مفاهيم سياسية

‫ﻼ ﺟﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﹰﺎ ﻭﺑﺸﺮﻳﺎﹰ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻛﻠﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺇﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳉﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﻤﺲ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﺗﻮﺍﺻ ﹰ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﰊ )ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ( ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﲔ ﺍﳌﻼﺻﻖ ﳍﺎ ﻳﻄﻠـﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻬـﺎ ﺗﺮﻛﺴـﺘﺎﻥ‬ ‫)ﺗﺮﻛﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻗﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﺰﺀ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﲏ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺮﻛﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﳉﺰﺀ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ(‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﳉﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﻤﺲ ﺗﻘﻊ ﺷﺮﻕ ﻭﴰﺎﻝ ﲝﺮ ﻗﺰﻭﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭﳛﺪﻫﺎ ﺷﺮﻗﹰﺎ ﺍﻟﺼﲔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲢﺘﻞ‬ ‫ﺟﺰ ًﺀ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺗﺮﻛﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻗﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﳛﺪﻫﺎ ﴰﺎ ﹰﻻ ﺭﻭﺳﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﳛﺪﻫﺎ ﻏﺮﺑﹰﺎ ﲝﺮ ﻗﺰﻭﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻭﺭﻭﺳﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﳛﺪﻫﺎ ﺟﻨﻮﺑﹰﺎ ﺃﻓﻐﺎﻧﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﻭﺇﻳﺮﺍﻥ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﳋﻮﺽ ﰲ ﺗﻔﺎﺻﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﺍﻉ ﳚـﺐ ﺇﻟﻘـﺎﺀ ﻧﻈـﺮﺓ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺍﻷﳘﻴـﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﻵﺳﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻮﻗﺎﺯ‪ ،‬ﻓﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﺗﻌﺘـﱪ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘـﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻣﺘﺪﺍﺩﹰﺍ ﻟﺮﻭﺳﻴﺎ ﰲ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ ﻭﺣﱴ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻕ ﺍﻷﻭﺳﻂ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﺗﻔﺼﻠﻬﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺭﻭﺳﻴﺎ ﺃﻱ‬ ‫ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻼ ﲝﺎﺭ ﻭﻻ ﳏﻴﻄﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺼﲔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺗﻌﺘﱪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺍﺑﺔ ﺍﳋﻠﻔﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺼﲔ‪ .‬ﻭﻧﻈﺮﹰﺍ ﻷﻥ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺳﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﻤﲔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺼـﲔ‬ ‫ﲣﺸﻰ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺄﺛﲑﻫﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﻤﲔ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﲔ ﰲ ﺇﻗﻠﻴﻢ ﺗﺮﻛﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻗﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﳍﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﳘﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﻭﺿﻌﺖ ﺃﻣﲑﻛﺎ ﺧﻄﻄﻬﺎ ﻣﻨﺬ ﺍﻬﻧﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻻﲢﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻓﻴﺎﰐ ﻟﺪﺧﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻭﲢﺠﻴﻢ ﺭﻭﺳﻴﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺣﺼﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﲔ ﻭﻣﻨﻌﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻮﺫ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳉﻮﺍﺭ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺟﻬﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﳒﺤﺖ ﺃﻣﲑﻛﺎ ﰲ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺃﻫﺪﺍﻓﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﺄﻗﺎﻣﺖ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﻋﺴـﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﰲ‬ ‫ﻼ ﺧﺎﻧﻌﺎﹰ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻄﺎﻋﺖ ﺑﺎﺳـﻢ‬ ‫ﺃﻭﺯﺑﻜﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻧﻘﺎﺩ ﳍﺎ ﺣﺎﻛﻤﻬﺎ ﻛﺮﳝﻮﻑ ﺫﻟﻴ ﹰ‬ ‫ﺍﳊﺮﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﺭﻫﺎﺏ ﺇﳚﺎﺩ ﺗﻨﺴﻴﻖ ﻋﺴﻜﺮﻱ ﻣﻊ ﻃﺎﺟﻴﻜﺴﺘﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻌﺎﻭﻥ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﻭﺛﻘﺎﰲ ﻣﻊ ﻗﺮﻏﻴﺰﺳﺘﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﲢﺎﻭﻝ ﻣﺪ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﱃ ﻛﺎﺯﺧﺴـﺘﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﺯﺍﻟـﺖ ﲢـﺎﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﺧﺘﺮﺍﻕ ﺑﺎﻗﻲ ﺩﻭﻝ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻭﺃﺧﺬﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺭﻭﺳﻴﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻗﺎﺯ ﺍﺳﺘﻄﺎﻋﺖ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺴﻘﻂ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﻴﻔﺮﻧﺎﺩﺯﻩ ﻭﺗﺄﰐ ﲝﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻣﻮﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﳍﺎ ﰲ ﺗﺒﻠﻴﺴﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺿﺮﺑﺔ ﻗﻮﻳﺔ ﻬﺗﺪﺩ ﺭﻭﺳـﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻖ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺭﺍﺟﻊ ﺇﱃ ﺯﻭﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺻﻞ ﺑﲔ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺣﻠﻒ ﺍﻷﻃﻠﺴﻲ ﰲ ﺗﺮﻛﻴـﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﳊﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺳﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻣﻮﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﳍﺎ ﰲ ﺟﻮﺭﺟﻴﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﺭﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺂﺳﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ‪ ،‬ﻭﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﲝﺮ ﻗـﺰﻭﻳﻦ‪،‬‬ ‫‪١٢٥‬‬