Test Bank for Essentials of Abnormal Psychology in a Changing World with GT Access Code, Second Cana

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MULTIPLE CHOICE 1) ________ people accused of crimes plead not criminally responsible on account of a mental disorder.

A) Virtually no B) Only a few C) About half of D) The majority of Answer:

B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 2 Skill: Factual

2) Who is affected by abnormal behaviour?

A) virtually everyone B) only those who are related to the mentally ill or who work in treating the mentally ill C) only those who are related to the mentally ill D) only those who are mentally ill themselves Answer:

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A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 2 Skill: Factual

3) Nearly ________ percent of Canadians will experience a mental disorder at some time in their lives.

A) 5 B) 10 C) 15 D) 20 E) 25 Answer:

D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 2 Skill: Factual

4) Psychological disorders requiring hospitalization are most common among people in the ________-year age range.

A) 18- to 25 B) 25- to 44 C) 44- to 59 D) 59- to 67 Answer:

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B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 2 Skill: Factual

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5) ________ psychology is the branch of the science of psychology that addresses the description, causes, and treatment of abnormal behaviour.

A) Counseling B) Forensic C) Social D) Abnormal Answer:

D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 2 Skill: Factual

6) The ________ model considers abnormal behaviour patterns to be symptoms of underlying mental illnesses or disorders.

A) medical B) behavioural C) sociocultural D) applied Answer:

A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 3 Skill: Factual

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7) The authors of your text prefer to use the term "psychological disorder" rather than "mental disorder" for each of the following reasons EXCEPT ________.

A) the term "psychological disorder" puts the study of abnormal behaviour squarely within the purview of the field of psychology B) the term "mental disorder" is generally associated with the medical model C) the term "mental disorder" reinforces the distinction between mental and physical phenomena D) the term "mental disorder" implies some type of serious illness, whereas the term "psychological disorder does not Answer:

D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 3 Skill: Factual

8) Which of the following is NOT one of the criteria discussed in the text for judging a behaviour as abnormal?

A) faulty perception or interpretation of reality B) behaviour is dangerous C) behaviour is immoral D) behaviour is unusual Answer:

C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 3-5 Skill: Conceptual

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9) Hallucinations are deemed unusual A) in all cultures B) in most Western cultures C) in all non-Western cultures D) only in Asian cultures Answer:

B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 3 Skill: Conceptual

10) In judging whether or not a person's behaviour is socially unacceptable or violates social norms, clinicians must take into account ________.

A) ideas of persecution B) cultural differences C) universal truths D) subjects' expectations Answer:

B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 4 Skill: Factual

11)

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In judging whether or not a person's behaviour is socially unacceptable or violates social norms, clinicians must take into account each of the following EXCEPT ________.

A) subjects' expectations B) cultural differences C) generational differences D) nonconformity issues Answer:

A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 4 Skill: Factual

12) Archibald has recurring delusions that he is the King of England. He also hallucinates that the Queen is next to him and he talks to her throughout the day. Which criterion of abnormal behaviour most closely matches his behaviour?

A) severe mental distress B) self-defeating behaviour C) socially unacceptable behaviour D) faulty perception of reality Answer:

D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 4-5 Skill: Applied

13) Seeing things and hearing voices that are not present are considered ________.

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A) delusions B) compulsions C) hallucinations D) obsessions Answer:

C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 4-5 Skill: Factual

14) Kathy has recurring visions of demons chasing her around her house. She also hears them telling her, "We have come for you!" She is experiencing ________.

A) delusions B) compulsions C) hallucinations D) obsessions Answer:

C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 4-5 Skill: Applied

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15) Unfounded ideas or false beliefs which have no basis in fact are considered ________.

A) delusions B) compulsions C) hallucinations D) obsessions Answer:

A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 4-5 Skill: Factual

16) Alexander believes that aliens from outer space are working together with the CIA in an elaborate plot to brainwash him with secret messages transmitted through static on his television. His beliefs are most likely what psychologists would call ________.

A) delusions B) compulsions C) hallucinations D) obsessions Answer:

A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 4-5 Skill: Applied

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17) Abigail is suffering from a combination of chronic anxiety and depression. Which criterion of abnormal behaviour most closely matches her symptoms?

A) severe mental distress B) self-defeating behaviour C) unusual behaviour D) faulty perception of reality Answer:

A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 5 Skill: Conceptual

18) Andrew is an alcoholic and an obsessive gambler. He has lost his wife, family, and job because of his drinking and gambling. Which criterion of abnormal behaviour most closely matches his symptoms?

A) severe mental distress B) self-defeating behaviour C) faulty perception of reality D) dangerous behaviour Answer:

B Diff: 3 Page Ref: 5 Skill: Applied

19)

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Megan has an intense fear of going shopping at the mall, to concerts, or to any other place in which there may be large crowds of people. Her fears are best described as ________.

A) claustrophobia B) delusional disorder C) agoraphobia D) conversion disorder Answer:

C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 5 Skill: Applied

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20) Tosha has attempted suicide several times and insists she will make another attempt when she has an opportunity. Which criterion of abnormal behaviour most closely matches her behaviour?

A) dangerous behaviour B) self-defeating behaviour C) socially unacceptable behaviour D) faulty perception of reality Answer:

A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 5 Skill: Applied

21) Physical aggression is considered.

A) abnormal in sports B) abnormal in combat C) normal in most circumstances D) generally maladaptive in modern society Answer:

D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 5 Skill: Factual

22)

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Australian aborigines do not believe that ________ are abnormal.

A) epileptic seizures B) hallucinations C) suicides D) phobias Answer:

B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 6 Skill: Factual

23) In many non-Western cultures, our concept of "depression" is perceived as ________.

A) white man's sickness B) Aboriginal sickness C) spiritual withdrawal D) soul loss Answer:

D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 7 Skill: Factual

24) Which of the following statements is NOT true?

A)

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behaviour that is considered normal in one culture may be deemed abnormal in another.

B) Abnormal behaviour patterns take similar forms across all cultures.

C) Concepts of health and illness may have different meanings in different cultures.

D) The very words that Western cultures use to describe mental disorders may have different meanings in other cultures.

Answer:

B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 6-7 Skill: Conceptual

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25) In a number of African cultures, anxiety is expressed as ________.

A) fears of failure in procreation, in dreams, and complaints about witchcraft B) trancelike states C) physical symptoms such as headaches, fatigue, or weakness D) feelings of guilt or sadness Answer:

A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 8 Skill: Factual

26) In Eastern cultures, depression is experienced largely in terms of ________.

A) fears of failure in procreation, in dreams, and complaints about witchcraft B) trancelike states C) physical symptoms such as headaches, fatigue, or weakness D) feelings of guilt or sadness Answer:

C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 8 Skill: Factual

27)

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In our culture, models based on ________ have achieved prominence in explaining abnormal behaviour.

A) spiritual corruption B) demonology C) medical disease D) anthropomorphism Answer:

C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 8 Skill: Factual

28) Until the Age of Enlightenment most Western societies attributed most mental illnesses to ________.

A) natural causes B) poor child-rearing practices C) demonology D) psychic abilities Answer:

C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 8 Skill: Conceptual

29) Throughout much of history in Western societies, abnormal behaviour was often taken as a sign of ________.

A)

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psychic powers B) biological imbalances C) spiritual enlightenment D) demonic possession Answer:

D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 9 Skill: Factual

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30) The process of cutting a hole in the skull to provide a pathway for demons to leave a possessed person's body is called ________.

A) exorcism B) trephining C) purging D) expurgating Answer:

B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 9 Skill: Conceptual

31) Zelda visits a psychiatrist to seek treatment for recurring nightmares and hallucinations. Her therapist tells her that she has been possessed by evil spirits. Her therapist is using the ________ model to explain her symptoms.

A) eclectic B) medical C) psychoanalytic D) demonological Answer:

D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 9 Skill: Applied

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32) Before Hippocrates, the ancient Greeks believed that abnormal behaviour, or madness, resulted from ________.

A) natural forces B) demonic possession C) punishment by the gods D) psychic powers Answer:

C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 10 Skill: Factual

33) The ancient Greeks attempted to cure mental illness by ________.

A) sending people to temples where they were given rest, a nutritious diet, and exercise B) trephining C) performing exorcisms D) torturing them to force the evil spirits out of their bodies Answer:

A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 10 Skill: Factual

34)

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The celebrated ancient Greek physician who argued that illnesses of the body and mind resulted from natural causes rather than the wrath of the gods was ________.

A) Socrates B) Hippocrates C) Plato D) Aristotle Answer:

B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 10 Skill: Factual

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35) The idea that the health of the body depends on a balance of four bodily fluids, or humors, was first proposed by ________.

A) Galen B) Hippocrates C) Socrates D) Plato Answer:

B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 10 Skill: Factual

36) According to Hippocrates, abnormal behaviour results from ________.

A) biological imbalances B) angering the gods C) demonic possession D) spiritual deprivation Answer:

A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 10 Skill: Factual

37)

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According to Hippocrates, each of the following EXCEPT ________ is a bodily fluid important to physical and mental health.

A) phlegm B) blood C) green bile D) black bile Answer:

C Diff: 3 Page Ref: 10 Skill: Factual

38) Zorba is constantly depressed. According to Hippocrates' theory, Zorba has an excess of ________.

A) phlegm B) blood C) green bile D) black bile Answer:

D Diff: 3 Page Ref: 10 Skill: Applied

39) Zorba is lethargic and sluggish, always acting like he is in "slow motion" or "suspended animation."

According to Hippocrates' theory, Zorba has an excess of ________.

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A) phlegm B) blood C) green bile D) black bile Answer:

A Diff: 3 Page Ref: 10 Skill: Applied

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40) Zorba is cheerful, confident, and optimistic. According to Hippocrates' theory, Zorba has an excess of ________.

A) phlegm B) blood C) yellow bile D) black bile Answer:

B Diff: 3 Page Ref: 10 Skill: Applied

41) Zorba is quick tempered, or choleric. According to Hippocrates' theory, Zorba has an excess of ________.

A) phlegm B) blood C) yellow bile D) black bile Answer:

C Diff: 3 Page Ref: 10 Skill: Applied

42)

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A person who is cheerful, confident, and optimistic is said to be ________.

A) sanguine B) choleric C) phlegmatic D) melancholic Answer:

A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 10 Skill: Conceptual

43) A person who is lethargic and sluggish with little or no energy is said to be ________.

A) sanguine B) choleric C) phlegmatic D) melancholic Answer:

C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 10 Skill: Conceptual

44) A person who is quick-tempered, or bilious, is said to be ________.

A) sanguine

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B) choleric C) phlegmatic D) melancholic Answer:

B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 10 Skill: Conceptual

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45) A person who is chronically sad and depressed is said to be ________.

A) sanguine B) choleric C) phlegmatic D) melancholic Answer:

D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 10 Skill: Conceptual

46) Hippocrates diagnoses one of his patients as suffering from an excess of blood. The patient is probably ________.

A) lethargic and sluggish B) quick-tempered C) confident and optimistic D) sad and depressed Answer:

C Diff: 3 Page Ref: 10 Skill: Applied

47)

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Hippocrates diagnoses one of his patients as suffering from an excess of phlegm. The patient is probably ________.

A) lethargic and sluggish B) quick-tempered C) confident and optimistic D) sad and depressed Answer:

A Diff: 3 Page Ref: 10 Skill: Applied

48) Hippocrates diagnoses one of his patients as suffering from an excess of yellow bile. The patient is probably ________.

A) lethargic and sluggish B) quick-tempered C) confident and optimistic D) sad and depressed Answer:

B Diff: 3 Page Ref: 10 Skill: Applied

49) Hippocrates diagnoses one of his patients as suffering from an excess of black bile. The patient is

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probably ________.

A) lethargic and sluggish B) quick-tempered C) confident and optimistic D) sad and depressed Answer:

D Diff: 3 Page Ref: 10 Skill: Applied

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50) Hippocrates' view that abnormal behaviour could result from biological imbalances forms the basis of today's ________ model.

A) medical B) eclectic C) psychoanalytic D) phenomenological Answer:

A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 10 Skill: Conceptual

51) Which of the following is NOT one of the three main categories used by Hippocrates and Galen to classify abnormal behaviour?

A) malleus B) mania C) melancholia D) phrenitis Answer:

A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 10 Skill: Conceptual

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52) Hippocrates diagnoses one of his patients as suffering from mania. The patient is probably ________.

A) excessively depressed B) excessively excited C) schizophrenic D) autistic Answer:

B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 10 Skill: Applied

53) Hippocrates diagnoses one of his patients as suffering from melancholia. The patient is probably ________.

A) excessively depressed B) excessively excited C) schizophrenic D) autistic Answer:

A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 10 Skill: Applied

54)

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Hippocrates diagnoses one of his patients as suffering from phrenitis. The patient is probably ________.

A) excessively excited B) excessively depressed C) schizophrenic D) autistic Answer:

C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 10 Skill: Applied

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55) The Malleus Maleficarum ________.

A) was written by Plato B) was used for diagnosing witchcraft.

C) was the first medical text to recognize abnormal behaviour D) is still used today to diagnose mental disorders Answer:

B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 11 Skill: Factual

56) During the Middle Ages, the treatment of choice for curing abnormal behaviour was ________.

A) trephining B) bleeding C) exorcism D) meditation Answer:

C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 11 Skill: Factual

57)

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Fear of witches reached its height during the ________.

A) Middle Ages B) Renaissance C) Age of Enlightenment D) Victorian Age Answer:

B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 11 Skill: Factual

58) The Malleus Maleficarum was ________.

A) a medical manual designed to help Renaissance physicians treat abnormal behaviour B) the first diagnostic manual that correctly labelled some mental health problems according to their behavioural symptoms C) the holy ritual used to help priests perform exorcisms D) a manual for helping inquisitors identify suspected witches Answer:

D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 11 Skill: Factual

59) According to the text, about ________ suspected witches were executed in Western societies in the 16th and 17th centuries.

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A) 25,000 B) 50,000 C) 75,000 D) 100,000 Answer:

D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 11 Skill: Factual

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60) The "water float" test was used during the 16th and 17th centuries to test for ________.

A) witchcraft and possession B) loyalty to the King or Queen C) problem-solving skills D) swimming ability Answer:

A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 11 Skill: Factual

61) If a suspected witch who was subjected to the "water float” test was found to be spiritually pure, the suspect ________.

A) was released B) was made to do what we would now call "community service" to assure the purity of his or her soul C) was given an exorcism to prevent future demonic possession D) drowned Answer:

D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 11 Skill: Factual

62)

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Most scholars today believe that accusations of witchcraft during the Middle Ages and Renaissance were ________.

A) based on valid fears of the unknown B) based on misinterpretations of abnormal behaviours resulting from mental illness C) convenient means of disposing of social nuisances and seizing property D) part of a general trend by the poor to seek revenge against the wealthy by accusing them of crimes which would cause them to be disgraced Answer:

C Diff: 3 Page Ref: 11 Skill: Factual

63) During the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, which of the following people was most likely to be accused of witchcraft?

A) a poor, young, single female B) a wealthy, young, married female C) a poor, elderly, single female D) a poor, elderly, married female Answer:

C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 11 Skill: Applied

64)

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In Medieval England, most explanations of mental illness involved ________.

A) sociological causes B) demonic possession C) natural causes D) spiritual impropriety Answer:

C Diff: 3 Page Ref: 12 Skill: Factual

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65) Renaissance physician Johann Weyer was noted for arguing that abnormal behaviour and thought patterns were caused by ________.

A) physical problems B) demonic possession C) spiritual impurity D) sociological factors Answer:

A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 12 Skill: Factual

66) The first asylums, or "madhouses," began to crop up throughout Europe in the ________ centuries.

A) 11th and 12th B) 13th and 14th C) 15th and 16th D) 17th and 18th Answer:

C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 12 Skill: Factual

67)

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The first asylums in Europe were ________.

A) added on to existing hospitals as special "wards" for the mentally ill B) also used to house the poor C) also used to house lepers D) run by the order of Bethlehem Answer:

B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 12 Skill: Factual

68) Which of the following is NOT true of the first asylums for the mentally ill?

A) Patients were used as "guinea pigs" for new and risky medical experiments.

B) Residents were often chained to their beds and left to die in their own waste.

C) Many asylums sold tickets so the public could observe the antics of the inmates.

D) They often were homes for beggars as well as the mentally disturbed.

Answer:

A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 12 Skill: Factual

69) The modern era of treatment can be traced, in large part, to ________.

A) Pussin

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B) Roentgen C) Lavoix D) Mesmer Answer:

A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 12 Skill: Factual

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70) The modern era of treatment can be traced, in large part, to ________.

A) Roentgen B) Pinel C) Descartes D) Mesmer Answer:

B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 13 Skill: Factual

71) The modern era of treatment can be traced to the ________.

A) late 16th and early 17th centuries B) late 17th and early 18th centuries C) late 18th and early 19th centuries D) late 19th and early 20th centuries Answer:

C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 13 Skill: Factual

72)

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In the late 18th and early 19th century, most Europeans viewed deranged or mentally ill people as ________.

A) sick people in need of treatment B) demonically possessed C) having special "gifts" that allowed them to communicate with the spirit world D) dangerous threats to society Answer:

D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 13 Skill: Factual

73) If you were a follower of Phillipe Pinel, you would most likely agree with which of the following statements?

A) The mentally ill should be incarcerated and chained to prevent them from harming themselves or others.

B) The mentally ill should be treated through purging, bloodletting, and ice-cold baths.

C) The mentally ill will recover more quickly by living in the real world and learning to survive on their own.

D) The mentally ill should be treated with care, kindness, understanding, and concern.

Answer:

D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 13 Skill: Applied

74) The philosophy of treatment that emerged from the efforts of Frenchmen like Phillipe Pinel is called

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________ therapy.

A) humanistic B) moral C) reformation D) organic Answer:

B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 13 Skill: Factual

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75) A noted therapist argues that mentally ill patients should be treated with care, kindness, and understanding. Her argument most closely matches the tenets of ________ therapy.

A) demonological B) reformation C) moral D) organic Answer:

C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 13 Skill: Applied

76) The Boston schoolteacher most responsible for the establishment of mental hospitals in the nineteenth century United States is ________.

A) Clara Barton B) Dorothea Dix C) Harriet Beecher Stowe D) Martha Custis Answer:

B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 13 Skill: Factual

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77) Deplorable hospital conditions remained commonplace in Canada through the middle of the ________ century.

A) 17th B) 18th C) 19th D) 20th Answer:

D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 13 Skill: Factual

78) The community mental health movement in Canada fostered a policy of ________.

A) increased institutionalization B) deinstitutionalization C) segregation D) complete abandonment of mental health institutions Answer:

B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 14 Skill: Conceptual

79)

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By the mid-1950s, the population in Canadian psychiatric hospitals had risen to about ________.

A) 1000 B) 24 000 C) 66 000 D) 100 000 Answer:

C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 14 Skill: Factual

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80) The class of drugs most responsible for the mass release of many institutionalized mentally ill patients is the ________.

A) phenothiazines B) MAO inhibitors C) tricyclics D) antibiotics Answer:

A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 14 Skill: Factual

81) Phenothiazines are a group of ________ drugs.

A) antianxiety B) antipsychotic C) antidepressant D) analgesic Answer:

B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 14 Skill: Factual

82)

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Phenothiazines are used to treat the most flagrant behaviour patterns associated with ________.

A) schizophrenia B) obsessive-compulsive disorder C) dissociative fugue D) bipolar disorder Answer:

A Diff: 3 Page Ref: 14 Skill: Factual

83) By the mid 1970s, the population in Canadian psychiatric hospitals was about ________.

A) 1000 B) 1500 C) 10 000 D) 15 000 Answer:

D Diff: 3 Page Ref: 14 Skill: Factual

84) Between the 1950s and the 1980s, the psychiatric hospital population across Canada ________.

A) increased dramatically

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B) remained relatively the same C) fluctuated wildly D) decreased dramatically Answer:

D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 14 Skill: Factual

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85) Who is the Canadian psychiatrist who was the first person in North America to publicly report on the antipsychotic effects of chlorpromazine?

A) Dr. Jeffrey Nevid B) Dr. Dorothea Dix C) Dr. John Pinel D) Dr. Ruth Kajander Answer:

D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 15 Skill: Conceptual

86) Chlorpromazine was initially marketed for ________.

A) postsurgical nausea and vomiting B) allergies C) antipsychotic effects D) headaches Answer:

A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 15 Skill: Conceptual

87) Which of the following has been a negative effect of the deinstitutionalization movement?

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A) a significant increase in violent crime by those who were released B) a nearly total collapse of the nationwide system of mental hospitals and community mental health centres C) an increase in the number of mentally ill patients requiring long-term care D) the abandonment of many former patients who now wander the streets of Canadian cities Answer:

D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 15 Skill: Conceptual

88) The physician who first argued that abnormal behaviour was rooted in diseases of the brain was ________.

A) William Griesinger B) Emil Kraepelin C) G.A. Hansen D) Gregor Mendel Answer:

A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 16 Skill: Factual

89) The physician who wrote an influential textbook on psychiatry in 1883, in which he likened mental disorders to physical diseases was ________.

A)

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Joseph Lister B) Robert Koch C) Emil Kraepelin D) G.A. Hansen Answer:

C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 16 Skill: Factual

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90) The ________ model attempts to explain abnormal behaviour on the basis of underlying biological defects.

A) medical B) eclectic C) structural-functional D) center-periphery Answer:

A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 16 Skill: Conceptual

91) According to the medical model, people behaving abnormally ________.

A) suffer from incurable diseases caused by inherited genetic defects B) suffer from the results of early childhood trauma and can be cured with proper behavioural therapies C) suffer from mental illnesses that can be classified like physical illnesses, according to their distinctive causes and symptoms D) are often unjustly labelled "abnormal" by society because of fears about their "different" behaviours Answer:

C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 16 Skill: Factual

92)

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Emily goes to a therapist for treatment of chronic anxiety. Her therapist advises her that she has an imbalance of neurotransmitters in her brain, causing her to feel anxious most of the time. Her therapist is using the ________ model to explain Emily's symptoms.

A) medical B) phenomenological C) structural-functional D) classical Answer:

A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 16 Skill: Applied

93) Emil Kraepelin specified ________ main groups of mental disorders.

A) two B) four C) six D) eight Answer:

A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 16 Skill: Factual

94) Emil Kraepelin identified the group of diseases he called "dementia praecox," which we now call ________.

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A) conversion disorder B) dissociative identity disorder C) schizophrenia D) bipolar disorder Answer:

C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 16 Skill: Conceptual

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95) Emil Kraepelin identified the group of diseases he called "manic-depressive psychosis," which we now call ________.

A) conversion disorder B) dissociative identity disorder C) schizophrenia D) bipolar disorder Answer:

D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 16 Skill: Conceptual

96) The major contribution of Emil Kraepelin was ________.

A) the development of a classification system that forms the cornerstone of current diagnostic systems B) the discovery that early childhood environment plays a crucial role in the development of a healthy personality C) the discovery of the bacterium causing syphilis D) the development of "moral therapy," in which humane treatment and a relaxed environment were used to help restore mental health Answer:

A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 16 Skill: Factual

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97) General paresis represents an advanced stage of ________.

A) senile dementia B) syphilis C) dementia praecox D) bipolar disorder Answer:

B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 16 Skill: Factual

98) Which term did not originate in the medical model?

A) diagnosis B) therapy C) relapse D) possession Answer:

D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 17 Skill: Factual

99) The person who developed the first major psychological theory of abnormal behaviour was ________.

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A) Friedrich Mesmer B) Joseph Breuer C) Sigmund Freud D) Jean-Martin Charcot Answer:

C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 17 Skill: Factual

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100) ________ demonstrated that hysterical behaviours, like paralysis or numbness of the arms, could be induced in normal subjects under hypnosis through the use of suggestions.

A) Mesmer B) Breuer C) Charcot D) Pinel Answer:

C Diff: 3 Page Ref: 17 Skill: Factual

101) Freud's use of hypnosis in therapy was based upon the work of ________.

A) Mesmer B) Charcot C) Pinel D) Pussin Answer:

B Diff: 3 Page Ref: 17 Skill: Factual

102)

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The physician with whom Freud worked most closely in the case of Anna O. was ________.

A) Charcot B) Mesmer C) Jung D) Breuer Answer:

D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 17 Skill: Factual

103) The therapeutic effect of bringing "bottled up" emotions to the surface and "discharging" them through talk therapy is called ________.

A) transference B) catharsis C) free association D) displacement Answer:

B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 19 Skill: Conceptual

104) Anna goes to a therapist for treatment of numbness in her arms that appears to have no physical cause.

Her therapist tells her that her symptoms result from repressed emotions dating back to subconscious conflicts during her early childhood. The therapist uses hypnosis and has her talk about her feelings to

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help her "discharge" her pent-up emotions. Her therapist's treatment approach is most similar to that of ________.

A) Freud B) Pinel C) Kraepelin D) Griesinger Answer:

A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 18 Skill: Applied

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105) In contemporary times, the understanding of abnormal behaviour has been largely approached from each of the following perspectives EXCEPT the ________.

A) biological perspective B) psychological perspective C) sociocultural perspective D) demonological perspective Answer:

D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 19 Skill: Factual

106) The theorists who are most likely to believe that the causes of abnormal behaviour may be found in the failures of society rather than in the person are ________ theorists.

A) sociocultural B) eclectic C) cognitive-social D) behavioural Answer:

A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 19 Skill: Conceptual

107)

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The theorist who is most well known for arguing that mental illness is a myth used to label and stigmatize people whose behaviour is socially deviant is ________.

A) Albert Bandura B) Walter Mischel C) Everett Rogers D) Thomas Szasz Answer:

D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 19 Skill: Factual

108) In the story of the graduate students and the rat, the rat is ________.

A) released into the outside world to see how it survives after being raised in a laboratory environment B) genetically engineered to be more intelligent than a normal rat C) a clone D) blind Answer:

D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 19-21 Skill: Factual

109) Which of the following is NOT one of the primary objectives of science?

A)

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obfuscation B) description C) explanation D) control Answer:

A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 22 Skill: Factual

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110) Arnie sees a laboratory rat exploring a Skinner box and says, "It must be looking for food!" Arnie's inference is most useful in achieving which primary objective of science?

A) description B) explanation C) obfuscation D) control Answer:

B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 22 Skill: Applied

111) Inference in science allows us to jump from particular to general-to suggest laws and principles of behaviour that can be woven into___________?

A) descriptions B) observations C) hypotheses D) theories Answer:

D Diff: 3 Page Ref: 22 Skill: Conceptual

112)

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Psychologists use ________ to advance the description, explanation, prediction, and control of abnormal behaviour.

A) common sense B) the clinical method C) the scientific method D) the medical model Answer:

C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 22 Skill: Factual

113) Which of the following is NOT one of the four steps in the scientific method?

A) making inferences from the research question B) framing the research question in the form of a hypothesis C) testing the hypothesis D) drawing conclusions about the hypothesis Answer:

A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 23 Skill: Factual

114) A precise prediction about behaviour that is examined through research is called ________.

A)

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a theory B) a hypothesis C) an inference D) a conclusion Answer:

B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 23 Skill: Conceptual

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115) According to the text, testing the hypothesis is the ________ step in the scientific method.

A) first B) second C) third D) fourth Answer:

C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 23 Skill: Factual

116) Emily is studying hyperactive children. Her observations have led her to predict that if she runs an experiment in which some hyperactive children are given a sugar-sweetened drink while others are given a drink sweetened with a sugar substitute, those receiving the sugar-sweetened drink will exhibit greater disruptions in their behaviour. Her prediction is an example of a ________.

A) theory B) hypothesis C) response set D) conclusion Answer:

B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 23 Skill: Applied

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117) According to the text, drawing conclusions about the hypothesis is the ________ step in the scientific method.

A) first B) second C) third D) fourth Answer:

D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 23 Skill: Factual

118) Scientists are reasonably confident that group differences are significant when the probability that chance alone can explain the difference is ________ percent or less.

A) 2 B) 5 C) 7 D) 10 Answer:

B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 23 Skill: Factual

119)

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________ are designed to promote the dignity of the individual, protect human welfare, and preserve scientific integrity.

A) Research methodologies B) Sampling techniques C) Ethical principles D) Research grants Answer:

C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 2 Skill: Factual

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120) The principle of ________ requires that people be free to choose whether they wish to participate in research studies and must be given sufficient information in advance about the study's purposes, methods, risks, and benefits to allow them to make a knowledgeable decision about their participation.

A) informed consent B) confidentiality C) debriefing D) free will Answer:

A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 23 Skill: Conceptual

121) In studies in which information was withheld or deception was used, subjects must later receive an explanation of the true methods and purposes of the study and why it was necessary to keep them in the dark. this process is known as ________.

A) informed consent B) confidentiality C) debriefing D) free will Answer:

C Diff: 2

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Page Ref: 24 Skill: Conceptual

122) The principle that subjects in research studies have a right to expect that their identities will not be revealed is the principle of ________.

A) informed consent B) confidentiality C) debriefing D) free will Answer:

B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 24 Skill: Conceptual

123) The research method in which subjects are observed unobtrusively, so that their behaviour is not affected by the known presence of an observer, is the ________ method.

A) case-study B) experimental C) correlational D) naturalistic observation Answer:

D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 24

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Skill: Conceptual

124) The research method in which behaviour is observed in the field, where it happens, is the ________ method.

A) case-study B) experimental C) naturalistic observation D) psychometric Answer:

C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 24 Skill: Conceptual

125) Naturalistic observation reveals ________.

A) neither how nor why subjects behave B) how subjects behave but not why C) why subjects behave but not how D) both how and why subjects behave Answer:

B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 24 Skill: Factual

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126) Ellen decides to study overweight people. She designs her study so that she will observe overweight and normal people eating in restaurants to see if there are differences in what they order, how quickly they eat, and how much they eat. The diners will not know they are being observed. Ellen's research design employs the ________ method.

A) survey B) experimental C) naturalistic observation D) case-study Answer:

C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 24 Skill: Applied

127) Naturalistic observation does NOT necessarily reveal ________.

A) how subjects behave B) where subjects engage in observed behaviours C) why subjects behave as they do D) when subjects engage in observed behaviours Answer:

C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 24 Skill: Factual

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128) The statistical measure of the relationships between two factors, or variables, is called the ________.

A) variable matrix B) independent variable C) correlation D) reciprocal function Answer:

C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 24 Skill: Conceptual

129) In a correlational study, when one variable increases as a second variable increases, there is a ________ correlation between them.

A) random B) positive C) complementary D) negative Answer:

B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 24 Skill: Conceptual

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130) In a correlational study, when one variable increases as a second variable decreases, there is a ________ correlation between them.

A) random B) positive C) complementary D) negative Answer:

D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 24 Skill: Conceptual

131) Ellen decides to study overweight people. She designs a correlational study comparing weight level and heart disease. She finds that as weight level increases, so does heart disease. Ellen's study has found a ________ correlation.

A) random B) positive C) complementary D) negative Answer:

B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 23 Skill: Applied

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132) Ellen decides to study overweight people. She designs a correlational study comparing weight level and level of physical activity. She finds that as the level of physical activity decreases, weight level increases.

Ellen's study has found a ________ correlation.

A) random B) positive C) complementary D) negative Answer:

D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 23 Skill: Applied

133) Ellen decides to study overweight people. She designs a study which will statistically compare weight level and level of physical activity to see if there is a significant statistical relationship between them.

Ellen's study is typical of the ________ method of research.

A) survey B) psychometric C) correlational D) experimental Answer:

C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 23 Skill: Applied

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134) Researchers have found that among schoolchildren, as the amount of time they spend reading increases, so do their grades. This is an example of a ________.

A) positive correlation B) negative correlation C) additive correlation D) statistical anomaly Answer:

A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 23 Skill: Applied

135) Researchers have found that among schoolchildren, as the amount of time they spend watching television increases, their grades decrease and their physical health decreases. This is an example of a ________.

A) positive correlation B) negative correlation C) additive correlation D) statistical anomaly Answer:

B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 24 Skill: Applied

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136) Correlational studies can prove ________.

A) neither if a relationship exists nor if it is causal B) if a relationship exists but not if it is causal C) if a relationship exists, and if it is causal in some situations D) if a relationship exists, and if it is causal in every situation Answer:

B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 24 Skill: Factual

137) Which of the following is NOT true of correlational studies?

A) They examine statistical relationships between variables.

B) They can reveal significant relationships between variables.

C) They are useful in achieving the scientific goal of prediction.

D) They can prove cause and effect relationships between variables.

Answer:

D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 24 Skill: Factual

138) Researchers using correlational methods have found consistently significant positive correlations between depression and negative thinking. What conclusions can you draw from these studies?

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A) Depression can lead to negative thinking.

B) Negative thinking can lead to depression.

C) Both negative thinking and depression are caused by some unknown outside variable.

D) Depression and negative thinking are likely to occur together.

Answer:

D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 25 Skill: Applied

139) A longitudinal study is a type of ________ study.

A) individual case B) cross-sectional C) experimental D) correlational Answer:

D Diff: 3 Page Ref: 25 Skill: Conceptual

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140) Long-term longitudinal studies are ________.

A) the most commonly used type of correlational study B) quite commonly used because of their ease and simplicity C) relatively uncommon because of the time commitment they involve D) never used anymore because of the inherent ethical problems they create Answer:

C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 25 Skill: Factual

141) A ________ relationship between two variables involves a time-ordered relationship in which the second event is the direct result of first event.

A) significant B) causal C) correlational D) statistical Answer:

B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 25 Skill: Conceptual

142)

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A(n) ________ is a trial or test of a hypothesis.

A) correlation B) case study C) experiment D) survey Answer:

C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 25 Skill: Conceptual

143) The research technique in which scientists seek to uncover cause and effect relationships by directly manipulating possible causal factors is the ________ method.

A) correlational B) experimental C) psychometric D) case-study Answer:

B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 25 Skill: Conceptual

144) Ellen decides to study the effects of alcohol on driving ability. She selects 200 college students and randomly divides them into two groups of 100 students each. Subjects in group "A" drive a car through an obstacle course while remaining sober. Subjects in group "B" also drive through the obstacle course,

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but they are given an ounce of whiskey before each attempt at driving the course. As expected, the driving ability of subjects in group "B" steadily deteriorates as they consume more alcohol. In Ellen's study, the alcohol is the ________.

A) independent variable B) codependent variable C) dependent variable D) reciprocal variable Answer:

A Diff: 3 Page Ref: 25 Skill: Applied

145) Ellen decides to study the effects of alcohol on driving ability. She selects 200 college students and randomly divides them into two groups of 100 students each. Subjects in group "A" drive a car through an obstacle course while remaining sober. Subjects in group "B" also drive through the obstacle course, but they are given an ounce of whiskey before each attempt at driving the course. As expected, the driving ability of subjects in group "B" steadily deteriorates as they consume more alcohol. In Ellen's study, the subjects' driving ability is the ________.

A) independent variable B) codependent variable C) dependent variable D) reciprocal variable Answer:

C Diff: 3 Page Ref: 25 Skill: Applied

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146) In an experiment, the suspected causal variables that are manipulated by the experimenter are known as ________.

A) independent variables B) codependent variables C) dependent variables D) reciprocal variables Answer:

A Diff: 3 Page Ref: 25 Skill: Conceptual

147) In an experiment, the observed effects on subjects' behaviour resulting from experimenters manipulating suspected causal variables are called ________ .

A) independent variables B) codependent variables C) dependent variables D) reciprocal variables Answer:

C Diff: 3 Page Ref: 25 Skill: Conceptual

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148) In a study on alcohol and driving ability, half the subjects are given alcohol before driving an obstacle course, while the remaining subjects drive the course while remaining sober. In this study, those subjects who are given the alcohol before driving the course are called the ________ subjects.

A) control B) placebo C) observation D) experimental Answer:

D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 25 Skill: Applied

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149) In a study on alcohol and driving ability, half the subjects are given alcohol before driving an obstacle course, while the remaining subjects drive the course while remaining sober. In this study, those subjects who drive the course while remaining sober are called the ________ subjects.

A) control B) placebo C) observation D) experimental Answer:

A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 26 Skill: Applied

150) Each of the following are examples of independent variables EXCEPT ________.

A) outcome measures B) treatment factors C) types of treatment D) experimental manipulations Answer:

A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 25-26 Skill: Applied

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151) Each of the following is generally an example of a dependent variable EXCEPT ________.

A) observations of behaviour B) physiological measures C) self-report variables D) treatment factors Answer:

D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 25-26 Skill: Applied

152) The way in which scientists attempt to control for selection factors in experimental research is through the use of ________.

A) experimental blinds B) placebos C) randomization D) selective selection Answer:

C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 26 Skill: Factual

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153) Randy is running a study on alcohol and aggressive behaviour. He randomly divides his subjects into two groups because he knows that if he allows his subjects to choose their own groups, aggressive subjects will tend to choose the group receiving alcohol while nonaggressive subjects will tend to choose the group receiving no alcohol. He then would not be able to distinguish the effects of the alcohol from the effects of subjects' innate aggressiveness. This tendency of his aggressive subjects to choose the alcohol group is called a(n) ________.

A) placebo effect B) response set C) experimental blind D) selection factor Answer:

D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 27 Skill: Applied

154) One way scientists control for subjects' expectations in experimental research is by keeping subjects ________.

A) blind to the procedure B) motivated C) aroused D) hypnotized Answer:

A Diff: 1

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Page Ref: 27 Skill: Factual

155) One way scientists control for subjects' expectations in experimental research is by using ________.

A) selection factors B) independent variables C) dependent variables D) placebos Answer:

D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 27 Skill: Factual

156) A substance that has no psychological or physical effect of its own, but appears to have an effect because of the beliefs of the people using it is called a (n) ________.

A) initiative substance B) confounding factor C) placebo D) selection factor Answer:

C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 27 Skill: Conceptual

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157) In a study on alcohol and aggressive behaviour, subjects are randomly assigned to one of two groups.

One group receives real alcohol while the other group receives tonic water which tastes identical to real alcohol. In this way, neither group of subjects knows who got the real alcohol. In this study, the nonalcoholic tonic water serves as a(n) ________.

A) selection factor B) dependent variable C) independent variable D) placebo Answer:

D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 27 Skill: Applied

158) In a study on alcohol and aggressive behaviour, subjects are randomly assigned to one of two groups.

One group receives real alcohol while the other group receives tonic water which tastes identical to real alcohol. Although the researchers know which group got the real alcohol, none of the subjects know. This study is designed as a ________ study.

A) single-blind B) double-blind C) longitudinal D) correlational Answer:

A Diff: 1

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Page Ref: 27 Skill: Applied

159) In a study on alcohol and aggressive behaviour, subjects are randomly assigned to one of two groups.

One group receives real alcohol while the other group receives tonic water which tastes identical to real alcohol. Neither the subjects nor the researchers know which group got the real alcohol until after the study is completed. This study is designed as a ________ study.

A) single-blind B) double-blind C) longitudinal D) correlational Answer:

B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 27 Skill: Applied

160) In a study on alcohol and aggressive behaviour, subjects are randomly assigned to one of two groups.

One group receives real alcohol while the other group receives tonic water which tastes identical to real alcohol. In this study, the non-alcoholic tonic water is a(n) ________ placebo.

A) response B) inert C) blind D) attention Answer:

B

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Page Ref: 26 Skill: Applied

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161) Single-blind experiments control for ________.

A) neither subjects' nor experimenters' expectations B) subjects' but not experimenters' expectations C) experimenters' but not subjects' expectations D) both subjects' and experimenters' expectations Answer:

B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 26-27 Skill: Factual

162) Double-blind studies control for ________.

A) neither subjects' nor experimenters' expectations B) subjects' but not experimenters' expectations C) experimenters' but not subjects' expectations D) both subjects' and experimenters' expectations Answer:

D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 27 Skill: Factual

163)

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In a study on psychotherapy techniques, subjects are randomly assigned to one of two groups. One group receives a specific type of therapy. The other group receives a credible treatment which has elements common to all therapies but no specific ingredients of the therapy received by the first group. This generic placebo therapy received by the second group is called a(n) ________ placebo.

A) response B) inert C) blind D) attention Answer:

D Diff: 3 Page Ref: 27 Skill: Applied

164) Attention placebos control for ________.

A) neither subjects' nor experimenters' expectations B) subjects' but not experimenters' expectations C) experimenters' but not subjects' expectations D) both subjects' and experimenters' expectations Answer:

B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 27 Skill: Factual

165)

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Studies which examine the rates of occurrence of abnormal behaviour in various settings and population groups are known as ________ studies.

A) epidemiological B) quasi-experimental C) case D) psychometric Answer:

A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 27 Skill: Conceptual

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166) A survey is an example of a(n) ________ study.

A) epidemiological B) quasi-experimental C) case D) psychometric Answer:

A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 27 Skill: Conceptual

167) A researcher using the epidemiological model would be most likely to use which of the following research techniques?

A) a survey B) the intuitive approach C) a case study D) an experiment Answer:

A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 27 Skill: Applied

168)

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A researcher uses a series of interviews and questionnaires to examine rates of alcoholism among Blacks, Whites, Hispanics, and Native Americans. She finds that some ethnic groups, such as Native Americans, have much higher rates of alcoholism than others. Her study is typical of a(n) ________ study.

A) psychometric B) naturalistic observation C) quasi-experimental D) epidemiological Answer:

D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 27 Skill: Applied

169) In the epidemiological model, the overall rates of occurrence of a given disorder existing in a given population at a given time are known as ________.

A) frequency B) prevalence C) incidence D) populations Answer:

B Diff: 3 Page Ref: 27 Skill: Conceptual

170)

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In the epidemiological model, the number of new cases of a disorder occurring during a specific period of time is known as ________.

A) frequency B) prevalence C) incidence D) populations Answer:

C Diff: 3 Page Ref: 27 Skill: Conceptual

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171) A total group of people, other organisms, or events is a ________.

A) sample B) construct C) population D) confound Answer:

C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 27 Skill: Conceptual

172) A part of a population, which is used to represent the population in a study, is the ________.

A) sample B) construct C) placebo D) confound Answer:

A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 28 Skill: Conceptual

173)

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A sample that is drawn in such a way that every member of a population has an equal probability of being selected to the sample is a(n) ________ sample.

A) strain B) selection C) in vivo D) random Answer:

D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 28 Skill: Conceptual

174) In research, the target group you want to find out about, such as the "average Canadian teenager," comprises the research ________.

A) sample B) population C) cluster D) set Answer:

B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 27 Skill: Conceptual

175) In research, the subjects or individuals who are observed or who participate in the research are said to comprise a research ________.

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A) sample B) population C) cluster D) set Answer:

A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 28 Skill: Conceptual

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176) Sigmund conducts a study on drinking habits among college students. Since there are too many college students for him to directly observe all of them, he randomly selects a group of 250 college students to represent all college students. Sigmund's study finds that 90 percent of college students drink regularly, and 10 percent of those who drink will eventually become alcoholics. In this study, the 250 people Sigmund actually observes are called the research ________.

A) cluster B) set C) population D) sample Answer:

D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 28 Skill: Applied

177) Sigmund conducts a study on drinking habits among college students. Since there are too many college students for him to directly observe all of them, he randomly selects a group of 250 college students to represent all college students. Sigmund's study finds that 90 percent of college students drink regularly, and 10 percent of those who drink will eventually become alcoholics. In this study, the target group of all college students represent the research ________.

A) cluster B) set C) population D) sample Answer:

C

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Page Ref: 27 Skill: Applied

178) A random sample is a sample in which ________.

A) every member of a target population is chosen to be in the sample B) members of the sample are chosen by chance from the general population, whether or not they are members of the target population C) every member of the target population has an equal chance of being chosen to be in the experimental sample D) members are prescreened to assure suitability for the study and are selected based on researcher decisions Answer:

C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 28 Skill: Conceptual

179) Epidemiological studies ________.

A) neither point to potential causal factors nor control for selection factors B) point to potential causal factors but do not control for selection factors C) control for selection factors but do not point to potential causal factors D) control for selection factors and point to potential causal factors Answer:

B Diff: 3

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Page Ref: 27 Skill: Factual

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180) ________ studies attempt to disentangle the roles of heredity and environment in determining behaviour.

A) Case B) Analogue C) Kinship D) Naturalistic observation Answer:

C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 28 Skill: Factual

181) The science of heredity is called ________.

A) kinesics B) proxemics C) neuroleptics D) genetics Answer:

D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 28 Skill: Factual

182)

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The sum total of traits that one inherits from one's parents is one's ________.

A) proband B) genus C) phenotype D) genotype Answer:

D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 28 Skill: Conceptual

183) The constellation of our actual, or expressed, traits is called our ________.

A) proband B) genus C) phenotype D) genotype Answer:

C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 28 Skill: Factual

184) There is a ________ percent overlap in genetic heritage between each parent and his or her offspring.

A)

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25 B) 50 C) 75 D) 100 Answer:

B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 28 Skill: Factual

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185) In kinship studies, the case first located in a family of a person diagnosed with a disorder, to which other family members are compared, is the ________.

A) analogue B) in vivo case C) confound D) proband Answer:

D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 28 Skill: Conceptual

186) Twin studies and adoptee studies are both examples of ________ studies.

A) analogue B) experimental C) case D) kinship Answer:

D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 29 Skill: Factual

187)

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Twins who originated from a single fertilized egg cell, who share 100 percent of their genetic make-up are known as ________ twins.

A) monozygotic B) polyzygotic C) dizygotic D) azygotic Answer:

A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 29 Skill: Factual

188) Twins who develop from separate egg cells that were fertilized simultaneously, who share 50% of their genetic heritage, are known as ________ twins.

A) monozygotic B) polyzygotic C) dizygotic D) ayzygotic Answer:

C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 29 Skill: Factual

189) Twins tend to have ________ gestational periods, ________ birth weights, and a ________ frequency of

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congenital malformations than non-twins.

A) shorter, lower, lower B) shorter, lower, greater C) longer, higher, lower D) longer, higher, higher Answer:

B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 29 Skill: Factual

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190) Sigmund Freud's psychodynamic theory was based primarily on the use of ________ studies.

A) case B) correlational C) quasi-experimental D) epidemiological Answer:

A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 29-30 Skill: Factual

191) Carefully sketched, intensive studies of the lives of individuals are called ________.

A) quasi-experimental studies B) epidemiological studies C) psychometric studies D) case studies Answer:

D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 29-30 Skill: Conceptual

192)

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A therapist engages in ten years of therapy with a patient diagnosed as having dissociative identity disorder. When the therapy has concluded, the therapist uses her extensive notes, drawn from clinical interviews with the patient, to write an extensive history of the patient. The history is then published so that others can learn from the therapist's experiences with her patient. This technique is known as a(n) ________ study.

A) psychometric B) epidemiological C) case D) naturalistic observation Answer:

C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 29-30 Skill: Applied

193) Each of the following is a difficulty with the case study method of research EXCEPT ________.

A) case studies lack effective control groups B) information drawn from case studies usually lacks enough depth and sufficient detail for drawing meaningful conclusions C) case studies lack the rigor of other research designs D) selective questioning or disclosure on the part of the researcher or the subject Answer:

B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 29-30 Skill: Factual

194)

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Research designs in which subjects are used as their own controls are called ________ designs.

A) quasi-experimental B) correlational C) single-case experimental D) double-case experimental Answer:

C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 30 Skill: Factual

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195) A researcher designs a study so that his subjects are observed for several weeks with no treatment. They are then given a treatment for several weeks. This is followed by several more weeks in which the treatment is withdrawn. Finally, the subjects are given a second round of treatments. The effects of the first treatment, the withdrawal of treatment, and the second treatment are measured. This study is typical of a ________ design.

A) case-study B) quasi-experimental C) single-case experimental D) double-case experimental Answer:

C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 30 Skill: Applied

196) A researcher sets up an experiment that will give subjects a double dose of treatment in an A-B-A-B pattern. This pattern of treatment is known as a ________ design.

A) reversal B) repetitive C) progressive D) multiple baseline Answer:

A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 30

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Skill: Applied

197) Azrin and Peterson (1989) used an A-B-A-B experimental design to help a nine-year-old girl control ________.

A) thumb-sucking B) bed-wetting C) a facial twitch D) an eye tic Answer:

D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 30 Skill: Factual

198) Which of the following is NOT a difficulty with the reversal design of the single-case experimental method?

A) It may be unethical to withdraw treatment in some cases.

B) Subjects may not return to baseline levels during the withdrawal of treatment.

C) It is not always possible to reverse certain behaviours or treatment effects.

D) The therapeutic intervention often does not work during the second treatment period, even if it worked during the first treatment period.

Answer:

D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 31

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Skill: Factual

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199) In a ________ design across behaviours, treatment is applied, in turn, to two or more behaviours following a baseline period.

A) reversal B) single-baseline C) multiple-baseline D) progressive Answer:

C Diff: 3 Page Ref: 31 Skill: Factual

200) Many of the ethical and practical problems associated with a reversal design can be eliminated by using a ________ design.

A) single-baseline B) multiple-baseline C) psychometric D) progressive Answer:

B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 31 Skill: Factual

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201) Bornstein et al. (1977) used a multiple-baseline design to train a seven-year-old girl in ________ skills.

A) reading B) social C) mathematical D) physical coordination Answer:

B Diff: 3 Page Ref: 31 Skill: Factual

202) All of the following were elements of the Bornstein et al. (1977) study EXCEPT ________.

A) hypnosis B) modeling C) rehearsal D) feedback Answer:

A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 31 Skill: Factual

203) Single-case experimental designs suffer from weak ________ validity.

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A) internal B) external C) construct D) face Answer:

B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 34 Skill: Factual

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204) The arrival of European settlers resulted in the estimated ________ decline in Aboriginal populations.

A) 10 percent B) 25 percent C) 50 percent D) 90 percent Answer:

D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 6 Skill: Factual

205) Mainstream health-care approaches to treating aboriginal illnesses have been _____.

A) generally successful B) accessible but not successful C) successful but not accessible D) neither accessible nor successful Answer:

D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 6 Skill: Factual

206)

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Aboriginal healing practices tend to be more ________.

A) individualistic B) family-oriented C) holistic D) group-based Answer:

C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 7 Skill: Conceptual

207) Each of the following is true of the psychiatric homeless population EXCEPT ________.

A) their problems are often made worse by substance abuse B) they typically lack transitional care facilities and effective case management C) they represent only a small fraction of the overall homeless population D) they typically do not seek out mental health services Answer:

C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 18 Skill: Factual

208) In the "Pathways to Homelessness" study of Toronto's homeless shelter users, it was found that about ________ of homeless people were experiencing both mental and substance use disorders at the same time.

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A) one fourth B) one third C) one half D) two thirds Answer:

B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 18 Skill: Factual

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209) Which of the following is NOT a valid criticism of the deinstitutionalization movement?

A) There is a lack of community support services to assist mental patients released from institutions.

B) Most deinstitutionalized mental patients were incapable of functioning on their own even with assistance and were better off in highly structured state institutions.

C) There is a large amount of community resistance to having community care facilities built in their neighbourhoods, making it difficult to build them at all.

D) There is a lack of affordable public housing available for deinstitutionalized mental patients, leaving many of them homeless.

Answer:

B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 18 Skill: Factual

210) Each of the following is a feature of critical thinking EXCEPT ________.

A) maintaining a skeptical attitude B) consider the definitions of terms C) bear in mind that correlation is usually causation D) do not overgeneralize Answer:

C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 32-33 Skill: Factual

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211) In using online sources of information you should do each of the following EXCEPT ________.

A) look for money-back guarantees B) check the credentials of the source C) look for citations D) beware of any product claims Answer:

A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 33 Skill: Factual

TRUE/FALSE 212) Psychological disorders affect relatively few of us.

Answer:

FALSE Diff: 0 Page Ref: 2 Skill:

213) There are diverse patterns of abnormal behaviour.

Answer:

TRUE Diff: 0 Page Ref: 4 Skill:

214)

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Behaviour that is deemed abnormal in one society may be perceived as perfectly normal in another.

Answer:

TRUE Diff: 0 Page Ref: 4 Skill:

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215) Until the mid-1970s homosexuality was classified as a mental disorder, but today the Canadian Psychiatric association no longer classifies it as such.

Answer:

TRUE Diff: 0 Page Ref: 4 Skill:

216) We tend to characterize behaviour we do not understand as "sick."

Answer:

TRUE Diff: 0 Page Ref: 5 Skill:

217) Anxiety and depression are always abnormal responses to one's situation.

Answer:

FALSE Diff: 0 Page Ref: 5 Skill:

218) Claustrophobic behaviour is characterized by intense fear of venturing into public places.

Answer:

FALSE Diff: 0 Page Ref: 5 Skill:

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219) Abnormal behaviour has multiple definitions depending on the culture in which it is defined.

Answer:

TRUE Diff: 0 Page Ref: 5 Skill:

220) Unfortunately, psychologists are unable to use models to explain abnormal behaviour.

Answer:

FALSE Diff: 0 Page Ref: 6 Skill:

221) Many Aboriginal Canadians claim to hear the spirits of people who have recently died calling to them as they ascend to the afterlife.

Answer:

TRUE Diff: 0 Page Ref: 6 Skill:

222) Concepts of health and illness have different meanings in different cultures.

Answer:

TRUE Diff: 0 Page Ref: 6 Skill:

223)

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Throughout history, concepts of abnormal behaviour have been shaped by the prevailing world view of the time.

Answer:

TRUE Diff: 0 Page Ref: 9 Skill:

224) Hippocrates argued that illnesses of the body and mind were the result of possession by supernatural spirits.

Answer:

FALSE Diff: 0 Page Ref: 10 Skill:

225) The modern medical model of abnormal behaviour can be traced to 2500 years ago.

Answer:

TRUE Diff: 0 Page Ref: 10 Skill:

226) The Greek physician, Galen, discovered that arteries carried blood.

Answer:

TRUE Diff: 0 Page Ref: 10 Skill:

227)

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The Renaissance is considered to be the transition from the medieval world to the modern world.

Answer:

TRUE Diff: 0 Page Ref: 11 Skill:

228) Fear of witches reached its height during the Middle Ages.

Answer:

FALSE Diff: 0 Page Ref: 11 Skill:

229) Malleus Maleficarum means “The Witches’ Hammer” .

Answer:

TRUE Diff: 0 Page Ref: 11 Skill:

230) Innocent people were drowned in medieval times as a way of certifying that they were not possessed by the devil.

Answer:

TRUE Diff: 0 Page Ref: 11 Skill:

231) Victims of possession were once believed to have voluntarily entered into a pact with the devil.

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FALSE Diff: 0 Page Ref: 12 Skill:

232) Asylums, or "madhouses," began to crop up throughout Europe in the mid-eighteenth century.

Answer:

FALSE Diff: 0 Page Ref: 12 Skill:

233) Many of the earliest asylums were leprosariums.

Answer:

TRUE Diff: 0 Page Ref: 12 Skill:

234) A night on the town in London a few hundred years ago may have included peering at the inmates at the local asylum.

Answer:

TRUE Diff: 0 Page Ref: 12 Skill:

235) The modern era of treatment can be traced to the efforts of individuals like Phillipe Pinel.

Answer:

TRUE

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Page Ref: 13 Skill:

236) In the latter half of the nineteenth century, the belief that abnormal behaviour could be treated by moral therapy fell into disfavour.

Answer:

TRUE Diff: 0 Page Ref: 13 Skill:

237) In the 1950s, many mental institutions were described as "human snakepits."

Answer:

TRUE Diff: 0 Page Ref: 14 Skill:

238) Phenothiazines represent a revolutionary group of major antidepressants.

Answer:

FALSE Diff: 0 Page Ref: 14 Skill:

239) All adopters of the medical model believe every pattern of abnormal behaviour is a product of defective biology.

Answer:

FALSE Diff: 0

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Page Ref: 15 Skill:

240) The scientific optimism of the late nineteenth century, that biological causes would be found for all mental disorders, has been largely fulfilled.

Answer:

FALSE Diff: 0 Page Ref: 15 Skill:

241) The Canadian Health Act does not address mental health care.

Answer:

TRUE Diff: 0 Page Ref: 15 Skill:

242) Many of the nation's homeless people are discharged mental patients.

Answer:

TRUE Diff: 0 Page Ref: 18 Skill:

243) In the famous case of Anna O., Anna was suffering from amnesia.

Answer:

FALSE Diff: 0 Page Ref: 17

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Skill:

244) The first major psychological theory of abnormal behaviour was developed by Joseph Breuer.

Answer:

FALSE Diff: 0 Page Ref: 17 Skill:

245) Description is one of the primary objectives of science.

Answer:

TRUE Diff: 0 Page Ref: 22 Skill:

246) To scientists, controlling behaviour means coercing people into doing the bidding of others.

Answer:

FALSE Diff: 0 Page Ref: 22 Skill:

247) The scientific method has four basic steps.

Answer:

TRUE Diff: 0 Page Ref: 23 Skill:

248)

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A theory is a precise prediction about behaviour that is examined in an experiment.

Answer:

FALSE Diff: 0 Page Ref: 22 Skill:

249) In naturalistic observation, scientists make every effort to be obtrusive.

Answer:

FALSE Diff: 0 Page Ref: 24 Skill:

250) A significant correlation between two variables effectively eliminates rival hypotheses of causation.

Answer:

FALSE Diff: 0 Page Ref: 24 Skill:

251) Correlational research does not, in itself, demonstrate cause and effect.

Answer:

TRUE Diff: 0 Page Ref: 24 Skill:

252) One type of correlational study is the longitudinal study.

Answer:

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TRUE Diff: 0 Page Ref: 25 Skill:

253) Suspected causal factors that are manipulated by researchers in an experiment are called dependent variables.

Answer:

FALSE Diff: 0 Page Ref: 25 Skill:

254) Experimental treatments are often called placebos.

Answer:

FALSE Diff: 0 Page Ref: 26 Skill:

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255) In an experiment, apparent treatment effects can stem from subjects' expectations.

Answer:

TRUE Diff: 0 Page Ref: 26 Skill:

256) In order to carry out valid research, it may be necessary to keep people unaware of the treatments they receive.

Answer:

TRUE Diff: 0 Page Ref: 26 Skill:

257) Epidemiological studies cannot control for selection factors.

Answer:

TRUE Diff: 0 Page Ref: 27 Skill:

258) A population is a segment or part of a sample.

Answer:

FALSE Diff: 0 Page Ref: 27 Skill:

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259) A survey of 1,500 Canadians may provide a more accurate reflection of voting preferences and attitudes of the American public than one based on millions of participants.

Answer:

TRUE Diff: 0 Page Ref: 28 Skill:

260) The closer people's kinship, the more likely they are to share similar environmental backgrounds.

Answer:

TRUE Diff: 0 Page Ref: 28 Skill:

261) Sigmund Freud's psychodynamic theory was developed primarily on the basis of case studies.

Answer:

TRUE Diff: 0 Page Ref: 29 Skill:

262) Case studies have been conducted on people who have been dead for hundreds of years.

Answer:

TRUE Diff: 0 Page Ref: 29 Skill:

263)

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A weakness of case studies is that they lack a treatment group.

Answer:

FALSE Diff: 0 Page Ref: 30 Skill:

264) The multiple-baseline design is a type of single-case experimental design.

Answer:

TRUE Diff: 0 Page Ref: 31 Skill:

265) A multiple-baseline design is a type of single-case experimental design that requires a reversal phase.

Answer:

FALSE Diff: 0 Page Ref: 31 Skill:

266) Single-case experimental designs suffer from weak internal validity.

Answer:

FALSE Diff: 0 Page Ref: 31 Skill:

ESSAY 267) Identify and discuss six criteria that are used to define abnormal behaviour.

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Answer: Diff: 0 Page Ref: 3-5 Skill:

268) Discuss the relationships between cultural beliefs and norms and the labelling of behaviour as normal or abnormal.

Answer: Diff: 0 Page Ref: 6-8 Skill:

269) Recount the history of the demonological approach to abnormal behaviour, referring to ancient and medieval times.

Answer: Diff: 0 Page Ref: 9-12 Skill:

270) Describe the contributions of Hippocrates, Galen, Pinel, Pussin, Griesinger, and Kraepelin to the development of medical science and thinking.

Answer: Diff: 0 Page Ref: 10-15 Skill:

271) Describe the development of treatment centers for abnormal behaviour from asylums through the mental hospital.

Answer: Diff: 0 Page Ref: 12-14 Skill:

272) Discuss the reform movement and the use of moral therapy, focusing on roles of Pussin, Pinel, Rush, and Dix.

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Answer: Diff: 0 Page Ref: 12-13 Skill:

273) Discuss the factors associated with the current exodus from mental hospitals in Canada.

Answer: Diff: 0 Page Ref: 13-15 Skill:

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274) Describe and analyze the mental health issues facing the homeless in Canada.

Answer: Diff: 0 Page Ref: 18 Skill:

275) Discuss the objectives of a scientific approach to the study of abnormal behaviour.

Answer: Diff: 0 Page Ref: 19-21 Skill:

276) Describe the steps involved in the scientific method.

Answer: Diff: 0 Page Ref: 23 Skill:

277) Discuss what ethics are and what ethical principles in research are designed to do. Also, explain the principles of informed consent and confidentiality.

Answer: Diff: 0 Page Ref: 23-24 Skill:

278) Discuss the value and limitations of the naturalistic observation method.

Answer: Diff: 0 Page Ref: 24-25 Skill:

279) Discuss the value and limitations of correlational research.

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Answer: Diff: 0 Page Ref: 24-25 Skill:

280) Discuss the value and limitations of longitudinal research.

Answer: Diff: 0 Page Ref: 25 Skill:

281) Describe the purpose and features of the experimental method.

Answer: Diff: 0 Page Ref: 25-26 Skill:

282) Explain ways in which experimenters control for subjects' and researchers' expectations.

Answer: Diff: 0 Page Ref: 26-27 Skill:

283) Discuss the value of, and sources of error in, the epidemiological method.

Answer: Diff: 0 Page Ref: 27-28 Skill:

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284) Discuss the importance of drawing representative samples from target populations.

Answer: Diff: 0 Page Ref: 27-28 Skill:

285 Explain how various kinds of kinship studies suggest roles for genetics in abnormal behaviour.

Answer: Diff: 0 Page Ref: 28-29 Skill:

286) Discuss the value and limitations of the case-study method.

Answer: Diff: 0 Page Ref: 29-30 Skill:

287) Provide examples of single-case experimental designs and explain how they help researchers overcome some of the limitations of the case-study method.

Answer: Diff: 0 Page Ref: 30-31

Skill:

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