مفاهيم سياسية

‫ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺮﺕ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﺭﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺻﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺭﺓ ﻛﻠﻬﺎ ﻣﺴـﺘﻌﻤﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﻷﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﺘﻮﺟﺪ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﺴﺘﻌﻤﺮﺍﺕ ﻹﳒﻠﺘﺮﺍ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﺮﻧﺴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﺳﺒﺎﻧﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮﻟﻨﺪﺍ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﳌﺎﻧﻴـﺎ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﺇﻳﻄﺎﻟﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﱪﺗﻐﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﻠﺠﻴﻜﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺇﳒﻠﺘﺮﺍ ﺻﺎﺣﺒﺔ ﺣﺼﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺪ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﰒ ﺗﻠﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻧﺴﺎ‪ ،‬ﰒ ﺑﻠﺠﻴﻜﺎ‪ ،‬ﰒ ﺍﻟﱪﺗﻐﺎﻝ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻇﻠﺖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﻤﺎﱐ ﺗﺴﻴﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻌﻤﺮﺍﻬﺗﺎ ﰲ ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ ﺣﱴ ﻬﻧﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺣﲔ ُﻭﺿﻊ ﻣﻴﺜـﺎﻕ‬ ‫ﻫﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﹸﺃﺩﺭﺟﺖ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺈﻬﻧﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﺭ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻭﺿـﻌﺖ ﻫـﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﳚﻌﻞ ﺗﺼﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﺭ ﺗﺪﺭﳚﻴﹰﺎ؛ ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﱂ ﺗﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﱪﻯ‬ ‫ﺇﱃ ﲝﺚ ﺗﺼﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﺭ ﰲ ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ ﺇﻻ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪١٩٦٠‬ﻡ‪ ،‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻓﻘـﺪ‬ ‫ﻭﺿﻌﺖ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﻤﺮﺍﺕ ﲢﺖ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﺎﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﳌﺴﺘﻌﻤﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻹﻳﻄﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻹﻬﻧﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﺭ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻭﺟﺪﺕ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻛﺨﻄﻮﺍﺕ ﲤﻬﻴﺪﻳﺔ ﻹﻬﻧﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺳـﺘﻌﻤﺎﺭ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻫﻢ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻓﻜﺮﺓ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺩ ﺍﻹﳚﺎﰊ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺆﲤﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺩ ﺍﻹﳚﺎﰊ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻻﳓﻴﺎﺯ‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﻓﻜﺮﺓ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺩ ﺍﻹﳚﺎﰊ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻬﻧﺎ ﰲ ﺃﺻﻠﻬﺎ ﻓﻜﺮﺓ ﺇﳒﻠﻴﺰﻳـﺔ ﺃﻋﻄﺎﻫـﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﺮﺗﺸﻞ ﺭﺋﻴﺲ ﻭﺯﺭﺍﺀ ﺑﺮﻳﻄﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻴﻞ ﺍﻹﳒﻠﻴﺰﻱ ﻬﻧﺮﻭ‪ ،‬ﻭﻃﻠﺐ ﺇﻟﻴـﻪ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻌﻠﻨـﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﻟﻠﻬﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻥ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﳍﺎ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﰲ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺮ ﰲ ﺇﻋﻄﺎﺀ ﺇﳒﻠﺘـﺮﺍ ﳍـﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﺓ ﻟﻨﻬﺮﻭ ﺃﻥ ﺇﳒﻠﺘﺮﺍ ﺭﺃﺕ ﺃﻥ ﻣﺴﺘﻌﻤﺮﺍﻬﺗﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻕ ﺍﻷﻗﺼﻰ ﻭﺁﺳـﻴﺎ ﻛﻠـﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺻﺎﺭﺕ ﰲ ﺧﻄﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻣﲑﻛﺎ ﻭﺭﻭﺳﻴﺎ )ﺍﻻﲢﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻓﻴﺎﰐ(‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻲ ﰲ ﺧﻄﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺭﻭﺳﻴﺎ‬ ‫)ﺍﻻﲢﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻓﻴﺎﰐ( ﺑﺘﺤﺮﻳﺾ ﺃﻫﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺮﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﻻﺳﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ ﺭﺃﺕ ﻣﺎ ﺣﺼﻞ ﰲ ﺇﻧﺪﻭﻧﻴﺴﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﰲ ﺧﻄﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻣﲑﻛﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﳒﻠﺘﺮﺍ‬ ‫ﻹﻋﻄﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﻤﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﻼﳍﺎ‪ ،‬ﰒ ﺟﺮﻫﺎ ﳍﺎ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻭﺽ ﻭﺍﳋﱪﺍﺀ‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﻓﻜﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﻼﻝ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺇﳒﻠﺘﺮﺍ ﻋﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﰲ ﺍﲣﺎﺫﻫﺎ ﻭﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑ ﺃﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘـﺪ‬ ‫ﺃﻋﻄﺖ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻣﺴﺘﻌﻤﺮﺍﻬﺗﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﻼﳍﺎ ﻭﺟﻌﻠﺘﻬﺎ ﺩﻭﻻﹰ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﻮﻧـﺖ ﻣﻨـﻬﺎ ﻣﺎﻳﺴـﻤﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻜﻮﻣﻮﻧﻮﻟﺚ ﺍﻟﱪﻳﻄﺎﱐ؛ ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﱂ ﺗﻜﻦ ﻬﺗﺘﻢ ﻛﺜﲑﹰﺍ ﺑﻔﻜﺮﺓ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﻼﻝ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺎﻧـﺖ‬ ‫ﲢﺒﺬﻫﺎ ﻭﺗﺴﲑ ﻬﺑﺎ؛ ﻷﻬﻧﺎ ﺗﻌﺮﻑ ﻛﻴﻒ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻬﺎ ﻟﺘﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﺍﺳـﺘﻌﻤﺎﺭﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻨـﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﲣﺎﻑ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﺴﻠﻂ ﺃﻣﲑﻛﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳـﻖ ﺍﻟﻘـﺮﻭﺽ‪،‬‬ ‫‪١٣٤‬‬