NR507/NR 507 Week 4 Midterm Exam (Latest 2024 /2025) Advanced Pathophysiology - Chamberlain

NR507 / NR 507 Week 4 Midterm Exam 1:1 (one capillary per one muscle cell) ANSWER: What is the ratio of coronary capillaries to cardiac muscle cells?

2 and 4 ANSWER: Between which months of age does SIDS most often occur?

5ANSWER: An infant's hemoglobin must fall below ____ g/dl before signs of pallor, tachycardia and systolic murmurs occur.

10 ANSWER: What is the lifespan of platelets (in days)?

30 and 36 ANSWER: The risk for respiratory distress syndrome decreases for premature infants when they are born between how many weeks of gestation?

40 to 60 ANSWER: If the SA node fails, then at what rate can the AV node depolarize?

100 to 120 ANSWER: What is the life span of an erythrocyte (in days)?

180 mg/dl ANSWER: How high does the plasma glucose have to be before the threshold for glucose is achieved?

250 to 300 ml ANSWER: How much urine accumulates in the bladder before the mechanoreceptors sense bladder fullness?

A smooth triangular area between the openings of the two ureters and the urethra ANSWER: What is the trigone?

Acetylcholine ANSWER: What is the most negative inotropic agent?

Activates platelets ANSWER: What is the role of collagen in the clotting process?

Active-acquired immunity ANSWER: Which type of immunity is produced by an individual after either natural exposure to the antigen or after immunization against the antigen?

Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) ANSWER: Which disorder results in decreased erythrocytes and platelets with changes in leukocytes and has clinical manifestations of pallor, fatigue, petechiae, purpura, bleeding and fever?

Acyclovir ANSWER: Which drug may be prescribed orally for outbreak management of herpes simplex viral infections?

Administration of radioactive cobalamin and the measurment of its excretion in the urine to test for vitamin B12 deficienct ANSWER: Which statement best describes a Schilling test?

Albumin ANSWER: What is the most abundant class of plasma protein? alcohol ANSWER: Which substance has been shown to increase the risk of cancer when used in combination with tobacco smoking?

An altered immunologic response to an antigen that results in disease ANSWER: Hypersensitivity is best defined as: Anaplasia ANSWER: Which term is used to describe a muscle cell showing a reduced ability to form new muscle while appearing highly disorganized Anemia of chronic disease ANSWER: Erythrocyte life span of less than 120 days, ineffective bone marrow response to erythropoietin, and altered iron metabolism describe the pathophysiologic characteristics of which type of anemia?

Anemia of chronic disease ANSWER: Erythrocyte life span of less than 120 days, ineffective bone marrow response to erythropoietin, and altered iron metabolism describe the pathphysiologic characteristics of which type of anemia?

Aorta ANSWER: The coronary ostia are located in the atelectasis ANSWER: What is the primary problem resulting from respiratory distress syndrome of the newborn BANSWER: Which hepatitis virus is known to be sexually transmitted?

Bacteria ANSWER: Phagocytosis involves neutrophils actively attacking, engulfing, and destroying which microorganisms?

Bones ANSWER: The most common site of metastasis for a patient diagnosed with prostate cancer is which location?

Bound to hemoglobin ANSWER: How is most of the oxygen in blood transported?

Bronchus ANSWER: Where in the respiratory tract do the majority of foreign objects aspirated by children finally lodge?

Cancer is locally invasive ANSWER: It has been determined that a tumor is in stage 2. What is the meaning of this finding Cancer is locally invasive ANSWER: It has been determined that a tumor is in stage 2. What is the meaning of this finding?

CD4 T-helper Th2 lymphocytes ANSWER: Which T-lymphocyte is a key determinant of childhood asthma?

Cells remain localized in grandular or squamous cells ANSWER: Carcinoma in situ is characterized by which changes?

Cervical ANSWER: The papanicolaou (pap) test is used to screen for which cancer?

Chronic blood loss ANSWER: What is the most common cause of iron deficiency anemia?

Colon ANSWER: Evidence supports the premise that exercise has a probable impact on reducing the risk of which cancer?

Colonization ANSWER: What is the first stage in the infectious process?

Compensatory hypertrophy ANSWER: What process allows the kidney to respond to an increase in workload?

Deficit of IL-10 and an excess of IL-1, IL-8 and TNF-alpha ANSWER: What are the abnormalities in cytokines found in children with cystic fibrosis Development of antibiotic resistance ANSWER: What is the major concern regarding the treatment of gonococci infections DiGeorge Syndrome ANSWER: In which primary immune deficiency is thetre a partial-to- complete absence of T-cell immunity?

Edema of the hands and feet ANSWER: Which manifestations of vasoocclusive crisis are associated with SCD in infants? eosinophils ANSWER: During an IgE hypersensitivity reaction, which leukocyte is activated?

Erythropoietin ANSWER: Which hormone is synthesized and secreted by the kidneys?

Exotoxins are released during bacterial growth ANSWER: Which statement concerning exotoxins is true?

Genital herpes ANSWER: When a patient has small, vesicular lesions that last between 10 and 20 days, which sexually transmitted infection is suspected?

Gram-stain technique ANSWER: Which laboratory test is considered adequate for an accurate and reliable diagnosis of gonococcal urethritis in a symptomatic man?

Hypothalamus ANSWER: Which organ is stimulated during the alarm phase of the general adaptation syndrome?

IANSWER: IgE is associated with which type of hypersensitivity reaction?

IgA ANSWER: An individual is more susceptible to infections of mucous membranes when he or she has a seriously low level of which immunoglobulin antibody?

IgE ANSWER: Which immunoglobulin is present in childhood asthma?

IgE ANSWER: Which type of antibody is involved in type I hypersensitivity reaction?

IgM is the first antibody produced during the initial response to an antigen ANSWER: Which statement is true concerning IgM? IL-1 and IL-6 ANSWER: Which cytokines initiate the production of corticotropin-relasing hormone?

In the form of bicarbonate ANSWER: How is most carbon dioxide (CO2) in the blood transported?

Infants are obligatory nose breathers ANSWER: Why is nasal congestion a serious threat to young infants?

Inhibiting thrombin and antithrombin III ANSWER: The drug heparin acts in hemostasis by which processes?

Inhibits renin and aldosterone ANSWER: What effect to natriuretic peptides have during heart failure when the heart dilates?

Inhibits salt and water reabsorption ANSWER: What is action of urodilatin (a natriuretic peptide) Iron deficiency ANSWER: What is the most common cause of insufficient erythropoiesis in children Is Rh-negative and the fetus is Rh-positive ANSWER: Hemolytic disease of the newborn can occur if the mother: Juxtaglomerular apparatus ANSWER: What part of the kidney controls renal blood flow, glomerular filtration, and renin secretion?

Kidneys are not mature enough to counter fluid losses ANSWER: Infants are most susceptible to significant losses in total body water because of an infants: Laryngospasms ANSWER: Examination of the throat in a child demonstrating signs and symptoms of acute epiglottitis may contribute to which life-threatening complication?

Limbic system ANSWER: Perceived stress elicits an emotional, anticipatory response that begins where?

Maintenance of genomic integrity ANSWER: What is the role of caretaker genes?

Mesangial Cells ANSWER: Which cells have phagocytic properties similar to monocytes and contract like smooth muscle cells, thereby influencing GFR?

Monocytes ANSWER: Which blood cell type is elevated at birth but decreases to adult levels during the first year of life? murmur heard on auscultation ANSWER: What physical sign is the result of turbulent blood flow throw a vessel Nephron ANSWER: What is the functional unit of the kidney called?

No antigens ANSWER: A person with type O blood is considered to be the universal blood donor because type O blood contains which of the following?

Normal mechanism for cells to self-destruct when growth is excessive ANSWER: Apoptosis is a (an) Parasympathetic fibers ANSWER: Innervation of the bladder and internal urethral sphincter is supplied by which nerves?

Parathyroid hormone ANSWER: What substance stimulates renal hydroxylation in the process of producing vitamin D? Perfusion pressure in the glomerular capillaries ANSWER: The GFR rate is directly related to which factor?

Pernicious ANSWER: Which of the following is classified as a megaloblastic anemia?

Plasma oncotic ANSWER: Low plasma albumin causes edema as a results of a reduction in which pressure?

Premature birth ANSWER: What is the chief predisposing factor for respiratory distress syndrome of the newborn?

Proto-oncogene ANSWER: In a normal, non mutant state, an oncogene is referred to as a ?

Proximal convoluted tubules ANSWER: The only surface inside the nephron where ells are covered in microvilli to increase the reabsorptive surface area is called the?

Pulmonary edema ANSWER: Continuous increases in left ventricular filling pressures result in which disorder?

QRS ANSWER: Which complex (wave) represents the sum of all ventricular muscle cell depolarizations?

Reduced expiratory flow rates confirmed by spirometry testing ANSWER: Which criterion is used to confirm a diagnosis of asthma in an 8 year old child?

Renal failure and addison disease ANSWER: Causes of hyperkalemia include Right lung ANSWER: When an individual aspirates food particles, where would the nurse expect to hear decreased or absent breath sounds?

Right-to-left blood shunting ANSWER: The function of the foramen ovale in a fetus allows what to occur?

Sodium excretion ANSWER: What is the direct action of atrial natriuretic hormone?

Spleen ANSWER: Fetal hematopoiesis occurs in which structure?

Spread ANSWER: What is the final stage of the infectious process?

Squatting ANSWER: Which compensatory mechanism is spontaneously used by children diagnosed with Tetralolgy of Fallot to relieve hypoxic spells?

Stiffness ANSWER: Decreased lung compliance means that the lungs are demonstrating which characteristic?

Stiffness ANSWER: Decreased lung compliance means that the lungs are demonstrating which characteristic?

Surfactant deficienct ANSWER: What is the primary cause of respiratory distress syndrome of the newborn?

Sympathetic nervous system ANSWER: Blood vessels of the kidneys are innervated by the: The cells are well-differentiated ANSWER: Which statement concerning benign tumors is true?

The immune response is specific to the antigen that initiates it ANSWER: Which primary characteristic is unique for the immune response?

The right and left atria; they are low-pressure chambers that serve as storage units and conduits for blood ANSWER: Which cardiac chamber has the thinnest wall and why?

They activate renal sympathetic neurons and cause mild vasoconstriction ANSWER: What effects do exercise and body position have on renal blood flow?

To measure the volume and flow rate during forced expiration ANSWER: What is the purpose of the spirometry measurement?

Treponema pallidum ANSWER: Which organism is ca common sexually transmitted bacterial infection Urethra ANSWER: What is the primary site of uncomplicated local gonococcal infections in men?

Vagus ANSWER: The lung is innervated by the parasympathetic nervous system via which nerve?

Ventilation ANSWER: Which term is used to identify the movement of gas and air into and out of the lungs?

Ventricular septal defect (VSD) ANSWER: An infant has a loud, harsh, holosystolic murmur and systolic thrill that can be detected at the left lower sternal border that radiates to the neck. These clinical findings are consistent with which congenital heart defect Ventricular septal defect and patent ductus arteriosus ANSWER: Which congenital heart defects occur in trisomy 13, trisomy 18 and Down Syndrome?

Zinc ANSWER: Deficiences in which element can produce depression of both B and T cell function?