BIOS 255/BIOS255 Comprehensive Exam (Latest 2024/2025) Anatomy & Physiology III A&P III - Chamberla

BIOS 255 / BIOS255 Comprehensive Exam (Latest 2024/2025): Anatomy & Physiology III / A&P III - Chamberlain 3 protein fibers in connective tissues ANSWER: collagenous fibers, elastic fibers, and reticular fibers.

5 steps of endochondral ossification ANSWER: 1. Chondrocytes enlarge and matrix begins to calcify 2. Bone formation starts at the shaft surface 3. Blood vessels invade inner region of cartilage 4. Osteoclasts begin to break down spongy bone in center 5. Centers of the epiphyses begin to calcify action potential triggering ANSWER: -occurs when a neuron sends information down an axon, away from the cell body.

1. At rest, voltage-gated Na+ and K + gates are closed.

2. Chemical or mechanical stimulus causes a graded potential to reach at least (-55mV or threshold) This is "depolarization"2. Voltage-gated Na+ channels open and Na+ rushes into cell 3. Only a total of 20,000 Na+ actually enter the cell, but they change the membrane potential considerably (up to +30mV) alveoli and capillaries ANSWER: site of gas exchange Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) ANSWER: A hormone produced by the pituitary gland when the body is dehydrated. It causes the kidneys to reabsorb more water into the blood making the urine more concentrated.

Articular process of bone ANSWER: limits rotation Artificially acquired passive immunity ANSWER: antibodies gathered from a human or other animal and are injected into an individual. Ex.) antiserum for a snakebite, rabies Backflow of heart from pulmonary valve ANSWER: Narrowing of the pulmonary valve reduces the blood flow from the heart to the pulmonary artery and lungs. If the pulmonary valve don't close tightly, causing blood to leak backward into the right ventricle.

Blood transfusion given to B- ANSWER: B neg blood types can only receive blood from B- or OBrain and forceful breathing ANSWER: controlled by medulla oblongata

Calcium is required for ANSWER: initiation of muscle contraction stimulation of the heart blood clotting Calculate mean arterial pressure ANSWER: MAP = (systolic-diastolic)/3+diastolic cardiac cycle ANSWER: A complete heartbeat consisting of contraction and relaxation of both atria and both ventricles CD4 t helper cells ANSWER: T-cell needed for both humoral and cellular immunity. Recognize antigens. characteristics of epithelial tissue ANSWER: cellularity, polarity, attachment, vascularity, regeneration chondroitin sulfate ANSWER: provides support and adhesiveness in cartilage, bone, skin, and blood vessels Cranial nerves "wanders" ANSWER: The Vagus Nerve Endocrine cell function ANSWER: secrete hormones into the blood metabolism. growth and development. sexual function and reproduction. heart rate. blood pressure. appetite. sleeping and waking cycles. body temperature. function of cerebrospinal fluid ANSWER: shock absorption, support weight of brain, nourishment and waste removal, Function of nervous system ANSWER: -Control of body's internal environment to maintain 'homeostasis' -Programming of spinal cord reflexes -Memory and learning -Voluntary control of movement function of surfactant ANSWER: Thin layer of fluid that covers the alveoli.

Reduces surface tension of the fluid layer lining the alveoli, preventing the alveoli from collapsing during exhalation. hamstring group ANSWER: biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus Hard palate bone ANSWER: -formed by maxilla and palatine bones Hematocrit increasing and decreasing ANSWER: increase: dehydration Decrease: anemia, blood loss, overhydration innate and adaptive immunity ANSWER: innate/natural- general immune response, monocytes, neutrophils, NK cells adaptive immunity- antigen specific response, B cells, T cells humoral/cell-mediated are actually parts of both systems inspiratory capacity ANSWER: tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume Keratin ANSWER: A fiber protein that is the principal component of hair, skin, and nails muscle stimulation ANSWER: A Muscle Contraction Is Triggered When an Action Potential Travels Along the Nerves to the Muscles. Muscle contraction begins when the nervous system generates a signal. The signal, an impulse called an action potential, travels through a type of nerve cell called a motor neuron.

Order of light passing through the eye ANSWER: cornea, pupil, lens, vitreous humor, retina, optic nerve Phrenic nerve ANSWER: Carries impulses to the diaphragm from the brain.

Positive & negative feedback ANSWER: A positive feedback loop causes a self-amplifying cycle where a physiological change leads to even greater change in the same direction.

A negative feedback loop is a process in which the body senses a change, and activates mechanisms to reverse that change.

Pressure pulls fluid interstitial space ANSWER: Hydrostatic pressure

Primary motor cortex ANSWER: the section of the frontal lobe responsible for voluntary movement Properties of synovial joints ANSWER: **Hyaline cartilage, joint capsule, synovial membrane, synovial fluid, ligaments** -Involve movement between joints The surface of the joint is covered by a fluid filled capsule.

-The synovial fluid is trapped under the synovial membrane and acts as a lubricant between the bones.

-Cartilage at the ends of the bone acts as a cushion and shock absorber.

QRS complex on EKG ANSWER: represents ventricular depolarization Sacromere ANSWER: unit of a muscle fiber Sacrum— illium ANSWER: answer Smallest unit (fiber) in skeletal muscle ANSWER: Sarcomere sodium-potassium ion ANSWER: Neuron has a negative charge at rest.

Slightly positive charge sodium ions on the outside.

During the firing, sodium ions rush into the axon causing depolarization.

Potassium ions rush out of the axon causing it to return to its resting state (negative charge) Steps that occur during muscle contraction ANSWER: 1)Action potential generated, which stimulates muscle 2)Ca2+ released 3)Ca2+ binds to troponin, shifting the actin filaments, which exposes binding sites 4)Myosin cross bridges attach & detach, pulling actin filaments toward center (requires ATP) 5)Muscle contracts 6)Ca2+ removed, which shifts actin filaments to original position, blocking binding sites 7)Muscle contraction stops stroke volume calculation ANSWER: end diastolic volume - end systolic volume Sweat glands location and function ANSWER: Eccrine glands: help to maintain homoeostasis, primarily by stabilizing body temperature.

Smaller glands and excretes on top of skin ((feet, forehead, cheeks) Apocrine glands: continuously secrete a fatty sweat into the gland tubule. ((armpit, groin, nipple area) sympathetic activation ANSWER: occurs in anger or fear, leads to physiological arousal - increased vigilance, heart rate, and

blood flow to the skeletal muscles, and decreased blood flow to the gastrointestinal system and skin (which is why arousal leads to cold hands and feet).

The name of the joint in the ankle ANSWER: talocrural joint The shaft of the bone is called ANSWER: End-> Epiphysis Middle/shaft -->>diaphysis Tunica media layer composed of ANSWER: Smooth muscle cells that are supported by elastic fibers.

Type II alveolar cells ANSWER: secrete surfactant types of respiration ANSWER: external, internal, cellular External respiration is the breathing process. It involves inhalation and exhalation of gases.

Internal respiration involves gas exchange between the blood and body cells.

Cellular respiration involves the conversion of food to energy.

Vascular resistance ANSWER: factors affecting resistance are blood viscosity, vessel length and vessel diameter What does a synergistic muscle do ANSWER: also called fixators, act around a joint to help the action of an agonist muscle. (iliacus, psoas major, and rectus femoris) What happens during osteoclasts ANSWER: Osteoclasts are responsible for aged bone resorption osteoBlasts are responsible for new bone formation what increases hemoglobin ANSWER: high altitudes What is a graded potential? ANSWER: changes in membrane potential that vary in size, as opposed to being all-or-none