONSTRUCTION OF RUNWAY

FACTOR AFFECTING RUNWAY ORIENTATION

a) DRAINAGE SYSTEM

5.

-Direction of prevailing wind -Airspace availability -Obstruction and navigation -Air Traffic Controller Visibility -Wild life hazard -Terrain and soil condition

Airports required rapid water absorption to avoid puddle.

Surface water need to flow into drains immediately to ensure the runway is safe for landing and take—off. Infra work to started prior to construct taxiway and runway.

b) FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT 1.

EXCAVATION TO PROPOSED LEVEL

- Excavation of soil as per required level as stated in construction drawing by using excavator and dumping excess soil to designat-

AIRFIELD GROUND LIGHTING DUCT & CASING

- After completion of Crushed Aggregated base course, Mechanical & Electrical Work is taken place prior to start for binder course. Duction of Airfield ground lighting to be install on the CABC 1st Layer and to be concealed by 2nd layer of CABC. 5.

ASPHALTIC CONCRETE BINDER COURSE (HCM25)

- After completion of Crushed Aggregated base course for 2nd Layer, ACBC is taken place to be lay on top of crushed aggregate base course with 2 layer of tack coat.

6.

POLYMER MODIFIED ASPHALT (PMA20)

- Polymer modified asphalts are made to resist regular wear and tear that cause cracking and deformation. Its help the asphalt more durable.

7.

2.

GRADING OF EXCAVATED AREA

- After excavation, grading of subgrade (SBC) is to be prepared and done to achieve required gradient of the platform.

3.

ASPHALTIC CONCRETE WEARING COURSE (ACWC)

- This is the last layer of the flexible pavement. The wearing coarse will be lay on top of binder course as per designed by the engineer.

COMPACTION

- After grading, compaction is to be in place by using 25ton roller compactor. The compaction should be done at optimize moisture content of the soil. Compaction of the subgrade should be atleast 98% 4.

CRUSH AGGREGATE BASE COURSE

- After compaction of Sub-Base Course, lay of Crushed Aggregate base course is taken place. The layer of crusher run is depends on the design but compaction of crusher run must not exceed 150mm thickness.

FIGURE 2 : AIRPORT RUNWAY CONSTRUCTION SEQUENCE

8.

FRICTION TEST

- Once the construction of the runway is completed, friction test must be conduct on the runway by using skid meter. This is to ensure that the runway is in good condition and able to received fleet to landing and take-off.

AIRPORT RUNWAY FRICTION TEST

FIGURE 1 : CUT-SECTION OF AIRPORT ASPHALT

ADAPTATION OF ADVANCE TECHNOLOGY TO PROTECT ENVIRONMENT 1.

SUISTANABLE AVIATION FUEL

The single highest operational expense for the aviation sector is often fuel. SAF implementation could offer a mutually advantageous way to treat trash and lower aviation's CO2 emissions at the same time.SAF, a biofuel having qualities similar to those of regular jet fuel but a lower carbon footprint, is used to power aeroplanes. In comparison to traditional jet fuel, SAF can significantly lower life cycle GHG emissions depending on the feedstock and methods utilised to create it.

2. FOREIGN OBJECT DEBRIS DETECTION (FODD) Any foreign object on the airfield that might harm an aircraft is known as FOD. The detected objects' radar cross-section intensity is no less than 20 dBsm. The system's benefits include low operating costs, little radio frequency emissions, and most importantly a highly scalable solution for crowded airports. Other advantages include a computerised system's dependability, which lowers the risk of human mistake and enables continuous runway monitoring aroundthe-clock without interfering with airport operations.

CONCLUSION The most important thing in construction of an airfield runways is the runway orientation. The current practice which is requirement of Federal Aviation and Administration (FAA) and International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) stated when designing the airfield runway, the layout of the runway must in the direction of prevailing wind. The designers also need to take into consideration of the airspace availability, obstruction on navigation, air-traffic controller visibility, wild life hazards and terrain and soil consideration.

All this is the factor which can affect the runway orientation.