BIOS255 /BIOS 255 Exam 3 (Latest 2024/ 2025) Anatomy & Physiology III with Lab - Chamberlain

BIOS 255 EXAM 3 1. Functions of the -Gas exchange Respiratory Sys- -Communication -Olfaction tem -Acid-Base balance -Blood pressure regulation -Blood and lymph flow -Platelet production -Blood filtration -Expulsion of abdominal contents 2. Describe high -ease with which the lungs and thoracic wall can be excompliance as it panded relates to healthy High compliance= easy expansion functions.

Low compliance= resisted expansion 3. Describe IRDS ( Infant respiratory distress syndrome) and describe the interventions that would be used to help a newborn premature baby suffering from IRDS.

-leading cause of death in premature infants resulting from lack of surfactant production in alveoli -treated with artificial surfactant until they can make their own

4. Define antigens, antigens: large molecule capable of binding to an antibody epitopes and an- or immune cells and triggering an immune response tibodies. epitopes: certain regions of an antigen molecule that stimulate immune responses antibodies: reacts with an antigen and aids in protecting the body from its harmful effects 5. Identify the PO2 Respiratory bronchiole: 104mm Hg measurements at Alveolus: 104mm Hg the end of a Nasal cavity: atmospheric @ 159mm Hg normal inhalaTrachea: 104mm Hg tion ( breathing Bronchus: 104mm Hg 1/9

BIOS 255 EXAM 3 through the nose ) in each of the following: Respiratory bronchiole Alveolus Nasal cavity Trachea Bronchus 6. Describe the internal: exchange of gases between blood in systemic movement of O2 capillaries and tissue cells; blood loses O2 and gains CO2 and CO2 in external and internal external: exchange of gases between the alveoli of the respirations and lungs and the blood in pulmonary capillaries across the define respiratory membrane; pulmonary capillary blood gains O2 and loses CO2.

7. Pulmonary Venti- -breathing lation -Inspiration (inhaling) & Expiration (exhaling) of air and involves the exchange of air between the atmosphere and the alveoli of the lungs 8. Cellular Respira- Process that releases energy by breaking down glucose tion and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen 9. Effects of Temperature and pH on Oxygen dissociation curves (Figure 22.26 (a) Figure 22.26(b)) 10. Macrophages

-Phagocytize tissue debris, dead neutrophils, bacteria, and other foreign matter -Process foreign matter and display antigenic fragments to certain T cells alerting immune system to the presence of the enemy 2/9

BIOS 255 EXAM 3 11. T lymphocytes

directly attack and destroy diseased or foreign cells, and the immune system remembers the antigens of those invaders and prevents them from causing disease in the future

12. Natural killer cells

large lymphocytes that attack and destroy bacteria, transplanted tissue, host cells infected with viruses or that have turned cancerous

13. B lymphocytes

-produce humoral immunity -Activated B cells develop into plasma cells -Plasma cells secrete antibodies into the blood -Circulating antibodies produce humoral immunity -directly attack pathogens

14. Eosinophils

-Phagocytize antigen-antibody complexes, allergens, and inflammatory chemicals -Release enzymes that weaken or destroy parasites

15. Perforins

-kill cells in the same manner as NK cells -Polymerize a ring and create a hole in its plasma membrane

16. Complement pro- Aid in destruction of toxins and microorganisms teins 17. Defensins

-peptides in the skin that kill microbes -destroy bacteria, viruses, and fungi

18. Interferons

infected cell alerts neighboring cells to protect them from becoming infected

19. Describe Boyle's -pressure of a given quantity of gas is inversely proportionlaw al to its volume -Describes air flow in and out of lungs during ventilation 20. Describe the -a group of 30 or more globular proteins that make powcomplement sys- erful contributions to both innate immunity and adaptive tem in detail immunity -complement the action of antibodies 3/9

-pathways to complement activation: classical: activates only after an antigen-antibody complex is formed and is part of adaptive immunity alternative and lectin: part of innate immune system and bind directly to tumor cells and pathogens without the need of antibody-antigen complexes -enhances chemotaxis, phagocytosis, inflammation, and the destruction of cells via membrane attack complexes 21. Describe the con- -Modifies the rate and depth of breathing -controls the basic rhythm of breathing by triggering inspitrol of the dorratory impulses sal respiratory group neurons -neurons send impulses to the motor nerves of diaphragm and external intercostal muscles on respiration -inspiratory neurons fire for about 2 sec, expiratory neu22. Describe the rons fire for about 3 sec processes of -Normal quiet breathing exhalation and -diaphragm and external intercostal muscles inhalation during eupnea (and identify the muscles involved).

23. Anatomy of the larynx Figure 22.4 (a, b)

-Corniculate cartilage -Thyroid cartilage -Epiglottis -Cricoid cartilage

24. Primary and secondary responses in humoral immunity (figure 21.28) 25.

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Describe the role -alert the immune system to presence of foreign antigen of antigen pre-detects, engulfs, and informs the adaptive immune resenting cells in sponse about an infection immunity -when a pathogen is detected, APCs will phagocytose the pathogen and digest it to form many different fragments of the antigen 26. Describe the ef- increase in CO2 results in a decrease in blood pH, resultfect of reduced ing in hemoglobin proteins releasing their load of oxygen ph due to build -a decrease in carbon dioxide provokes an increase in pH, up of CO2 on oxy- which results in hemoglobin picking up more oxygen gen hemoglobin affinity as well as the delivery of oxygen to tissues.

27. Describe Autoim- Autoimmune diseases: failures of self-tolerance; mune diseases Immune system does not correctly distinguish self-antiand self tolergens from foreign ones; Produces autoantibodies that atance. tack body's own tissues Self-tolerance: restraint from attacking the body's own tissues 28. Identify and label components of the lymphatic system.

Primary: -Red bone marrow -Thymus Secondary: -Lymph nodes -Tonsils -Spleen

25.

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Describe Red bone marrow 30. Describe the Lymph nodes

-involved in hematopoiesis (blood formation) and immunity -Soft, loosely organized, highly vascular material -B-cell maturation -most numerous lymphatic organs -removes unwanted waste -B-cells and T-cells activation site

31. Describe the Ton- -found in pharynx -helps to trap inhaled or ingested foreign substances sils -Pharyngeal tonsils -Palatine tonsils -Lingual tonsils 32. Describe the thy- -shrinks as we age and is replaced with adipose tissue mus -produces hormones that help to mature and grow the T-cell Lymphocytes 33. Describe the Spleen

-largest lymphatic tissue in the body -phagocytosis of bacteria and old RBCs; acts as a blood reservoir -highly vascular and vulnerable to trauma and infection

34. List and describe -defense response to tissue injury, trauma and infection -Limits spread of pathogens, then destroys them the signs and symptoms of in- -Removes debris from damaged tissue -Initiates tissue repair flammation -Redness, swelling, heat, pain 35. Dalton's law of -each gas in a mixture of gasses exerts its own pressure partial pressures as if no other gases were present Pn2 + Po2 + Ph2o + Pco Partial pressure: The separate contribution of each gas in a mixture 36. Normal PO2 and PCO2 40 mm Hg PCO2 values in PO2 100 mm Hg systemic arterial blood.

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37. IgA

-occurs as monomers and dimers -in mucus, saliva, tears, milk, and intestinal secretions -Prevents pathogen adherence to epithelia and penetrating underlying tissues

38. IgD

-monomer -transmembrane protein of B cells -activation of B cells by antigens

39. IgG

-monomer -constitutes 80% of circulating antibodies -Crosses placenta to fetus, secreted in secondary immune response, complement fixation

40. IgE

-monomer -transmembrane protein on basophils and mast cells -Stimulates release of histamine and other chemical mediators of inflammation and allergy -Attracts eosinophils to parasitic infections -Produces immediate hypersensitivity reactions

41. IgM

-pentamer in plasma and lymph -Secreted in primary immune response, agglutination, complement fixation

42. Compare and Cytotoxic T cells—kill infected or tumor cells by releasing contrast between a substance that poisons infected or tumor cells Helper T cells Helper T cells—release chemicals that attract and activate and Cytotoxic T macrophages to kill cells by phagocytosis; produce chemcells icals that help activate B cells 43. Pericardial Mem- lines the heart cavity and protects the heart brane 44. Pleural membrane

-moist, smooth, slippery membrane that lines chest cavity and covers outer surface of lungs -reduces friction between the lungs and chest wall during breathing

45.

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Peritoneal mem- lines the abdominal cavity and protects the abdominal brane organs 46. Compare and Interstitial: contrast between -any extracellular fluid that is not found in any vessels. lymph and inter- Lymph: -been absorbed by the lymphatic vessels stitial fluid -lymph resembles interstitial fluid since it is essentially the same fluid only in the lymph vessel -Lymph is a subdivision of interstitial fluid 47. Describe what happens in each of the following stages of lymphocyte maturation: clonal activation Clonal maturation Clonal presentation 48. Describe in detail -transmitted through blood, semen, vaginal secretions, the effect of the breast milk, or across the placenta HIV virus on the -common transmission: Sexual intercourse, Contaminated immune system blood products, Contaminated needles -develops drug resistance so medicines used in combination -strikes at the central coordinating agent of innate defense, humoral immunity, and cellular immunity 49. Respiratory Volumes and Capacities Figure 22.17 50. Minute Ventilation Calcula-

Tidal Volume X Respiratory Rate 8/9

tion/ Formula for Minute ventilation= 51. Describe vacci- -consists of dead or attenuated (weakened) pathogens nations in detail that stimulate the immune response without causing the and explain the disease purpose of the in- -vaccination results in immunity fluenza virus vac- -it could not give you the flu cine. Could the vaccine lead to the development of influenza itself?

52. List and describe Temperature: Active tissue has ‘ temp; promotes O2 unthe five different loading variables that in- Ambient pH: Active tissue has ‘ CO2; Lowers pH of blood; fluence the oxy- Promotes O2 unloading gen affinity of he- Bisphosphoglycerate (BPG): RBCs produce BPG which moglobin in de- binds to Hb; O2 is unloaded; raises body temp (fever), tail. thyroxine, growth hormone, testosterone, and epinephrine all raise BPG and promote O2 unloading Rate of CO2 loading: adjusted to meet needs; Haldane effect; Low level of oxyhemoglobin enables the blood to transport more CO2

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