SS24 Fashion Trend Forecasting - Uncertainty

Yen Chien Chang (Eva) N0979706

Trend Forecasting

Uncertainty to the fashion industry

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Conten 01

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The Study of Trends

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Environment Analysis

Definition of trend forecasting/analysis - p. 04

STEEP analysis - p. 09

Trend theory&model - p. 05

Macro&Micro analysis - p.12

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Influence Analysis

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Reflection&Reference

Trend mapping - p. 15

Personal reflection - p. 26

Innovators&Influencers - p.19

Reference - p. 27

Runway SS24 - p. 21

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The Study of Trends • Definition of trend forecasting/ analysis • Trend theory & model Diffusion of innovation theory by Everett M. Rogers Dimond-Shaped Trend Model by Henrik Vejlgaard Trickle-down Theory

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Definition of trend forecasting/ analysis

A trend might be recognized as a craze or hype, that represents the popularity of a certain global occurrence. However, being different from those short phenomena mentioned above, a trend is a direction of change in values and needs, integrating in three elements which are manifestations, the underlying needs and wants, as well as the ongoing global force (Draft, 2019). Trend forecasting involves collecting data about what is happening regarding different fields such as socio-culture, hunting the related information within them, and analyzing the force that generates this circumstance moving forward to make a prediction of the future. Additionally, forecasting should not only emphasize short-tern insight, but notice the diversity and irregularity that interrupts it (Raymond, 2010, p.31). Developing trends forecasting allows business to understand the target market by recognizing patterns and studying evolution (Anon., 2022). It provides an in-depth perspective to guide decision making. Furthermore, by conceiving macro and micro environment, business is capable to anticipate customers demand and spot the opportunities.

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Trend theory & model Diffusion of innovation theory

by Everett M. Rogers

Everett M. Rogers, who was a sociologist and communication professor, proposed a concept of how individuals adopt a new idea and how this idea spread within a community. He claimed that it is an innovation for a person to perceive newness and decide the reaction if an idea seems new to him or her. According to Rogers, people can be divided into five categories based on the early level for their adoption, which are innovators, early adopters, early majority, late majority, and laggards.

It can be illustrated as a bell-shaped curve.

Firstly, innovators are capable of coping with a high degree of uncertainty. These individuals are often venturesome and account for 2.5% of the public. Secondly, early adopters are often opinion leaders with respectful status within society which makes up 13.5%. They use data provided by innovators to make their own adoption decisions (Orr, 2003).

2.5% Innovators

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Followed by it, with less willingness to take risks, 34% of the systems’ population are early majority. This group of people interact frequently with peers resulting in adoption of the idea yet not the opinion leaders. Furthermore, it takes more time for the early majority to embrace the view. On the contrary, the category of late majority, which also contributes 34% of the organization, is often more sceptic.

People within this level have the tendency to not follow newness until they feel safe. Certain reasons such as peer pressure or economic necessity influence their decision making.

Lastly, being either traditional or isolated (Orr, 2003), laggards are composed of 16% of the community. They are suspicious of innovations and tend to maintain the status quo (Kaminski, 2011). Additionally, as the state from June Kaminski, the sixth group, which is called non-adopters, is added sometime (2011).

13.5% 34% 34% Early Early Majority Late Majority Addopter

16% Laggards

Trend Creators Trendsetters Trend Followers Early Manistreamers

Mainstreamers

Late Mainstreamers Conservatives Anti-Innovators

Dimond-Shaped Trend Model by Henrik Vejlgaard

Trend theory & model

Another trend sociologist, whose name is Henrik Vejlgaard, also created a model to map the movement of a trend in early 1990s. The model forms in a diamond shape to indicate the development from the edges of society or culture to ordinariness and is divided into six categories, including trendsetters, trend followers, early mainstreamers, mainstreamers, late mainstreamers and conservatives (Raymond 2010, p.25). It is similar to Rogers’ theory by defining groups according to different stages of adopters. But besides the model, Vejlgaard claimed that “The more visual and observable a trend was the faster it moved” (Raymond 2010, p.24). He points out that if a trend is easily to be noticed or accessed, it will spread faster. For example, compared with home design, cosmetics and fashion trends expanse more rapidly.

Additionally, he emphasizes the importance of “synthesizing” (Raymond 2010, p.24). Observation cannot complete forecasting accurately without constantly gathering information through various methods and intergrading with inspection.

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Trend theory & model Trickle-down Theory

By discussion of trends flow, trickle-down theory presents how the movement influences vertically from wealthy to lower class in society. It explains that the individuals in higher socioeconomic start the trend as innovators, leading the public in lower status imitates.

Additionally, it can be originated from Thorstein Veblen’s Conspicuous Consumption (1899) which suggests that upper class is able to present the status through purchasing luxurious goods or services (Kenton, 2021), considering those products as a symbol of wealth.

The assumption builds in an environment shaped as a pyramid, emphasizing hierarchy in society. Moreover, there are trickle-up and trickle-across indicating the diversity of the influence direction. Besides, the meaning of “level” not only reflects on financial condition but also indicates one’s domain-specific knowledge (Bellezza and Berfer, 2019), which allows the theory to be implied more often on contemporary world.

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Environment analysis • STEEP analysis • Macro & Micro analysis Where can we notice uncertainty?

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Socio-culture Certain aspects of lifestyle are influenced by technology, customers’ behavior as well as demographic changes in the direction of providing uncertain circumstances. With well-developed social media platforms, the line between older and younger generations is blurred.

As reported by LS:N, issues such as sustainability have been appealed to the elders and the next generation tend to deny defining themselves by age but by their value (Ktori, 2022). Furthermore, the technologies results in risky personal data protection, which raises awareness to the public. Based on the news article from Redden, companies are now collecting personal data through IP addresses, cookies or information provided when users are filling out forms (2023), which raises potential danger. In terms of customers’ behavior, the emergence of the renting system represents the fact that customers begin to consider whether it is worth taking the risk and responsibility to have the ownership of something (Gable, 2019).

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Technology

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Regarding the technological revolution, th gence impacts significantly on society and s curity. Indicated by Jimmy Wales, who is the

skeptical that AI can be regulated successfu European Union has taken action to forbid c cause negative effects on individuals’ fund cludes autonomous driving and recommenda ing processes (Patelli, 2023). Moreover, the ket has also become a concern. According are several benefits brought up by AI utilizi management. Lisowski stated that (2022) ing management and delivery, data mining personalized customer experience as well a in the warehouse. It is a double-edged sw increase efficiency yet decline opportuniti

he rise of artificial intellistimulates people’s insee founder of Wikipedia, it is

Economic Negative recent issues such as wars, trading war between the United States and China, and COVID 19 has raised anxiety to the world.

Firstly, the world’s two largest economic power have been in trade war since 2018, which cause a remarkable shift for the profit and power within these two countries and the “bystander countries.” As the report by Totty from UCLA (2023), some countries are beneficial with the increasing exports opportunities such as Vietnam while others are facing a large decline due to their exports complemented goods hit by the tariffs, taking Colombia as an example. After two years, the pandemic not only affects lifestyles but also forces several shops to go out of business. Hardly has one wave subsided when another rises, wars occurred in certain areas which impact on oil price. As explained

by Sri-Pathma in BBC (2023), the World Bank made the statement that if the conflict in the Middle East soars, oil prices would rise to more than $150 a barrel, which makes the public fear of the future.

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ully (Dempsey, 2023). The certain usage which would damental rights, which ination systems used in hire influence on the job marto Lisowski (2022), there ing in the field of inventory it can be used for stockand processing, delivering as using AI-based robotics word that these advantages ies within the job market.

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Ecological

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It is not the newest topic that global warming has been one of the most important concerns worldwide, but it is still needed to be worried about especially the situations has not been better. In compliance with BBC news (Rannard, Rivault, Tauschinski, 2023), there are four climate records broken in 2023, which are the hottest day on record, the hottest June on record globally, extreme marine heatwaves, and record-low Antarctic sea-ice. These statistics show that although governments and the public have taken several actions to fix the situation, it is undeniable that the effort is too slow to modify compared to the speed of damage causing. Moreover, ocean temperatures are crucial to operate weather patterns with the ability to soak up heat and produce oxygen. It not only provides less function to absorb carbon dioxide, but also accelerates melting of glaciers which leads to rising sea levels (Rannard, Poynting, Tauschinski, Dale, 2023).

Political Figure 15

Russia-Ukraine war, Israel-Hamas war, and a large quantity of protest events are filled in the news headline all over the world. Individuals are feeling unsafe and calling for peace in this tensional environment. Social uncertainty has brough up negative emotions such as insecurity or anxiety. One news stated that Russia has launched drone and missile attack on target in Ukraine (Harding, 2023) while few months later, another conflict between Israel and Hamas happened. Seeing millions of people dying glooms the atmosphere globally. Furthermore, certain protest activities such as the pro-Palestinian march in the UK has increased anger to this fearful society.

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Macro & Micro analysis Figure 19

Technology and economics contribute the most worrisome influences with the advance technic that potentially replaces human in job markets, as well as with the unstable financial condition.

In consonance with Carl Benedikt Frey and Michael A. Osborne (2013), it is predictable that occupations in transportation and logistics, including the office and administrative support workers, as well as labors in production line are highly fungible to machinery. They concluded that in pursuance of not fallen behind to technology, it is necessary to develop creative and social intelligence for low-skilled workers since this type of employees are redistributed tasks that are not substitutable for computerization (2013). This phenomenon surely eliminates some workers who lack skills.

Nevertheless, with the high-speed developing technology and the emerging mainstream of artificial intelligence, surprisingly, some experts argue that it is the managers who are likely to be replaced instead of lower-level workers (McKendrick, 2020).

“THERE IS LESS NEED FOR MANAGERS TO SUPERVISE, ENSURING THAT WORKERS SHOW UP ON TIME, INSPECT THEIR WORK, ETC.,” SAYS WU.

McKendrick (2020) points out that a study from University of Pennsylvania Wharton School (Lynn Wu, 2020) states AI expands within a business while managers monitor wider range of operations which is unnecessary. Indeed, advanced technology is now developing in an unpredictable direction. It not only impacts on the traditional notions of the structure of job markets, but also increases the emotion of uncertainty to the public. Individuals are required to keep absorbing new knowledge to be competitive within society. The race between robots and human results in devastated mental health that people tend to consider their efforts are never enough.

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Macro & Micro analysis Figure 21

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In terms of economic panic, inflation and rising oil prices are the two major reasons driving the public’s anxiety. According to Kerry Papps (2023), who is a professor in University of Bradford, due to the low unemployment rate, the pressure should be related to low incomes. In other words, the speed of salary increases is not able to catch up the soaring living costs. This terrifying phenomenon particularly happens in the UK with the inflation data of 7.2% whereas other advanced countries are forecast to have lower rates based on the report of BBC news (Race, 2023). Similarly, being attributed to the conflicts in Middle East countries, oil prices have been escalating which effects globally. It is reported that brent crude rose $2.25 a barrel following Hamas-Israel war (Liang, 2023).

James Cheo from HSBC bank pointed out that there is a bit of nervousness with geopolitical uncertainty (Liang, 2023). Being the most crucial elements to offer energy and materials, the crisis in the oil industry certainly influences the global economy. With the recovery in post-pandemic, the demand has risen dramatically yet the difficulty for the supply happened due to the political tensions and results in rising inflation (Kolaczkowski, White, 2022).

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Overall, the ease of COVID-19 does not bring joy or celebration, instead, along with the innovation in technology and economic instability, the era of uncertainty arrives in post-pandemic.

According to Global Emotion report from Gallup in 2023, despite the slightly upward percentage of feeling relieved in 2022, the negative experience, including worry, stress and sadness, barely dropped (Gallup Inc. 2023, p.7-8). In terms of micro trends, unhappiness is not rescued by the reopening from the lockdown but is forcing individuals to face new challenges with resilient mindset. It also emphasizes experiencing moments in life rather than the future. In addition, there is an increasing concern about a healthier lifestyle both physically and mentally.

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Influence analysis • Trend mapping • Innovators & Influencers • Runway SS24 Where is “uncertainty” in the fashion industry?

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Hindsight

#Toward the future

The boom of digital revolution brough convenience.

Virtualization has redefined human interaction and individuals are allowed to absorb more knowledge and information with the advanced internet technology. It has accelerated notable changes which make people focus on the “future.” With regards to the color of the year, Pantone announced ultra violet as the symbol of 2018. It represented the awareness and possibility to an upper level, requiring creativity and innovation, brightened the way toward the future (Eiseman, 2018).

Insight

The years were crucially affected by CO fering from lockdown and lack of free people to focus on “internal problems.” issues such as quality of life, human inte as mental and physical health drove within societies. It not only reflected o but also led to the hype of home decorati

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At the beginning, the world was chaotic the sudden darkness, yet it did not retu inal lives with the slowdown of coron the hype of “pandemic nostalgia” occ media platforms. It was recently found younger generation started to miss t lives since it served as a “break” (T The movement was presented in videos where some youngsters stated that it stay at home (Toureille, 2023). Regar gy theory, an expert at UC San Franci vid Newman stated that nostalgia can uncertainty and dissatisfaction (Ome a People tend to miss the old days as a the present which is filled with pressur ties. In conclusion, during the period of

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#Chaos #Pandemic-No

post-pandemic, the public switch their of endless lockdown to be confused by

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ostalgia

OVID-19. Sufedom stimulated ” In other words, eraction, as well the mainstream on human mood ion and pajamas.

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Foresight

c in response to urn to the orignavirus. Instead, curred on social d on TikTok that their quarantine Toureille, 2023). s and comments was peaceful to rding psycholoisco named Dabe attributed to and Paz, 2021). an escape from re and negativif COVID-19 and mood from fear the new normal.

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#Resilience #Experience #Functionality

Influenced by the emotion of uncertainty, people now have the tendency to choose resilient and functional options as well as evaluate the process of experiencing more than before. Instead of activistly showing through logos or loudly presenting prints on the fabric, people are more likely to “keep it simple” and focus on wearability. This is where “quiet luxury” emerges. According to McLauchlan from Fashionista (2023), it reminds people of the late 2000s when the financial cash and fashion turned into restrained. McLauchlan (2023) elaborates that at the stage of economic tension, wealthy tend to thoughtfully center around their wardrobes with classic items. Holding the spirit of “less is more,” certain brands represent the style with minimalist aesthetic. For example, The Row, Lemaire, Bottega Veneta as well as the return of Phoebe Philo. Furthermore, the rise of sportwear is contributed by the demand for functionality and wearing experience. As reported by Bloomberg in BoF (2022), Lululemon aims to double their sales performance by 2026 by expanding its marketing collaboration with NBA stars and footwear development. On the other hand, urban fashion grows in the luxury sector as well. By providing essential utility regarding outdoor activities, Canada Goose and Moncler are ranked as the top twenty fastest-growing companies as reported by Deloitte in 2021 (Muret, 2021), leading several collaborations between luxury brands and outdoor apparels in recent years. Moreover, experts in BoF (Amed et al, 2023) predicted that the trend will continue to grow in 2024. However, with being influenced by quiet luxury, the market will evolve into a minimalistic style to satisfy customers. Proved by BoF Team (Amed et al, 2023), in The State of Fashion in 2024, the team foresees that embracing quiet aesthetics, emphasizing on utility, durability and performance will be the keys in the following year (BoF Team 2023, p.54-55).

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Mood Board

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#Elitism #Minimalist #Experience #Functionality 18

Innovators Figure 47

Steve Jobs & Mark Zuckerberg Figure 48

Representing the high-level intellectual in modern society, Steve Job’s significant “uniform” motivates the trend. With a turtleneck sweater designed by Issey Miyake, Levi’s jeans and New Balance sneakers, the outfit has become an iconic look for him, symbolizing those who have are in higher status and are more focusing on “quality” instead of “logos.”

Likewise, Mark Zuckerberg’s dark grey t-shirt and dark wash jeans offer a similar effortless chic, which as reported, costs between $300 to $400 (Widjojo, 2022). The billionaires are wearing casual and muted clothes to express their attitude of hard work in technology, which stimulates the imitation.

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Succession

The trend was also innovated by HBO’s drama, Su Talking about the story of Roy family in business tion, the costume designer, Michelle Matland elabo difference between one character who was born rich other who was not (Barnett, 2023), using items pro opposite style such as Loro Piana’s cashmere cap fitting outfit. It has increased the image of Americ with humble dress code with monochrome tones (Ipse

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Model, Bella Hadid elitism style

& Influencers

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Singer, Rosé (Blackpink) Youthful minimalist

uccession. competiorated the h and anoviding the p and poor can elitism en, 2023).

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As discussion via trend theories, since it has already been observable on streets and social media everywhere, and will last in the following year, quiet luxury should be in the level during “early majority” based on Roger’s Diffusion and Innovation theory as well as “mainstreamers” according to Vejlgaard’s Dimond-shaped model. On the other hand, the idea of “quiet luxury combining with functional sportswear” is just at the beginning by noticing certain hints on SS24 fashion shows. In addition, in line with trickle-down theory, it is surely able to be applied on quiet luxury trend that it is copied from upper status within hierarchical society. In conclusion, the trend was influenced by the emotion of uncertainty which wealthy tends to dress up “humbly,” then will evolve to mix with functionality by the emphasis on wearing experience and utility.

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Runway SS24

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Elitism elements #Wide-shoulder suits #Navy blue colors #Glasses #V-line collar #Suede cloth #Vintage

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Plain Figure 64

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Runway SS24

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Symmetry aesthetics Figure 95

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Functionality

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#Pockets #Work jumpuit #Wide belt #Drawstring #Sportwear #Urban flat sandals

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Reflection&Reference • Personal reflection • Reference list

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Reflection The report is established on four main parts including the study of trends, the analysis of the environment, the influences regarding uncertainty and the fashion industry, as well as personal reflection and reference list.

Firstly, throughout the researching and analyzing process, I have read books and academic reports to understand trend forecasting by having the insight of what does trends mean, how to observe the flow, and how to predict the direction based on certain information. Secondly, it is essential to apply this knowledge to the circumstances in recent years and translate it into the fashion industry. Lastly, I have organized the text with the support of related images and references list to make it more professional and academic.

I initially felt insecure about the direction I had observed. Although according to our formative group work, there are several hints indicating that the world is entering into the era of uncertainty, I was still confused about how can this negative emotion connect to fashion. However, the more research I found to provide the connection, the more confidence I had to elaborate the report. Indeed, mood contributes significantly to fashion design as well as consumers’ taste. Fashion serves as a language, expressing from wearers to the public and communicating within a group of people, the outfit is the vehicle to transport mood. I assume this is the reason why “uncertainty” can influence certain styles. Throughout the process, I found out it was interesting to translate uncertainty to the fashion industry via mapping, analyzing what had happened in the past and what might be affected in the future in the luxury sector, yet the trend theory part could be more academic with further research. Furthermore, I particularly appreciated the contribution of formative group work. By gathering, mapping and discussing the research we had found in responsible area, the presentation was great and helpful for the summative assessment. Additionally, the groupmates provided some critical points of view which I would not think of if it was individual assessment. We also distributed the tasks according to one’s advantage such as speaking on stage or designing the mood board, letting the “right” person offer the “right” contribution. From my perspective, that was the key to completing the assessment successfully. However, the key words list part could be better if we put more emotion adjectives on it. It would make our presentation clearer. As a result, when I was doing the summative work, I paid more attention to creating the mood through words. It allowed me to understand the necessity of emotion that fashion is not able to be explained without it.

In conclusion, through the group work and deeply researching on my own, I have developed analysis skills by critical and logical thinking. Moreover, I have comprehended the professional knowledge in the fashion industry which is highly related to the sense of forecasting. To complete the report with more insight in the future, I am aware it is essential to continually absorb information about fashion since trends change fast and it is also important to convey emotion through colors, pictures and words when it comes to reporting.

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Reference Amed, I., Berg, A., D’Auria, G., Balchandani, A., Rölkens, F., Barrelet, D., Grunberg, J., Kersnar, J., Branche, A. de , Crump, H., Starzyńska, E. and Bain, M. (2023). The State of Fashion 2024. [online] Available at: https://www.businessoffashion.com/events/news-analysis/bof-masterclass-the-state-of-fashion-2024-report/ [Accessed 2 Dec. 2023].

Anonymous (2022). Why Trend Forecasting is essential and how to use it to succeedTIFFANY HILL STUDIO. [online] TIFFANY HILL STUDIO. Available at: https://www.tiffanyhill.co.uk/post/why-trend-forecasting-is-essential-and-how-to-use-it-to-succeed#:~:text=There%20are%20many%20benefits%20that%20 can%20be%20taken [Accessed 26 Nov. 2023].

Barnett, D. (2023). From TikTok to ‘Succession,’ Quiet Luxury is Making Noise Everywhere. [online] Highsnobiety. Available at: https://www.highsnobiety.com/p/old-money-style/ [Accessed 3 Dec. 2023].

Baskin, B. (2023). It’s Not Just ‘Succession’: Why Quiet Luxury Is Everywhere Lately. [online] The Business of Fashion. Available at: https://www.businessoffashion.com/briefings/luxury/its-not-just-succession-why-quiet-luxury-is-everywhere-lately/ [Accessed 1 Dec. 2023].

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Ipsen, C. (2023). What is Quiet Luxury? The ‘Succession’ Style Trend Explained. [online] Manofmany. Available at: https://manofmany.com/fashion/mens-fashion-trends/quiet-luxury [Accessed 1 Dec. 2023].

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McKendrick, J. (2020). It’s Managers, Not Workers, Who Are Losing Jobs To AI And Robots, Study Shows. [online] Forbes. Available at: https://www.forbes.com/sites/joemckendrick/2020/11/15/its-managers-notworkers-who-are-losing-jobs-to-ai-and-robots-study-shows/?sh=44f2008620d5 [Accessed 1 Dec. 2023].

MCLAUCHLAN, P. (2023). Economic Uncertainty Is Driving Demand for ‘Quiet Luxury’ — But Will it Last?. Fashionista. [online] 25 Apr. Available at: https://fashionista.com/2023/04/wearable-fashion-quiet-luxury-fall-2023-fashion-week-trend [Accessed 2 Dec. 2023].

Muret, D. (2021). Luxury sportswear growing faster than traditional high-end fashion, says Deloitte. [online] Fashion Network. Available at: https://ww.fashionnetwork.com/news/Luxury-sportswear-growing-faster-than-traditional-high-end-fashion-says-deloitte,1359407.html [Accessed 2 Dec. 2023].

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Figure 53 Best Image, and Backgrid.(2018) “Trés Chic: Bella Exuded Glamour as She Stepped out in the City,” [photograph] Mail Online, Available at: www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-5876043/Bella-Hadidchannels-workwear-chic-white-blouse-black-flares-heads-lunch-Paris.html. [Accessed 5 Dec. 2023].

Figure 54 Allkpop. (2021) “BLACKPINK’s Rose and Jisoo Wow Fans with Their Sophisticated Looks at the Airport,” [photograph] Allkpop, Available at: www.allkpop.com/article/2021/09/blackpinks-rose-andjisoo-wow-fans-with-their-sophisticated-looks-at-the-airport?utm_source=pinterest&utm_medium=social.

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Figure 57 Vogue runway.(2023) “Bottega Veneta Spring 2024 Ready-To-Wear,” [photograph] Vogue Runway , Available at: www.vogue.com/fashion-shows/spring-2024-ready-to-wear/bottega-veneta. [Accessed 8 Dec. 2023].

Figure 58 Vogue runway . (2023) “Givenchy Spring 2024 Ready-To-Wear,” [photograph] Vogue Runway , Available at: www.vogue.com/fashion-shows/spring-2024-ready-to-wear/givenchy. [Accessed 8 Dec. 2023].

Figure 59 Vogue runway .(2023) “Acne Studio Spring 2024 Ready-To-Wear,” [photograph] Vogue Runway , Available at: www.vogue.com/fashion-shows/spring-2024-ready-to-wear/acne-studios. [Accessed 8 Dec. 2023].

Figure 60 Vogue runway. (2023) “Hermès Spring 2024 Ready-To-Wear,” [photograph] Vogue Runway , Available at: www.vogue.com/fashion-shows/spring-2024-ready-to-wear/hermes. [Accessed 8 Dec. 2023].

Figure 61 Vogue runway. (2023) “Hermès Spring 2024 Ready-To-Wear,” [photograph] Vogue Runway , Available at: www.vogue.com/fashion-shows/spring-2024-ready-to-wear/hermes. [Accessed 8 Dec. 2023].

Figure 62 Vogue runway. (2023) “Prada Spring 2024 Ready-To-Wear,” [photograph] Vogue Runway , Available at: www.vogue.com/fashion-shows/spring-2024-ready-to-wear/prada. [Accessed 6 Dec. 2023].

Figure 63 Vogue runway. (2023) “Hermès Spring 2024 Ready-To-Wear,” [photograph] Vogue Runway , Available at: www.vogue.com/fashion-shows/spring-2024-ready-to-wear/hermes. [Accessed 8 Dec. 2023].

Figure 64 Vogue runway .(2023) “Acne Studio Spring 2024 Ready-To-Wear,” [photograph] Vogue Runway , Available at: www.vogue.com/fashion-shows/spring-2024-ready-to-wear/acne-studios. [Accessed 8 Dec. 2023].

Figure 65 Vogue runway. (2023) “Jil Sander Spring 2024 Ready-To-Wear,” [photograph] Vogue Runway, Available at: www.vogue.com/fashion-shows/spring-2024-ready-to-wear/jil-sander. [Accessed 7 Dec. 2023].

Figure 66 Vogue runway.(2023) “Body Enlightenment: Prada Dress the Man inside the Menswear ,” [photograph]Vogue Runway , Available at:www.vogue.com/fashion-shows/spring-2024-menswear/prada.

[Accessed 6 Dec. 2023].

Figure 67 Vogue runway. (2023) “Hermès Spring 2024 Ready-To-Wear,” [photograph] Vogue Runway , Available at: www.vogue.com/fashion-shows/spring-2024-ready-to-wear/hermes. [Accessed 8 Dec. 2023].

Figure 68 Vogue runway. (2023) “Hermès Spring 2024 Ready-To-Wear,” [photograph] Vogue Runway , Available at: www.vogue.com/fashion-shows/spring-2024-ready-to-wear/hermes. [Accessed 8 Dec. 2023].

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Figure 69 Vogue runway.(2023) “Bottega Veneta Spring 2024 Ready-To-Wear,” [photograph] Vogue Runway ,Available at: www.vogue.com/fashion-shows/spring-2024-ready-to-wear/bottega-veneta. [Accessed 8 Dec. 2023].

Figure 70 Vogue runway.(2023) “Bottega Veneta Spring 2024 Ready-To-Wear,” [photograph] Vogue Runway ,Available at: www.vogue.com/fashion-shows/spring-2024-ready-to-wear/bottega-veneta. [Accessed 8 Dec. 2023].

Figure 71 Vogue runway.(2023) “Bottega Veneta Spring 2024 Ready-To-Wear,” [photograph] Vogue Runway ,Available at: www.vogue.com/fashion-shows/spring-2024-ready-to-wear/bottega-veneta. [Accessed 8 Dec. 2023].

Figure 72 Vogue runway. (2023) “Prada Spring 2024 Ready-To-Wear,” [photograph] Vogue Runway , Available at: www.vogue.com/fashion-shows/spring-2024-ready-to-wear/prada. [Accessed 6 Dec. 2023].

Figure 73 Vogue runway. (2023)“Loewe Spring 2024 Ready-To-Wear,” [photograph] Vogue Runway, Available at: www.vogue.com/fashion-shows/spring-2024-ready-to-wear/loewe/slideshow/collection#2. [Accessed 8 Dec. 2023].

Figure 74 Vogue runway. (2023) “Prada Spring 2024 Ready-To-Wear,” [photograph] Vogue Runway , Available at: www.vogue.com/fashion-shows/spring-2024-ready-to-wear/prada. [Accessed 6 Dec. 2023].

Figure 75 Vogue runway. (2023)“Loewe Spring 2024 Ready-To-Wear,” [photograph] Vogue Runway, Available at: www.vogue.com/fashion-shows/spring-2024-ready-to-wear/loewe/slideshow/collection#2. [Accessed 8 Dec. 2023].

Figure 76 Vogue runway.(2023) “Miu Miu Spring 2024 Ready-To-Wear,” [photograph] Vogue Runway ,Available at: www.vogue.com/fashion-shows/spring-2024-ready-to-wear/miu-miu. [Accessed 7 Dec. 2023].

Figure 77 Vogue runway.(2023) “Miu Miu Spring 2024 Ready-To-Wear,” [photograph] Vogue Runway ,Available at: www.vogue.com/fashion-shows/spring-2024-ready-to-wear/miu-miu. [Accessed 7 Dec. 2023].

Figure 78 Vogue runway.(2023) “Miu Miu Spring 2024 Ready-To-Wear,” [photograph] Vogue Runway ,Available at: www.vogue.com/fashion-shows/spring-2024-ready-to-wear/miu-miu. [Accessed 7 Dec. 2023].

Figure 79 Vogue runway. (2023) “Prada Spring 2024 Ready-To-Wear,” [photograph] Vogue Runway , Available at: www.vogue.com/fashion-shows/spring-2024-ready-to-wear/prada. [Accessed 6 Dec. 2023].

Figure 80 Vogue runway.(2023) “Body Enlightenment: Prada Dress the Man inside the Menswear ,” [photograph]Vogue Runway , Available at:www.vogue.com/fashion-shows/spring-2024-menswear/prada.

[Accessed 6 Dec. 2023].

Figure 81 Vogue runway.(2023) “Body Enlightenment: Prada Dress the Man inside the Menswear ,” [photograph]Vogue Runway , Available at:www.vogue.com/fashion-shows/spring-2024-menswear/prada.

[Accessed 6 Dec. 2023].

Figure 82 Vogue runway. (2023) “Saint Laurent Sprint 2024 Ready-To-Wear,” [photograph] Vogue Runway , Available at: www.vogue.com/fashion-shows/spring-2024-ready-to-wear/saint-laurent. [Accessed 7 Dec. 2023].

Figure 83 Vogue runway. (2023) “Saint Laurent Sprint 2024 Ready-To-Wear,” [photograph] Vogue Runway , Available at: www.vogue.com/fashion-shows/spring-2024-ready-to-wear/saint-laurent. [Accessed 7 Dec. 2023].

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Figure 84 Vogue runway. (2023) “Maison Margiela Spring 2024 Ready-To-Wear,” [photograph] Vogue Runway ,Available at: www.vogue.com/fashion-shows/spring-2024-ready-to-wear/maison-martin-margiela.

[Accessed 7 Dec. 2023].

Figure 85 Vogue runway. (2023) “Prada Spring 2024 Ready-To-Wear,” [photograph] Vogue Runway , Available at: www.vogue.com/fashion-shows/spring-2024-ready-to-wear/prada. [Accessed 6 Dec. 2023].

Figure 86 Vogue runway.(2023) “Miu Miu Spring 2024 Ready-To-Wear,” [photograph] Vogue Runway ,Available at: www.vogue.com/fashion-shows/spring-2024-ready-to-wear/miu-miu. [Accessed 7 Dec. 2023].

Figure 87 Vogue runway.(2023) “Miu Miu Spring 2024 Ready-To-Wear,” [photograph] Vogue Runway ,Available at: www.vogue.com/fashion-shows/spring-2024-ready-to-wear/miu-miu. [Accessed 7 Dec. 2023].

Figure 88 Vogue runway.(2023) “Balenciaga Spring 2024 Ready-To-Wear ,” [photograph] Vogue Runway , Available at: www.vogue.com/fashion-shows/spring-2024-ready-to-wear/balenciaga. [Accessed 8 Dec. 2023].

Figure 89 Vogue runway.(2023) “Balenciaga Spring 2024 Ready-To-Wear ,” [photograph] Vogue Runway , Available at: www.vogue.com/fashion-shows/spring-2024-ready-to-wear/balenciaga. [Accessed 8 Dec. 2023].

Figure 90 Vogue runway. (2023) “Hermès Spring 2024 Ready-To-Wear,” [photograph] Vogue Runway , Available at: www.vogue.com/fashion-shows/spring-2024-ready-to-wear/hermes. [Accessed 8 Dec. 2023].

Figure 91 Vogue runway. (2023) “Hermès Spring 2024 Ready-To-Wear,” [photograph] Vogue Runway , Available at: www.vogue.com/fashion-shows/spring-2024-ready-to-wear/hermes. [Accessed 8 Dec. 2023].

Figure 92 Vogue runway. (2023) “Alexander McQueen Spring 2024 Ready-To-Wear,” [photograph] Vogue Runway , Available at: www.vogue.com/fashion-shows/spring-2024-ready-to-wear/alexander-mcqueen. [Accessed 8 Dec. 2023].

Figure 93 Vogue runway. (2023) “Alexander McQueen Spring 2024 Ready-To-Wear,” [photograph] Vogue Runway , Available at: www.vogue.com/fashion-shows/spring-2024-ready-to-wear/alexander-mcqueen. [Accessed 8 Dec. 2023].

Figure 94 Vogue runway. (2023) “Coperni Spring 2024 Ready-To-Wear,” [photograph]Vogue Runway , Available at: www.vogue.com/fashion-shows/spring-2024-ready-to-wear/coperni. [Accessed 7 Dec. 2023].

Figure 95 Vogue runway. (2023) “Alexander McQueen Spring 2024 Ready-To-Wear,” [photograph] Vogue Runway , Available at: www.vogue.com/fashion-shows/spring-2024-ready-to-wear/alexander-mcqueen. [Accessed 8 Dec. 2023].

Figure 96 Vogue runway. (2023) “Alexander McQueen Spring 2024 Ready-To-Wear,” [photograph] Vogue Runway , Available at: www.vogue.com/fashion-shows/spring-2024-ready-to-wear/alexander-mcqueen. [Accessed 8 Dec. 2023].

Figure 97 Vogue runway. (2023) “Alexander McQueen Spring 2024 Ready-To-Wear,” [photograph] Vogue Runway , Available at: www.vogue.com/fashion-shows/spring-2024-ready-to-wear/alexander-mcqueen. [Accessed 8 Dec. 2023].

Figure 98 Vogue runway. (2023) “Alexander McQueen Spring 2024 Ready-To-Wear,” [photograph] Vogue Runway , Available at: www.vogue.com/fashion-shows/spring-2024-ready-to-wear/alexander-mcqueen. [Accessed 8 Dec. 2023].

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Figure 99 Vogue runway. (2023) “Jil Sander Spring 2024 Ready-To-Wear,” [photograph] Vogue Runway, Available at: www.vogue.com/fashion-shows/spring-2024-ready-to-wear/jil-sander. [Accessed 7 Dec. 2023].

Figure 100 Vogue runway. (2023) “Jil Sander Spring 2024 Ready-To-Wear,” [photograph] Vogue Runway, Available at: www.vogue.com/fashion-shows/spring-2024-ready-to-wear/jil-sander. [Accessed 7 Dec. 2023].

Figure 101 Vogue runway. (2023) “Jil Sander Spring 2024 Ready-To-Wear,” [photograph] Vogue Runway, Available at: www.vogue.com/fashion-shows/spring-2024-ready-to-wear/jil-sander. [Accessed 7 Dec. 2023].

Figure 102 Vogue runway. (2023) “Coperni Spring 2024 Ready-To-Wear,” [photograph]Vogue Runway , Available at: www.vogue.com/fashion-shows/spring-2024-ready-to-wear/coperni. [Accessed 7 Dec. 2023].

Figure 103 Smith, G. (n.d. ) “We Can Be Heroes,” [photograph] Cool Hunting, Available at: coolhunting. com/culture/we-can-be-heroes/. [Accessed 10 Dec. 2023].

Figure 104 mb, marcus . (2014) “Around the Sun” (2014),” [digital image] Flickr, Available at: www.flickr. com/photos/marcusmb/15063904189/sizes/l/. [Accessed 11 Dec. 2023].

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Figure 104