/FIGRA_project_

Research program “FIGRA project” Valuation of fire grow FIGRA – mARHE – FIGRA t* EN 13823 – EN 11925-2 – EN 13501-1

BING Av. E. Van Nieuwenhuyse 6 - 1160 Brussels - Phone: +32 2 676 7352 - Fax: +32 2 676 7479 E-mail: secretariat@bing-europe.com

Foreword Scope of this research, effected for BING, was to verify the reliability of the evaluations obtained

by SBI on some building products. I have always been convinced that FIGRA, as it is calculated, i.e. not considering thermal attack conditions and ventilation (intended as number of changes of air in the apparatus per hour), using analysers at limits of their sensitivity etc.. etc…- is conceptually wrong.

To emphasise the effect of the initial fire growth, attributing the maximum importance to the only initial slope of the curve, without seriously considering the fire power, leads to the evident result to consider the fire from a newspaper ball of 100 gr. so important to consider a product, having similar curve, at maximum danger levels.

To do a “military” comparison, to receive a small shot at 1000 km/h speed would be much more harmful than to receive a cannon shot of 50 kg running at only 900 km/h. Try to believe.

Joking a part, the SBI, in the present version and with this FIGRA calculation system, obtains aberrant results. We will see how it is possible, in part, to find a remedy using other calculation systems, easy to be applied to the curves already produced up today: it is given that, since curves are obtained with an apparatus and in not realistic testing conditions, we work on data that wouldn’t be used to evaluate the fire behaviour of a product.

To consider only the first 10 minutes of testing will be even a good gift for those products that need some times to let grow the fire, and it will be useful in those cases when the firemen start to extinguish the fire within 600 seconds. Our firemen, that are really very clever (and more, I think the cleverest I know), generally arrive on place in these times only if the fire has the kindness to occur very near their centres.

It seems to me a real nonsense, if we want to take in consideration the heat release, it is necessary to do it seriously and without tricks. And if a material produces an initial flame, at low power and short duration, I believe this product should be honestly considered a medium or even few dangerous product.

We will keep on working, in Ad hoc 44 of CEN TC 127 to improve SBI and to change this situation: using also this data, thank to BING and to Companies that have taken part in the program.

The curves you will find in the work, and the index produced by each curve, speak: if data will be used so as it is now required, we will have many good products of class ONE that for many years have never caused problems to be rejected and to be by force replaced by other products that – at least for costs of certifications and analysis- will be much more expensive Our ideas –mines and of my researchers- about SBI are well known, and I can be quiet: everybody in the world on this side and on the other side of ocean, know I didn’t agree.

But I’m sorry, very sorry to have attended the works.

Silvio Messa Head of Research Team LSFire Laboratories BING

1

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Introduction SBI (Single Burning Item EN 13823) is the European main test for Construction insulating products.

Within a range that includes Euroclasses A1 and A2 (for non combustible material) and which goes down to F for unclassified material, this test method makes possible to place products in the range between Euroclasses B and D (B being the highest level that can be assigned using this method).

To pass EN 11925-2 (ignitability) method, which is very similar to the German DIN 4102 test for B2 classification, is a necessary condition for admittance to the SBI test and also gives Euroclass E classification (15 seconds).

Panels that are to be tested using SBI are assembled in a corner configuration made up of two “wings” of 1×1.5 and 0.5×1.5 metres.

To put things simply, this apparatus measures the power, given in kW, released by the combustion of the sample during the test period. The energy is therefore measured directly in proportion to the consumption of oxygen recorded during the combustion reaction (Oxygen Depletion).

Power vs time curve represents RHR (Rate of Heat Release).

There are four test phases: 1. During the first 120s both burners are kept switched off and the paramagnetic detector records the quantity of oxygen present in the apparatus with no combustion present.

2. From the 120th to the 300th second the secondary burner remains on but its flame does not touch the specimen. This makes possible to evaluate the energy consumption produced by the burning propane only. This value will be taken away from the final combustion curve of the material and, in this way, the energy of the pure specimen will be calculated without the contribution of the burner.

3. The real test takes place from the 300th to the 1500th second. The propane directed towards the secondary burner is deviated to the main burner, and the pilot flame ignites the gas. The extraction system above the corner of the testing apparatus collects the combustion products, and convey them to the exhaustion duct where detectors record the variations of all the analysed parameters.

4. The burner is switched off after 20 minutes (normal test duration); five more minutes are left to let the measured parameters to return to their normal values.

BING

2

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FIGRA (Fire Growth RAte index) according to EN 13823 The FIGRA (Fire Growth Rate), namely the ratio between the immediate RHR value and the time during which this value is recorded , plays an important role in classification.

The following formula shows the mathematical calculation used to obtain the FIGRA value:

FIGRA  RHR av (t )  FIGRA = 1000 × max   t − 300 

THR (t ) =

1000×kW/s = W/s

1 t ∑ RHR (t ) × ∆t 1000 300

MJ = MW×s

By varying in the formula the class limit values (indicated in the table below), we obtain lines that divide the Cartesian plane into four areas. Each one of these areas has a pertaining Euroclass, as can be seen in the first of the two following graphs: EUROCLASS B C D E

FIGRA Lower than 120 W/s Between 120 and 250 W/s Between 250 and 750 W/s Higher than 750 W/s

THR 600s Lower than 7.5 MJ Between 7.5 and 15 MJ Higher than 15 MJ Higher than 15 MJ

RHR: Rate of Heat Release (kW) Graphical representation of lines with a constant FIGRA value of 120,250,750

(kW) 250

E

FIGRA = 120 W/s FIGRA = 250 W/s FIGRA = 750 W/s

200 D 150 C 100 B 50

0 0

120

240

360

480

600

720

840 960 Time (s)

1080 1200 1320 1440 1560 1680 1800

As an example, the green line represents the points at which the FIGRA value is always equal to 250 W/s. If we therefore position a real combustion curve on this graph, we have an immediate graphical display of the class to which the material belongs (see graph below) BING

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cork

RHR 30 s average

FIGRA 0.2MJ THR 600s FIGRA t* 1200s mARHE

(kW) 250

= = = =

1654.

13.85 35.37 37.13

W/s MJ kJ/s kW

E 200 D

RHR 30s average FIGRA = 120 W/s FIGRA = 250 W/s FIGRA = 750 W/s

150 C 100 B 50

0 0

120

240

360

480

600

720

840

960 1080 1200 1320 1440 1560 1680 1800 1920 Time (s)

As can be seen, this material has a relatively high RHR(t)/t ratio at the start of combustion and the curve is taken to a position in the class E area, therefore determining in which sector the material belongs.

Critical aspects of the present class attribution system

The previous graph shows how the tested material obtained class E because of the initial value that was barely able to reach 50 kW, even though the peak of approx. 100 kW, which appears at around 1500s keeps the material quite easily inside the class B area.

The FIGRA value can be very high even when the RHR value remains within relatively low limits (20-30 kW), and material classification is penalised if the peak appears during the first few seconds of combustion (a value that is useful for defining the denominator in the FIGRA calculation algorithm).

A FIGRA value calculated in this manner, therefore, does not consider the energy released by the material during combustion in a reasonable way but concentrates almost exclusively on the product’s ignition rate.

A 20-40 kW fire is not a serious risk especially when the highest power peak is limited through time, even if the power is reached in a short time.

The situation becomes more dangerous, however, if the fire takes just a few minutes to reach a power of 60-80 kW (or more) and the release of energy is slower but in continual growth through time.

As the test proceeds and as various materials that are commonly used in construction work are evaluated using SBI, it is easy to see that notable differences are found when organising and classifying the various combustion curves because the results are based on a parameter that leans towards the facility of ignition. Unfortunately, these differences have distorted classifications that were once considered as being valid from a fire prevention point of view.

Italian regulators, collaborating with and using the experience of the LSF, have made a proposal to CEN127 to use different algorithms than FIGRA, which is calculated using the present method.

These new algorithms make possible to rank the fire reaction curves in a more logical and balanced way.

Two alternative methods (mARHE and FIGRA calculated at barycentric time – FIGRA t* ) were proposed.

BING

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MAHRE (Maximum Average of Heat Emission)

This index, approved by TC 256, was created by Gary J. Duggan within the working group that coordinates standards in the railway sector.

The mARHE calculation method determines the average energy value generated during each combustion period in which the RHR value is measured (the integral of the RHR curve during a certain time period represents the energy developed by the specimen during that interval).

The points obtained by summing the separate areas and dividing them by the corresponding time gives the ARHE curve (average rate of heat emission), the maximum of which is, by definition, the mARHE. This type of algorithm has the advantage of balancing the ignitability (determined by the slope of the initial peak develops) and the total energy that is developed during combustion (represented by RHR integral during the total running time of the test).

mARHE ele(t ) =

(RHR(t ) + RHR(t − 1) ) × ∆t 2

kW×s

ele = the trapezoidal area for each interval

t

arhe(t ) =

∑ ele(t ) 300

t − 300

marhe = max (arhe(t ) )

kW kW

FIGRA based on barycentric time (t*1200)

The barycentre of a function is the point that divides the integral of the function into two equivalent parts in a defined interval. In our case, the barycentric time represents the time at which the material being tested releases half of its energy during the 1200 seconds (test duration). Dividing the THR (Total Heat Release, i.e. the total of the energy developed during combustion) obtained at the time (t) by the barycentric time (t*) we once again acquire a set of points that generate the barycentric time curve.

This interpretation of the RHR curve again considers both the fire development rate and the total quantity of energy developed.

FIGRA t* t

t * (t ) = barycentric _ time =

∑ (RHR (t ) ⋅ t ⋅ ∆t )

300 t

∑ (RHR (t ) ⋅ ∆t )

s

Definition of barycentre function

300

FIGRA _ t * (t ) = 1000 ×

BING

THR(t ) barycentric _ time

1000×MJ/s = kJ/s = kW

5

LSF

In order to simulate classification of products by using these two parameters, LSF proposed the following limit values: EUROCLASS B C D E

MARHE and FIGRA t* Lower than 16 kW Between 16 and 32 kW Between 32 and 64 kW Higher than 64 kW

As can be seen in the graphs below, an RHR curve evaluated using the FIGRA value, calculated in accordance with the current legislation, was compared with the possible representations and classifications obtained using the mARHE and FIGRA t* methods. The same reading key makes it possible to interprete the curves and the classifications obtained from 14 insulating products that were analysed in this project. All the relevant curves are shown in Annex B, included in this report.

Foam polyurethane coated with saturated fiberglass (kW) 250

RHR 30s average FIGRA = 120 W/s FIGRA = 250 W/s FIGRA = 750 W/s

RHR 30 s average 9589

E

200

FIGRA 0.2MJ THR 600s FIGRA t* 1200s mARHE

D 150 C 100

= = = =

2471 W/s 9.15 MJ 19.3 kW 42.9 kW

B 50 0 0

120 240 360 480 600 720 840 960 1080 1200 1320 1440 1560 1680 1800 Time (s)

Foam polyurethane coated with saturated fiberglass (kW) 100

ARHE average ARHE = 16 kW ARHE = 32 kW ARHE = 64 kW

ARHE average 9589

90 80

(kW) 100

FIGRA t* average FIGRA t* = 16 kJ/s kW kW FIGRA t* = 32 kJ/s kW FIGRA t* = 64 kJ/s

FIGRA t* average 9589

90 80

E

70

Foam polyurethane coated with saturated fiberglass

E

70 60

60 50

50

D

40 30

30

C

20 10 0

10

B

0

120 240 360 480 600 720 840 960 1080 1200 1320 1440 1560 1680 1800 Time (s)

BING

C

20

B

0

D

40

6

0

120 240 360 480 600 720 840 960 1080 1200 1320 1440 1560 1680 1800 Time (s)

LSF

Then if the classes limit are considered according to the following table: First proposal CLASS B C D E

FIGRA W/s 120 250 750

mARHE kW 16 32 64

FIGRA t* kW 16 32 64

FIGRA 0.2MJ

mARHE

FIGRA t* 1200s

FIGRA 0.2MJ

mARHE

FIGRA t* 1200s

kW

W/s

kW

kW

W/s

kW

kW

3 13 34 20 21 58 70 125 34 33 29 40 52

4 16 25 17 27 37 69 97 35 23 12 17 26

13 12 2 8 1 4 14 11 3 5 6 9 10

56 361 683 1105 1918 1844 1654 590 2189 2472 2348 1266 1279

3 13 20 21 29 33 34 34 40 43 52 58 70

4 16 17 27 12 23 35 25 17 19 26 37 69

13 1 12 2 3 5 4 11 6 8 14 9 10

56 1918 361 683 2189 2472 1844 590 2348 1105 1654 1266 1279

3 29 13 20 40 43 33 34 52 21 34 58 70

4 12 16 17 17 19 23 25 26 27 35 37 69

5

2472

43

19

7

1501

125

97

7

1501

125

97

N째 material

FIGRA t* 1200s

kW

56 361 590 683 1105 1266 1279 1501 1654 1844 1918 2189 2348

N째 material

mARHE

W/s 13 12 11 2 8 9 10 7 14 4 1 3 6

N째 material

FIGRA 0.2MJ

And if the materials are ordered according to one of calculated parameters (in grey the column with growing rules), the following table is obtained:

The cells are coloured to highlight the changing class depending on the considered parameter.

BING

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LSF

List of the tested materials:

N° Test code Material description Thick Rigid PIR foam: blowing 1 9585 30 agent normal pentane Rigid PIR foam: blowing 2 9586 30 agent normal pentane Rigid PIR foam: blowing 3 9587 30 agent normal pentane Rigid PIR foam: blowing 4 9588 80 agent normal pentane Rigid PIR foam: blowing 5 9589 30 agent normal pentane Rigid PUR foam: blowing 6 9590 30 agent water (open cells) Rigid PUR foam: blowing 7 9591 60 agent Hydro Fluoro Carbon Rigid PIR foam: blowing 8 9592 30 agent Hydro Fluoro Carbon Extruded Polystyrene 9 9593 30 Foam (XPS) Extruded Polystyrene 10 9594 60 Foam (XPS) Expanded Polystyrene 11 9595 30 Foam (EPS)

Mounting + Fixing

Facer

Mech Fastening

Saturated Fiberglass

Mech Fastening

Aluminium foil 60 µm

Mech Fastening

Fiberglass + Mineral coating

Mech Fastening

Saturated Fiberglass

Mech Fastening

Saturated Fiberglass

Mech Fastening

Saturated Fiberglass

Mech Fastening

Aluminium foil 40 µm

Mech Fastening

None

Glued

None

Glued

None

Glued

None

12

9596

Expanded Perlite (EPB)

30

Mech Fastening

None

13

9597

Mineral Wool (MW)

40

Mech Fastening

None

14

9598

Expanded Cork (ICB)

30

Mech Fastening

None

Results

1. Once again has been demonstrated that SBI test parameters for classification (FIGRA) strongly penalises those products that present a relative high ignition rate compared to a relatively low total energy release; whit the present SBI classification the total energy release is not taken into account at all.

2. The ranking of curves using FIGRA as parameter does not give a fair and balanced representation of the real behaviour of products subjected to the test. In Annex A the ranking of the curves obtained according FIGRA, mARHE and FIGRA t* shown clearly this kind of anomaly.

3. Parameters like lateral spread of flame (damaged area) and spread of flame rate, which are important for the Italian classification, are not evaluated whit the present SBI test configuration.

4. The objective of the test, i.e. the complete evaluation of a product whit regard to reaction to fire, is not reached as well the correlation whit the reference scenario (ISO 9705 room corner test) 5. Several materials, well known for their good performance in reaction to fire turn out to be penalised according this unrealistic classification method (i.e. Perlite class D). The gap between the two most important families of insulant material (inorganic and organic product) results strongly increased whit the classification system adopted for SBI. Such wide gap were not present in none of the national classification system which are considered performing well in the past.

BING

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ANNEX A Legend of following graphs

Energy produced after 10 minutes the mail burner ignites Energy produced in the following 10 minutes (ignored by classification) Following fire grow; not considerated

Barycentric time, it indicates when half of energy was produced

BING

9

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Graphs of RHR 30s, average on 3 tests

Table A

Ordering by FIGRA 0.2MJ (kW)

(kW)

250

250

13

9597

200

150

150

2 - FIGRA 0.2MJ increasing

1 - FIGRA 0.2MJ increasing

100 822 sec t* at t=1500s

50

0

300.0

420.0

540.0

660.0

780.0

900.0

1020.

1140.

1260.

1380.

1500.

1620.

1740.

Time (s) (kW)

250

100 754 sec t* at t=1500s

50

0

300.0

420.0

540.0

660.0

780.0

900.0

1020.

1140.

1260.

1380.

1500.

1620.

(kW)

250

10

9594

200

200

150

150

100

1740.

Time (s)

12

9596

9

9593

200

100 922 sec t* at t=1500s

880 sec t* at t=1500s

50

50

0

0

300.0

420.0

540.0

660.0

780.0

900.0

1020.

1140.

1260.

1380.

1500.

1620.

1740.

300.0

420.0

540.0

660.0

780.0

900.0

Time (s)

1020.

1140.

1260.

1380.

1500.

1620.

1740.

Time (s)

(kW)

(kW)

250

250

11

9595

7

9591

200

200

150

150

100

100

664 sec t* at t=1500s

735 sec t* at t=1500s

50

50

0

0

300.0

420.0

540.0

660.0

780.0

900.0

1020.

1140.

1260.

1380.

1500.

1620.

300.0

1740.

420.0

540.0

660.0

780.0

900.0

1020.

1140.

1260.

1380.

1500.

1620.

1740.

Time (s)

Time (s)

(kW)

(kW)

250

250

2

9586 200

14

9598 200

150

150

100

100 831 sec t* at t=1500s

994 sec t* at t=1500s

50

50

0

0

300.0

420.0

540.0

660.0

780.0

900.0

1020.

1140.

1260.

1380.

1500.

1620.

1740.

300.0

420.0

540.0

660.0

780.0

900.0

Time (s)

1020.

1140.

1260.

1380.

1500.

1620.

1740.

Time (s)

(kW)

(kW)

250

250

8

9592

4

9588

200

200

150

150

100

100 896 sec t* at t=1500s

873 sec t* at t=1500s

50

50

0

300.0

0

420.0

540.0

660.0

780.0

900.0

1020.

1140.

1260.

1380.

1500.

1620.

1740.

300.0

Time (s)

BING

420.0

540.0

660.0

780.0

900.0

1020.

1140.

1260.

1380.

1500.

1620.

Time (s)

10

LSF

1740.

Graphs of RHR 30s, average on 3 tests

Table A

(kW)

250

1

9585 200

150

3 - FIGRA 0.2MJ increasing

100 784 sec t* at t=1500s

50

0

300.0

420.0

540.0

660.0

780.0

900.0

1020.

1140.

1260.

1380.

1500.

1620.

1740.

Time (s) (kW)

250

3

9587 200

150

100 784 sec t* at t=1500s

50

0

300.0

420.0

540.0

660.0

780.0

900.0

1020.

1140.

1260.

1380.

1500.

1620.

1740.

Time (s) (kW)

250

9590

6

200

150

100 796 sec t* at t=1500s

50

0

300.0

420.0

540.0

660.0

780.0

900.0

1020.

1140.

1260.

1380.

1500.

1620.

1740.

Time (s) (kW)

250

5

9589 200

150

100 816 sec t* at t=1500s

50

0

300.0

420.0

540.0

660.0

780.0

900.0

1020.

1140.

1260.

1380.

1500.

1620.

1740.

Time (s)

BING

11

LSF

Graphs of RHR 30s, average on 3 tests

Table C

Ordering by mARHE (kW)

(kW)

250

250

13

9597

200

150

150

2 - mARHE increasing

1 - mARHE increasing

100 822 sec t* at t=1500s

50

0

300.0

420.0

540.0

660.0

780.0

900.0

1020.

1140.

1260.

1380.

1500.

1620.

4

9588

200

1740.

Time (s) (kW)

100 873 sec t* at t=1500s

50

0

300.0

420.0

540.0

660.0

780.0

900.0

1020.

1140.

1260.

1380.

1500.

1620.

1740.

Time (s)

(kW)

250

250

12

9596

14

9598

200

200

150

150

100

100 922 sec t* at t=1500s

994 sec t* at t=1500s

50

50

0

0

300.0

420.0

540.0

660.0

780.0

900.0

1020.

1140.

1260.

1380.

1500.

1620.

1740.

300.0

420.0

540.0

660.0

780.0

900.0

Time (s)

1020.

1140.

1260.

1380.

1500.

1620.

1740.

Time (s) (kW)

(kW)

250

250

2

9586

11

9595

200

200

150

150

100

100 831 sec t* at t=1500s

735 sec t* at t=1500s

50

50

0

0

300.0

420.0

540.0

660.0

780.0

900.0

1020.

1140.

1260.

1380.

1500.

1620.

1740.

300.0

420.0

540.0

660.0

780.0

900.0

Time (s)

1020.

1140.

1260.

1380.

1500.

1620.

1740.

Time (s)

(kW)

(kW)

250

250

8

9592 200

3

9587 200

150

150

100

100 896 sec t* at t=1500s

784 sec t* at t=1500s

50

50

0

0

300.0

420.0

540.0

660.0

780.0

900.0

1020.

1140.

1260.

1380.

1500.

1620.

1740.

300.0

420.0

540.0

660.0

780.0

900.0

Time (s)

1020.

1140.

1260.

1380.

1500.

1620.

1740.

Time (s)

(kW)

(kW)

250

250

1

9585 200

9589

5

200

150

150

100

100 784 sec t* at t=1500s

816 sec t* at t=1500s

50

50

0

300.0

0

420.0

540.0

660.0

780.0

900.0

1020.

1140.

1260.

1380.

1500.

1620.

1740.

300.0

Time (s)

BING

420.0

540.0

660.0

780.0

900.0

1020.

1140.

1260.

1380.

1500.

1620.

Time (s)

12

LSF

1740.

Graphs of RHR 30s, average on 3 tests

Table C

(kW)

250

6

9590 200

150

3 - mARHE increasing

100 796 sec t* at t=1500s

50

0

300.0

420.0

540.0

660.0

780.0

900.0

1020.

1140.

1260.

1380.

1500.

1620.

1740.

Time (s) (kW)

250

9

9593 200

150

100 754 sec t* at t=1500s

50

0

300.0

420.0

540.0

660.0

780.0

900.0

1020.

1140.

1260.

1380.

1500.

1620.

1740.

Time (s) (kW)

250

10

9594 200

150

100 880 sec t* at t=1500s

50

0

300.0

420.0

540.0

660.0

780.0

900.0

1020.

1140.

1260.

1380.

1500.

1620.

1740.

Time (s) (kW)

250

7

9591 200

150

100 664 sec t* at t=1500s

50

0

300.0

420.0

540.0

660.0

780.0

900.0

1020.

1140.

1260.

1380.

1500.

1620.

1740.

Time (s)

BING

13

LSF

Graphs of RHR 30s, average on 3 tests

Table B

Ordering by FIGRA t* 1200s (LSF) (kW)

(kW)

250

250

13

9597

200

150

150

2 - FIGRA t* 1200s increasing

1 - FIGRA t* 1200s increasing

100 822 sec t* at t=1500s

50

0

300.0

420.0

540.0

660.0

780.0

900.0

1020.

1140.

1260.

1380.

1500.

1620.

1740.

Time (s) (kW)

250

1

9585

5

9589

200

100 816 sec t* at t=1500s

50

0

300.0

540.0

660.0

780.0

900.0

1020.

1140.

1260.

1380.

1500.

1620.

1740.

Time (s) (kW)

250

4

9588

200

200

150

150

100

420.0

100 784 sec t* at t=1500s

873 sec t* at t=1500s

50

50

0

0

300.0

420.0

540.0

660.0

780.0

900.0

1020.

1140.

1260.

1380.

1500.

1620.

1740.

300.0

420.0

540.0

660.0

780.0

900.0

Time (s)

1020.

1140.

1260.

1380.

1500.

1620.

1740.

Time (s) (kW)

(kW)

250

250

12

9596

11

9595

200

200

150

150

100

100 922 sec t* at t=1500s

735 sec t* at t=1500s

50

50

0

0

300.0

420.0

540.0

660.0

780.0

900.0

1020.

1140.

1260.

1380.

1500.

1620.

1740.

300.0

420.0

540.0

660.0

780.0

900.0

Time (s)

1020.

1140.

1260.

1380.

1500.

1620.

1740.

Time (s)

(kW)

(kW)

250

250

2

9586 200

6

9590 200

150

150

100

100 831 sec t* at t=1500s

796 sec t* at t=1500s

50

50

0

0

300.0

420.0

540.0

660.0

780.0

900.0

1020.

1140.

1260.

1380.

1500.

1620.

1740.

300.0

420.0

540.0

660.0

780.0

900.0

Time (s)

1020.

1140.

1260.

1380.

1500.

1620.

1740.

Time (s)

(kW)

(kW)

250

250

3

9587 200

9592

8

200

150

150

100

100 784 sec t* at t=1500s

896 sec t* at t=1500s

50

50

0

300.0

0

420.0

540.0

660.0

780.0

900.0

1020.

1140.

1260.

1380.

1500.

1620.

1740.

300.0

Time (s)

BING

420.0

540.0

660.0

780.0

900.0

1020.

1140.

1260.

1380.

1500.

1620.

Time (s)

14

LSF

1740.

Graphs of RHR 30s, average on 3 tests

Table B

(kW)

250

14

9598 200

150

3 - FIGRA t* 1200s increasing

100 994 sec t* at t=1500s

50

0

300.0

420.0

540.0

660.0

780.0

900.0

1020.

1140.

1260.

1380.

1500.

1620.

1740.

Time (s) (kW)

250

9

9593 200

150

100 754 sec t* at t=1500s

50

0

300.0

420.0

540.0

660.0

780.0

900.0

1020.

1140.

1260.

1380.

1500.

1620.

1740.

Time (s) (kW)

250

10

9594 200

150

100 880 sec t* at t=1500s

50

0

300.0

420.0

540.0

660.0

780.0

900.0

1020.

1140.

1260.

1380.

1500.

1620.

1740.

Time (s) (kW)

250

7

9591 200

150

100 664 sec t* at t=1500s

50

0

300.0

420.0

540.0

660.0

780.0

900.0

1020.

1140.

1260.

1380.

1500.

1620.

1740.

Time (s)

BING

15

LSF

ANNEX B

BING

16

LSF

Rigid PIR foam: blowing agent normal pentane (thickness 30 mm)

9585-1 9585-2 9585-3 1843.45 1896.92 2012.27 4.97 6.30 6.24 27.83 28.47 30.18 10.5 13.1 13.0

FIGRA [W/s] 0,2 MJ THR600s (=RHR integral) [MJ] mAHRE [kW] FIGRA t* 1200s [1000路MJ/s]

average 1917.5 5.8 28.8 12.2 Foam polyurethane coated with saturated fiberglass (30 mm)

Stiferite

(kW) 50 9585

45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 0

120

240

360

480

600

720

840

960 1080 1200 1320 1440 1560 1680 1800

Time (s) Stiferite

RHR 30 s average

(kW) 250

9585

FIGRA 0.2MJ = 1917.5 W/s THR 600s = 5.84 MJ FIGRA t* 1200s = 12.2 kJ/s mARHE = 28.82 kW

E

200

D 150 RHR 30s average FIGRA = 120 W/s

C

FIGRA = 250 W/s FIGRA = 750 W/s

100

50

B 0 0

120

240

360

480

600

720

840

960

1080

1200

1320

1440

1560

1680

1800

Time (s)

Stiferite

Stiferite

ARHE average

(kW) 100

9585 90

FIGRA t* average

(kW) 100

FIGRA 0.2MJ = 1917.5 W/s THR 600s = 5.84 MJ FIGRA t* 1200s = 12.2 kJ/s mARHE = 28.82 kW

FIGRA 0.2MJ = 1917.5 W/s THR 600s = 5.84 MJ FIGRA t* 1200s = 12.2 kJ/s mARHE = 28.82 kW

9585 90

80

80

E

E

70

70

60

60 ARHE average ARHE = 16 kW

D 50

FIGRA t* average FIGRA t* = 16 kJ/s

D 50

ARHE = 32 kW

FIGRA t* = 32 kJ/s

ARHE = 64 kW

FIGRA t* = 64 kJ/s

40

40

30

30

C

20 10

C

20 10

B

0

B

0 0

120

240

360

480

600

720

840

960

1080

1200

1320

1440

1560

1680

1800

0

Time (s)

BING

120

240

360

480

600

720

840

960

1080

1200

1320

1440

1560

1680

1800

Time (s)

17

LSF

TEST 3

TEST 2

TEST 1

Rigid PIR foam: blowing agent normal pentane (thickness 30 mm)

BING

18

LSF

Rigid PIR foam: blowing agent normal pentane (thickness 30 mm)

9586-1 9586-2 9586-3 617.28 748.74 682.63 7.52 8.55 7.88 18.02 20.87 20.23 15.9 17.9 16.1

FIGRA [W/s] 0,2 MJ THR600s (=RHR integral) [MJ] mAHRE [kW] FIGRA t* 1200s [1000路MJ/s]

average 682.9 8.0 19.7 16.6 Foam polyurethane coated with aluminium foil (60 micron) (30 mm)

Stiferite (kW) 50 9586

45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 0

120

240

360

480

600

720

840

960 1080 1200 1320 1440 1560 1680 1800

Time (s) Stiferite

RHR 30 s average

(kW) 250

9586

FIGRA 0.2MJ = 682.9 W/s THR 600s = 7.98 MJ FIGRA t* 1200s = 16.620 kJ/s mARHE = 19.56 kW

E

200

D 150 RHR 30s average FIGRA = 120 W/s

C

FIGRA = 250 W/s FIGRA = 750 W/s

100

50

B 0 0

120

240

360

480

600

720

840

960

1080

1200

1320

1440

1560

1680

1800

Time (s) Stiferite

Stiferite

ARHE average

(kW) 100

9586 90

FIGRA t* average

(kW) 100

FIGRA 0.2MJ = 682.9 W/s THR 600s = 7.98 MJ FIGRA t* 1200s = 16.620 kJ/s mARHE = 19.56 kW

FIGRA 0.2MJ = 682.9 W/s THR 600s = 7.98 MJ FIGRA t* 1200s = 16.620 kJ/s mARHE = 19.56 kW

9586 90

80

80

E

E

70

70

60

60 ARHE average

D

FIGRA t* average

D

ARHE = 16 kW

50

FIGRA t* = 16 kJ/s

50

ARHE = 32 kW ARHE = 64 kW

40

FIGRA t* = 32 kJ/s FIGRA t* = 64 kJ/s

40

30

30

C

20 10

C

20 10

B

0

B

0 0

120

240

360

480

600

720

840

960

1080

1200

1320

1440

1560

1680

1800

0

Time (s)

BING

120

240

360

480

600

720

840

960

1080

1200

1320

1440

1560

1680

1800

Time (s)

19

LSF

TEST 3

TEST 2

TEST 1

Rigid PIR foam: blowing agent normal pentane (thickness 30 mm)

BING

20

LSF

Rigid PIR foam: blowing agent normal pentane (thickness 30 mm)

9587-1 9587-2 9587-3 2133.77 2301.51 2130.40 7.61 8.51 8.14 38.09 41.63 41.61 16.2 18.0 16.7

FIGRA [W/s] 0,2 MJ THR600s (=RHR integral) [MJ] mAHRE [kW] FIGRA t* 1200s [1000路MJ/s]

average 2188.6 8.1 40.4 17.0

Stiferite

Foam polyurethane coated with mineralised saturated fiberglass (30 mm)

(kW) 100 9587-

90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0

120

240

360

480

600

720

840

960 1080 1200 1320 1440 1560 1680 1800

Time (s) Stiferite

ARHE average

(kW) 100

FIGRA 0.2MJ = 2188.6 W/s THR 600s = 8.09 MJ FIGRA t* 1200s = 16.969 kJ/s mARHE = 40.16 kW

958790 80

E 70 60 ARHE average ARHE = 16 kW

D 50

ARHE = 32 kW ARHE = 64 kW

40 30

C

20 10

B

0 0

120

240

360

480

600

720

840

960

1080

1200

1320

1440

1560

1680

1800

Time (s) Stiferite

Stiferite

RHR 30 s average

(kW) 250

9587

E

FIGRA t* average

(kW) 100

FIGRA 0.2MJ = 2188.6 W/s THR 600s = 8.09 MJ FIGRA t* 1200s = 16.969 kJ/s mARHE = 40.16 kW

FIGRA 0.2MJ = 2188.6 W/s THR 600s = 8.09 MJ FIGRA t* 1200s = 16.969 kJ/s mARHE = 40.16 kW

958790 80

200

E 70

D

60

150 RHR 30s average

FIGRA t* average

D

FIGRA = 120 W/s

C

FIGRA t* = 16 kJ/s

50

FIGRA = 250 W/s FIGRA = 750 W/s

FIGRA t* = 32 kJ/s FIGRA t* = 64 kJ/s

40

100

30

C

20

50

B

10

0

B

0 0

120

240

360

480

600

720

840

960

1080

1200

1320

1440

1560

1680

0

1800

240

360

480

600

720

840

960

1080

1200

1320

1440

1560

1680

1800

Time (s)

Time (s)

BING

120

21

LSF

TEST 3

TEST 2

TEST 1

Rigid PIR foam: blowing agent normal pentane (thickness 30 mm)

BING

22

LSF

Rigid PIR foam: blowing agent normal pentane (thickness 80 mm)

9588-1 9588-2 9588-3 1672.65 1959.98 1899.02 10.41 9.79 10.97 32.15 32.88 34.86 22.5 21.6 23.8

FIGRA [W/s] 0,2 MJ THR600s (=RHR integral) [MJ] mAHRE [kW] FIGRA t* 1200s [1000路MJ/s]

average 1843.9 10.4 33.3 22.6

Stiferite

Foam polyurethane coated with saturated fiberglass (80 mm)

(kW) 50

9588

45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 0

120

240

360

480

600

720

840

960

1080

1200

1320

1440

1560

1680

1800

Time (s) Stiferite

RHR 30 s average

(kW) 250

9588

FIGRA 0.2MJ = 1843.9 W/s THR 600s = 10.39 MJ FIGRA t* 1200s = 22.636 kJ/s mARHE = 33.11 kW

E

200

D 150 RHR 30s average FIGRA = 120 W/s

C

FIGRA = 250 W/s FIGRA = 750 W/s

100

50

B 0 0

120

240

360

480

600

720

840

960

1080

1200

1320

1440

1560

1680

1800

Time (s) Stiferite

Stiferite

ARHE average

(kW) 100

9588 90

FIGRA t* average

(kW) 100

FIGRA 0.2MJ = 1843.9 W/s THR 600s = 10.39 MJ FIGRA t* 1200s = 22.636 kJ/s mARHE = 33.11 kW

FIGRA 0.2MJ = 1843.9 W/s THR 600s = 10.39 MJ FIGRA t* 1200s = 22.636 kJ/s mARHE = 33.11 kW

9588 90

80

80

E

E

70

70

60

60 ARHE average

D

FIGRA t* average

D

ARHE = 16 kW

50

FIGRA t* = 16 kJ/s

50

ARHE = 32 kW ARHE = 64 kW

40

FIGRA t* = 32 kJ/s FIGRA t* = 64 kJ/s

40

30

30

C

20 10

C

20 10

B

0

B

0 0

120

240

360

480

600

720

840

960

1080

1200

1320

1440

1560

1680

1800

0

Time (s)

BING

120

240

360

480

600

720

840

960

1080

1200

1320

1440

1560

1680

1800

Time (s)

23

LSF

TEST 3

TEST 2

TEST 1

Rigid PIR foam: blowing agent normal pentane (thickness 80 mm)

BING

24

LSF

Rigid PIR foam: blowing agent normal pentane (thickness 30 mm)

9589-1 9589-2 9589-3 2009.59 2722.17 2683.91 7.83 9.75 9.87 37.05 45.72 46.66 16.3 20.8 20.8

FIGRA [W/s] 0,2 MJ THR600s (=RHR integral) [MJ] mAHRE [kW] FIGRA t* 1200s [1000路MJ/s]

average 2471.9 9.1 43.1 19.3

Stif

Foam polyurethane coated with saturated fiberglass (30 mm)

(kW) 100 9589

90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0

120

240

360

480

600

720

840

960 1080 1200 1320 1440 1560 1680 1800

Time (s) Stif

RHR 30 s average

(kW) 250

9589

FIGRA 0.2MJ = 2471.9 W/s THR 600s = 9.15 MJ FIGRA t* 1200s = 19.301 kJ/s mARHE = 42.99 kW

E

200

D 150 RHR 30s average FIGRA = 120 W/s

C

FIGRA = 250 W/s FIGRA = 750 W/s

100

50

B 0 0

120

240

360

480

600

720

840

960

1080

1200

1320

1440

1560

1680

1800

Time (s) Stif

Stif

ARHE average

(kW) 100

9589 90

FIGRA t* average

(kW) 100

FIGRA 0.2MJ = 2471.9 W/s THR 600s = 9.15 MJ FIGRA t* 1200s = 19.301 kJ/s mARHE = 42.99 kW

FIGRA 0.2MJ = 2471.9 W/s THR 600s = 9.15 MJ FIGRA t* 1200s = 19.301 kJ/s mARHE = 42.99 kW

9589 90

80

80

E

E

70

70

60

60 ARHE average ARHE = 16 kW

D 50

FIGRA t* average FIGRA t* = 16 kJ/s

D 50

ARHE = 32 kW

FIGRA t* = 32 kJ/s

ARHE = 64 kW

FIGRA t* = 64 kJ/s

40

40

30

30

C

20 10

C

20 10

B

0

B

0 0

120

240

360

480

600

720

840

960

1080

1200

1320

1440

1560

1680

1800

0

Time (s)

BING

120

240

360

480

600

720

840

960

1080

1200

1320

1440

1560

1680

1800

Time (s)

25

LSF

TEST 3

TEST 2

TEST 1

Rigid PIR foam: blowing agent normal pentane (thickness 30 mm)

BING

26

LSF

Rigid PUR foam: blowing agent water (open cells) (thickness 30 mm)

9590-1 9590-2 9590-3 2488.33 2777.33 1777.21 11.55 12.68 12.15 52.81 56.30 46.37 24.3 27.0 25.7

FIGRA [W/s] 0,2 MJ THR600s (=RHR integral) [MJ] mAHRE [kW] FIGRA t* 1200s [1000路MJ/s]

average 2347.6 12.1 51.8 25.7

Stif

PUR coated with saturated fiberglass (30 mm)

(kW) 100 9590

90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0

120

240

360

480

600

720

840

960 1080 1200 1320 1440 1560 1680 1800

Time (s) Stif

RHR 30 s average

(kW) 250

9590

FIGRA 0.2MJ = 2347.6 W/s THR 600s = 12.13 MJ FIGRA t* 1200s = 25.668 kJ/s mARHE = 50.58 kW

E

200

D 150 RHR 30s average FIGRA = 120 W/s

C

FIGRA = 250 W/s FIGRA = 750 W/s

100

50

B 0 0

120

240

360

480

600

720

840

960

1080

1200

1320

1440

1560

1680

1800

Time (s)

Stif

Stif

ARHE average

(kW) 100

9590

90

FIGRA t* average

(kW) 100

FIGRA 0.2MJ = 2347.6 W/s THR 600s = 12.13 MJ FIGRA t* 1200s = 25.668 kJ/s mARHE = 50.58 kW

80

FIGRA 0.2MJ = 2347.6 W/s THR 600s = 12.13 MJ FIGRA t* 1200s = 25.668 kJ/s mARHE = 50.58 kW

9590

90 80

E

E

70

70

60

60 ARHE average

D

FIGRA t* average

D

ARHE = 16 kW ARHE = 32 kW

50

FIGRA t* = 16 kJ/s FIGRA t* = 32 kJ/s

50

ARHE = 64 kW

FIGRA t* = 64 kJ/s

40

40

30

30

C

20 10

C

20 10

B

0

B

0 0

120

240

360

480

600

720

840

960

1080

1200

1320

1440

1560

1680

1800

0

Time (s)

BING

120

240

360

480

600

720

840

960

1080

1200

1320

1440

1560

1680

1800

Time (s)

27

LSF

TEST 3

TEST 2

TEST 1

Rigid PUR foam: blowing agent water (open cells) (thickness 30 mm)

BING

28

LSF

Rigid PUR foam: blowing agent Hydro Fluoro Carbon (thickness 60 mm)

9591-1 9591-2 9591-3 1366.54 1300.45 1834.64 51.51 49.43 56.23 130.37 107.86 137.66 97.4 89.5 105.2

FIGRA [W/s] 0,2 MJ THR600s (=RHR integral) [MJ] mAHRE [kW] FIGRA t* 1200s [1000路MJ/s]

average 1500.5 52.4 125.3 97.4

Brianza Plastica

PUR coated with aluminium foil (40 micron) (60 mm)

(kW)

9591

200

150

100

50

0 0

120

240

360

480

600

720

840

960

1080

1200

1320

1440

1560

1680

1800

Time (s) Brianza Plastica

RHR 30 s average

(kW) FIGRA 0.2MJ = 1500.5 W/s THR 600s = 52.39 MJ FIGRA t* 1200s = 97.391 kJ/s mARHE =124.19 kW

250

9591

E

200

D 150 RHR 30s average FIGRA = 120 W/s

C

FIGRA = 250 W/s FIGRA = 750 W/s

100

50

B 0 0

120

240

360

480

600

720

840

960

1080

1200

1320

1440

1560

1680

1800

Time (s) Brianza Plastica

Brianza Plastica

ARHE average

(kW)

FIGRA t* average

(kW) FIGRA 0.2MJ = 1500.5 W/s THR 600s = 52.39 MJ FIGRA t* 1200s = 97.391 kJ/s mARHE =124.19 kW

100

9591 90

FIGRA 0.2MJ = 1500.5 W/s THR 600s = 52.39 MJ FIGRA t* 1200s = 97.391 kJ/s mARHE =124.19 kW

100

9591 90

80

80

E

E

70

70

60

60 ARHE average

D

FIGRA t* average

D

ARHE = 16 kW

50

FIGRA t* = 16 kJ/s

50

ARHE = 32 kW

FIGRA t* = 32 kJ/s

ARHE = 64 kW

FIGRA t* = 64 kJ/s

40

40

30

30

C

20 10

C

20 10

B

0

B

0 0

120

240

360

480

600

720

840

960

1080

1200

1320

1440

1560

1680

1800

0

Time (s)

BING

120

240

360

480

600

720

840

960

1080

1200

1320

1440

1560

1680

1800

Time (s)

29

LSF

TEST 3

TEST 2

TEST 1

Rigid PUR foam: blowing agent Hydro Fluoro Carbon (thickness 60 mm)

BING

30

LSF

Rigid PIR foam: blowing agent Hydro Fluoro Carbon (thickness 30 mm)

9592-1 9592-2 9592-3 883.65 1178.66 1253.58 11.88 11.03 13.30 20.05 19.60 22.58 26.4 25.7 28.1

FIGRA [W/s] 0,2 MJ THR600s (=RHR integral) [MJ] mAHRE [kW] FIGRA t* 1200s [1000路MJ/s]

average 1105.3 12.1 20.7 26.7

Duna Corradini

Foam polyurethane (50kg/m3) (30 mm)

(kW) 50

9592

45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 0

120

240

360

480

600

720

840

960

1080

1200

1320

1440

1560

1680

1800

Time (s) Duna Corradini

RHR 30 s average

(kW) FIGRA 0.2MJ = 1105.3 W/s THR 600s = 12.07 MJ FIGRA t* 1200s = 26.713 kJ/s mARHE = 20.43 kW

250

9592

E

200

D 150 RHR 30s average FIGRA = 120 W/s

C

FIGRA = 250 W/s FIGRA = 750 W/s

100

50

B 0 0

120

240

360

480

600

720

840

960

1080

1200

1320

1440

1560

1680

1800

Time (s) Duna Corradini

Duna Corradini

ARHE average

(kW)

FIGRA t* average

(kW) FIGRA 0.2MJ = 1105.3 W/s THR 600s = 12.07 MJ FIGRA t* 1200s = 26.713 kJ/s mARHE = 20.43 kW

100

9592 90

FIGRA 0.2MJ = 1105.3 W/s THR 600s = 12.07 MJ FIGRA t* 1200s = 26.713 kJ/s mARHE = 20.43 kW

100

9592 90

80

80

E

E

70

70

60

60 ARHE average

D

FIGRA t* average

D

ARHE = 16 kW

50

FIGRA t* = 16 kJ/s

50

ARHE = 32 kW

FIGRA t* = 32 kJ/s

ARHE = 64 kW

FIGRA t* = 64 kJ/s

40

40

30

30

C

20 10

C

20 10

B

0

B

0 0

120

240

360

480

600

720

840

960

1080

1200

1320

1440

1560

1680

1800

0

Time (s)

BING

120

240

360

480

600

720

840

960

1080

1200

1320

1440

1560

1680

1800

Time (s)

31

LSF

TEST 3

TEST 2

TEST 1

Rigid PIR foam: blowing agent Hydro Fluoro Carbon (thickness 30 mm)

BING

32

LSF

Extruded Polystyrene Foam (XPS) (thickness 30 mm)

9593-1 9593-2 9593-3 9593-4 9593-5 average 1128.5 390.21 486.63 2121.6 2202.5 1265.9 15.30 16.07 16.33 23.26 24.55 19.1 53.77 30.72 31.43 84.31 87.92 57.6 29.6 30.5 30.5 44.5 47.6 36.5

FIGRA [W/s] 0,2 MJ THR600s (=RHR integral) [MJ] mAHRE [kW] FIGRA t* 1200s [1000路MJ/s] DOW

XPS (30 mm)

(kW) 300

9593 250

200

150

100

50

0 0

120

240

360

480

600

720

840

960

1080

1200

1320

1440

1560

1680

1800

Time (s) DOW

RHR 30 s average

(kW) FIGRA 0.2MJ = 668.4 W/s THR 600s = 15.90 MJ FIGRA t* 1200s = 30.171 kJ/s mARHE = 37.33 kW

250

9593

E

200

D 150 RHR 30s average FIGRA = 120 W/s

C

FIGRA = 250 W/s FIGRA = 750 W/s

100

50

B 0 0

120

240

360

480

600

720

840

960

1080

1200

1320

1440

1560

1680

1800

Time (s) DOW

DOW

ARHE average

(kW)

FIGRA t* average

(kW) FIGRA 0.2MJ = 668.4 W/s THR 600s = 15.90 MJ FIGRA t* 1200s = 30.171 kJ/s mARHE = 37.33 kW

100

9593 90

FIGRA 0.2MJ = 668.4 W/s THR 600s = 15.90 MJ FIGRA t* 1200s = 30.171 kJ/s mARHE = 37.33 kW

100

9593 90

80

80

E

E

70

70

60

60 ARHE average

D

FIGRA t* average

D

ARHE = 16 kW

50

FIGRA t* = 16 kJ/s

50

ARHE = 32 kW

FIGRA t* = 32 kJ/s

ARHE = 64 kW

FIGRA t* = 64 kJ/s

40

40

30

30

C

20 10

C

20 10

B

0

B

0 0

120

240

360

480

600

720

840

960

1080

1200

1320

1440

1560

1680

1800

0

Time (s)

BING

120

240

360

480

600

720

840

960

1080

1200

1320

1440

1560

1680

1800

Time (s)

33

LSF

TEST 5

TEST 4

TEST 3

TEST 2

TEST 1

Extruded Polystyrene Foam (XPS) (thickness 30 mm)

BING

34

LSF

Extruded Polystyrene Foam (XPS) (thickness 60 mm)

9594-1 9594-2 9594-3 967.13 1143.90 1727.14 16.02 37.64 46.77 50.19 65.91 92.86 44.7 77.3 83.9

FIGRA [W/s] 0,2 MJ THR600s (=RHR integral) [MJ] mAHRE [kW] FIGRA t* 1200s [1000路MJ/s]

average 1279.4 33.5 69.7 68.6

BASF

XPS (6 (30 mm)

(kW) 300 9594 250 200 150 100 50 0 0

120

240

360

480

600

720

840

960 1080 1200 1320 1440 1560 1680 1800

Time (s) BASF

RHR 30 s average

(kW) FIGRA 0.2MJ = 1279.4 W/s THR 600s = 33.48 MJ FIGRA t* 1200s = 68.618 kJ/s mARHE = 60.75 kW

250

9594

E

200

D 150 RHR 30s average FIGRA = 120 W/s

C

FIGRA = 250 W/s FIGRA = 750 W/s

100

50

B 0 0

120

240

360

480

600

720

840

960

1080

1200

1320

1440

1560

1680

1800

Time (s) BASF

BASF

ARHE average

(kW)

FIGRA t* average

(kW) FIGRA 0.2MJ = 1279.4 W/s THR 600s = 33.48 MJ FIGRA t* 1200s = 68.618 kJ/s mARHE = 60.75 kW

100

9594 90

FIGRA 0.2MJ = 1279.4 W/s THR 600s = 33.48 MJ FIGRA t* 1200s = 68.618 kJ/s mARHE = 60.75 kW

100

9594 90

80

80

E

E

70

70

60

60 ARHE average

D

ARHE = 16 kW

50

ARHE = 32 kW

FIGRA t* average

D

FIGRA t* = 16 kJ/s

50

FIGRA t* = 32 kJ/s

ARHE = 64 kW 40

FIGRA t* = 64 kJ/s 40

30

30

C

20 10

C

20 10

B

0

B

0 0

120

240

360

480

600

720

840

960

1080

1200

1320

1440

1560

1680

1800

0

120

Time (s)

BING

240

360

480

600

720

840

960

1080

1200

1320

1440

1560

1680

1800

Time (s)

35

LSF

TEST 3

TEST 2

TEST 1

Extruded Polystyrene Foam (XPS) (thickness 60 mm)

BING

36

LSF

Expanded Polystyrene Foam (EPS) (thickness 30 mm)

9595-1 9595-2 9595-3 598.11 535.14 636.40 12.68 14.15 12.79 34.55 33.18 34.47 24.4 27.7 23.8

FIGRA [W/s] 0,2 MJ THR600s (=RHR integral) [MJ] mAHRE [kW] FIGRA t* 1200s [1000路MJ/s]

average 589.9 13.2 34.1 25.3

LAPE

EPS (60 (3 mm)

(kW) 100 9595

90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0

120

240

360

480

600

720

840

960 1080 1200 1320 1440 1560 1680 1800

Time (s) LAPE

RHR 30 s average

(kW) FIGRA 0.2MJ = 589.9 W/s THR 600s = 13.20 MJ FIGRA t* 1200s = 25.299 kJ/s mARHE = 34.01 kW

250

9595

E

200

D 150 RHR 30s average FIGRA = 120 W/s

C

FIGRA = 250 W/s FIGRA = 750 W/s

100

50

B 0 0

120

240

360

480

600

720

840

960

1080

1200

1320

1440

1560

1680

1800

Time (s) LAPE

LAPE

ARHE average

(kW)

FIGRA t* average

(kW) FIGRA 0.2MJ = 589.9 W/s THR 600s = 13.20 MJ FIGRA t* 1200s = 25.299 kJ/s mARHE = 34.01 kW

100

9595 90

FIGRA 0.2MJ = 589.9 W/s THR 600s = 13.20 MJ FIGRA t* 1200s = 25.299 kJ/s mARHE = 34.01 kW

100

9595 90

80

80

E

E

70

70

60

60 ARHE average

D

FIGRA t* average

D

ARHE = 16 kW

50

FIGRA t* = 16 kJ/s

50

ARHE = 32 kW

FIGRA t* = 32 kJ/s

ARHE = 64 kW

FIGRA t* = 64 kJ/s

40

40

30

30

C

20 10

C

20 10

B

0

B

0 0

120

240

360

480

600

720

840

960

1080

1200

1320

1440

1560

1680

1800

0

Time (s)

BING

120

240

360

480

600

720

840

960

1080

1200

1320

1440

1560

1680

1800

Time (s)

37

LSF

TEST 3

TEST 2

TEST 1

Expanded Polystyrene Foam (EPS) (thickness 30 mm)

BING

38

LSF

Expanded Perlite (EPB) (thickness 30 mm)

9596-1 9596-2 9596-3 385.09 418.38 278.78 7.07 7.73 5.99 13.72 12.89 11.33 17.3 16.5 14.3

FIGRA [W/s] 0,2 MJ THR600s (=RHR integral) [MJ] mAHRE [kW] FIGRA t* 1200s [1000路MJ/s]

average 360.8 6.9 12.6 16.0

Peralit

Perlite (30 mm)

(kW) 50 9596

45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 0

120

240

360

480

600

720

840

960 1080 1200 1320 1440 1560 1680 1800

Time (s) Peralit

RHR 30 s average

(kW) FIGRA 0.2MJ = 360.8 W/s THR 600s = 6.93 MJ FIGRA t* 1200s = 16.047 kJ/s mARHE = 12.34 kW

250

9596

E

200

D 150 RHR 30s average FIGRA = 120 W/s

C

FIGRA = 250 W/s FIGRA = 750 W/s

100

50

B 0 0

120

240

360

480

600

720

840

960

1080

1200

1320

1440

1560

1680

1800

Time (s) Peralit

Peralit

ARHE average

(kW)

FIGRA t* average

(kW) FIGRA 0.2MJ = 360.8 W/s THR 600s = 6.93 MJ FIGRA t* 1200s = 16.047 kJ/s mARHE = 12.34 kW

100

9596 90

FIGRA 0.2MJ = 360.8 W/s THR 600s = 6.93 MJ FIGRA t* 1200s = 16.047 kJ/s mARHE = 12.34 kW

100

9596 90

80

80

E

E

70

70

60

60 ARHE average

D

FIGRA t* average

D

ARHE = 16 kW

50

FIGRA t* = 16 kJ/s

50

ARHE = 32 kW

FIGRA t* = 32 kJ/s

ARHE = 64 kW

FIGRA t* = 64 kJ/s

40

40

30

30

C

20 10

C

20 10

B

0

B

0 0

120

240

360

480

600

720

840

960

1080

1200

1320

1440

1560

1680

1800

0

Time (s)

BING

120

240

360

480

600

720

840

960

1080

1200

1320

1440

1560

1680

1800

Time (s)

39

LSF

TEST 3

TEST 2

TEST 1

Expanded Perlite (EPB) (thickness 30 mm)

BING

40

LSF

Mineral Wool (MW) (thickness 40 mm)

9597-1 9597-2 9597-3 32.02 24.25 110.91 1.61 0.89 2.69 2.70 2.15 5.54 3.1 1.8 5.8

FIGRA [W/s] 0,2 MJ THR600s (=RHR integral) [MJ] mAHRE [kW] FIGRA t* 1200s [1000路MJ/s]

average 55.7 1.7 3.5 3.6

Rockwool

Mineral fiber (40 mm)

(kW) 10 9597

9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0

120

240

360

480

600

720

840

960 1080 1200 1320 1440 1560 1680 1800

Time (s) Rockwool

RHR 30 s average

(kW) FIGRA 0.2MJ = 55.7 W/s THR 600s = 1.73 MJ FIGRA t* 1200s = 3.558 kJ/s mARHE = 3.21 kW

250

9597

E

200

D 150 RHR 30s average FIGRA = 120 W/s

C

FIGRA = 250 W/s FIGRA = 750 W/s

100

50

B 0 0

120

240

360

480

600

720

840

960

1080

1200

1320

1440

1560

1680

1800

Time (s) Rockwool

Rockwool

ARHE average

(kW)

FIGRA t* average

(kW) FIGRA 0.2MJ = 55.7 W/s THR 600s = 1.73 MJ FIGRA t* 1200s = 3.558 kJ/s mARHE = 3.21 kW

100

9597 90

FIGRA 0.2MJ = 55.7 W/s THR 600s = 1.73 MJ FIGRA t* 1200s = 3.558 kJ/s mARHE = 3.21 kW

100

9597 90

80

80

E

E

70

70

60

60 ARHE average

D

FIGRA t* average

D

ARHE = 16 kW

50

FIGRA t* = 16 kJ/s

50

ARHE = 32 kW

FIGRA t* = 32 kJ/s

ARHE = 64 kW

FIGRA t* = 64 kJ/s

40

40

30

30

C

20 10

C

20 10

B

0

B

0 0

120

240

360

480

600

720

840

960

1080

1200

1320

1440

1560

1680

1800

0

Time (s)

BING

120

240

360

480

600

720

840

960

1080

1200

1320

1440

1560

1680

1800

Time (s)

41

LSF

TEST 3

TEST 2

TEST 1

Mineral Wool (MW) (thickness 40 mm)

BING

42

LSF

Expanded Cork (ICB) (thickness 30 mm)

9598-1 9598-2 9598-3 1956.54 2030.76 976.06 14.46 15.20 11.89 38.72 37.79 25.36 41.8 38.6 25.8

FIGRA [W/s] 0,2 MJ THR600s (=RHR integral) [MJ] mAHRE [kW] FIGRA t* 1200s [1000路MJ/s]

average 1654.5 13.9 34.0 35.4

LIS (kW) 140

Cork (30 mm)

9598

120 100 80 60 40 20 0 0

120

240

360

480

600

720

840

960 1080 1200 1320 1440 1560 1680 1800

Time (s) LIS

RHR 30 s average

(kW) 250

9598

FIGRA 0.2MJ = 1654.5 W/s THR 600s = 13.85 MJ FIGRA t* 1200s = 35.376 kJ/s mARHE = 37.13 kW

E

200

D 150 RHR 30s average FIGRA = 120 W/s

C

FIGRA = 250 W/s FIGRA = 750 W/s

100

50

B 0 0

120

240

360

480

600

720

840

960

1080

1200

1320

1440

1560

1680

1800

1920

Time (s) LIS

LIS

ARHE average

(kW) 100

9598 90

FIGRA t* average

(kW) 100

FIGRA 0.2MJ = 1654.5 W/s THR 600s = 13.85 MJ FIGRA t* 1200s = 35.376 kJ/s mARHE = 37.13 kW

FIGRA 0.2MJ = 1654.5 W/s THR 600s = 13.85 MJ FIGRA t* 1200s = 35.376 kJ/s mARHE = 37.13 kW

9598 90

80

80

E

E

70

70

60

60 ARHE average

D

FIGRA t* average

D

ARHE = 16 kW

50

FIGRA t* = 16 kJ/s

50

ARHE = 32 kW

FIGRA t* = 32 kJ/s

ARHE = 64 kW

FIGRA t* = 64 kJ/s

40

40

30

30

C

20 10

C

20 10

B

0

B

0 0

120

240

360

480

600

720

840

960

1080

1200

1320

1440

1560

1680

1800

0

Time (s)

BING

120

240

360

480

600

720

840

960

1080

1200

1320

1440

1560

1680

1800

Time (s)

43

LSF

TEST 3

TEST 2

TEST 1

Expanded Cork (ICB) (thickness 30 mm)

BING

44

LSF

ANNEX C An other example showing that the classification obtained using FIGRA as defined in standard EN 13823 and used in EN 13501, doesn’t allow to evaluate the real materials level of danger, is represented by two products recently tested.

In fact, if we consider the curves of the following materials: ‘alfa’ and ‘beta’ it can be observed as they have always a FIGRA in level B, but they produce a much more important fire than some products included in BING research program.

The material ‘alfa’ reaches 50 kW at 759 seconds (medium power fire), sufficiently retarded from the fire starting in order to get a FIGRA lower than 120 W/s (limit for class B). Since the total heat released in the first 10 minutes (THR 600s) is 11,32 MJ, higher than 7,5 MJ that is the maximum limit for class B, the final euro-class is, in this case, C. Even considering the other two calculation systems - mARHE and FIGRA t* - at the proposed limits, the class would always be C. The material ‘beta’ reaches a peak of 84 kW after 1080 s, and at 900 s has already reached 40 kW, but in this case the heat is mainly produced after the first 10 minutes of test, so, a big part of the heat released is not considered and FIGRA remains at low levels. Also THR 600s remains below 7,5 MJ that is the limit of class B. Then, the final classification leads to class B. If only mAHRE or FIGRA t* calculations were considered, the result would be a class D, that should be much more appropriate.

BING

45

LSF

alfa

(kW) 250

200

RHR 30s max 30s t* 1200s FIGRA = 120 W/s FIGRA = 250 W/s FIGRA = 750 W/s

FIGRA 0.2MJ = 110.1 W/s Figra t* 1200s = 21.7 kJ/s mARHE = 20.13 kW

RHR: Rate of Heat Release net (kW)

THR 600s = THR 1200s =

E

11.32 MJ 19.46 MJ

49.75 759

D

kW max sec

897 sec t* at t=1500s

150 C 100 B 50

0 0

120

240

360

480

600

720

840

960 1080 1200 1320 1440 1560 1680 1800 1920 Time (s)

Classification according to EN 13823: class C ARHE average (kW) 100

FIGRA 0.2MJ = 109.9 W/s THR 600s = 11.30 MJ FIGRA t* 1200s = 21.6 kJ/s mARHE = 20.08 kW

alfa 90 80

E 70 60 ARHE average

D

ARHE = 16 kW ARHE = 32 kW

50

ARHE = 64 kW 40 30

C

20 10

B

0 0

120

240

360

480

600

720

840

960

1080

1200

1320

1440

1560

1680

1800

Time (s)

FIGRA t* average (kW) 100

FIGRA 0.2MJ = 109.9 W/s THR 600s = 11.30 MJ FIGRA t* 1200s = 21.6 kJ/s mARHE = 20.08 kW

alfa 90 80

E 70 60 FIGRA t* average

D

FIGRA t* = 16 kJ/s

50

FIGRA t* = 32 kJ/s FIGRA t* = 64 kJ/s

40 30

C

20 10

B

0 0

120

240

360

480

600

720

840

960

1080

1200

1320

1440

1560

1680

1800

Time (s)

BING

46

LSF

BING Av. E. Van Nieuwenhuyse 6 - 1160 Brussels E-mail: secretariat@bing-europe.com Phone: +32 2 676 7352 Fax: +32 2 676 7479 The information contained in this publication is, to the best of our knowledge, true and accurate, but any recommendation or suggestions which may be made are without guarantee, since the conditions of use and the composition of source materials are beyond our control. Furthermore, nothing contained herein shall be construed as a recommendation to use any product in conflict with existing patents covering any material or its use.

BING Av. E. Van Nieuwenhuyse 6 - 1160 Brussels - Phone: +32 2 676 7352 - Fax: +32 2 676 7479 E-mail: secretariat@bing-europe.com