Canadian criminal justice a primer 5th edition griffiths test bank

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Chapter 6—Police Strategies and Operations TRUE/FALSE 1. Research studies have found that increasing the number of patrol cars and getting to the scene of the incident quicker will contribute to a reduction in the levels of crime.

ANS: F

PTS: 1

REF: p. 122

2. Community policing represents a completely new approach to policing.

ANS: F

PTS: 1

REF: p. 122

3. Community policing is a “one size fits all” model that can be applied to all communities.

ANS: F

PTS: 1

REF: p. 123

4. The CAPRA model is a problem-solving approach used by the RCMP. ANS: T

PTS: 1

REF: p. 132

5. Foot patrols have been found to be effective in reducing calls for service and the fear of crime.

ANS: T

PTS: 1

REF: p. 135

6. Operation Identification, citizen patrols, and Neighbourhood Watch are examples of primary crime prevention programs.

ANS: T

PTS: 1

REF: p. 127

7. The use of CCTVs in Canada is prohibited by provisions in the Criminal Code.

ANS: F

PTS: 1

REF: p. 127

8. Research studies indicate that CCTVs (closed circuit televisions) are effective in reducing crimes against the person in areas where they are deployed.

ANS: F

PTS: 1

REF: p. 127

9. Crime rates are the best way to measure the effectiveness of the police.

ANS: F

PTS: 1

REF: p. 137

10. In contrast to the United States, in Canada there have been few evaluations of the effectiveness of specific policing initiatives and activities.

ANS: T

PTS: 1

REF: p. 138

11. Community policing emerged in the early 2000s as a response to the inadequate professional model of policing.

ANS: F

PTS: 1

REF: p. 122

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Chapter 6 Test Bank Griffiths Canadian Criminal Justice: A Primer, Fifth Edition 12. Research findings indicate that approximately almost half of all Canadian households participate in crime prevention programs.

ANS: F

PTS: 1

REF: p. 130

13. The professional model of policing focuses heavily on the three Ps (prevention, problem solving, and partnerships).

ANS: F

PTS: 1

REF: p. 123

14. The presence of a regional police force in British Columbia could have aided in earlier apprehension of Robert Pickton.

ANS: T

PTS: 1

REF: p. 141

15. Research shows that Canadian police officers are often lacking in empathy when interacting with persons with mental illness (PwMI) ANS: F

PTS: 1

REF: p. 139

16. Community policing is an organizational strategy, a philosophy, and a management style.

ANS: T

PTS: 1

REF: p. 123

17. The missing women’s inquiry of British Columbia found that the RCMP and Vancouver Police Department did everything in their power to properly investigate the reports of women missing from the Downtown Eastside.

ANS: F

PTS: 1

REF: p. 141

18. Research studies on DARE have shown strong support for the program among educators, parents, youth, and the police, impacting the students’ attitudes and beliefs about drugs and drug use behaviour.

ANS: F

PTS: 1

REF: pp. 128–130

19. There are problems with interpretation when measuring police effectiveness using either the clearance rate or the crime rate, or both in combination.

ANS: T

PTS: 1

REF: p. 137

20. The high number of missing and murdered women in Canada is viewed by many as one of the country’s top human rights issues.

ANS: T

PTS: 1

REF: p. 140

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Chapter 6 Test Bank Griffiths Canadian Criminal Justice: A Primer, Fifth Edition MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. What do the three Rs in traditional policing stand for? a. random patrol, rapid response, and reactive investigation b. random patrol, reconnaissance, and recovery c. rapid response, rescue, and relief d. random patrol, reactive call delivery, and response investigation ANS: A

PTS: 1

REF: p. 122

MSC: Remember

2. Matthew is conducting a study on police effectiveness in a specified jurisdiction by examining several different indicators of police effectiveness. He notices that crime rates dropped considerably shortly after a community-based crime prevention program was established in one neighbourhood. Examining this drop in more detail, he notices that crime rates went up in a nearby neighbourhood during the same time period. Which type of finding is this? a. crime attrition b. crime displacement c. the dark figure of crime d. the crime funnel ANS: B

PTS: 1

REF: p. 137

MSC: Higher Order

3. What do the three Ps in community policing stand for? a. prevention, protection, and participation b. parity, problem solving, and participation c. prevention, problem solving, and partnership d. prohibition, prevention, and placation ANS: C

PTS: 1

REF: p. 123

MSC: Remember

4. When and where did community policing get its start? a. It originated in France in the early 1900s. b. It originated in France in the early 1800s. c. It originated in England in the early 1900s. d. It originated in England in the early 1800s.

ANS: D

PTS: 1

REF: p. 122

MSC: Remember

5. Which statement best describes the community policing model? a. There is a focus on community building and problem solving. b. There is a hierarchical management structure. c. There is a one-way flow of information from senior officers to patrol officers. d. Patrol officers have little discretion and are unable to problem solve.

ANS: A

PTS: 1

REF: pp. 122–123

Copyright © 2015 Nelson Education Limited.

MSC: Remember

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Chapter 6 Test Bank Griffiths Canadian Criminal Justice: A Primer, Fifth Edition 6. Nina is conducting a study on police effectiveness in a specified jurisdiction by examining several different indicators of police effectiveness. She notices that this jurisdiction has very high rates of suspect identification. What is Nina examining here? a. UCR rates b. clearance rates c. the dark figure of crime d. crime displacement ANS: B

PTS: 1

REF: p. 137

MSC: Higher Order

7. Which of the following is NOT a key principle of community policing? a. community consultation b. interagency cooperation c. centralization d. accountability to the community ANS: C

PTS: 1

REF: pp. 122–123

MSC: Remember

8. Josh believes that regular vehicular police patrols are effective at preventing crime and increasing feelings of safety among community members, regardless of whether officers are actually responding to calls for assistance. What is the term for this belief? a. the broad blue line b. proactive investigation c. reactive investigation d. the watch system ANS: D

PTS: 1

REF: p. 122

MSC: Higher Order

9. What is the term for studies that identify forces in the community that influence the demands made on the police? a. environmental scans b. best practices c. community surveys d. community consultation ANS: A

PTS: 1

REF: p. 124

MSC: Remember

10. When the analysis of information gathered on criminal activities is applied to attempts to reduce and prevent crime, what is it called? a. best practices b. intelligence-led policing c. team policing d. criminal intelligence policing ANS: B

PTS: 1

REF: p. 124

MSC: Remember

11. Which concept describes the view that crime is only a visible symptom of an invisible and much larger problem? a. the criminogenic principle b. problem-oriented policing c. the iceberg rule d. SARA ANS: C

PTS: 1

REF: p. 132

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MSC: Remember 6-4

Chapter 6 Test Bank Griffiths Canadian Criminal Justice: A Primer, Fifth Edition 12. What do research studies suggest about the use of foot patrols? a. They increase calls for service. b. They improve youth attitudes toward the police. c. They affect the community’s level of satisfaction with the police. d. They reduce the levels of crime in neighbourhoods.

ANS: D

PTS: 1

REF: p. 135

MSC: Remember

13. Which police patrol operations are proactive and designed to target and apprehend criminal offenders, particularly those deemed to be at a high risk to reoffend? a. reactive policing b. community service approaches c. crime prevention programs d. crime attack strategies ANS: D

PTS: 1

REF: p. 132

MSC: Remember

14. What are Operation Identification, Neighbourhood Watch, and Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) examples of? a. primary crime prevention programs b. crime attack strategies and programs c. secondary crime prevention programs d. tertiary crime prevention programs ANS: A

PTS: 1

REF: p. 127

MSC: Remember

15. What is indicated by research studies on the use of closed-circuit television (CCTV)? a. CCTV installation has been met with strong public opposition. b. CCTV use is most effective when targeted at specific locations. c. CCTV use is effective in reducing crimes of violence. d. CCTV must be used in conjunction with foot patrols to be effective ANS: B

PTS: 1

REF: p. 127

MSC: Remember

16. Marie works for a police agency that uses crime data to inform their daily practices. This information is used to dispatch officers to areas with high likelihood of current criminal activity. What is this strategy called? a. Operation Identification b. Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design c. Compstat d. a community scan ANS: C

PTS: 1

REF: pp. 123–124

MSC: Higher Order

17. According to research studies, what percentage of households participates in crime prevention programs? a. 10 percent b. 25 percent c. 40 percent d. 55 percent ANS: A

PTS: 1

REF: p. 130

Copyright © 2015 Nelson Education Limited.

MSC: Remember

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Chapter 6 Test Bank Griffiths Canadian Criminal Justice: A Primer, Fifth Edition 18. A municipal police organization conducts research annually to collect data about demographics, crime trends, and calls for service within their jurisdiction. The organization uses this data to determine future service demands and areas in need of focus. What is this practice called? a. an environmental scan b. a jurisdictional scan c. Crime Prevention Through Social Development d. Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design ANS: A

PTS: 1

REF: p. 124

MSC: Higher Order

19. Alvin works for police services and is responsible for building computer-generated images of specific areas displaying potential crime hot spots. What is Alvin building? a. activity maps b. crime maps c. community scans d. environmental scans ANS: B

PTS: 1

REF: p. 124

MSC: Higher Order

20. Jake believes that increasing the amount of lighting outside his university dormitory will lead to a reduction in physical and sexual assaults on campus. Which strategy is Jake proposing? a. a broken windows approach b. intelligence-led prevention c. Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design d. Crime Prevention Through Social Development ANS: C

PTS: 1

REF: p. 127

MSC: Higher Order

21. Marco puts his name and an ID number on all of his electronic devices, hoping that doing so will aid in their recovery if they are stolen. Which of the following crime prevention strategies is Marco following? a. community mobilization b. Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design c. Citizen Identification d. Operation Identification ANS: D

PTS: 1

REF: p. 127

MSC: Higher Order

22. Rita is part of a local organization that regularly patrols the community on foot, on bikes, and in cars with the hope of preventing crime. Her organization is supervised by the police. Which type of organization is this? a. citizen patrol b. Neighbourhood Watch c. community mobilization d. Operation Identification ANS: A

PTS: 1

REF: p. 127

Copyright © 2015 Nelson Education Limited.

MSC: Higher Order

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Chapter 6 Test Bank Griffiths Canadian Criminal Justice: A Primer, Fifth Edition 23. Anthony is the founder of a program that focuses on early intervention with young offenders in hopes of preventing future criminal activity. Which kind of program is this? a. Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design b. Crime Prevention Through Social Development c. community mobilization d. quality-of-life programming ANS: B

PTS: 1

REF: p. 129

MSC: Higher Order

24. Pete’s building has recently been the target of vandalism. He is concerned that if it is not cleaned up quickly it will lead to further vandalism and possibly even more serious criminal activity. Which of the following strategies is linked to Pete’s concerns? a. Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design b. Crime Prevention Through Social Development c. a broken windows approach d. intelligence-led prevention ANS: C

PTS: 1

REF: p. 130

MSC: Higher Order

25. Allie believes that current forms of policing are too reactive and don’t address the root causes of crime. She is concerned that this strategy is not proactive enough and will never get at the true source of crime and disorder. Which form of policing best matches Allie’s views? a. confident policing b. zero tolerance policing c. quality-of-life policing d. problem-oriented policing ANS: D

PTS: 1

REF: p. 132

MSC: Higher Order

SHORT ANSWER 1. Compare the professional model of policing with community policing.

ANS: Responses will vary.

Professional model—reactive, incident driven, centred on random patrols Community model—philosophy centred on police-community partnerships and problem solving PTS: 1

REF: pp. 122–123

2. Define the term “crime maps.” What type of policing regularly uses these maps? What are they used to identify?

ANS: Responses will vary.

Computer-generated maps of specific geographic areas that illustrate incidence and patterns of specific types of criminal activity Intelligence-led policing Identify hot spots PTS: 1

REF: p. 124

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Chapter 6 Test Bank Griffiths Canadian Criminal Justice: A Primer, Fifth Edition 3. Identify the three core elements of community policing and provide one example of a policing strategy for each core element.

ANS: Responses will vary.

Prevention Problem solving Partnership with the community PTS: 1

REF: p. 123

4. What form of policing does Griffiths identify as being “the next generation of intelligence-led policing?” Define this term. How does this differ from the current version of intelligence-led policing?

ANS: Responses will vary.

Predictive policing—using analytics to determine a priori when and where crimes will be committed (and, in some cases, who will be committing them) Intelligence-led policing—policing guided by collection and analysis of info used to inform police decision making at tactical and strategic level —currently based around crime maps and related technology PTS: 1

REF: pp. 124–125

5. Describe the following strategies and note their importance in community policing: a) intelligence-led policing, and b) zero-tolerance policing.

ANS: Responses will vary. a) policing guided by collection and analysis of info used to inform police decision making at tactical and strategic level b) police strategy focused on disorder/minor infractions, most often associated with broken windows approach PTS: 1

REF: pp. 124; 131–132

6. What are environmental scans? How do they relate to community policing?

ANS: Responses will vary.

Best practice/operational strategy Studies designed to identify community, legislative, policy, and other forces in community that will result on demands on police —gathering info on factors external to police service (demographic, social, economic trends; calls for service; legislative/policy changes and their impact) —most services conduct annually PTS: 1

REF: p. 124

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Chapter 6 Test Bank Griffiths Canadian Criminal Justice: A Primer, Fifth Edition 7. Define the term “Compstat.” How does this term relate to community policing? What does research indicate about its effectiveness?

ANS: Responses will vary.

Best practice/operational strategy Strategy designed to increase effectiveness/efficiency of police services while holding police accountable for achieving crime reduction objectives —crime data analysis to provide officers with intelligence on crimes —supervisors held accountable for addressing —considerable debate re: effectiveness, concerns places too heavy of emphasis on crime fighting.

Generally doesn’t include measures of other strategies within community policing model PTS: 1

REF: pp. 123–124

8. What are the problems in using clearance rates as the only indicator of police effectiveness?

ANS: Responses will vary.

PTS: 1

REF: p. 137

9. Other than clearance rates and crime rates, what are some of the other measures of police performance that have been developed in recent years?

ANS: Responses will vary.

Crime known to police only, interpretation issues, time not always spent on criminal pursuit, officers work in different types of communities—some are more crime ridden than others PTS: 1

REF: pp. 137–138

10. Define the term “crime attack strategies” and briefly discuss their place in community policing.

ANS: Responses will vary.

Proactive operations by the police to target and apprehend criminal offenders e.g., tactical/directed patrol, targeting high-risk offenders, targeting specific crime types, community notification PTS: 1

REF: pp. 132–135

Copyright © 2015 Nelson Education Limited.

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Chapter 6 Test Bank Griffiths Canadian Criminal Justice: A Primer, Fifth Edition ESSAY 1. Identify and discuss the three examples of community-based policing operational strategies provided by the textbook. How do you feel about the effectiveness of each of these strategies? Use examples to support your stance.

ANS: Responses will vary.

Compstat—strategy designed to increase effectiveness/efficiency of police services while holding police accountable for achieving crime reduction objectives —crime data analysis to provide officers with intelligence on crimes —supervisors held accountable for addressing —considerable debate re: effectiveness, concerns places too heavy an emphasis on crime fighting Environmental scans—studies designed to identify community, legislative, policy, and other forces in community that will result on demands on police —gathering info on factors external to police service (demographic, social, economic trends; calls for service; legislative/policy changes and their impact) —most services conduct annually Intelligence-led policing—policing guided by collection and analysis of info used to inform police decision making at tactical and strategic level —technology to generate info/use resources effectively —translation into practice can be problematic —absence of research PTS: 1

REF: pp. 123–125

2. Among the challenges confronting police services in the early 21st century are the globalization of crime and the increasing sophistication of criminal activity. At the same time, police services have been moving toward a community policing model of service delivery that places a heavy emphasis on the local community. Consider the implications of these two trends for attempts to develop effective police services.

ANS: Responses will vary.

Community policing—philosophy of policing centred on police-community partnerships and problem solving; based on 3 Ps (prevention, problem solving, partnership with community); proactive; expansion of police mandate/activities Jurisdictional issues, how to deal with new/developing crimes PTS: 1

REF: pp. 122–123

3. Discuss of the pros and cons of zero-tolerance policing (pp. 131–132).

ANS: Responses will vary.

Pros—high visibility, may reduce minor crimes Cons—overpolicing in some areas, racial profiling PTS: 1

REF: pp. 131–132

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Chapter 6 Test Bank Griffiths Canadian Criminal Justice: A Primer, Fifth Edition 4. Identify and consider the high-profile crime prevention strategies that exist within your community.

Have you or your family ever been involved in a crime prevention program such as Neighbourhood Watch? If so, what was your/their experience? If not, would you be amenable to participating? What limits would you set on your/their involvement with the police?

ANS: Responses will vary.

PTS: 1

REF: pp. 126–130

5. Discuss some of the key challenges in developing and sustaining police-community partnerships.

Provide some suggestions as to how these challenges can be addressed.

ANS: Responses will vary.

Declining levels of community support for police Expectation of proactivity/prevention as well as reactive/enforcement activities Struggle to meet public expectations Community members with negative views/unrealistic expectations Hold police responsible for crime and disorder PTS: 1

REF: p. 126

6. Consider the “broken windows” approach to crime response and prevention. What does research show about the effectiveness of such strategies? Why is this approach controversial?

ANS: Responses will vary.

Neighbourhood deterioration—if one window broken and not replaced, soon all windows will be broken Statement that no one cares enough to fix it If police services neglect little things, will lead to further issues of crime and disorder Atmosphere conducive to more serious crime Associated with significant reduction in crime in NYC Does it reduce overall crime? At what cost? Potential for overpolicing. Increased public safety concerns Criminal opportunity vs. broken windows?

PTS: 1

REF: pp. 130–131

7. Consider the concept of quality of life policing. What types of behaviours does this approach focus on? Do you think that this approach is effective in reducing overall crime? Why or why not? Explain.

ANS: Responses will vary.

Police efforts to improve conditions in area by targeting disruptive and annoying behaviour Increased police visibility May increase feelings of security, increase police legitimacy Focus on panhandling, loitering, public drug/alcohol use Is this getting at the root causes of crime? Addressing minor nuisances, not major issues. Victimless crimes/non-criminal disorder PTS: 1 REF: p. 132 Copyright © 2015 Nelson Education Limited.

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Chapter 6 Test Bank Griffiths Canadian Criminal Justice: A Primer, Fifth Edition 8. Review At Issue 6.1 on page 136 of the textbook. How do you feel about Canadian police agencies using drones for various purposes? What are some arguments for this practice? Against? Use examples to support your assertions.

ANS: Responses will vary.

U.S. —used to track/attack identified terrorists Used by Canadian and U.S. police services Uses: Adapted to small drones used by police services (can be fitted with cameras, licence-plate readers, radar, thermal imaging) For: Survey accident scenes, photograph crime scenes, monitor crowds, search for lost persons, surveillance (society, suspected criminals), cost-effective alternative to helicopters and personnel, marijuana grow-ops Flight certificates needed in Canada—must be flown within eyesight of operator, only during day Against: No regulations/legislation in Can, major privacy concerns PTS: 1

REF: p. 136

9. Discuss the pros and cons of problem-oriented policing (POP) (p. 132). How might problem-oriented policing work under different circumstances? Discuss whether you think POP would be more effective in one task environment than in another.

ANS: Responses will vary.

Pros—gets at root causes rather than visible signs, potential to reduce crime and disorder, reduce fear of crime, improve police-community relations, develop officer skills Cons—plans are often long-term, may be difficult to address in the short term, considerable resources needed PTS: 1

REF: p. 132

10. Discuss the effectiveness of police strategies, identifying how effectiveness is evaluated (pp.

136–138). Critique the traditional methods used to evaluate police performance; in particular, why clearance rates should not be used to evaluate effectiveness. Identify and discuss the new measures of police performance that have been developed in recent years. Identify potential challenges associated with using these new measures of police performance.

ANS: Responses will vary.

Crime rates/clearance rates—known to police only, interpretation issues, time not always spent on criminal pursuit, don’t work the same in all communities Crime displacement—relocation of crime based on programs/resources being employed in another community Community satisfaction Victim satisfaction Success of police in achieving identified goals PTS: 1

REF: pp. 136–138

Copyright © 2015 Nelson Education Limited.

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