BullsEye Magazine, 91th Edition

No 91 | February 2025

ARE EUROPE'S LEADERS

EMBRACING AI?

Contents

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Letter from Chairman/SecGen

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Letter from Chief Editor

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FAKE NEWS AS A WEAPON : How Young People Are Defending Europe Against Disinformation Threats

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Europe’s Security at a Crossroads : Will Europe wake up before it’s too late?

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Letter from Chairman

Francesco Sismondini

Europe’s Middle East Dilemma : Navigating Trump’s Return

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Syria Reborn : What Comes After the Fall of the Regime?

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Kids Wallet : Greece’s Digital Leap in Protecting Public Spaces for Future Generations

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Europe’s Moment to Redefine : Power and Lead the World

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Deepfakes and Democracy : The Hidden Dangers of AI in Elections

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Croatian presidential elections : Shadows of the past blocking opportunities for the future

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Turning the Other Cheek : The Mockery of Christian Beliefs in the Modern World

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Guardians of the Euro : How the ECB Balances Independence, Stability, and Growth in a Changing Europe

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When the Wolf Lurks : Losses and Challenges in Rural Life

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Why is Europe happy playing catch up? Do European Politicians Hate Innovation?

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On the purpose of Student : Political Organisations

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The Future of Europe : Culture, Education, and Leadership with Bogdan Zdrojewski MEP

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Bridging the AI Knowledge Divide : Why Europe Needs an AI Literacy Fund

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AI and Europe’s Future :The Case for Strategic Leadership and Literacy

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Editorial Leadership

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Editorial Team

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European Democrat Students (EDS) Executive Bureau

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insights into the evolving situation in the Middle East from leading European diplomats. Our Co-Chairs had the opportunity to experiment with the latest virtual reality tools, grasping the revolutionary impact these technologies will have on our society.

We have studied and analyzed Western society, exploring the deepening political polarization of our times with some of Brussels' top spin doctors.

Dear Friends,

And this is only the beginning!

Here before you is a new edition of our beloved inhouse magazine, BullsEye. In this issue, our editors and delegates have focused on the major themes we have chosen to place at the core of our association's work during this mandate: the great challenges of artificial intelligence, the future of the job market, and the unique geopolitical landscape of a world that— after the U.S. elections—projects our continent into a season of profound political transformations.

It is imperative that we closely follow the latest political developments in our countries and across the continent. Only by equipping ourselves with the right knowledge and skills will we be taken seriously and be able to make a difference. What we learn at EDS must be brought back to our schools, our universities, and our workplaces!

We are all standing at the threshold of a new world— one in which we must claim our rightful place, where we can pursue our dreams and advance our ideas, the very ideas that have made Europe great throughout the centuries.

For this reason, from the very beginning of my mandate, together with the Secretary-General and the Vice Presidents, I have decided to focus our organization's efforts on political education, dialogue with the key players shaping these challenges, and engagement with major companies and political figures who hold the power to shape the global chessboard.

During the Grand Council Meeting in Brussels and the EDS Skills Training, we engaged directly with the titans of Big Tech—from OpenAI to META, and even Europe's own excellence, Spotify. We gained crucial

I want to conclude by expressing my immense joy in seeing so many new organizations eager to join our political family, participate in our events, and engage with our political agenda. This is proof that we are on the right path. The numerous international partnerships that EDS is forging around the world— from the U.S. to North Africa—are yet another testament to our growing impact.

EDS holds great potential and power: it is the voice of thousands of students and young people who refuse to passively accept the "facts" handed down from above. We want to be protagonists, to raise our voices in institutions at all levels—from the local to the European and the global—and to have our say in shaping the world around us.

Let’s fight for this together.

Enjoy your reading!

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Letter from Chief Editor Charlie Crumpton

Dear Readers, With great enthusiasm, I welcome you to the latest edition of BullsEye, the flagship publication of European Democrat Students.

At EDS, our mission has always been to amplify the voices of young Europeans—championing democracy, fostering inclusivity, and driving meaningful progress.

BullsEye embodies this spirit, serving as a platform where ideas spark dialogue, perspectives converge, and the strength of our community shines.

This magazine is more than just a publication; it’s a space to explore the issues that shape student life today. From political challenges and societal shifts to cultural trends and technological advancements, we bring together a diverse range of insights that reflect the aspirations of European students. Whether you're passionate about policy, navigating the complexities of modern society, or celebrating creativity, you’ll find something in these pages that resonates with you.

In this edition, we present a dynamic collection of thought-provoking articles, in-depth interviews, and compelling opinion pieces. These contributions come from students and young leaders who are actively shaping Europe’s future—offering their unique perspectives on the issues that matter most.

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FAKE NEWS AS A WEAPON

How Young People Are Defending Europe Against Disinformation Threats European Democrat Students

As Chief Editor, I am immensely proud of the values that define EDS: openness, respect, and critical thought.

BullsEye embodies these principles by fostering constructive dialogue, encouraging collaboration, and celebrating the diversity that makes our continent so vibrant. This magazine is not just about sharing ideas—it’s about challenging them, refining them, and using them to shape a better future.

None of this would be possible without the dedication of our talented editorial team and designers, whose hard work ensures that every edition of BullsEye informs, inspires, and engages. Their commitment makes this publication not just a magazine, but a cornerstone of our community.

I encourage you to dive into these pages, engage with the content, and share your thoughts. Your voice is essential in shaping the direction of our community and the Europe we all envision.

Let’s continue this journey together—with curiosity, ambition, and a shared commitment to progress.

Thank you for being part of BullsEye. I look forward to your insights and feedback as we move forward together.

Warm regards, Charlie Crumpton Chief Editor, BullsEye

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María Ferrer Argente

n the digital age, fake news and disinformation have become dangerous tools for manipulating opinions and generating conflict. Although their existence is not new, the impact of these practices has grown enormously thanks to the speed and reach of the internet. Fake news is false information presented as truth to confuse people, while disinformation uses this fake content deliberately for political, social or military purposes. Both are a serious threat to democracies and social stability.

false information than true information, putting the democratic process at risk.

Fake news is used to manipulate elections, delegitimise governments, divide societies or influence military conflicts. For example, during election periods, many people distrust the news they consume, as it may be designed to influence their vote. Studies show that during these times, citizens often consume more

Another relevant case is that of the illegal independence referendum in Catalonia in 2017. According to reports, there were disinformation campaigns linked to Russia, designed to intensify internal tensions in Spain and undermine its political stability. Such tactics do not only affect one country in particular but seek to fragment the European Union as a whole.

State Sponsored Misinformation Campaigns In the European Union, fake news has been used to destabilise elections and create division. In the 2019 European elections, there were attempts of external interference through social media, seeking to undermine confidence in EU institutions.

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Russia is at the forefront of the use of disinformation, with campaigns aimed at challenging the EU's democratic values and fomenting internal divisions.

Its strategy is part of the so-called hybrid warfare, where military and non-military tactics are combined to achieve political goals.

China has also used disinformation to boost its image abroad and attack its critics, especially on issues such as human rights or the management of the COVID-19 pandemic. Both countries have a common goal of weakening the EU's unity and reducing its global influence.

In an increasingly connected world, young Europeans are in a unique position to combat the threats of fake news and disinformation. Their leading role in social media and their familiarity with digital tools make them key players in identifying, exposing and mitigating the effects of fake news.

Practical Steps for Combating Misinformation Here are some of the ways in which young Europeans can combat fake news and disinformation: •

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Critical thinking: Critical thinking is one of the most effective skills for countering fake news.

In a society where information overload is the norm, it is not enough to teach young people to seek the truth, they must learn to selectively ignore manipulated content. This approach allows the new generations to develop solid criteria for analysing the quality of sources and the intentionality behind the news they consume.

The challenge lies in integrating these skills into the education of young Europeans.

Creativity: Young people do not only consume content, they also create it. Their ability to use tools such as hashtags, polls or live video, positions them as essential actors in the fight against fake news. Awareness-raising campaigns led by young people have proven to be effective by adapting the message to the formats that resonate best with their counterparts, creating visual and dynamic content that educates and engages simultaneously. By combining their understanding of the online environment with innovative strategies, they can counter disinformation more effectively than traditional methods.

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Collaboration across generations: Although young people may be digitally skilled, they cannot combat disinformation and fake news alone.

An effective response requires collaboration across generations: Young people can bring their knowledge of the digital environment and their creativity, while adults and institutions offer expertise and resources. From influencers to policy experts, intergenerational programmes can strengthen responses to disinformation.

EUROPE’S SECURITY AT A CROSSROADS

Will Europe wake up before it’s too late?

The role of European institutions: European institutions are already implementing programmes aimed at combating disinformation, but in order to maximise their impact, young people need to be involved. Training young people in digital tools, such as the use of data checkers and encouraging their participation in educational campaigns are key steps in making them active leaders in the fight against fake news and disinformation.

Moreover, institutions should allocate funding to support youth-driven projects aimed at enhancing media literacy and critical thinking skills.

In short, fake news and disinformation are dangerous weapons that threaten the stability of democracies and the cohesion of the European Union. However, young Europeans are proving that with education, technology and commitment they can tackle this threat.

Their efforts not only protect the truth but ensure that Europe continues to be an example of freedom and democracy in the world.

Iryna Volkova

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ussia’s war in Ukraine is not just Ukraine’s problem—it’s Europe’s security crisis. If Ukraine falls, who’s next? This is no longer a hypothetical question. With Donald Trump back in the White House, uncertainty is growing. His approach to NATO remains unpredictable, and his past statements questioning US commitments to European allies make one thing clear: Europe must take responsibility for its own defense. But will the Union be able to do this?

Many still see the war as distant. But let’s put it in perspective: russian missiles have already crossed

Europe's precarious position. Cartoon by Marian Kamensky.

into NATO airspace, hitting Polish and Romanian territories and casualties have already been reported.

These aren’t accidents; they’re warnings. And Russia is watching carefully, testing the reaction of the EU and NATO to see how far they can push. Should Europe show any hesitation, Putin will take it as a green light to advance further.

Ukraine has lost a staggering number of soldiers and civilians in this war. Every day, around 40,000 artillery shells are fired along the front lines. Ukraine spends $100 million per day on defense, yet it’s still 7

vastly outgunned by Russia, which has adapted its economy to a war footing. While some European countries send aid, others hesitate—delaying weapons deliveries, debating every decision, and pretending that negotiating with Putin is still a credible option.

Ukraine’s previous diplomatic attempts in 2014 and 2016 have repeatedly proven unsuccessful.

Meanwhile, European leaders waste time arguing.

Hungary’s Viktor Orbán and Slovakia’s Robert Fico actively sabotage EU support for Ukraine. Germany and France struggle with slow decision-making.

Although NATO offers security guarantees, the truth remains: most European nations continue to deny the likelihood of a direct confrontation with Russia.

who would fight? The reality is that Ukraine has become the world’s largest testing ground for modern warfare—drone strikes, electronic warfare, cyberattacks—yet many European military strategies remain outdated. Soldiers on the front lines see the consequences of this every day, not just in battles fought with weapons, but in the West’s hesitation, delayed aid, and lack of a clear strategy. At the same time, political turnovers and election uncertainties in partner countries have added another layer of complexity to maintaining steady, strong support for Ukraine.

Right now, many NATO members still fall short of the 2% GDP defense spending target. Trump has openly questioned whether the US should defend NATO members who don’t invest enough in their own security. While some countries have taken action, others remain dangerously complacent. Poland, for example, has doubled its army size to over 200,000 troops and tripled its defense budget to $35 billion— the highest in Europe as a percentage of GDP at over 4%. Estonia and Latvia are now spending close to 3% of their GDP on defense, understanding that deterrence is the only way to prevent war. In contrast, Germany, the EU’s economic powerhouse, has struggled to reach even 2%, despite its promise of a “Zeitenwende” (turning point) in defense policy.

France, the only EU country with nuclear weapons, has an army still less than half the size of Ukraine’s.

The contrast is striking: Ukraine, despite its massive losses, has over one million troops, while most European armies are shrinking.

Even if Europe starts spending more, who will serve in its armies? Conscription is a political taboo in most countries, and volunteer recruitment isn’t keeping pace. If Russia were to attack tomorrow,

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Destruction in Bakhmut, Donetsk region, as shown in drone footage shared by The New York Times.

Military power isn’t the only front where Europe is under attack. Russia has spent years waging an information war, using propaganda to divide European societies.

Kremlin-backed media, fake news campaigns, and social media manipulation have fueled extremism

and anti-Ukrainian sentiment across the continent.

Far-right parties, many with direct ties to Russian influence networks, are gaining ground. In Germany, the AfD (Alternative for Germany) has surged in popularity. In France, Marine Le Pen’s National Rally is a serious contender for power. Even in traditionally stable democracies, Russian propaganda is eroding trust in institutions. If Europe doesn’t act now, the future won’t be decided in Brussels or Berlin—it will be dictated by Moscow.

and severe disturbances to daily life—leading to fractured supply chains, cities under missile threat, and rampant economic turmoil. Some leaders still believe in diplomacy with Putin. But history is clear: appeasement never works. The only thing stopping Russia is force. It wasn’t stopped in Moldova, it wasn’t stopped in Georgia, and it wasn’t stopped in Ukraine in 2014. If Europe doesn’t show strength now, it will soon have no choice but to fight on its own soil, as Russia will not hesitate to push further.

The biggest question remains: What if Europe fails?

If Ukraine loses, Russia will push further. Moldova, the Baltics, and even Poland could be next. Russia’s threat to spark conflict inside the EU must not be underestimated. A war in the EU would trigger global economic disruption, widespread political instability,

This is Europe’s wake-up call. Either it acts now— boosting defense spending, expanding armies, countering Russian propaganda—or it risks being the next battlefield. Ukraine is fighting for its survival.

But it’s also fighting for Europe. The question is: Will Europe fight for itself?

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EUROPE’S MIDDLE EAST DILEMMA Navigating Trump’s Return Vladimir Kljajic The return of Donald Trump to the White House in 2025 has set the stage for a dramatic shift in U.S. policy toward the Middle East. His administration's approach - marked by a combination of aggressive military posturing, economic leverage, and strategic alliances—poses a serious dilemma for European policymakers. As the United States takes a more unilateral stance, Europe must decide whether to align with Washington, pursue an independent strategy, or risk further geopolitical irrelevance in the region.

by Trump's push for a new regional order, one that prioritizes Israeli dominance and economic integration over political sovereignty for Palestinians. The EU, as the largest donor to the Palestinian Authority, is now faced with a difficult choice: continue funding a government that is increasingly sidelined or seek new diplomatic avenues to maintain influence.

Iran: The Breaking Point One of Europe's most pressing challenges will be its approach to Iran. The Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA), already in tatters following Trump's withdrawal in 2018, now faces complete irrelevance as Washington pushes for renewed sanctions and potential military action. The E-3 (Germany, France, and the UK) have long sought to salvage some form of nuclear agreement with Tehran, but Trump's return has complicated these efforts.

The End of "Stability" as a Policy Goal?

European nations have approached the Middle East for decades with a policy centered on stability. This meant engaging with various actors, including Iran, the Gulf states, and Israel, in an effort to de-escalate conflicts and promote economic cooperation.

However, Trump's renewed "maximum pressure" strategy against Iran, his explicit support for Israeli military actions, and his controversial plan to take control of Gaza threaten to upend the European diplomatic playbook.

Europe's commitment to a two-state solution between Israel and Palestine has been largely undermined 10

In Libya, the Franco-Italian rivalry over influence continues to hinder a unified European approach, while Lebanon's post-Hezbollah transition remains fragile. Trump's administration is unlikely to prioritize these crises, meaning that Europe has an opportunity to step up. However, without a clear and coordinated strategy, it risks being overshadowed by more assertive actors such as Russia and Turkey.

Trump's Gaza Gambit: A Diplomatic Nightmare for the EU Perhaps the most immediate challenge for Europe is Trump's proposal to "take over" Gaza, ostensibly to restore order and rebuild the territory. This idea has been met with universal condemnation across the Arab world, particularly from Saudi Arabia, which has warned that any forced restructuring of Gaza would violate Palestinian rights and destabilize the region.

The EU, which has long championed Palestinian statehood, now finds itself at odds with Washington on one of the most sensitive geopolitical issues.

If Europe publicly opposes Trump's plan, it risks alienating a key ally; if it remains silent, it risks losing credibility in the eyes of its Arab partners.

If Europe follows Washington's lead, it risks damaging economic relations with Iran and alienating key partners such as China. If it resists, it could strain transatlantic relations at a time when European security depends heavily on U.S. commitments, especially in the face of ongoing conflicts in Ukraine and the South China Sea. A more unified and strategic European stance is crucial, potentially leveraging economic incentives alongside diplomatic negotiations to prevent further escalation.

The Libya-Syria-Lebanon Triangle: A Test of European Influence While Washington focuses on Iran and Israel, Europe remains heavily invested in the stability of North Africa and the Levant. The fall of Bashar al-Assad's regime in Syria has created a new power vacuum, with Turkey, Russia, and various rebel factions vying for control.

European policymakers must now decide whether to play a role in Syria's reconstruction or leave it to regional powers.

proactive engagement in regional stability, it could face another crisis similar to that of 2015.

A New European Approach?

To navigate these challenges, Europe must rethink its strategy for the Middle East. For example: Strengthening Diplomatic Ties with Key Gulf States: While the U.S. focuses on military solutions, Europe could leverage its economic power to engage Saudi Arabia, the UAE, and Qatar in shaping a regional order that balances security with economic development.

Revitalizing the Iran Nuclear Deal: If direct negotiations with Tehran prove impossible, Europe could seek alternative diplomatic initiatives through regional actors or backchannel negotiations.

Asserting a Stronger Role in Gaza's Reconstruction: Instead of allowing the U.S. to dictate terms, the EU could work with Egypt, Jordan, and moderate Palestinian factions to create a sustainable governance model.

Enhancing Security and Humanitarian Assistance in Syria and Lebanon: Europe could take the lead in post-war rebuilding efforts, particularly in areas affected by Hezbollah's decline and the Assad regime's collapse.

Developing a Unified European Foreign Policy: One of Europe's key weaknesses has been internal divisions. A coordinated foreign policy that aligns the interests of France, Germany, and Italy would give the EU more leverage in negotiations and regional interventions.

A Defining Moment for European Foreign Policy

The Migration Factor: Europe's Pressing Security Concern Beyond diplomatic and economic considerations, the ongoing instability in the Middle East presents a direct challenge to Europe's internal security. With conflicts escalating in Syria, Lebanon, and potentially Iran, new waves of refugees are likely to head toward European shores. The EU has already struggled to manage migration from past conflicts, and without

Trump's return to power has placed Europe at a crossroads in its Middle East policy. The old approach—favoring stability and economic engagement—may no longer be viable in a region undergoing rapid transformation. The challenge for European leaders will be to chart a path that balances strategic independence with transatlantic unity. If they fail to act decisively, Europe risks becoming a passive observer in a region where it once played a leading role. The coming months will determine whether Europe can redefine its role or whether it will be left navigating an increasingly unstable Middle East from the sidelines.

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SYRIA REBORN

What Comes After the Fall of the Regime?

sanctioned groups like HTS complicate these efforts.

Potential Benefits of a Secular Democratic Syria Regional Stability and Cooperation If Syria successfully transitions to a secular and democratic government, it could act as a stabilizing force in the region. A reformed Syria could foster cooperation with its neighbors, contributing to peacebuilding efforts in the Middle East. Improved relations with countries like Turkey, Lebanon, and Iraq could facilitate trade and economic growth, benefiting the entire region.

Refugee Repatriation A stable Syria would provide an opportunity for millions of Syrian refugees to return home. This would alleviate the burden on host countries such as Lebanon, which has struggled to support a massive refugee population. The repatriation process could also spur reconstruction efforts, creating jobs and revitalizing local economies.

Countering Extremism A secular government committed to inclusivity could

ANDREA MGHAMES

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he fall of the Assad regime in December 2024 has ushered Syria into a new era, presenting both significant challenges and potential opportunities for the nation and its neighbors. The trajectory Syria now takes will profoundly influence regional stability and international relations. This article examines the fears and challenges that lie ahead, the potential negative and positive impacts on neighboring countries and Europe, and the benefits and losses associated with Syria's future direction.

Challenges in post-Assad Syria Security Vacuum and Extremism The abrupt departure of President Bashar al-Assad has created a power vacuum, leading to concerns about the rise of extremist groups. Hay'at Tahrir al-Sham (HTS), which played a role in Assad's overthrow, now seeks international recognition and reconstruction funds. However, Western nations remain cautious due to HTS's jihadist past, with the United States and European powers deliberating on 12

undermine extremist narratives and reduce the appeal of radical ideologies. By addressing the root causes of radicalization, such as poverty and lack of education, Syria could set an example for combating extremism in the region.

How Syria’s Future Could Impact Neighbors and Europe Negative Scenarios: The Spillover Effect If Syria’s post-Assad transition descends into chaos, the consequences could be dire for its neighbors. Lebanon, already reeling from its own political and economic crises, could see an influx of refugees and increased sectarian tensions.

Jordan and Iraq, both grappling with their internal challenges, could face border security threats and destabilization from extremist groups operating in Syria.

Europe, too, would not be immune to the fallout.

A resurgence of extremist groups in Syria could lead to increased terrorism risks on European soil. Additionally, another wave of migration from Syria could strain the European Union’s already divided approach to refugee policy, fueling political tensions and far-right movements.

maintaining sanctions and terrorism designations.

Ethnic and Sectarian Tensions Syria's diverse population comprises various ethnic and religious groups, including Kurds, Arabs, Christians, and others. The Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) has indicated a willingness to withdraw from Syria if the U.S.-allied Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF), which include the Kurdish YPG militia, retain a significant leadership role. This development underscores the delicate balance required to manage ethnic relations and prevent further conflict.

Economic Devastation Years of conflict have left Syria's economy in ruins, with estimates suggesting that rebuilding will require between $250 to $400 billion. The new leadership faces the monumental task of reconstructing infrastructure, stabilizing the currency, and curbing inflation. International aid and investment will be crucial, but political instability and the presence of 13

KIDS WALLET

Greece’s Digital Leap in Protecting Public Spaces for Future Generations

Alexander Costantes Positive Scenarios: A Beacon of Hope

Building Inclusive Institutions

On the other hand, a stable and prosperous Syria could bring tangible benefits to the region. While it may not serve as a model for governance, stability in Syria could foster improved regional relations, creating opportunities for trade and joint infrastructure projects. Such collaboration could support economic growth and mutual security among neighboring countries.

For Syria to succeed, it must build inclusive political institutions that represent all segments of its society.

This will require overcoming deep-seated mistrust among various groups and addressing grievances that have fueled the conflict. Education and civil society initiatives will be critical in fostering a sense of national unity.

For Europe, a stable Syria would mean fewer security threats and a reduction in migration pressures.

European countries could play a significant role in Syria’s reconstruction, strengthening economic ties and promoting stability in the region.

Balancing Risks and Opportunities International Involvement The international community will play a crucial role in shaping Syria’s future. Coordinated efforts among global powers and regional actors will be essential to prevent the country from becoming a failed state. However, conflicting interests among these stakeholders could complicate the process.

For instance, Russia and Iran, key allies of the Assad regime, may seek to maintain their influence in postAssad Syria, potentially clashing with Western efforts to promote democracy.

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Economic Recovery Reconstruction will be a monumental task, requiring billions of dollars in investment. Transparency and accountability will be key to ensuring that aid is used effectively. Engaging the Syrian diaspora, which has a wealth of expertise and resources, could also play a pivotal role in rebuilding the country.

Conclusion The fall of the Assad regime marks a new chapter in Syria’s tumultuous history. The path forward is fraught with risks, but it also holds the promise of renewal.

Whether Syria descends into further chaos or emerges as a beacon of hope depends on the choices made by its leaders, its people, and the international community.

Will Syria seize this opportunity to rebuild as a secular, democratic state, or will it succumb to the forces of extremism and division? The answer will shape not only Syria’s future but also the stability and prosperity of the broader region and beyond.

In an increasingly digital world, children’s online presence has surged, offering both opportunities and risks. While digital platforms foster creativity and social engagement, they also expose minors to exploitation, harmful content, and excessive screen time. These challenges, along with rising violent behaviour among youth and declining PISA scores in Greece, have prompted Greek policymakers to seek solutions that balance digital engagement with strong protective measures.

Striking a Balance: How to Protect Kids in the Online World Following Prime Minister Kyriakos Mitsotakis’s speech at the United Nations General Assembly, the Greek government launched the Kids Wallet initiative, an example of public policy entrepreneurship—where governments move beyond regulation to actively create solutions. The initiative provides families with digital tools to manage children’s online interactions, screen time, and transactions, ensuring greater oversight while preserving children’s digital autonomy.

By integrating AI-driven content filtering and realtime monitoring, Kids Wallet aligns with GDPR, preventing child data exploitation while enabling a secure and enriching online experience. Unlike traditional regulatory approaches that rely on platform compliance, Kids Wallet places digital safety directly in the hands of families, ensuring child protection is

proactive rather than reactive.

Greece’s initiative is not an isolated effort but aligns with broader EU strategies to establish a safer digital landscape. The Better Internet for Kids Strategy (BIK+), the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), and the Digital Services Act (DSA) are central to these efforts. Since its introduction in 2012 and update in 2022, BIK+ has promoted digital literacy, high-quality online content, and mechanisms to shield children from harmful material. GDPR, enforced since 2018, limits how digital platforms collect and process minors' data, strengthening online privacy. The DSA, fully applicable from 2024, mandates stricter content moderation and parental control requirements, ensuring digital platforms implement safeguards rather than relying on voluntary measures.

While these EU regulations provide a foundation, their effectiveness depends on Member States translating them into visible national policies. Some countries have already taken proactive steps, setting valuable precedents. In France, the "Parental Control by Default" law requires that all digital devices come with built-in parental control settings, simplifying parental oversight. Germany’s Jugendschutzgesetz (Youth Protection Act) enforces strict age verification and content classification, ensuring minors are shielded from harmful material. Meanwhile, Denmark’s Children’s Digital Rights Charter integrates digital

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safety into education, fostering government-tech industry collaboration.

Greece’s Kids Wallet initiative stands apart by leveraging digital identity authentication and AIpowered monitoring, shifting responsibility from corporations to families. Unlike conventional agegating systems, which depend on platform selfregulation, Kids Wallet offers real-time parental control, ensuring that children are protected while maintaining a degree of online independence. By placing responsibility at the household level, Greece provides an alternative model that moves beyond regulatory enforcement to citizen-centred solutions.

How the World is Tackling Digital Safety for Children Beyond the EU, international organizations such as the OECD and the United Nations have also pushed for digital child protection frameworks. The OECD’s "Recommendation on Children in the Digital Environment" advocates for a "safety by design" approach—ensuring child-friendly features are embedded into digital products at the development stage rather than being added as an afterthought.

Meanwhile, the United Nations, through the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) and General Comment No. 25 (2021), calls for stronger safeguards against child data exploitation, targeted advertising, and online violence. These frameworks reinforce the need for harmonized yet adaptable solutions, balancing regulation with technological innovation.

parental awareness and digital literacy remain critical barriers as without proper education, even the most advanced safety tools risk being underused.

The European People’s Party has also long advocated for responsible digital governance, ensuring that technological advancements align with fundamental rights. Digital child protection policies must respect personal freedoms while ensuring strong regulatory safeguards. The Greek Kids Wallet initiative serves as a model of how public policy entrepreneurship can turn EU regulations into tangible solutions. Rather than waiting for top-down mandates, Greece has demonstrated that Member States can lead the way in reshaping child protection policies to suit national needs.

A Blueprint for the Future of Online Child Protection Ensuring online child safety is not just a legal obligation—it is a moral imperative. As digital ecosystems become more complex, governments, industry leaders, and civil society must work together to craft forward-thinking regulations that protect, educate, and empower. Greece’s Kids Wallet initiative proves that staying ahead of the digital tide is not just possible, but necessary—and that real innovation in child protection begins where regulation meets action.

Alexandros Marios Konstantes is a European Public Policy Analysis student in the Master's Program of EU Political and Governance Studies at the College of Europe in Bruges, supported by a full scholarship from the European Commission. He is a Member of DAPNDFK Greece

EUROPE’S MOMENT TO REDEFINE Power and Lead the World Oskar Lewczuk Stowarzyszenie “Młodzi Demokraci” SMD POLAND In his inaugural address on January 20, 2025, President Donald Trump declared the start of a "golden era for America," promising national success and global respect. However, behind these promises lie actions that could reshape global security and alliances.

Trump announced the end of the “terrible betrayal” of the past four years, signaling potential changes in international policies. As these shifts unfold, Europe faces a pivotal question: will it remain passive, or take decisive steps to strengthen its position on the world stage?

The world is undergoing rapid changes, with autocratic leaders like Trump, Putin, and Xi shaping the political and economic landscape. Europe can no longer afford to be a passive observer. It must reclaim its role as a leader on the global stage, not merely as a partner to the United States but as a true force for global influence.

Europe must shed its dependency complex and build an "Iron Europe" that leads not only its continent but the world. In today’s global environment, leaders like Trump, Putin, and Xi pursue policies that threaten

European and global stability. With its democratic foundations, Europe should become the new center of global leadership. It has the unique ability to combine tradition with modernity, positioning itself to lead in the 21st century.

Will Europe Lead or Lag Behind?

Europe’s challenges are formidable. Populism, economic inequality, and geopolitical uncertainty create division across the continent. Right-wing movements such as Germany’s AfD, Poland’s Konfederacja, and France’s National Rally threaten the European Union’s unity. They exploit social frustration, promising quick fixes while sowing division. If unchecked, these movements could fracture Europe into opposing blocs—north and south, east and west.

As Donald Tusk warned, “The specter of a Europe divided, weak, and dominated by external powers looms large.” Europe’s unity, built on shared values of democracy, freedom, and human rights, must remain its greatest strength. This is not a time for hesitation

Despite the progress in digital child protection, challenges remain. Many tech companies prioritize profit over safety, resisting strict enforcement or implementing only minimal protections. While the DSA and GDPR establish clear legal obligations, loopholes and weak enforcement mechanisms still allow platforms to sidestep key responsibilities. Additionally,

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but for decisive action to preserve and strengthen European solidarity.

To secure its future, Europe must embrace strength and independence. Building an "Iron Europe" requires action on multiple fronts: defense, innovation, and values. As President Trump questioned the United States’ commitment to defending its allies, Europe faced a hard truth—the era of unquestioned American military support is over. To ensure its security, Europe must invest in its own defense. This means complementing NATO with a robust European defense framework, allocating greater resources to defense, and creating a unified European defense industry. A rapid response force capable of handling crises independently of external assistance should be established. As Tusk noted, “Our solidarity, our courage, and our strength must not depend on the goodwill of others.” Europe's future security lies in its own hands.

Beyond Dependency: How Europe Can Secure Its Own Future Building military strength is just one part of the equation. Europe must also lead in the global economy by fostering innovation and entrepreneurship. The EU possesses the resources, talent, and infrastructure to outpace competitors, but it must act decisively to unlock its full potential. Europe has already led the world in climate policy, notably with the Green Deal.

Now, it must double down on renewable energy, green technologies, and sustainable industries. By doing so, Europe can set the standard for environmental responsibility. At the same time, investments in artificial intelligence, quantum computing, and space exploration will ensure Europe remains competitive with the United States and China. Supporting small and 18

medium enterprises, the backbone of the European economy, and reducing bureaucratic barriers will foster unprecedented levels of innovation.

However, Europe’s true strength lies not in its military or economic power but in its core values. Democracy, human rights, equality, and the rule of law are the foundations of the European project. These values are under attack both from within and outside Europe.

Autocrats abroad and populists at home seek to undermine them, sowing division and mistrust. To counter these threats, Europe must strengthen its democratic institutions, fight disinformation, and promote unity among its citizens. As Tusk reminded us, “We must not forget what unites us, even when faced with those who try to divide us.” Europe's values must remain non-negotiable as the continent faces the future.

The time has come for Europe to rise. Building an "Iron Europe" is not a distant dream; it is an urgent necessity.

With unity, strength, and vision, Europe can emerge as a global leader capable of shaping the future rather than being shaped by it. Europe must reject "America First" and embrace "Europe First." As Tusk said: “Europe is not yet lost, as long as we are alive and we are united.” The path forward is clear. Europe must invest in its own security, drive economic innovation, and defend the values that define it. A strong, united Europe will not only protect its own interests but also inspire the world, showing that democracy and solidarity are powerful forces for good.

This is not the time to follow—it is the time to lead.

Together, Europe can build a future where it commands respect, inspires hope, and sets the standard for a better world. The time for action is now. The time for an "Iron Europe" has arrived.

DEEPFAKES AND DEMOCRACY The Hidden Dangers of AI in Elections Adam Cisár, Andrea Filová

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ow worried should we be regarding the use of artificial intelligence (AI) in electoral campaigns and in what ways can it affect voters and their decision-making? As 57 % of Americans had been extremely or very concerned that AI was deployed to manipulate information in the US presidential election, it’s crucial to understand the impact of this ever evolving technology on elections and why vigilance in consuming information has never been more important. The case of the recent Slovak parliamentary election serves as a lesson that should not be ignored.

It is safe to say that AI has become a part of our daily lives. Whether it’s using face ID to unlock your smartphone, checking your e-mail’s spelling with Grammarly, or enjoying a recommended playlist on Spotify, AI is quietly working behind the scenes in ways you may not even notice. While these may appear harmless and safe, the issue arises when bad

actors get their hands on this technology.

Deepfakes and the Distortion of Truth in Elections Particularly dangerous are deepfakes - a type of synthetic media created by deep learning, capable of depicting people and events in a false light. During an electoral campaign, this tool can be abused to discredit candidates, putting them behind statements or into situations which are either distorted or completely false. The damage of this media, while cheap and easy to produce, can be truly massive, with experts warning that such deceptive use of AI infringes on voter’s fundamental right to make informed decisions.

Not only may deepfakes greatly affect the popular sentiment prior to the election, it can also be deployed after the fact. AI manufactured images of ballot tampering or a deepfaked recording of a candidate seemingly confessing to such tampering may shatter

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the public trust in electoral processes and democratic institutions.

With the ability to generate deep fake faces, voices and even mannerisms, it is increasingly more difficult to detect manipulated content as the quality and sophistication of this tool is rapidly developing. To ensure the maximum reach, strategies such as microtargeting and personalized messaging are pursued, in an attempt to tailor their content to specific voter groups. This allows actors to exploit psychological tendencies of voters such as bandwagon effect and confirmation bias, and in turn influence their voter behavior.

AI in Action An issue resonating in Slovak politics and involving political figures was an apparent telephone conversation between Michal Šimečka, leader of the opposition’s Progressive Slovakia party, and a wellknown journalist Monika Tódová. Tódová is a Slovak investigative journalist recognized for her critical reporting on government corruption and her work with the independent news outlet Denník N. Tódová’s journalism has garnered both public support and political opposition, making her a polarizing figure.

In the days leading up to the election, an AI-created video, specifically a deep fake, began circulating online, allegedly capturing a conversation between the aforementioned journalist and Michal Šimečka, leader of the Progressive Slovakia party. The recording was crafted to portray a compromising conversation that seemed to reinforce anti-progressive narratives.

Although the conversation was artificially created, it 20

Domagoj Cigić

quickly spread, raising doubts about the Progressive Slovakia party among some voters. The aftermath and public reaction caused a considerable stir, as other politicians and journalists reacted to the video.

Among those who shared the video were figures like the former Minister of Justice and unsuccessful presidential candidate Štefan Harabin and former MP Marček, who hails from the fascist party Republic.

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Journalist Tódová and MP Michal Šimečka also reacted to the recording, quickly condemning it. However, the speed with which the deep fake circulated had already sown suspicion. The incident highlighted the public’s vulnerability to misinformation, particularly during a critical period. Several politicians further amplified the video by sharing it, intensifying its controversy. This incident may have contributed to skepticism among some Progressive Slovakia voters.

The investigation into the recording has faced various delays and obstacles, raising questions about the resources and technology available to combat such digital attacks. As we know, identifying the creators of such videos is challenging due to the ease with which AI content can be generated. Additionally, limited forensic tools and the analysis of various false data have hampered efforts to hold the creators accountable. This deep fake appeared just before the start of the election moratorium, which is one reason why it was very difficult to identify the creators of this video. The moratorium later tied the hands of both media and the police, preventing them from immediately investigating the video and clearly identifying the perpetrator.

How to Protect Elections from AI Manipulation Beyond Slovakia, the use of AI has been evident in other countries. Joe Biden inciting the electorate to save their vote in the primaries for the general election, argentinian candidate for presidency Sergio Massa covering streets with a revolutionary and authoritative caricature of himself or the continuous use of AI generated images and videos posted by AfD’s Maximilian Krah. These are just a few instances of the use of AI in electoral campaigns, both by anonymous malicious actors and the politicians themselves. While the use of AI in politics is a relatively new phenomenon, it is safe to say that it is not going away any time soon.

As AI becomes increasingly advanced, such incidents underscore the urgency of adjusting legal frameworks in legislation and enhancing digital literacy, enabling the public to recognize and resist disinformation.

CROATIAN PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS Shadows of the past blocking opportunities for the future

he year of 2024 will be remembered in Croatia as one of the defining ones in its political sphere. With an electorate increasingly divided over economic, social, and foreign policy issues, the elections have been seen as a litmus test for Croatia's democratic maturity and its future direction in the European Union. Colloquially called the „Superelectionary“ year, it saw yet another victory for the ruling EPP member Croatian Democratic Union (HDZ) led by the prime minister, Andrej Plenković. After securing the parliamentary majority, not two months later, the Croatian Democratic Union secured half of the 12 available seats in the European Parliament elections. These tendencies and results prove that Croatia breathes “right” still. After a brief lull in the political arena that was marked by the consolidation of its yet-again confirmed voter's trust, the ruling centerright Croatian Democratic Union began preparations for the upcoming presidential elections in December.

By the end of the deadline, 8 potential candidates profiled themselves strong enough to garner the required number of signatures to take part in the upcoming political battle for the Pantovčak (metonym for the official working quarters of the president of Croatia). Of those eight, two were seen as having the greatest potential of securing electoral victory: Dr. Dragan Primorac as an independent candidate supported by the ruling coalition of center-right and the incumbent president Zoran Milanović, who was vying to secure his second mandate as the center-left SDP party candidate.

From the head start, it became obvious that the main contending points for the candidates would be centered on increasingly dividing subjects of national security and economic and social policies. Despite having a restricted say in social and economic issues, the president of Croatia has a crucial role in the regulation of domestic institutional and democratic processes along with playing a pivotal role in foreign representation of the Republic of Croatia. Center-right candidate Dr. Dragan Primorac, a globally renowned scientist and former Minister of Education, has positioned himself as the embodiment of Croatia’s aspirations toward further Euro-Atlantic integration. With a distinguished career spanning scientific excellence and public service, Dr. Primorac represents a vision of leadership firmly anchored in Western democratic values and the strategic priorities of NATO, the European Union, and the OECD. His tenure as Minister of Education and his

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extensive network among global statesmen and intellectuals have made him an influential advocate for Croatia’s modern, forward-thinking trajectory. In a scathing critique of his primary opponent, incumbent President Zoran Milanović, Dr. Primorac highlighted the inconsistencies and troubling undertones in Milanović’s foreign policy. Milanović’s ambiguous position on Russia’s aggressive geopolitical maneuvers has not only sparked controversy among domestic observers but has also drawn concern from international security circles. Alarmingly, Milanović’s rhetoric has been amplified by Kremlin-aligned media, raising serious questions about his commitment to Croatia’s Euro-Atlantic obligations and his reliability as a leader within the Western alliance. Dr. Primorac further denounced Milanović’s presidency as a period marked by stagnation and missed opportunities. “In five years, Milanović has failed to elevate Croatia’s diplomatic standing, leaving the country adrift at a time when clear, strategic leadership is crucial,” he declared. Milanović’s presidency, he argued, has been characterized by divisive rhetoric and a lack of substantive achievements, undermining Croatia’s credibility and future prospects.

Dr. Dragan Primorac emerged as a statesman offering a bold, forward-thinking vision. His call for pragmatic, future-oriented leadership aimed to strengthen Croatia’s standing as a reliable Western partner and to prioritize strategic objectives such as securing OECD membership by 2026. Yet, despite his unmatched qualifications and clarity of purpose,

Croatian voters chose to re-elect President Zoran Milanović, extending his presidency until 2030.This outcome signals a deeply concerning shift back to divisive rhetoric and fragmented leadership at a time when unity and strategic focus are paramount.

Milanović’s presidency has been defined by inconsistent policies, ambivalence toward Western values, and rhetoric that undermines Croatia’s credibility within NATO and the European Union.

His reelection not only risks diminishing Croatia’s international standing but also jeopardizes its alignment with the principles that underpin the Euro-Atlantic community.The implications of this electoral choice are far-reaching. Milanović’s polarizing style and reliance on rhetoric over substance threaten to derail Croatia’s progress on key goals, including its OECD ambitions and its broader integration into Western institutions.

Rather than building bridges and advancing national interests, his leadership risks deepening divisions and stalling the country’s momentum on the global stage. Dr. Primorac, a steadfast advocate for the values of the European People’s Party, has set a new standard for what Croatia’s leadership should aspire to. His principled approach, commitment to Western integration, and focus on unifying policies stand in stark contrast to the stagnation and divisiveness that have characterized Milanović’s tenure. The choice for voters may have been made, but the long-term consequences of this decision will be felt across Croatia’s political and diplomatic landscape for years to come.

TURNING THE OTHER CHEEK

The Mockery of Christian Beliefs in the Modern World Lara Ghanoudi

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hroughout history, religious discrimination has been driven mainly by the desire for political power, cultural dominance and even the rejection of alternative belief systems. However, the current shift in society’s values has also affected how religion is treated. Today, we find ourselves in a society where freedom of speech is prioritised— even if it undermines the very values of respect and understanding for others. This growing focus on progressive ideals, often linked to a secular worldview, can create a paradox where the same movements that advocate for respect towards marginalised communities fail to extend the same consideration to religious communities, particularly those holding traditional beliefs like Christianity. As

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society shifts, there's a growing trend of mocking deeply held religious beliefs, particularly Christianity, under the guise of progressive ideals. Yet, this seems to create a double standard, as movements advocating for the respect of marginalised groups often fail to extend the same courtesy to those whose beliefs are rooted in tradition or more conservative values. What does a society look like when faith is sidelined, and respect for religious beliefs fades? Have we truly forgotten all those years spent struggling against religious discrimination?

When you think about how religion has shaped humanity’s evolution, one wonders how it seems to have become obsolete. Or so it would seem. We no 23

personal biases – regardless of belief, social status or material gain – being constantly mocked and ridiculed? A glaring example of this occurred during New Year's Eve on Spanish national television when the comedian Lalachus mocked the symbol of Jesus’ Sacred Heart by replacing His face with that of a cow from a Spanish TV show. If this act had been targeted at any other religion, or any of their symbols or if the victim had been part of a protected minority, such as the LGBTQ community, it would have sparked outrage and condemnation. Yet, when it comes to Christianity, such acts of disrespect are often brushed aside or even seen as harmless humour. This selective tolerance highlights a disturbing double standard: one where expressions of religious mockery are tolerated when aimed at Christianity but would never be accepted if directed at other beliefs or groups. Why is there a different threshold for respect when it comes to Christianity?

longer feel at ease with public expressions of faith, especially among the youth, who view religion as something from a time past, belonging to an older generation. Young believers seem to swim against the tide in a society that increasingly challenges or disregards their faith, especially if they’re Christian.

A society which should be looking to increase its faith to prevent the loss of core values like fidelity, love and respect. Especially since there’s an ongoing agenda promoting tolerance for people's sexuality and advocating for the integration of immigrants, yet it often is the first to turn its back on Christians.

While the principles of inclusivity and acceptance are celebrated, the Christian faith —rooted in love, compassion, and forgiveness— is frequently overlooked or mocked. This selective tolerance only deepens the divide, raising the question: if true inclusivity is the goal, why is the Christian faith, with its message of love and compassion, often left out of the conversation? Why does there seem to be a problem mainly with this religious branch?

In a society that champions diversity and inclusion, Christianity — despite being the world’s largest religion — is often ridiculed, its symbols distorted, and its values undermined. While movements 24

promoting the rights of sexual minorities and advocating for the integration of immigrants have gained widespread support, Christianity is too often dismissed or belittled. The rise of the ‘woke’ movement, which promotes tolerance and acceptance, paradoxically seems to exclude or undermine traditional religious beliefs. How can we call for inclusivity while systematically excluding the values that underpin much of our shared moral framework? The very notion of tolerance must be universal. If we are to live in a society of respect, we must extend the same protections and recognitions to the Christian faith that we afford to other groups.

This inconsistency only highlights the growing divide, questioning why one of the most enduring faiths is often left out of the equation of respect and tolerance.

This discrepancy becomes even more apparent when we consider how Christians regularly face criticism and mockery for upholding their values.

This seems especially ironic when they’re being discriminated against when Jesus said, “But love your enemies, do good to them, and lend to them without expecting to get anything back”. So why are those whose religion calls for loving beyond

In contemporary art and media, said threshold for respect is directly ignored for the sake of freedom of speech. This trend is evident in how Christian symbols are often distorted or used provocatively to challenge societal norms, even while such actions would likely be considered unacceptable if aimed

at other faiths or groups, being deemed insensitive or even racist. A stark example of this occurred during the opening ceremony of the Paris 2024 Olympic Games, where the Last Supper was used in a satirical and controversial manner to include minorities, which had no place in said sacred scene of the Bible. If this had been an isolated incident, we could easily dismiss it as a mere slip-up. However, this follows the disrespectful Ecce Homo exhibition in Sweden (2012) or the Virgin in a Condom by Tania Kovats (1992). In film and television, Christian characters are often depicted as intolerant or outdated when they’re not ridiculed, reinforcing stereotypes that do not represent the depth and diversity of the faith. These instances illustrate how, in the name of 'artistic expression' or 'cultural critique,' Christianity is often singled out for blatant mockery, while other religions or minority groups are treated with far more sensitivity.

We stand at a crossroads. A world that preaches tolerance has become intolerant of faith. A society that claims to defend diversity has turned uniform in its mockery of those who dare to believe. Where is the justice in that? Where is the progress in silencing the voices of those whose only crime is holding onto the values that built civilizations?

Christianity has withstood persecution, empires, revolutions, and wars, yet today, in the so-called era of enlightenment, it is dismissed, ridiculed, and cast aside as an inconvenient relic of the past. But let me ask you this: When has tearing down faith ever built a better world? When has mocking hope ever led us to peace? We are drowning in an age of indulgence, where self-worship and fleeting pleasures are elevated above duty, sacrifice, and love. We are losing ourselves to a culture that mocks fidelity, sneers at devotion, and glorifies a freedom that knows no responsibility. And yet, in this vast and growing desert, it is faith that still plants the seeds of hope. It is the faithful who carry the torch in the darkness, who remind us that love, respect, and dignity are not just words—but a way of life. If we truly believe in tolerance, then let us prove it—not by silencing others, but by listening. Not by tearing down what offends us, but by striving to understand it. If we pride ourselves on inclusivity, then let us include those who stand firm in their beliefs, even when it is difficult, even when it is unpopular.

Because a society that forgets faith forgets itself.

And a world without belief is not free—it is lost.

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instruments at the ECB’s disposal. These provisions establish the ECB’s independence: neither EU bodies nor Member State governments are allowed to influence its decisions, this is an aspect crucial to ensuring that monetary policy remains free from short-term political pressures. This independence is further bolstered by the prohibition of “monetary financing” in Article 123 TFEU, which prevents central banks from funding government deficits.

Independence, however, comes with accountability.

The ECB operates transparently, regularly publishing reports and detailed accounts of its monetary policy decisions. It also faces structured oversight from the European Parliament through quarterly Monetary Dialogues. This delicate balance of independence coupled with transparency aims to install confidence in markets and the public, safeguarding the euro’s integrity over time.

Why 2% Inflation

GUARDIANS OF THE EURO

How the ECB Balances Independence, Stability, and Growth in a Changing Europe

Aiming price stability translates into a 2% inflation target over the medium term. This figure is carefully calibrated: research suggests that overly high inflation erodes purchasing power and undermines growth, while rates close to zero or negative create their own problems by depressing consumer spending and delaying business investment. Striking the right equilibrium at 2% is

thus considered optimal, providing enough price dynamism to encourage activity, but not so much as to destabilise the economy.

This target was reaffirmed in the ECB’s 2021 strategy review, which also underscored the importance of symmetry. Whether inflation is above or below 2%, it is deemed equally undesirable, and the Governing Council stands ready to intervene. Deviations from the target might be tolerated in the short term if caused by external shocks such as global supply chain disruptions or sudden swings in energy prices but the ECB continually calibrates its measures to nudge inflation back toward 2%.

The ESCB’s Policy Toolbox The ECB’s decisions every six weeks on interest rates capture headlines, yet the institution’s arsenal is far broader. Standard instruments include open market operations—weekly and longer-term refinancing operations—through which liquidity is injected into the banking system to influence short-term interest rates. The ESCB also relies on minimum reserve requirements, ensuring banks hold a certain fraction of their liabilities as reserves, stabilising money market conditions.

During crises or when inflation drifts far from target, non-standard instruments come into play. Since

Andia Homata European Monetary Policy: Balancing Independence, Stability, and Growth The European System of Central Banks (ESCB), composed of the European Central Bank (ECB) and the national central banks of all European Union (EU) Member States sounds straightforward: keep inflation around 2% to ensure citizens’ purchasing power remains secure. Yet the complexities beneath that target encapsulate the challenges of harmonising monetary policy in a politically and economically diverse union. From ensuring legal 26

independence to grappling with climate change and financial imbalances, the ECB’s role goes far beyond simply deciding interest rates.

A Firm Legal and Institutional Foundation The EU’s treaties lay the groundwork for the ESCB and the ECB. Articles 119-144, 219, and 282-284 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU), along with Protocol (No 4) on the Statute of the ESCB and the ECB, define the authority and 27

2009, the ECB has deployed several asset purchase programs, colloquially known as “quantitative easing.” By buying sovereign and corporate bonds, the ECB provides liquidity that, in theory, spurs lending and investment. The Pandemic Emergency Purchase Programme (PEPP), introduced in response to COVID-19, was designed with flexibility across asset types and EU jurisdictions.

Meanwhile, new instruments like the Transmission Protection Instrument (TPI) and Outright Monetary Transactions (OMT) address market fragmentation, ensuring that monetary policy actions reach all Member States effectively.

Forward guidance—whereby the ECB signals its future policy intentions—represents another major shift in central bank communication.

Although its usage has ebbed and flowed with economic uncertainty, forward guidance helps set market expectations, making policy transmission smoother. In parallel, the ECB has experimented with targeted longer-term refinancing operations (TLTROs), encouraging banks to lend to the real economy in exchange for favorable borrowing terms from the central bank.

Climate Change and Financial Stability One of the most notable evolutions in the ECB’s framework lies in acknowledging climate change as a factor influencing price stability. Extreme weather events, carbon transition risks, and shifts in consumer preferences can drive price volatility and threaten the smooth functioning of financial markets. Recognising these realities, the ECB’s 2021 strategy review explicitly integrated climate considerations into monetary policy assessments, operational frameworks, and risk management. This move underscores a growing consensus: stable prices and a sustainable economy are increasingly interlinked.

Accountability to the European Parliament Even though the ECB enjoys a high degree of independence, accountability mechanisms are robust. The ECB President attends quarterly hearings before the European Parliament’s Committee on Economic and Monetary Affairs. MEPs have the power to pose

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written questions, and the ECB must respond, ensuring public discourse on the rationale behind major policy decisions. A 2023 Exchange of Letters between the two institutions has further formalised these interactions, demonstrating a shared commitment to oversight without jeopardising the central bank’s autonomy.

European monetary policy sits at the nexus of economic research, institutional safeguards, and real-world challenges. The ESCB’s commitment to a 2% inflation target underpins confidence in the euro, ensuring that households, businesses, and investors can plan for the future with minimal uncertainty.

Meanwhile, independence, transparency, and accountability form the foundation of a framework that seeks to balance the needs of 20 diverse Member States, each with unique fiscal policies and economic conditions.

WHEN THE WOLF LURKS

Losses and Challenges in Rural Life Nicole Grueira & Lidia Docampo

Yet the challenges are ongoing. Climate change, geopolitical tensions, and rapid technological shifts all pose fresh questions about how best to achieve price stability in the years ahead. While the cornerstone of European monetary policy remains price stability, the ESCB’s evolution shows its readiness to adapt. By deploying an expanding toolkit—and never losing sight of its broader impact on growth and financial stability—the ECB continues to navigate an ever-changing economic landscape with rigor and resolve.

Extinction or Expansion?

The numbers speak for themselves. In 2024, France recorded more than 12,241 wolf attacks, a 4.6% increase from the previous year. Spain was not far behind, with an estimated 11,500 attacks on livestock.

In Galicia, one of the most affected regions in Europe, 1,600 wolf attacks in 2023 resulted in 3,000 animals killed. These figures highlight an unsustainable reality for Galician and European livestock farmers,

who see their work, effort, and livelihoods constantly threatened.

For families who depend on livestock farming, each attack not only entails economic loss but also an emotional blow. Farmers do not just produce food; they represent the soul of rural Europe. However, they are the ones paying the price for policies that, although originally intended to protect an endangered species, have become a burden on the primary sector.

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Figure 1: Wolf population in Europe, published on “Maps on the Web,” from data from the European Commission (2015).

From Ideology to Common Sense The issue is not wolf conservation but the disconnection of policies regulating its management.

The European Union’s Habitats Directive of 1992, and the Bern Convention of 1979, established strict protection for the wolf when it was on the brink of extinction. But reality has changed: today, the wolf population has grown exponentially, and in many regions, such as northwest Spain or the Balkans, the species is no longer endangered.

Thanks to an initiative by the European People's Party in 2022, the European Parliament urged the Commission to review the Habitats Directive to facilitate coexistence between wolves and livestock farming. To do this, it was first necessary to amend the Bern Convention, as this international treaty, to which the European Union belongs, takes precedence over European regulations.

Finally, after an extensive debate process, last December culminated in the historic decision by the Standing Committee of the Bern Convention to reclassify the wolf, changing its status from a "strictly protected species" to a "protected species."

This small change, which will take effect on March 7, 2025, is not just about removing a word; it means reducing the wolf’s protection and paving the way for modifying the Habitats Directive, granting countries greater flexibility to adapt their conservation plans.

However, not everyone has supported this change. Spain, along with Ireland, voted against the modification in the Council of Europe, once again demonstrating the socialist government’s disconnection from the needs of rural communities.

This stance, more ideological than practical, ignores the real damage that current policies are causing to our farmers.

Now, the European Commission must decide how to adapt the Habitats Directive to reflect this new reality.

Several options are being considered: a complete reform of the directive, which could include changes in the protection of other species, or a delegated act by the Commission to directly modify the annex

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where the wolf is classified. However, for this latter option to be viable, the European Parliament must first grant the Commission the prerogative to make such a modification without a broader legislative reform.

The Case of Galicia: A Model of Sustainable Coexistence Galicia, a region in northwest Spain, is at the epicenter of the debate. Beyond the European and international framework, the wolf has a third layer of protection at the national level, as it is included in the List of Wild Species under Special Protection Regime (LESRPE), a classification that the Xunta, the Galician government, demands to be removed, arguing that it does not reflect the reality of the territory. At the end of the day, this national legislation is the obstacle preventing any real change.

In response to conflicts between wolf conservation and livestock farming, Galicia’s government has designed an approach that prioritizes prevention and compensation for damages. By 2025, more than 2 million euros will be allocated for the installation of fences, acquisition of shepherd dogs, and the hiring of livestock caretakers. In addition, compensation will be provided to affected producers in an effort to balance biodiversity protection with the viability of the primary sector.

A Call to Action In Galicia, we know better than anyone what it means to coexist with wolves. Here, we are not talking about theories or grand speeches that sound good in offices; we are talking about realities. Realities like that of the farmer who loses his animals and feels abandoned in the face of rigid regulations that do not reflect the current situation. The change approved by the Bern Committee is an important first step, but it will not be enough until the Habitats Directive is modified.

Europe has a responsibility to adjust its policies to what is happening on the ground. It is not about choosing between biodiversity and livestock farming, but about ensuring that both can coexist. It is time to listen to those who live and work in rural areas because they are the ones who best understand how to protect their land and their way of life.

WHY IS EUROPE HAPPY PLAYING CATCH UP?

Do European Politicians Hate Innovation?

Alex Gunter The inaugural Political Tech Summit in Europe was a landmark event, bringing together political professionals, technology innovators, and campaign strategists eager to explore the intersection of technology and politics. The summit showcased a vast array of cutting-edge political technologies, generating excitement among political movements about the possibilities ahead. However, beneath the optimism lay a stark realisation: Europe is falling behind in the race to integrate technology into political campaigns, especially when compared to the United States.

The summit showcased an impressive lineup of speakers, including leading political technologists, campaign strategists, and policymakers. However,

much of the discussion was dominated by concerns over AI regulation and political tech governance, rather than the groundbreaking innovations shaping the field. While regulatory oversight is necessary, it was troubling to see the agenda so heavily skewed towards constraints and ethical quandaries, rather than exploring how technology can be actively leveraged to enhance political engagement and campaign effectiveness.

There was little in-depth discussion on how data can be used more effectively in campaigns, how AI can supercharge voter outreach, or how digital tools can revolutionise modern elections. While there was plenty of technology on display, there was a noticeable absence of strategic debate about the immense

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leverage that these innovations could provide. The lack of focus on practical implementation raises serious concerns about Europe's willingness to embrace the future of political tech.

Where the Americans are leading.

Meanwhile, across the Atlantic, political tech in the United States has reached extraordinary levels of sophistication. Campaigns deploy advanced data analytics, micro-targeting, and AI-driven voter engagement with an efficiency that European campaigns have yet to match. American campaigns leverage massive datasets to score individuals based on their likelihood to vote and their relevance to key electoral targets. Machine learning models predict voter behaviour, while geospatial mapping refines outreach efforts. Regression analysis helps campaigns identify new voter segments, ensuring precision in messaging. While Europe hesitates, the US embraces these tools to make political communication more relevant and responsive to public concerns.

Campaigns in the US harness immense data resources to segment voters with unparalleled precision. Individuals are scored based on their likelihood to vote, their political leanings, and their importance within key electoral battlegrounds.

Predictive algorithms assess past voting behaviour, online interactions, and even consumer habits to refine outreach strategies. AI-driven messaging ensures that each voter receives personalised content tailored to their interests and concerns.

Meanwhile, geospatial mapping allows campaigns to optimise door-to-door canvassing efforts, maximising efficiency.

These techniques, far from being nefarious, simply enhance the ability of politicians to communicate effectively and respond to voter needs. By refining outreach strategies, campaigns can engage citizens in meaningful ways, ensuring that political discourse is more relevant and personalised. This technology helps politicians understand voter concerns with greater accuracy, allowing them to craft policies and messages that genuinely reflect public sentiment rather than relying on outdated, broad-brush approaches. In essence, these tools bridge the gap between elected officials and the electorate, fostering more dynamic and responsive democratic engagement and trust in politics.

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Yet, despite these advancements, European attitudes remain sceptical. Many policymakers treat these technologies with suspicion, as if they were inherently manipulative rather than powerful tools for engagement.

While U.S. experts at the summit provided glimpses into these methodologies, they remained notably reserved, hinting at the extent of their capabilities rather than fully disclosing them.

ON THE PURPOSE OF STUDENT Political Organisations

Europe, with its deep political heritage and status as both a technological and political hub, should not be trailing behind. The continent has some of the world's most established political institutions and has been shaping electoral processes for centuries, even if its history of campaigning has not always been democratic.

Yet, instead of leading the charge in political tech, it appears hesitant, shackled by excessive regulation and a reluctance to fully embrace digital innovation.

To bridge this gap, Europe must take bold action.

Investors and innovators need to collaborate to develop sovereign, advanced political technologies.

There should be no fear of granular targeting or AIdriven campaign tools—these are not threats but opportunities to enhance democratic participation.

With global challenges mounting, including the growing threat of foreign interference in elections—particularly from Russian-backed campaigns—the need for Europe to invest in its own technological future has never been more urgent.

The Worrying Future of Political Tech in Europe Frankly, Europe should not be celebrating its first political tech summit—it should be hosting its twentieth. The time for hesitation is over. We must be braver as a continent, willing to flex our technological and political muscle. Members of the European Parliament must move away from policies that hinder technological progress and instead actively support and incentivise the development of homegrown political tech. This includes fostering an environment where European innovators can compete on a global scale, investing in research and infrastructure, and creating frameworks that encourage rather than stifle advancement in political technology.

It is time to break free from overly repressive regulations and lead the world in the future of political technology. The alternative is to remain a spectator in a game where others set the rules. Europe must choose to lead.

Sotiris Paphitis

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ear reader, I have to apologise for the selfconfessionary tone of this article, but this has been an issue troubling my mind for months.

Student political organisations often face questions about their relevance and impact. Having spent nearly a decade in this realm, I find myself asking: What purpose do we truly serve? Putting it in writing, I believe, will help both myself to understand, and maybe, by chance, you, dear reader, might find something useful in this article.

a plethora of opinions on the matter. Yet, the most enlightening moment for me came last summer during our summer university. Surprisingly, this insight did not come from a panel discussion with any of our prestigious guests or an inspirational speech. It came during a late-night conversation by our hotel’s pool. The answer was simple: we are here to do good! Good to our national organisations, good to EDS, and ultimately good to the European student movement.

I have had the privilege to discuss this question with many people over the years, both more and less experienced than me, both inside and outside politics, and I was privileged enough to come across

Generations upon generations of students from all across Europe have devoted themselves to building a pan-European organisation to help us achieve that, to make us able to do good. They have worked tirelessly 33

to distil this maxim into a set of core principles, which, if adhered to properly, enable us to make a meaningful impact. These principles are simple yet profound: (i) personal freedom; (ii) democracy; (iii) human rights; and (iv) the rule of law.

However, doing good also requires a long-term vision that goes beyond our immediate goals and ambitions. It is not enough to focus solely on today’s challenges or the next election (either internal or external); we must work to lay the groundwork for future generations of students. This means fostering an environment where principles take precedence over politics and politicking, where collaboration outweighs competition, and where the pursuit of excellence becomes a shared value. If we fail to plant these seeds today, we risk leaving behind an organisation without direction, relevance, or the capacity to inspire those who come after us.

The way to apply them in practice might not always be clear, yet one must keep these four tenets at the forefront of their mind whenever taking any decision in the field of politics. If we fail to do this, we endanger our organisation and we miss the point of why we are here. As a good friend recently and eloquently put it: "If we got our house in order and followed through with what we preach, we might matter once more and not be seen as a model United Nations gone wrong."

If, on the other hand, we fail to show true adherence to our core principles, we will deprive our organisations, and by extension what we do, of any meaning. In such a scenario, we reduce ourselves to nothing

more than a 'Model United Nations'—discussions for the sake of it, confined to our council meetings, without creating tangible benefits. Thus, the crisis deepens.

THE FUTURE OF EUROPE

I assume this is the opposite of what we talked about on that night in Malta. If we allow ourselves to forget what our principles should be and we prioritise our personal interests—or those of our friends—over the actual benefit of EDS and the students we allege to represent, then not much can come out of our participation in student politics. Sometimes, this might mean acknowledging defeat: recognising that while our aspirations and ambitions might say otherwise, we are not best suited for a particular role.

Stepping aside for the greater good of EDS and the student movement is not a failure but a sign of true allegiance to democracy and a testament to personal freedom.

If we are to keep this ship afloat, we must all go home and seriously consider these core principles. EDS is not merely about organising events or listening to speeches from prominent figures. It is about actively applying our core principles to create meaningful change. This is something I try to keep in mind and remind others of whenever possible.

I hope, dear reader, that you have found some meaning and usefulness in the lines above. This article may differ from many others published in Bullseye in recent years, but its relevance feels pressing. And please remember: if by any chance you come across any decision during your EDS journey, the route to follow is always the one that does good.

Culture, Education, and Leadership with Bogdan Zdrojewski MEP Interviewer: Sotiris Paphitis

Bogdan Zdrojewski, Member of the European Parliament and 1st Vice-Chair of the Committee on Culture and Education (CULT). In conversation with Sotiris Paphitis, Zdrojewski shares his vision for fostering a cohesive European cultural identity while championing diversity, youth engagement, and digital transformation. He also reflects on Poland's political landscape under Donald Tusk's leadership and the challenges of balancing sovereignty with EU integration. This insightful dialogue highlights the vital role of culture and education in shaping Europe's future.

Cultural Policy and European Identity 1. New Leadership in CULT: As you begin your term as 1st Vice-Chair of the Committee on Culture and Education (CULT), what are your key goals for advancing a cohesive European cultural identity, while also respecting and promoting Europe’s diverse heritage?

While Member States play a crucial role in promoting their own cultural policies, the EU adds value by providing the necessary level of coordination and strategic direction to amplify the impact of these efforts. Yet, redefining the EU’s cultural action is needed given that the New European Agenda for Culture dates back to 2018, prior to the pandemic and the war in Ukraine, and its actions have been largely implemented. There is a need to remedy the fragmentation of EU cooperation tools and to turn the current instruments into a real strategy establishing

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a clear vision, objectives, means and monitoring mechanisms. A Culture Compass would respond to these challenges: it would guide and harness the multiple dimensions of culture in EU policymaking under the new Commission’s mandate and beyond.

2. Youth Involvement: Engaging the next generation is crucial. How do you plan to involve young people in CULT’s early initiatives, especially given their importance to European Democrat Students?

The Union recognizes the importance of youth as a key driver for the future, and over recent decades, it has strengthened policies to support young people, despite youth policy largely remaining under national control. The CULT Committee has been a strong advocate for youth policies, exemplified by initiatives like the European Solidarity Corps and Discover EU. The European Year of Youth (EYY) in 2022 highlighted the role of young people in shaping a greener, more

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inclusive, and digital future. Following the EYY, in 2023, CULT took steps to become a central hub for youth issues in the Parliament, fostering greater engagement and inclusivity between young people and Union policymaking, which we will continue this term. One very concrete example is that we will have this year an INI report about the impact of social media on the well-being of young people.

Media and Digital Transformation 3. Digital Transformation: The digital revolution presents significant opportunities and challenges.

How do you plan to balance the preservation of Europe’s cultural heritage with the push toward digital modernization?

Digital technologies are a driving force, which can help cultural heritage move it into the digital era. One visible opportunity are virtual museums, which allow visitors to enjoy art works not always accessible to the public. Digitalisation allows easier and faster access to culture for a larger number of citizens across Europe.

It is worth noting that in this term, the parliament will be working intensively on AI policy and legislation, which is another opportunity to provide progress and accessibility in the cultural.

One existing example of digitalisation already making its mark on cultural heritage is the Europeana, which supports thousands of European museums, archives and libraries. It helps citizens access free digitalised versions of artworks, books and music.

4. Promoting Media Literacy: In an age of widespread misinformation, what steps will you take to promote media literacy, particularly among younger Europeans, to ensure a well-informed citizenry?

In an era of widespread misinformation and fake news, it's vital to improve awareness about critical media consumption. Media literacy for young people should be introduced to school curricula to help them identify false information and engage with media consciously. Collaboration between media and educational organizations will be crucial in promoting knowledge about trustworthy sources of information. CULT committee takes this issue very 36

seriously, and we will draft an INI report on media literacy, mapping the best practices on national levels and propose the recommendations on the EU level.

Educational Reforms 5. Equipping Students for the Future: What are your priorities in shaping educational reforms that prepare European students for the challenges of an AI-driven and digitally transforming workforce?

Education should be flexible and adapt to the dynamic changes in technology and the economy.

A key aspect in this context is the development of critical thinking and problem-solving skills.

Therefore, project-based learning methods should become the norm, allowing students to analyse challenges and collaborate in seeking innovative solutions. Interdisciplinary teaching, which connects

different fields of knowledge, will help students better recognize the relationships between them and apply their acquired knowledge in practice.

It is also important to introduce media literacy into the curriculum as early as elementary school. Students should have the opportunity to learn the basics of programming, enabling them to gain the skills needed to create simple applications. Additionally, it is crucial to educate them in using digital tools, such as office programs and project management applications.

The development of soft skills is another key element, especially in an automated work environment. Students should be trained in effective communication and collaboration, as well as time management and organizational skills, which will help them navigate future careers.

Incorporating these elements into education not only prepares students for future challenges but also ensures they have the resilience and adaptability required in an increasingly dynamic world.

6. Addressing Educational Inequality: How does the CULT committee, under your leadership, plan to address educational disparities across EU member states, especially in a post-pandemic Europe?

Education is essential not only for the Union’s competitiveness in the world, but also for the development of engaged citizens. Among the key priorities in this parliamentary term is the strengthening of Erasmus+ and to substantially increase its budget. I will be personally responsible for this Programme as I have been appointed a standing rapporteur for this Programme. Some important steps have been made in light of Erasmus+ to become a more inclusive programme and we will continue to strenghten inclusivity, but to achieve this we need higher budget for next edition of the Programme for 2028-2034. Moreover, CULT has worked hard to turn the vision of an ‘European Education Area’ (EEA) into reality, and to make it also more equal and inclusive for all.

Academic Freedom 7. Academic Freedom: In our previous interview with your colleague Dr. Christian Ehler, we discussed

the critical importance of protecting academic freedom in Europe. How do you, as Vice-Chair of CULT, plan to safeguard academic freedom across EU institutions, ensuring that researchers and academics remain free from political interference?

As part of the European Education Area, the Commission proposed in March 2024 a Communication on a blueprint for a European Degree. It aims to give students more opportunities to study and train throughout the EU, enabling them to acquire future-proof skills. It would make easier for universities to deliver joint degree programmes combining innovate learning opportunities across different campuses in Europe. Besides, the European degree would be a strong symbol of European identity, allowing students to better showcase their multicultural experiences and study pathways based on European criteria developed in collaboration with Member States and stakeholders. Such a European degree would bring major benefits to students and universities but also contribute to Europe’s open strategic autonomy but improving universities’ global competitiveness and attractiveness worldwide.

International Cultural Cooperation 8. Cultural Diplomacy: As Vice-Chair, how do you envision using culture as a diplomatic tool to strengthen the EU’s international relations, particularly with neighboring countries?

As Vice-Chair, I would view culture as a pivotal diplomatic tool to enhance the EU’s international relations, particularly with neighbouring countries.

Cultural diplomacy can help foster mutual understanding, create shared values, and build longlasting partnerships.

Promoting cultural exchanges by establishing and expanding programs that facilitate direct interaction between artists, intellectuals, and communities from the EU and neighbouring countries is essential. These exchanges allow individuals to engage in dialogue and collaborate on shared cultural projects. Such initiatives humanize diplomacy, allowing people to connect on a personal level and reduce tensions.

Additionally, there is also space for the support of local cultural industries. The EU can support the development of cultural industries in neighbouring

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countries, helping to preserve and promote local heritage while fostering economic growth. By providing grants or fostering joint ventures between European and neighbouring country artists or cultural organizations, we can create strong ties based on mutual respect and collaboration.

Similarly, supporting educational exchanges, including scholarships, language learning programs, and university partnerships, can be key in building long-term relationships. Knowledge and academic collaboration create strong bonds and improve mutual respect and understanding, which are essential for sustainable diplomatic ties.

In today’s interconnected world, we can also see that digital platforms can play a significant role in reaching broader audiences. Virtual cultural exchanges, webinars, online exhibitions, and collaborative art projects can overcome physical borders, creating opportunities for international dialogue and engagement, particularly with regions facing logistical barriers.

By using culture as a means of diplomacy, we can build stronger, more resilient ties with neighbouring countries, advancing not just economic and political interests, but also reinforcing the EU's commitment to peace, understanding, and shared prosperity.

9. Expanding Erasmus+: What role do you see Erasmus+ playing in your overall vision for promoting cross-border educational and cultural exchanges during your term?

The Erasmus+ program is one of the most successful projects in Europe, promoting mobility and educational exchanges. I want us to expand its reach, allowing more people to participate, especially those from less privileged backgrounds. Through Erasmus+, students, pupils, and teachers can gain new experiences, develop language and cultural skills, and build a community based on European values of cooperation and tolerance. Erasmus+ is not just an investment in education; it is also an investment in the future of a united and open Europe.

The Future of European Cultural Policy 10. Vision for the Term: As you embark on your new

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role, what long-term cultural policies or initiatives do you hope to see implemented by the end of your term?

As we continue to navigate the ongoing challenges posed by the war in Ukraine, our dedication to promoting peace, solidarity, and cultural exchange remains firm. Our work is now more crucial than ever, as we strive to address the wide-ranging implications of multiple crises on education, culture, youth, and media.

Our commitment to modernizing the regulatory landscape for Europe's cultural and creative sectors is consistent. I hope that we will play a pivotal role in the development and implementation of programs and legislation, including new Erasmus+ for 20282034, Creative Europe, the European Solidarity Corps, and the implementation of the European Media Freedom Act or revision of the AVMSD. 11. Message to European Youth: Finally, what message would you like to share with young Europeans, especially the members of the European Democrat Students, about their role in shaping the future of European culture and education?

Young people have a crucial role to play in shaping the future of Europe. I would like to encourage young Europeans to actively participate in public life and engage in cultural and educational initiatives.

Europe needs their energy, innovative thinking, and determination to face the challenges of the future.

Poland and the EU 12. The 2023 Elections and Tusk’s Second Premiership: With Donald Tusk’s return to power following the 2023 elections, Poland finds itself at a crossroads. What do you see as the key challenges and opportunities for Tusk’s second premiership, particularly in terms of restoring democratic norms and mending relations with the EU? Since returning to power following the 2023 elections, Donald Tusk and his governing coalition has already achieved a number of objectives. One of their first key achievements has been unlocking access to EU funds through the National Recovery and Resilience Plan. This was made possible by the governing coalition’s efforts of strengthening

the independence of the Polish judiciary and by reforming the disciplinary system for judges.

However, a significant remaining challenge in the implementation of certain reforms is a deeply compromised system of checks and balances, which is a legacy of PiS rule. Many public offices are still occupied by individuals appointed by PiS, who continue to obstruct the government's efforts.

interest, while at the same time cherishing common values. An important element of this is being transparent and clear with both EU officials and citizens about the reasons and arguments that drive the government's actions.

13. Far-Right Influence in Polish Politics: The rise of far-right movements in Poland has been a growing concern, both domestically and internationally. How do you think the new government should address the influence of far-right rhetoric, and what steps can be taken to counter polarization and promote social cohesion?

There are periods during which sometimes far-right support is growing, while it is weakening during others. However, overall the rational centre has been strengthened. In the context of the EU, I feel that the extremes neutralise one another and that the vast majority of Poles cannot imagine a Poland outside the EU. We should not be undermining the arguments made

by Eurosceptics because they point out the different drawbacks of the EU itself. However, we need to call out false, destructive and purely propagandist attacks on EU values and institutions and focus on promoting a well-evidenced inclusive narrative.

14. Balancing Sovereignty and EU Integration: Poland has often been at odds with the EU on issues like judicial reforms and media freedoms, especially under the previous government. How can Tusk’s administration balance Polish sovereignty with the need to align with EU democratic standards, while also addressing the internal divisions caused by years of populist rhetoric?

Donald Tusk’s and the new government’s position is one that rejects mutual exclusivity enforced by the previous government. For many years, PiS has forced a narrative creating a false dichotomy in which strengthened EU integration and cooperation cannot happen in parallel to fighting for national interests.

Donald Tusk and the governing coalition have shown that it is possible to challenge partners when faced with propositions suboptimal for Poland and its 39

BRIDGING THE AI KNOWLEDGE DIVIDE Why Europe Needs an AI Literacy Fund Oxana Bordian

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s artificial intelligence (AI) becomes an inescapable part of daily life, the European Union faces a crucial challenge: ensuring that all citizens possess foundational AI literacy. While Europe has made significant strides in digital transformation through initiatives like the Digital Europe Programme and Horizon Europe, these efforts primarily target advanced digital skills and high-level research. The result? A widening gap in accessible AI education for students across diverse academic disciplines, especially in Southern and Eastern Europe.

Recognizing this pressing issue, it is imperative to advocate for the creation of an EU AI Literacy Fund.

This initiative would make AI literacy widely available, ensuring that Europe’s next generation can responsibly engage with and shape the AI-driven world.

The Urgency of AI Literacy AI literacy is no longer a luxury—it is a necessity.

The 2023 Report on the State of the Digital Decade highlights that Europe risks falling behind in global AI competitiveness if it fails to bridge digital skill gaps. Without a solid foundation in AI education, Europe’s future workforce may struggle to navigate an increasingly AI-integrated economy, limiting the continent’s digital sovereignty and economic growth.

The disparities in AI education across Europe are stark.

Countries like Finland have successfully implemented programs such as Elements of AI, an open-access online course that has significantly enhanced public AI understanding. However, many regions, particularly in the South and East, lack the resources to develop similar programs. The absence of a centralized fund dedicated to AI literacy exacerbates these inequalities, leaving countless students without the skills needed to participate in Europe’s digital future.

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A Unified Approach: The EU AI Literacy Fund The proposed EU AI Literacy Fund seeks to address this challenge by establishing a dedicated financial resource to support AI education across all EU member states. The key objectives of the fund should include: •

Developing standardized AI curricula in schools and universities across Europe, ensuring that structured, interdisciplinary AI courses are available to both technical and non-technical students.

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Creating open educational resources that are free and multilingual, making AI literacy accessible to all, regardless of socioeconomic background.

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Supporting educators through workshops and training programs to equip teachers with the necessary skills to effectively teach AI concepts.

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Promoting ethical AI use by incorporating a core curriculum that focuses on the ethical implications of AI, fostering responsible and critical engagement with the technology.

Additionally, investment in open-access digital AI literacy materials should be a priority, enabling all students to access high-quality educational resources regardless of their financial means.

Practical workshops and hands-on training sessions should be integrated into existing educational structures, equipping both educators and students with the skills necessary to engage effectively with AI. Special attention must be given to equitable resource distribution, ensuring that regions with limited digital infrastructure receive the necessary support to bridge existing educational gaps.

To oversee the successful implementation of this initiative, the European Education and Culture Executive Agency (EACEA) should be tasked with managing the fund, ensuring that resources are distributed efficiently and that disparities in AI education across EU member states are addressed effectively.

A Step Toward a Digitally Empowered Europe The AI revolution is not on the horizon—it is here. The question is not whether AI will shape Europe’s future, but whether Europe’s citizens will be equipped to shape AI’s role in society. By investing in AI literacy now, the EU can empower its next generation with the knowledge to engage critically, ethically, and innovatively with AI technologies.

The establishment of an EU AI Literacy Fund would signal a decisive step toward a more inclusive digital transformation, bridging the AI knowledge divide and securing Europe’s place as a leader in ethical AI development. The time for action is now—Europe cannot afford to leave any student behind in the AI era.

Will the EU seize this opportunity to lead in AI education? The answer will shape the continent’s digital destiny for decades to come.

Financial and Structural Considerations To make this vision a reality, the European Commission, European Parliament, and the Council of the European Union must prioritize financial support for AI literacy initiatives. A minimum of €200 million from the Digital Europe Programme or other EU funding sources should be allocated specifically to AI education. This funding would facilitate the development of foundational AI education programs in schools and universities, ensuring that students across Europe gain essential AI knowledge regardless of their academic backgrounds.

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of uncertainty for many. Without widespread AI literacy, Europe risks a future where only a small elite understands and controls these powerful technologies, leaving the majority of citizens at a disadvantage. To prevent this outcome, AI education must become a fundamental part of Europe’s strategy.

AI education at an early stage will empower future generations to make informed decisions, ensuring that AI serves societal interests rather than undermines them.

Europe’s Strategic Sovereignty in AI The Role of Youth in AI’s Development Young people are the digital natives of today and the leaders of tomorrow. They are naturally more adaptable to new technologies and often more attuned to innovation. Their ability to think beyond conventional paradigms positions them as key architects of Europe’s AI future. However, enthusiasm alone is not enough. To ensure that AI is developed and deployed responsibly, young leaders must be equipped with the necessary skills, ethical training, and critical thinking capabilities to navigate the complexities of AI.

AI AND EUROPE’S FUTURE The Case for Strategic Leadership and Literacy Vladimir Kljajic Artificial Intelligence (AI) is no longer a futuristic concept—it is already shaping our societies, economies, and daily lives. Across Europe, AI’s potential to revolutionize healthcare, education, energy, and mobility cannot be ignored. Yet, if Europe is to harness the power of AI while safeguarding its values, it must take decisive action now. The continent faces significant challenges, including an aging population, economic restructuring, and environmental crises. AI, if deployed responsibly, can be a transformative force that strengthens European innovation, competitiveness, and efficiency. However, for this to happen, we must ensure that AI development aligns with European priorities and is driven by an informed and engaged citizenry.

The Transformative Potential of AI AI is already proving its value across multiple industries. In healthcare, AI-powered diagnostic tools have the potential to improve patient outcomes and reduce medical costs. In education, AI can personalize learning experiences, offering students of all backgrounds access to high-quality instruction

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tailored to their needs. In energy, smart grids and AIdriven renewable technologies can accelerate Europe’s transition to a sustainable, low-carbon economy.

These examples illustrate how AI, if developed ethically and strategically, could be a powerful tool for addressing Europe’s most pressing challenges.

Yet, despite these advantages, AI remains a topic

Encouraging youth to actively engage in AI policy, research, and governance will be essential to ensuring that AI systems are designed with fairness, inclusivity, and transparency at their core. If young Europeans are merely consumers of AI rather than creators and regulators, the continent risks losing control over one of the defining technologies of the 21st century.

Empowering the next generation with AI literacy will allow them to challenge unethical practices, advocate for responsible AI policies, and contribute meaningfully to global AI discussions.

The Need for AI Literacy in Education For Europe to remain at the forefront of AI innovation, it is crucial that AI education be integrated into mainstream curricula. AI is no longer confined to computer science departments—it is an interdisciplinary force that will impact every sector of society. Schools and universities must provide students with the knowledge needed to critically engage with AI, ensuring they are prepared for a future shaped by intelligent systems.

However, AI literacy should not be limited to technical skills. It must also include an understanding of AI’s societal impact, ethical considerations, and potential risks. Students should be taught how to responsibly design, deploy, and regulate AI systems, weighing both the benefits and potential harms. Integrating

Beyond education, Europe must take concrete steps to secure its strategic sovereignty in AI development.

Currently, much of the world’s AI innovation is driven by non-European tech giants. If Europe fails to foster its own independent AI ecosystem, it risks becoming dependent on external technologies and policies that do not align with its values. Strategic sovereignty in AI requires significant investment in independent research and infrastructure to ensure that Europe remains a global leader in ethical AI development.

This means prioritizing AI research that upholds privacy, data protection, and human rights while ensuring that technological advancements are made in alignment with Europe’s long-term goals. Building a robust research network across EU member states will be critical in strengthening Europe’s position as a global AI leader. Furthermore, fostering collaborations between universities, industries, and governments will be key to driving homegrown innovation while reducing reliance on external actors.

Shaping the Future of AI in Europe The time for action is now. AI will define the future of economies, societies, and global power structures.

Europe must ensure that its citizens—not just policymakers and corporations—are actively involved in shaping this future. This means prioritizing AI education, empowering youth leadership in AI governance, and investing in a truly sovereign AI ecosystem.

If Europe fails to take control of its AI destiny, it will cede influence to external actors who may not share its values. But by proactively fostering AI literacy and securing strategic autonomy in AI development, Europe can position itself as a leader in responsible AI innovation. The question is not whether AI will shape Europe’s future—it is whether Europe will shape the future of AI. The choice is ours to make.

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EDITORIAL TEAM

EDITORIAL LEADERSHIP

Andia Homata, originally from Cyprus, holds a degree in Business Management from the University of Essex and is currently pursuing a Master’s at the London School of Economics. With a strong academic background in business and organisational studies, she is particularly interested in the intersection of economics, policy, and global markets.

Publications Editor Sotiris Paphitis, International Relations Secretary at FPK Protoporia, is a practicing lawyer and Barrister-at-Law from Nicosia, Cyprus. He is a PhD candidate at the University of Tilburg in the Netherlands. Since August 2024, he has been serving as Vice Chairman of EDS, where he is responsible for statutory amendments and the EDS official publication, Bullseye.

Chief Editor Charlie Crumpton, is from England, United Kingdom and graduated with a Masters in Political Communication. He has previously worked in British politics and is particularly interested in objectivism and personal responsibility as political philosophies.

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Ignacio Dancausa. Chairman of NNGG Madrid, City councillor in Las Rozas de Madrid.

Andrea Mghames, represents the Lebanese Forces Party in Lebanon. With a master’s degree in International Relations and currently serves as a Regional Program Coordinator and Business Developer at Balinca, a company specializing in training services. In addition to her professional work, Andrea is a lifelong professional swimmer.

Andrea is excited to write about and raise awareness of the significance of Lebanon especially during this period of severe economic collapse, political instability and widespread corruption.

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Lara Ghanoudi is a nursing student at the Complutense University of Madrid. She is passionate about international affairs and focuses on the impact of health and religion on the youth.

María Ferrer Argente is from Zaragoza, Spain.

She holds a Law Degree from the University of Zaragoza, a Master’s in European Union Studies from the University of Salamanca, and graduated with an LL.M. from the College of Europe in Bruges in 2023. After completing internships in Legal and Home Affairs at the EPP Group in the European Parliament and in communications at the Wilfried Martens Centre for European Studies, she began working as a parliamentary assistant (APA) for a Spanish MEP from the EPP in the European Parliament.

Guest Editors

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Francesco Sismondini

Vladimir Kljajić

Damjan Konjanovski

Sotiris Paphitis

Filip Gajic

Marina Christaki

Chayenne Riolo

Stefan Arsov

Chairman

Vice-Chair

Iryna Volkova

Lidia Docampo

Alex Costantes

Adam Cisár

Oskar Lewczuk

Andrea Filová

Domagoj Cigić

Vladimir Kljajic

Nicole Grueira

EUROPEAN DEMOCRAT STUDENTS (EDS) EXECUTIVE BUREAU

Secretary General

Vice-Chair

Iryna Shatokhina Vice-Chair

Vice-Chair

Vice-Chair

Vice-Chair

Vice-Chair

Ivan Botoucharov

EXTERNAL RELATIONS DIRECTOR

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The publication of this document received financial support from the European Parliament.

Sole liability rests with the author. The European Parliament is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information contained therein.

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