If you want to buy this or Any Other Test Bank or Solution Manual contact us At.
MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
1
Developmental psychology is the defined as the scientific study of age related changes in behavior and ________.
1)
_______ A)
genetic and biological influences B)
social and cultural norms C) emotional stability D)
maturity and stability E)
mental processes
2
The Christian doctrine of ________ is the basis for the theory that human development occurs as a result of how well or how poorly someone does at overcoming their innately sinful nature.
2) _______ A) original sin B) tabula rasa C) innate goodness D) humanism E) behaviorism
3
The ideas of the philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau would suggest that the basis for human development is ________.
3)
_______ A)
an individual's response to external, environmental influences B) the attainment of socially and culturally derived norms
C)
an individual's effort to achieve his or her inborn potential D)
based on behavioral characteristics E)
the struggle between an individual's original sin nature and the Holy Spirit
4
The ideas of the English philosopher John Locke would suggest that the basis for human development is ________.
4)
_______ A)
the struggle between an individual's original sin nature and the Holy Spirit B)
based on stimulus-response factors C)
an individual's effort to achieve his or her inborn potential D)
the human material, or "blank slate," of an individual which is affected by external, environmental influences E)
the attainment of socially and culturally derived norms
5
Which of the following most closely represents philosopher John Locke's ideas about children's development? 5)
_______ A)
"Children are to be seen and not heard." B)
"We must eliminate your child's sinful nature through spiritual rebirth." C)
"Your child's development is within the norms for children of his age." D)
"A child is a lump of clay waiting to be shaped and molded." E)
"Your child is innately good and bears within herself the potential to become a moral, productive human being."
6
Some early researchers kept detailed records of their own children's early development; these were called ________.
6) _______ A) evolutionary records B) baby biographies C) family biographies
E) infant timelines
Which scientist contributed the concept of developmental stages to the scientific study of human development?
7
G. Stanley Hall
Arnold Gesell C)
John Watson
Charles Darwin 8
What was G. Stanley Hall first to assert with regard to human development?
8)
_______ A)
that humans evolved from other animals B) that childhood is similar to the elder years C) that environment dictates healthy development D) that adolescence is a unique developmental period E) that biology dictates human personality
9
Arnold Gesell suggested the term ________ to describe genetically programmed sequential patterns of change such as puberty or menopause.
9) _______ A) growth B) biological clock C)
By the end of the twentieth century, life expectancy in the industrialized world increased to about ________.
Clara is 49 years old. She has been having trouble seeing well when she drives at night. Her doctor says that this is normal for a woman of her age. Clara accepts this and now plans her days activities so that she minimizes the need to be out at night. Baltes would say that Clara demonstrates a capacity for ________.
Michael, age 16, has recently gained a considerable amount of weight, but has not grown any taller. Developmentalists would suggest that there is a problem in the ________ domain.
1
Nikki frequently argues with her peers in school and has problems getting along on the playground. Developmentalists would say Nikki is having problems in the ________ domain.
13) ______ A) physical B) ecological C) social D) intellectual E) cognitive
1
Dora was born with Fetal Alcohol Syndrome. The fact that she is mentally retarded is considered to be an issue from the ________ domain.
14) ______ A) emotional B) physical C)
1
The three broad categories that are used to classify changes over the lifespan are called:
15) ______ A) domains of change models. B) domains of development. C) developmental stages. D) psychosocial domains. E) evolutionary stages.
The central issues of the nature-nurture controversy are ________.
16) ______ A) environmental continuity and psychological comfort B) inborn biases and genetic predispositions C) change triggered by social processes or change caused by cultural influences D) biological processes and experiential factors E) the social clock versus the biological clock
1
1 Juanita's father died when she was just a baby, but her family insists that she not only looks like him, she acts like him as well. This makes a case for:
17) ______ A) nature. B) innate goodness. C) environment.
D) ecological genetics. E) nurture.
1
Although Errol was adopted when he was an infant, people routinely tell him he is just like his father referring to his adoptive father! This demonstrates the concept of:
18) ______ A) nurture. B) innate goodness. C) ecological genetics. D) nature. E) heredity.
1
Developmental psychologists have observed that babies seem to be born predisposed to respond to people in certain ways, such as crying or smiling, in order to elicit attention from a caregiver. Psychologists call these inherent tendencies ________.
19) ______ A) ecological bases B) cultural biases C) nature and nurture tensions D) inborn biases E) maturational patterns
What does the concept of inborn biases mean?
20) ______ A)
2
Babies who are born into families with higher socioeconomic status have a head start on developing their full potential. B)
From birth, children are more comfortable with members of their own culture, individuals who have similar language, customs, and behaviors, than members of other cultures.
C)
Babies are born with built-in tendencies to respond to stimulation or experience in certain ways. D)
Development is based upon genetically controlled, systematic physical change. E)
From birth, children's personalities are predetermined.
Which view of lifespan, according to your text, does the concept of inborn biases seem to directly refute?
21) ______ A) humanistic B) original sin C) blank slate D) internal modeling E) innate goodness
2
2
A developmental psychologist who considers the ecology or context of development would examine influential factors in a child's ________.
22) ______ A) family tree B)
patterns of physical growth, such as age of crawling or walking C)
inborn biases or genetic predispositions D)
internal models of experience E)
environment, such as family relationships, neighborhood, or school
2
A developmental psychologist who believes that children's development is significantly influenced by the ecology or context of their lives would focus on which of the following factors?
23) ______ A)
the child's ability to interact effectively with peers and accomplish the psychosocial tasks of autonomy and individuation B)
factors that influence physical growth and development: genetics, nutrition, physical exercise, and maturation rate
C)
parental issues: parental age, parenting skills, and family values
D) childhood diseases and/or immunological problems.
E)
the child's environment, including the neighborhood, school, parental employment conditions, and family relationships
2
"Mom, he's looking at me! Make him stop!" This sentence implies that the very act of being looked at is offensive to this child. Mom, on the other hand, doesn't see the problem. This typical family dilemma illustrates:
24) ______
A) internal models of experience.
B) sibling rivalry.
C) nature versus nurture.
D) an issue of cognitive development.
E) inborn biases.
Gerald Patterson's research on the origins of delinquency illustrates that ________.
25)
______
2
A)
parents who use poor disciplinary techniques are likely to have noncompliant children, and an established pattern of noncompliance can lead to rejection by peers and eventual delinquency
B)
children must be successfully conditioned for prosocial/altruistic behavior or delinquent, aggressive behavior will result
C) parent-child relationships and child developmental outcomes are independent of and unaffected by any factors other than those of the immediate family environment
D)
delinquent or highly aggressive behavior is genetically predetermined and parental efforts will have no effect
2
Which of the following developmental outcomes would be most consistent with the vulnerability-resilience interactionist model of development?
26) ______
A)
Very low IQ scores are most common among children who were born with a very low birth weight and who are reared in highly stressed, uninvolved families.
B)
Children born into caring, facilitative families rarely have sufficient protective factors to overcome or offset all vulnerabilities that might potentially affect their development.
C)
Low birth weight infants born into upper socioeconomic status families invariably have superior levels of intelligence. D)
Genetic predispositions toward certain hereditary conditions cannot be offset by protective factors, and the developmental outcome is inevitably poor. E)
Positive developmental outcome is possible only for children with few vulnerabilities and many protective factors.
2
Which of the following is likely to produce the most negative outcome, based on the vulnerability & resilience model?
27) ______ A)
a child with few vulnerabilities in an unsupportive environment B) a highly vulnerable child in an unsupportive environment C) a highly intelligent child in an unsupportive environment D) a child of poor intelligence in a supportive environment E) a highly vulnerable child in a supportive environment
Qualitative is to quantitative as:
28) ______ A) universal is to diverse. B) production is to comprehension.. C) continuous is to discontinuous. D) specific to individual. E) discontinuous is to continuous.
If puberty begins for girls with the onset of menstruation, puberty could be considered a matter of:
29) ______ A) quantitative. B)
2
2
discontinuity. C) ecological. D) contiguity. E) continuity.
3
Each culture has its own ________ that set parameters for normal life experiences, such as schooling, marriage and retirement.
30) ______ A) age norms B) cohort bias C) biases D) biological clock E) ageism
Our sense of "the right time" to go to college, marry, have children, or retire is determined by our ________.
31) ______ A) cultural and cohort continuity B) biological clock C) intuition D) social clock E) ageism
3
3
Mary Jones married for the first time at age 39, and at age 40 she is pregnant for the first time. She is now considering starting college to become a computer systems engineer. When Mrs. Jones laughingly tells her friends, "I have never done anything when I was supposed to!", she is referring to ________.
32) ______ A) the sensitive period
the social clock D)
the critical period E)
ageism
3
________ is a general negative attitude about aging, typified by the belief that older persons are incompetent or unable to complete required job functions.
33) ______ A)
Dotage pathway B)
Senility C)
Ageism D)
Maturity E)
The social clock
3
A system of meanings and customs shared by an identifiable group and transmitted across generations comprises the ________ of the group. 34) ______ A) age strata B) cohort C) social clock D) collective identity E) culture
3
Individuals who are born within a narrow span of years thus sharing a similar historical experience are called ________. 35) ______ A) a cross-section
B) a cohort
C)
an historical perspective
D)
a critical mass E)
a control group
Which of the following are members of the same cohort?
36) ______ A)
3
a woman raising her children during World War II and a woman raising her children during the Vietnam conflict in the 1970s B)
a "white collar" worker in the 1960s and another in the year 2004 C)
a grandfather and his four grandchildren D)
an urban child in Europe and a rural child in the United States E)
a high school student in California and a high school student in Florida
________ result from unique, unshared events.
37) ______ A)
Cohort effects B)
Historical differences C)
Placebo effects D)
Individual differences E)
Critical difference effects
3
3
Most developmental psychologists agree that one of the key factors that determines the developmental effect of unique, nonshared events is the ________ of the experiences.
38) ______ A) timing
The basic idea that there may be significant periods in development when an organism is especially sensitive to the presence or absence of some particular kind of experience or influence is referred to as ________.
39) ______ A)
ageism B)
the critical period C)
cohort influence D)
A ________ is a span of months or years during which children are particularly responsive to certain kinds of learning experiences or their absence.
40) ______ A)
historical context B)
sensitive period C)
cultural context D)
critical period E)
cohort context
41)
In studies of the effects of unique, nonshared events upon adults, developmental psychologists have most often observed the effects of ________.
41) ______
A)
"off-time" events, in contrast to "on-time" events B)
adults' cohort memberships C)
the critical period D)
the sensitive period E)
the ticking of the biological clock
Developmental psychologists use the term sensitive period to mean ________.
42) ______ A)
the time when the tension between nature and nurture is resolved in an organism's development B)
a time of psychological fragility, usually due to some type of loss such as the death of a spouse, termination of employment, deterioration due to aging, etc.
C)
4
a specific period in development when an organism is particularly responsive to specific forms of experience or particularly influenced by their absence D)
when individuals are more emotionally vulnerable, such as being in love or lonely E)
the period of time during which developmental norms for physical development are reached or achieved
4
Which of the following is the best example of an "off-time" event that could have negative effects upon an individual's development?
43) ______ A)
experiencing a life-threatening illness at the age of 60 B)
the death of one's spouse at the age of 30 C)
being divorced at the age of 25 D)
the deaths of elderly parents E)
Which of the following is the best description of the goals of those who study lifespan psychology? 44) ______ A) to understand and explain social norms B) to understand and shape human personality development C) to explain, record and influence human differences D) to describe, explain, predict & influence development E) to study cohort effects across cultures
Which of the following statements is the best example of a hypothesis about human development?
47) ______ A)
Human breast milk contains nutrients that are essential for formation of neurons and synapses in an infant's developing brain.
B)
All the children in the high-scoring group were breast fed as infants, which explains their higher levels of achievement. C)
Because human breast milk is a superior form of nutrition for infants, all newly-delivered women should be encouraged to breast feed their infants.
D)
If breast milk is a superior supplement for infant brain development, children who were breast-fed as infants should perform better on psychological tests than children who were not breast fed.
E)
Cross-cultural studies have determined that human breast milk provides the ideal nutrition for infant brain development.
4
In a ________ design, subjects of different ages are studied at the same time and the results are compared.
48)
4
Which of the following is the best example of a cross-sectional research study?
49) ______ A)
Dr. Sanchez assessed the eye-hand coordination of the second, fourth, and sixth graders of Maple Leaf Elementary School in December, 2001, and the same children will be tested again in 2003, 2005, and 2007.
B)
A number of graduate students in developmental psychology studied the playground interactions of two classes of fourth graders by secretly videotaping the playground activities from the third-floor window of an adjacent building. C)
Each year at the beginning of the school year, the five children of the Jones family visit their family doctor to have physical exams.
D)
Dr. Huang assessed the eye-hand coordination of the second, fourth, and sixth graders of Maple Leaf Elementary School in September, 2001.
E)
Each year the five-year-olds of Washington, D.C. are given number and letter proficiency exams before they begin kindergarten.
5
A psychologist who compares responsiveness to authority figures of groups of 20-, 30-, 40-, and 50-year-olds finds that as people get older they become more compliant with authority. It is possible that age is responsible for this effect, but another important explanation might be ________.
50)
______
A)
longitudinal attrition
B)
cross-sectional effect
C)
law of contiguity
D)
cohort effect
E)
ethnographic flaw
Which of the following is the best example of a longitudinal research study?
51)
______
5
A)
Dr. Cisneros initially studied a group of recently-divorced 40-year-olds to evaluate their communication skills and continued to study their interpersonal relationships for 30 years.
B)
In December, 2000, researchers surveyed shoppers at local malls to assess peoples' attitudes about retirement and their plans for post-retirement activities.
C)
To determine how alcohol affects retention of information, researchers monitored subjects' ingestion of alcohol while the subjects were learning to play a complicated game.
D)
Dr. Short administered diagnostic study skills tests to students in her freshmen-level introductory psychology class and in her sophomore-level developmental psychology class. She then compared the two groups in order to determine whether students' study skills improved between their freshman and sophomore years of college.
E)
Dr. Ngo studied four groups of children aged six, eight, ten, and twelve to determine how therapy helps children cope with their parents' divorce.
5
After World War II, researchers began to study a group of children known as "baby boomers." These children were studied for years, until they were adults, documenting everything from social attitudes to occupational choices. This is an example of a ________.
______ A)
case study B)
longitudinal design C)
cross-sectional design D)
correlational study E)
experimental design
5
Which type of research design is intended to avoid the shortcomings of both cross-sectional and longitudinal studies by combining features of both?
53) ______ A)
cross-longitudinal design B)
sequential design C)
longitudinal case study D)
cross-correlational design E)
correlational study
5
The Maple Leaf Elementary School counselor, psychologist, and social worker and the parents of eight-year-old Jimmy Jackson are working as a cooperative team to determine why Jimmy exhibits a pattern of highly aggressive behavior toward his peers and teachers. Jimmy's behavior has been extensively observed, he has been subjected to a battery of psychological tests, and his parents have been interviewed. This in-depth examination of Jimmy Jackson is an example of a/an ________.
54) ______ A) naturalistic observation B)
ethnography C)
correlational study D)
longitudinal design E)
case study
55)
Of the following, which is the best example of a naturalistic observation?
55) ______ A)
A serial killer is subjected to a battery of psychological exams and intensive interviews in an effort to determine the factors that influenced his developmental pathway to homicidal behavior.
B)
The school psychologist has administered aptitude tests to the sophomore class of Martin Luther King, Jr. High School.
C)
A teaching assistant is setting up a mock classroom in order to study lecture styles.
D)
A researcher interested in the effects of caffeine upon learning provides high-caffeine drinks to an experimental group who are being taught a complicated game and provides caffeine-free drinks to a control group who are being taught the same game.
E)
Researchers interested in children's gender-related interactions videotape children while they are playing during recess and while they are engaged in cooperative learning assignments in their classrooms.
5
Which of the following is a true statement about correlations?
56) ______ A)
A correlation of -1.00 indicates a weak relationship between two variables.
B)
A correlation of +1.00 provides clear evidence that one variable has a causative effect upon the other.
C)
A correlation of +.80 is stronger than a correlation of -.80.
D)
A correlation of zero indicates a strong relationship between two variables.
E)
Correlations can range from -1.00 to +1.00 and describe the strength of a relationship between two variables.
5
One problem associated with a longitudinal study is called the practice effect, which means:
57) ______ A)
that participants grow tired of repeated analysis, resulting in a diminished effort.
B) that over time, participants grow tired of the project and make themselves less available.
C)
participants expect an effect from the experiment, so they experience one.
D)
that participants take the same test over and over, distorting the value of the results.
E)
participation causes some individuals to be less likely to seek professional help in the future.
Which of the following is not a key feature of an experimental study?
58) ______ A)
subjects in a control group B) dependent variable C) an independent variable D) subjects in an experimental group E)
controls for cohort effects
5
5
A researcher who wants to study how radiation affects a developing human fetus might use a/an ________ research design.
59) ______ A)
quasi-experimental B) case study C) sequential D)
naturalistic observation E)
experimental
6
An experiment is designed to study the effects of long lectures on the sleeping behavior of college students. In such a study, the dependent variable is:
60) ______ A) the lecturing professor. B) sleeping behavior of college students. C) the length of time a lecture runs. D) college students. E)
6
Researchers designed an experiment to study the effects of a professor's sense of humor on enrollment numbers. In this study, the independent variable is ________.
61) ______ A) admissions records B) students considering attending college C) number of students who enroll D) the college professor's sense of humor E) the college professor
6 A new medicine for headaches is in clinical trials. The patients who are receiving this new drug are:
62) ______ A) the placebo group. B) independent group. C) the control group. D) neutral group. E) the experimental group.
6
A think tank is studying the effects of negative campaign ads on people's voting behavior. One group was shown several ads, many of them negative, to see if the negative ads made any difference. Another group was shown a number of ads, but none more negative than usual. What would researchers this second group?
63) ______ A) control group B) experimental group C) dependent group D) placebo group
6
Studies show that as ice cream sales increase, so do calls to 911 for domestic abuse complaints. The relationship between ice cream sales and domestic abuse calls is called:
64)
______
A) the cohort effect.
B) rationalization.
C) cause and effect.
D) a demonstrated relationship.
E) a correlation.
The longer the lecture film lasts, the more students fall asleep. This is called:
65)
______
A) a spurious relationship.
B) multivariate analysis.
C) a positive correlation.
D) a negative correlation.
E) ANOVA.
6
6
Which of the following does your text suggest is an ethical way for experimenters to study the effects of unpleasant or stressful experiences?
66) ______
A) Aversive conditions cannot be ethically studied. B) through survey
C) developing longitudinal studies D) through quasi-experiments
6
Which is the best term to describe when a researcher lives in a particular culture for an extended time in order to gain a detailed understanding and description of the culture?
67) ______ A) sociology B) sociobiology C) ethnopsychology D) ethnography E) social psychology
6 The two primary goals of cross-cultural research are to identify universal changes that cross cultures and to:
68)
______ A) demonstrate cultural diversity in the social sciences. B) learn things that will help improve people's lives. C) nurture more culturally sensitive attitudes. D) ensure that cultural traditions are not diluted with assimilation. E) determine the effects that one culture has upon another.
6 Dr. Gardner wanted to learn more about the culture of Cherokee people living on a reservation, so he actually moved onto a reservation and lived among the people for two years. This type of research is called ________.
69) ______ A) parapsychology B) a cross-sectional study C) ethnography D)
social psychology
7
Participants in research projects must be told of any harmful effects or possible risks associated with the research in advance of their participation. What is this ethical responsibility called?
70) ______ A) informed consent B) protection from harm C) knowledge of results D) release of confidential information E) use of deception
7
Darius participated in a study of the effects of alcohol on long term memory. More than a year after his participation ended, he received a newsletter telling him all about the results of the study. The researchers were following the ethical guideline that mandates ________.
71) ______
A) informed consent B) full disclosure C) protection against harm D) knowledge of results E) confidentiality for participants
7 Dr. Benjamin Spock instructed parents to treat their children in ways that were eventually found to be:
72) ______ A) restrictive. B) neglectful. C) domineering. D)
E) overly permissive.
7
The pediatrician known for advocating an "even-handed" approach to child-rearing that is based on an understanding of children's inborn needs is:
73) ______ A) Alfred Adler. B) T. Berry Brazelton. C) John Watson. D) Sigmund Freud. E) Benjamin Spock.
As of today, what is the single most important trend in the search for expert advice on child-rearing?
74) ______ A) reliance upon the school system B) use of the Internet C) use of clinical psychologists D) referrals to psychiatric facilities E) professional assessments & recommendations
7
7
In your text, "It Depends" discussed the problems associated with predicting future outcomes for traumatized children. What conclusion did they offer?
75) ______ A)
The length of abuse determines the overall outcome. B)
Long term effects depend on the family support system. C) Outcomes depend on a variety of variables. D)
Art therapy is most effective with younger children.
Outgoing children have better outcomes than shy children.
TRUE/FALSE. Write 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if the statement is false.
The original sin doctrine holds that a child is born with an innately good and competent nature.
7
The idea of the blank slate suggests that human development is best understood by looking at behavior changes caused by environmental influences.
The term nature-nurture controversy is used to describe the debate about the relative contributions of biological processes and experience to individual development.
The concept of inborn biases holds that children are innately determined to undergo physical developments, such as walking, talking, or puberty, independent of social or environmental triggers.
A developmental psychologist who ascribes to the concept of internal models of experience would study a child's family, neighborhood, and school in order to understand the child's development.
Our sense of the right time to go to college, marry, start a family, or retire is defined by the social clock.
Ethnography is a term that describes a system of meanings and customs that is shared by an identifiable group and
If a researcher measures the impact of television watching upon grades, the independent variable in the experiment would be the grades.
90)
SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question. 9
The four goals of developmental psychology are to ________ , ________ , ________ and ________ human behavior. 91)
Your text suggests that the period from 6 - 12 months might be the sensitive period for ________. 92)
One major weakness of naturalistic observation, according to your text, is ________.
Mental illness, mental retardation and behavioral problems are all examples of ________.
What is the major distinguishing factor between correlational studies and experiments?
In an experiment, if participants have equal chances of being assigned to the different groups, we say that assignment was
Which 18th century philosopher was credited with the developmental idea known as innate goodness?
G. Stanley Hall sought to study development more objectively, so he began using ________ and ________ to study large numbers of children.
98)
Developmentalists are interested in how much of who we are is because we are born that way. This is part of a controversy known as ________.
99)
When developmentalists disagree about whether certain facets of development occur in stages or more gradually, they are debating the issue of ________.
100)
ESSAY. Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper.
101)
What is the nature-nurture controversy? If developmental psychologists have moved away from either-or approaches to the question of the relative contributions of biology and environment to development, what perspectives or approaches currently offer insight into the nature-nurture question?
102)
What is a critical period? What is a sensitive period? Give examples to illustrate your answers.
103)
What do you see as the strengths and weaknesses of the ethnographic approach to research? Explain your answer.
104)
Explain universal change and give an example.
80) FALSE 81) TRUE 82) FALSE 83) FALSE 84) TRUE 85) TRUE 86) FALSE 87) FALSE 88) FALSE 89) FALSE 90) FALSE 91)
describe; explain; predict; influence 92)
parent-infant attachment 93) observer bias 94) atypical development 95)
Correlations cannot show CAUSAL relationships. 96) random 97)
Jean-Jacques Rousseau 98)
questionnaires; interviews 99)
nature versus nurture 100)