BullsEye Magazine, 88th Edition

No 88 | March 2024

Housing for Youth: It’s Build Time

contents Letter from Chief Editor Charlie Crumpton

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Rethinking Urban Development: Crafting Cities for Europe’s Youth Dora Miketek

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Tackling the Surge in Student Housing Prices Across EU Countries Lukas Lingis

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The European Media Freedom Act: are we doing enough?

Sotiris Paphitis

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Populism? Only Good Campaigns can Fight it Alex Gunter

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Preserving the Schengen Spirit: Balancing Freedom and Security in Europe Filip Gajic

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Interview with Mrs Federica Favi Lenny Ferretti

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BRICS Summit 2023: Exploring a Potential Shift in Global Dynamics?

Aleksandra Kuzmanovié

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Russia Intensifies Crackdown with First ‘LGBT Extremism’ Convictions After Ban Vladimir Kljajic

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Cyprionomics: An Economic Tale Antoine Chikhany

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Empowering the Youth Vote: The Case for Lowering the Voting Age to 16 in the European Union Agata Czyzewska

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Contemplating Student Mental Well-being – Are We Doing Enough?

Emilia Bezzo

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Bulgaria and Romania: Schengen Area Aspirations and Challenges – A Comprehensive Analysis Stefan Arsov

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Preserving Our Heritage: A Vision for Europe’s Future Axel Mouffron Embracing Strategic Independence: Europe’s Path Forward in a Trump-Led World Vladimir Kljajic Digital leviathan: Can the EU Still Shape Global Regulation?

Mislav Majcan Voice Silenced: Remembering Alexei Navalny and His Fight for Justice Vladimir Kljajic

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Letter from Chief Editor, Charlie Crumpton Dear Readers, I am thrilled to extend my warmest greetings to all of you as we proudly unveil the latest edition of BullsEye. At the heart of European Democrat Students, our mission is to unite and empower the voices of young individuals from across Europe who are dedicated to upholding democratic principles, promoting inclusivity, and driving progress. BullsEye is a true embodiment of our collective endeavors to foster meaningful dialogue, inspire positive change, and build a stronger, more cohesive student community.

Through this magazine, we endeavor to provide a platform for in-depth discussions on a wide range of topics that hold significance for students today. Whether it’s delving into political affairs or addressing pressing social issues, exploring the depths of culture, or showcasing the latest innovations, BullsEye aims to cover a diverse spectrum of themes that resonate with the varied experiences and aspirations of European students.

Within the pages of this edition, you will discover engaging articles, thought-provoking interviews, and insightful opinion pieces contributed by fellow students and influential leaders who are making a meaningful impact within our communities.

In my capacity as the Chief Editor of European Democrat Students, I take immense pride in our organization’s unwavering commitment to nurturing an open and respectful environment where ideas are freely shared, rigorously examined, and ultimately celebrated. As always, BullsEye will faithfully reflect this ethos, promoting constructive dialogue and encouraging the healthy exchange of diverse viewpoints while upholding the values that unite us as European citizens.

The creation of this magazine owes much to the tireless efforts of our exceptionally talented team of editors and designers, who have poured their passion into every single page.

Their unwavering dedication to journalistic excellence ensures that BullsEye will serve as an indispensable source of knowledge, inspiration, and camaraderie for all its readers.

I extend a warm invitation to each of you to explore BullsEye, to share your thoughts, and to contribute your unique perspectives. Your voices carry significance, and your active participation is essential in shaping the future of both our community and our continent.

Together, let us embark on this exciting journey of knowledge, empathy, and unity. Thank you for embarking on this adventure with us, and I eagerly anticipate hearing your feedback and insights as we continue to evolve and grow together.

Charlie Crumpton

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Housing is the start. If you’re a man or woman of property, you’ve got something.

Margaret Thatcher

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Rethinking Urban Development: Crafting Cities for Europe’s Youth Dora Miketek The Urgent Need for Comprehensive Urban Development Europe’s urban landscape is at a crossroads.

With over 70% of the European Union’s population residing in cities, the quality of urban life directly impacts millions, especially the youth. Affordable housing, accessible education, quality healthcare, and vibrant public spaces are not just amenities but necessities for the younger generation’s wellbeing and future prospects. The disparity in these aspects across various cities is not just a matter of comfort, but of equality and opportunity.

The Challenge of Housing and Education The affordability crisis in housing is stark. In the EU, 50% of young people aged 18 to 34 live with their parents due to high housing costs.

For students, rent often eats up over half of their monthly budget. This situation worsens as the COVID-19 pandemic amplified the importance of quality housing, with remote learning and financial pressures coming into play. Without addressing this, we risk widening the opportunity gap and affecting the mental health and academic performance of our youth.

EU’s Role in Urban Development The European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) and European Social Fund (ESF+) have been instrumental in funding urban development. However, there’s a need for a more youth-centric approach. The European Union’s Urban Agenda and Smart Cities program are steps in the right direction, but there’s a pressing need for initiatives that specifically target the needs of young people, such as affordable housing and access to education and healthcare.

Learning from Best Practices Denmark and Germany offer valuable lessons.

Denmark’s emphasis on inclusive public spaces and Germany’s “Junges Wohnen” system, which provides subsidized student accommodation, are models that other EU member states can emulate. These practices underline the transformative power of targeted urban development policies.

While these suggestions hold great promise, it’s crucial to balance them with potential challenges. The financial implications of these initiatives, especially in a post-pandemic economy, cannot be overlooked. Additionally, integrating such wide-ranging policies across diverse EU member states poses significant

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administrative and logistical challenges.

Furthermore, the risk of gentrification and displacement of existing communities in the process of urban redevelopment must be carefully managed.

Economic and Social Implications Investing in urban development for the youth also has broader economic implications.

A well-developed urban area can become a hub of innovation, attracting businesses and boosting the local economy. Moreover, providing affordable housing and quality living conditions can reduce social inequalities, leading to more cohesive and harmonious societies.

An important aspect of urban development is its environmental impact. Developing green spaces and sustainable housing not only benefits the youth but also contributes to the fight against climate change. Cities that prioritize environmental sustainability in their development plans set a positive example for the rest of the world and ensure a healthier living environment for their residents.

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The Role of Technology in Urban Development Technological advancements have opened new possibilities for urban development. Smart city initiatives, which leverage technology for better urban planning and services, can significantly enhance the quality of urban life. The use of technology in planning and monitoring urban development projects ensures more efficient and effective implementation of policies.

The Future of Urban Development The path to creating youth-centric urban spaces is complex and fraught with challenges.

However, the urgency of the situation demands action. By fostering collaboration among EU institutions, member states, local municipalities, higher education institutions, the private sector, and student organizations, we can build cities that not only accommodate but also nurture the aspirations of young Europeans.

With the correct business environment led by the EU where member states promote affordable and quality student housing, publicprivate partnerships will gradually increase the stock of homes and rebalance a housing

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market that is near out of control; combined with a public transport and skills for the future approach.

This comprehensive approach is not just an investment in infrastructure but an investment in our future, our economy, and our planet.

Crafting cities fit for young Europeans is a task that demands vision, commitment, and a concerted effort from all stakeholders.

The benefits of such an endeavour extend beyond the immediate needs of the youth, contributing to the creation of more equitable, sustainable, and vibrant urban communities for generations to come.

Dora Miketek

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Tackling the Surge in Student Housing Prices Across EU Countries Lukas Lingis

In the contemporary European Union, a critical and often overlooked crisis is unfolding: the skyrocketing cost of student housing.

This challenge, which sits at the crossroads of educational and economic policies, is demanding urgent and thoughtful action.

Understanding the Housing Crisis The importance of quality higher education for personal development and future success is undeniable. Yet, the path towards such education is increasingly marred by financial barriers. Students across Europe are not only battling with substantial tuition fees but also with exorbitant living expenses, particularly housing. This crisis extends beyond mere accommodation issues; it mirrors the broader housing challenges in Europe, deeply entwined with the region’s socio-economic fabric.

The European Union, through its commitment to education in Article 14 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights, implicitly supports student welfare. However, the current housing predicament challenges this pledge, as students struggle to find affordable housing options near their universities. This problem is aggravated by the influx of international students, demographic changes, and various macroeconomic factors, including inflation.

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Inflation and Economic Factors Inflation, partially fueled by geopolitical events like the Russian invasion of Ukraine, has significantly impacted living costs in Europe. The European Central Bank’s (ECB) response—raising interest rates to tackle inflation—has tightened financial conditions, diminishing disposable incomes and exacerbating the housing crisis for students and their families. This economic scenario has led to reduced growth and income, making it increasingly difficult for citizens to cope with soaring housing costs.

Despite these economic challenges, student enrollments continue to rise, adding pressure to the already strained housing market.

Major investors have turned to purposebuilt student accommodation (PBSA) as a lucrative opportunity. However, the supply remains inadequate. Countries like France, the Czech Republic, and the Netherlands have experienced significant increases in international student numbers, resulting in acute accommodation shortages. The Netherlands, for example, faced a shortfall of over 26,000 student accommodations in key university cities in 2021-2022.

T h e O f f i c i a l m a g a z i n e o f E u r o p e a n D e m o c r at S t u d e n t s The Human Aspect of the Crisis This housing crunch has transformed what were once basic needs—housing and education—into perceived luxuries due to their escalating costs. Students are often forced to either compromise on their educational choices, live in substandard conditions, or work excessive hours to afford rent. By late 2022, the average rental expenses for PBSA consumed about 27% of an average household’s income, a substantial increase from the previous year.

The rising cost of living, up by approximately 9.1% compared to 2021, has led to instances of student homelessness. Protests and calls for

government intervention are on the rise, while higher education institutions are exploring unconventional alternatives for student accommodation.

The Role of the European Union in Addressing the Crisis The European Union, recognizing the severity of this crisis, must act decisively. Understanding the depth of the student housing crisis and its impact on students and their families is crucial for EU institutions. A comprehensive assessment of the problem across member states is necessary to develop targeted and effective responses.

Strategies and Policy Recommendations To effectively tackle the student housing crisis, EU policymakers should incentivize private investment in student housing and PBSA. This includes offering incentives for

developing student housing on unused land near universities and simplifying bureaucratic processes to speed up construction projects.

Renovating old buildings for student housing in major educational hubs could also provide a solution. Streamlining bureaucracy for building permits and authorizations is essential.

The student housing crisis in the EU transcends a mere inconvenience; it represents a barrier to education and a threat to the economic and social stability of students.

While the challenges are daunting, they are not insurmountable. A collective effort from the European Union, member states, private investors, and educational institutions can pave the way for a sustainable solution. This crisis offers an opportunity for the EU to reaffirm its dedication to education and social welfare, ensuring that the quest for academic excellence remains within reach for all, irrespective of economic background.

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BULLS EYE Moving Forward: A Call for Collective Action As we scrutinize the unfolding crisis of student housing in the European Union, it’s evident that this is more than a transient issue; it’s a systemic problem that requires a comprehensive and empathetic approach.

The rising costs of student housing not only hinder educational pursuits but also reflect deeper socio-economic challenges that the European Union must address. By fostering a collaborative environment where governments, educational institutions, and private sectors work in unison, we can develop innovative, sustainable solutions that uphold the fundamental right to education and ensure equal opportunities for all. This crisis, if approached with diligence and creativity, can be transformed into a catalyst for positive change, reinforcing the European Union’s commitment to nurturing a generation of well-educated, economically secure citizens.

Lukas Lingis

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The rising costs of student housing not only hinder educational pursuits but also reflect deeper socio-economic challenges that the European Union must address.

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The European Media Freedom Act: are we doing enough?

Sotiris Paphitis

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In 2021, during her State of the Union address to the European Parliament, Ursula von der Leyen, the President of the Commission, highlighted the risks faced by journalists. She emphasized that “information is a public good,” stressing the need to safeguard those promoting transparency, namely journalists.

At that time, nearly four years had elapsed since the tragic killing of Maltese investigative journalist Daphne Caruana Galizia, yet the European Union had not taken any steps to address this issue. It would be another year before the Commission unveiled its proposal for a regulation outlining a unified framework for media services within the internal market, known as the European Media Freedom Act. Though this proposed Regulation sounds promising, in reality, little does it mention in regard to the protection of journalists. It rather deals primarily with the functioning of public service media, State advertising in media, and transparency on media ownership.

While all these measures are good for the general wellbeing of the media market in the EU, they offer little to no protection to the

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primary actors of this market, journalists.

The situation becomes particularly alarming when taking into account the findings of the Liberties Media Freedom Report for 2023, which reveals a consistent deterioration in the state of free media in Europe. This decline is especially pronounced in terms of the safety and security of journalists.

Loopholes in Policy The safeguards for the protection of journalists are primarily concentrated in Article 4 of the proposed Media Freedom Act. Under Article 4(1), media service providers are granted a general right to conduct their economic activities in the Union’s market with minimal restrictions, as permitted by Union law. While this provision outlines a broad direction for the Regulation, the subsequent sections of the proposal lack specific provisions that would clarify and support this broadly stated right.

Notably, the only provision that reinforces press freedom protection is found in Article 4(2)(a), which prohibits Member States from interfering with or attempting to influence editorial decisions and policies of media

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What is particularly unsettling are the remaining provisions outlined in Article 4(2).

According to these provisions, Member States are prohibited from detaining, sanctioning, intercepting, subjecting to surveillance or search and seizure, or inspecting journalists, their associates or premises on the grounds that they refuse to disclose information on their sources, unless justified by an overriding requirement in the public interest. This provision is notably weakened, potentially resulting in an insufficient level of protection if the proposed Regulation is adopted in its current form.

Regarding Article 4(2)(b), the safeguard against compelling journalists to disclose their sources has long been recognized as a crucial aspect of a journalist’s freedom of expression under the European Convention of Human Rights. However, the proposed Media Freedom Act marks the first explicit codification of this right at the EU level.

Despite this, the provision stipulates that the right can be waived if deemed “justified by an overriding requirement in the public interest.”

The concern arises from the potential misuse of the concept of “public interest” as a pretext to restrict media freedom, a tactic observed in authoritarian regimes such as China, Russia, and Iran.

This threat is not confined to distant nations, as several EU member states have witnessed the ascent of far-right parties over the past decade, with the Netherlands being a recent example.

Empowering such illiberal parties with the ability to compel journalists to reveal their sources under the vague banner of “public interest” holds the risk of stifling democratic discourse and impeding the free exchange of ideas within EU societies.

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The rising costs of student housing not only hinder educational pursuits but also reflect deeper socio-economic challenges that the European Union must address.

Are Whistleblowers Protected?

These relaxed standards proposed in Article 4(2)(b) not only pose a threat to journalists but also potentially jeopardizes the safety of their sources who have courageously exposed illegal or unwarranted activities to the media.

This provision appears to be at odds with the recently enacted Whistleblower Directive, which explicitly safeguards the legal protection of individuals making public disclosures, including to the media. Consequently, it appears that the exception outlined in Article 4(2)(b) is problematic as it could undermine not only the existing level of protection for journalists but also the safeguarding of sources as afforded by the EU. It is arguable that, instead of merely regulating existing standards, the EU should strive to elevate the level of protection. This perspective gains strength when considering recent trends in media freedom within the EU, as previously discussed.

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BULLS EYE It is crucial to acknowledge that while Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), which safeguards, among other things, journalistic sources, does not establish an absolute right, the protection it affords to journalistic expression is notably robust. The Strasbourg Court has consistently delivered key decisions that offer vital insights into the interpretation of the Article’s scope. It is argued that the provision under discussion here appears to allow for limited interpretation in a manner consistent with the elevated standards set by Article 10. The concern is that the proposed provision may fall short in aligning with the stringent safeguards provided

by Article 10 of the ECHR for the protection of journalistic expression.

If the regulation is adopted in its current form, there is an argument that it may cause more harm than good. This concern has been acknowledged by the Parliament’s LIBE committee, which is tasked with reviewing Article 4, and will be further explored in the discussion below.

The Amendments Proposed by the European Parliament’s LIBE Committee On April 16, 2023, MEP Ramona Strugariu, the rapporteur from the Committee on Civil Liberties, Justice, and Home Affairs assigned to this legislative piece, released her draft opinion proposing a set of modifications to Article 4.

Two proposed clauses under Article 4(2) are noteworthy: the first prohibits Member States from compelling media service providers to disclose source information, “unless justified by an overriding requirement in the public interest, provided for in national law,” offering broader protection than the Commission’s proposed Article 4(2)(b) but introducing a potentially vague exception susceptible to abuse; however, the draft opinion does not address the existing loophole in Article 4(2) (b) introduced by the reference to the public interest.

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While the proposed amendments to the Media Freedom Act could offer marginal improvements in journalist and source protection, persistent gaps in the amended text allow Member States to exploit broad exceptions, posing risks to media service providers and their sources, negatively impacting media freedom in the EU and undermining a crucial democratic pillar, revealing a potential conflict between the Act’s goal of harmonizing protection standards and the risk of diluting its effectiveness through low thresholds.

The Media Freedom Battleground This October 16th marks six years since the passing of Maltese journalist Daphne Caruana Galizia, emphasizing the urgent need for enhanced measures to ensure secure journalism, a vital component of our democracies. Despite the Media Freedom Act reaching the European Parliament’s plenary on October 3, 2023, triggering trilogue negotiations starting on October 19, the EU’s efforts seem belated. While aiming to adopt the Act before the June 2024 European elections, the Commission should prioritize not just swift adoption but rather focus on attaining more substantial protections for journalists and their sources. The current proposal’s vague language allows for exceptions that could undermine the Act’s essence, making the amendments proposed by the LIBE Committee a positive step forward. However, it is crucial to ensure maximal protection while minimizing potential misuse by national governments.

Sotiris Paphitis is a practicing lawyer and Barristerat-Law from Cyprus, view his legal analysis - “The Protection of Journalists through the Proposed European Media Freedom Act” (European Law Blog, 24/7/2023)

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Sotiris Paphitis

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Populism? Only Good Campaigns can Fight it Alex Gunter

The populists are set for a good year. The 2024 European Parliament Elections will be the moment millions of Europeans express their anger at incumbent governments. Populists will soak up the anger at the inflationary crisis as people’s day-to-day lives get more and more expensive.

Unfortunately, politicians are making critical mistakes when they try to combat populism at the ballot box.

Traditionally, mainstream politicians have tried to fight back populism with rebuttals, calling out the falsehoods that populists often use. Even worse, sometimes politicians reply with facts; the most useless campaign weapons in an emotional modern world.

There has been a popular trend of blaming social media for many years now. “It’s the algorithms” or “Zuckerberg trying to control the world”. It is concerning that the proponents of this blame game have not noticed that populists are equally as effective and powerful on television, radio and the printed press.

If the content delivery algorithms were regulated tomorrow, or even if you removed all the politics from social media tomorrow, the populists would still be in the lead. If politicians want to take the wind out of the populists’ sails, something more fundamental needs to be looked at.

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The only way to defeat populists is by campaigning better.

Campaigning better does not mean using the lies, mistruths and distractions of the populists.

Politicians don’t need to steal personal data or bribe the press. Instead, politicians and their campaign teams need to focus on the voter.

Voter-first campaigning, or people first if you like, is about listening to voters, understanding the issues they actually face in their lives and addressing those problems. It is about addressing the things they live and feel every day. Voters are not politicians, they do not care about policies, ideologies and the ins and outs of Brussels. Forcing them to care about policies and processes in a world away from their lives is a waste of time. This disconnect is helping the populists cut through.

There is an abundance of evidence for those still convinced that one only needs to tell the public the facts and they will listen. Voters are incredibly intelligent, but they are human beings with issues to solve and taking a quick look at the Brexit campaigns in 2016 in the UK shows this.

Pro-European campaigns in 2016 led with an economy-first campaign. In principle that is a good strategy. People care about the money in their pockets, they care about the cost of food,

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the cost of housing and the cost of electricity.

They care about their savings in the bank and care deeply about their salaries. Why would they not care about economics since money makes the world go round.

Unfortunately, the pro-European execution of the campaign was a disaster. The campaign discussed GDP, trade flows and tariffs. Worst of all the campaign tried to make a case for the poor bankers at risk of losing some money.

2016 was only seven years after the 2008 financial crash.

Facts and stats that simple people couldn’t care less about.

If the pro-European campaign had spoken on economics in terms of money in pockets, and focused on issues like the cost of food in shops they may have fared much better.

The pro-Brexit campaign was completely different. It focused on emotions and real lived experiences. “Take Back Control” was based on raw emotion, it targeted those feeling like the world was leaving them behind. It could be fitted to almost any local issue and provided a powerful framework for the campaign that was rooted in emotion.

The most famous deployment of this emotional framing was on Boris’ Big Red Bus.

The National Health Service (NHS) in the UK is beloved by the people. It keeps them alive after all. This strong emotional connection with people is further rooted in the fact that many have had personal experiences with the NHS. Promising to support it, especially after years of reports of its struggling, resonates brilliantly. All of a sudden Brexit meant fixing the service keeping everyone alive.

The figure on the bus has been hotly debated.

Politicians today don’t need to utilise such questionable statistics; they do need to, however, end the practice of fighting populism with facts and rebuttals.

What should politicians do?

Politicians need to tap into the issues that people outside of the political bubble want to fix. Policy procedures, government structures and rules are not issues that people face. People face issues with their housing, their energy bills, access to transport, safety on their local streets and such.

This doesn’t have to mean a departure from addressing structural policy issues, politicians can still address these but must connect them all the time with real lived experiences.

The classic example is the Europe-wide trend to move away from Russian oil and

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gas dependence towards more renewables.

Telling people about the scientific benefits of renewables might engage some people but it’s not going to engage an impactful wedge of the electorate.

Instead, politicians and their campaign teams need to look at what the everyday consequences of energy policy are. Last year energy bills skyrocketed and seeing bills drastically increase in size is going to be remembered. Having to hand over more money to heat their homes and cook dinner is going to be at the forefront of voters. Politicians should frame their arguments on this topic along the following lines.

‘We need to stop the rise in energy bills, it shouldn’t have become so expensive. We have to stop the Russians controlling our gas and oil. We need more cheap, clean and reliable energy - that’s why I’m promising to invest in [windfarms] to help make your energy bills cheaper.’

The price of bills is the first and primary issue people can connect with and it is for that fact in this example leading and closing

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with this builds the basis of an effectively framed narrative that engages everyone, not just those following climate issues. It also helpfully decouples building new green energy production away from the more extreme climate activists that poll very negatively with the wider public.

If politicians turn around their campaigns and make them reflect on the issues that people live and feel in their daily lives, there is a chance to defeat populism. If politicians remain addicted to the idea that fighting populism means following them around with a factbook, then 2024 will be the year of the populist. The first politicians to shift to a voter-first campaign narrative will succeed and cut through ahead of the populists and their rivals. To defeat the populists there is simply no other way.

Alex Gunter

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Preserving the Schengen Spirit: Balancing Freedom and Security in Europe Filip Gajic As political observers and students, we often find ourselves at the crossroads of idealism and pragmatism. Today, the issue at hand is the Schengen Area - a remarkable achievement symbolizing European unity and freedom.

However, this emblem of integration is facing challenges that call for a nuanced examination.

The Schengen Success Story The Schengen Area, encompassing 23 EU member states and four non-EU states, stands as the world’s largest free movement area. Its inception in 1985 was a bold step towards a borderless Europe, facilitating unhindered travel and trade. This initiative has not only simplified travel for European and non-EU citizens but has also boosted cross-border trade, tourism, and cultural exchanges. It’s a living manifestation of a shared European identity, an achievement that seemed unattainable in the fragmented Europe of the past.

Challenges to the Schengen Ideals Despite its successes, the Schengen Area is not without its challenges. The migrant crisis of 2015 and the COVID-19 pandemic have led to the suspension of the Schengen regime, with member states reinstating border controls. While these measures were intended as temporary, some states have extended them

repeatedly, citing ongoing concerns such as illegal migration. Currently, eleven countries maintain some form of border control within the Schengen Area. This persistent state of exception challenges the very essence of Schengen - the freedom of movement.

The re-imposition of border controls is a contentious issue. On one hand, it is a response to real challenges such as illegal migration and security threats. These measures can act as deterrents to illegal activities and reassure citizens about their safety. On the other hand, persistent internal border controls undermine the fundamental principle of free movement, a cornerstone of the European Union. They can disrupt trade, inconvenience citizens, and symbolically erode the sense of European unity.

The Economic and Social Impact of Schengen The economic implications of the Schengen Area cannot be overstated. By allowing the free movement of people and goods, it has significantly contributed to the growth of the European economy. The ease of travel has fostered business opportunities, supply chain efficiencies, and tourism growth. This economic integration has been a key driver in making the EU one of the world’s largest

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BULLS EYE economies. However, the reinstatement of border controls can reverse these gains, creating logistical hurdles and additional costs for businesses and travelers alike.

Moreover, the social impact of the Schengen Area extends beyond economic metrics. It has played a critical role in promoting cultural exchange and mutual understanding among European citizens. This shared experience has been instrumental in fostering a sense of European identity, crucial in a continent once divided by historical conflicts.

Toward a Balanced Border Finding a middle ground requires a multifaceted strategy. First, enhancing cooperation with non-Schengen countries on migration routes is vital. Deploying Frontex forces at critical points can help manage migration flows more effectively. This approach not only secures borders but also respects human rights, a core European value.

Second, addressing the root causes of illegal migration is essential. This involves diplomatic efforts and aid to countries that are sources of migration, aiming to improve conditions there and reduce the push factors driving people to leave their homes.

Third, a common European framework for accommodating legal immigrants is crucial.

This not only aids in managing migration but also helps in integrating immigrants into European societies, enriching them culturally and economically.

Preserving the Schengen Spirit The debate over the Schengen Area’s future is more than a policy discussion; it’s about the kind of Europe we envision. Do we see a Europe that retreats into nationalistic shells at the slightest threat, or one that collectively rises to challenges while upholding its ideals?

While security concerns are legitimate, they should not be used to permanently erode the freedoms that define the European project.

The Schengen Area is not just a convenience for travelers; it is a symbol of European unity and cooperation. Its preservation is essential, not just for the ease of crossing borders, but for what it represents - a Europe that is open, integrated, and united.

In conclusion, the Schengen Area’s future hinges on finding a delicate balance between freedom and security. By adopting a unified approach that addresses security concerns without sacrificing the freedom of movement, Europe can protect its citizens while staying true to its foundational values. The path ahead is complex, but with solidarity, cooperation, and a commitment to shared values, Europe can navigate these challenges while preserving the spirit of Schengen.

Filip Gajic

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Interview with Mrs Federica Favi Lenny Ferretti

Mrs Favi is the current Ambassador of Italy in Belgium and previously Ambassador in Georgia and Oman If you had to describe diplomacy in a few words, what would you say?

I would define diplomacy as the management of international relations, bringing together different positions in order to find satisfactory compromises for the interests of states and their citizens. In addition, with reference to the bilateral diplomacy that I’m involved in, this involves representing Italy in Belgium with the aim of developing cooperation in all sectors - political, economic, cultural, scientific, military, etc. to strengthen prosperity and security, to strengthen the prosperity and security of both countries and of Europe.

Is the role of Ambassador different in a country that has a particular history/link with the country you represent?

Italy and Belgium share special historical ties because of the vast and historic community of my compatriots who have settled in Belgium over the decades. The history of Belgium is inextricably linked to that of Italian emigration. Belgium continues to be one of the main destinations for Italian emigration, and there are currently around 300,000 compatriots living here.

What’s more, both countries are founding members of the European Union and NATO, and share the same values.

My role, therefore, is to deepen these ties, promoting new forms of cooperation in strategic sectors for our societies, which are facing exceptional challenges and historic transitions.

Italy is one of the founding countries of Europe. What role has its diplomacy played, and still plays?

Italy has played a leading role in the construction of Europe, and Italian diplomacy has been decisive at many crucial moments in the integration process. I’m thinking, for example, of the Messina Conference and the Treaties of Rome. Thanks to a traditionally highly skilled and trained diplomatic corps, Italy is actively involved in diplomatic efforts to promote peace, stability and prosperity in Europe, working with other member states to formulate common positions.

My Embassy and the Permanent Mission to the European Union will be strengthened in terms of human resources, as the Government has decided to invest in its diplomacy in Europe. Europe is indeed “our home”, and it is here in Brussels that most legislative and

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political decisions that have a direct impact on the lives of Italians are taken. The trends set by the EU inspire and guide our countries’ growth opportunities. Italian diplomacy is here to seize these opportunities.

but there is still work to be done to ensure a higher participation of female diplomats at the top of the career ladder. Nevertheless, I see a strong determination on the part of our Ministry to move in this direction.

Are enough young people getting involved in diplomacy?

More and more young people are interested in the world of diplomacy. They seem to be fascinated by a career in diplomacy and I’ve seen this with the many trainees, students and otherwise, that I’ve seen working at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and in embassies over the years. Italian diplomacy really needs their enthusiasm and preparation. I’m thinking in particular of the young women who decide to pursue a diplomatic career. The number of female colleagues is increasing year on year and this is, of course, an asset for our country,

In January 2024, Belgium will hold the Presidency of the Council of the European Union.

Do ambassadors have a different role to play during this period?

Cooperation between Belgium and the other EU Member States has always been excellent, and the Belgian Presidency of the Council of the European Union will certainly help to strengthen this integration. During the Belgian Presidency, our role will be enhanced by the need to establish even closer coordination with the country’s authorities to prepare and support discussions within the EU. Italy will not fail to collaborate with Belgium in tackling the major challenges currently facing Europe.

Lenny Feretti

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BRICS Summit 2023: Exploring a Potential Shift in Global Dynamics?

Aleksandra Kuzmanovié

The BRICS summit took place on 22-24 August, 2023, in Johannesburg, South Africa under the theme BRICS and Africa: Partnership for Mutually Accelerated Growth, Sustainable Development and Inclusive Multilateralism.

Following vigorous debates and discussions on topics ranging from inclusive multilateralism to sustainable development, people-to-people exchanges, and institutional advancement, the summit came to a close with the adoption of a declaration named the Johannesburg II Declaration. Notably, the summit saw the active involvement of key leaders from all member states including China, India, Brazil, and South Africa, although Russian President Vladimir Putin was conspicuously absent. According to official Russian communications, the ongoing conflict between Russia and Ukraine left no room for his personal attendance at the summit. Nevertheless, it’s worth noting that the International Criminal Court (ICC) has issued an arrest warrant for Putin due to alleged war crimes in Ukraine, leading many to speculate that his absence from the BRICS summit was a strategic move to evade potential arrest in South Africa. With the addition of six new members, BRICS now constitutes nearly half of the world’s population, totaling 3.7 billion, and commands 36 percent of the global economic output. This coalition

holds substantial sway over global mining and energy reserves, including nearly half of the world’s oil reserves and 42 percent of its supply. Following the expansion, BRICS now represents 30 percent of the global economy, with a combined GDP of $30.76 trillion, and accounts for 40 percent of the world’s population. During the summit, leaders emphasized the importance of strengthening trade and investment within BRICS, aiming to contribute 50 percent of the world’s GDP by 2050, signaling a potential transformation in the global economic landscape.

The BRICS: Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa BRICS, originally excluding South Africa, was coined in 2001 by Jim O’Neill, then the chief economist at Goldman Sachs, in a research paper emphasizing the growth potential of Brazil, Russia, India, and China. Established in 2009 as an informal association, the bloc serves as a platform for its members to counter the prevailing world order primarily led by the United States and its Western allies. Russia played a pivotal role in its inception. It’s important to note that BRICS isn’t a formal multilateral organization akin to entities like the United Nations, World Bank, or the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting

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BULLS EYE Countries (OPEC). The heads of state and government from member nations hold annual meetings, with each nation assuming a one-year rotating chairmanship of the group.

The founding members consist of Brazil, Russia, India, and China. In 2010, South Africa, the smallest member in terms of economic influence and population, became the first to join the bloc after it expanded, resulting in the term BRICS. Apart from geopolitics, the group’s focus includes economic cooperation and increasing multilateral trade and development.

More than 40 countries, including Iran, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Argentina, Algeria, Bolivia, Indonesia, Egypt, Ethiopia, Cuba, Democratic Republic of Congo, Comoros, Gabon, and Kazakhstan, have expressed their interest in becoming part of the forum, as stated by South Africa, the chair of the 2023 summit. They perceive BRICS as an alternative to global organizations perceived to be dominated by traditional Western powers. These nations anticipate that membership will bring advantages such as access to development finance, as well as increased trade and investment opportunities.

The COVID-19 pandemic intensified the discontent of developing nations with the prevailing global system, especially as lifesaving vaccines were hoarded by wealthier countries. Furthermore, the imposition of financial sanctions on Russia has resulted in its exclusion from the global market, eroding trust in the USA and the dollar as the world’s primary currency.

Iran, boasting about a quarter of the Middle East’s oil reserves, has expressed its hope for a swift decision on the process for new membership. Saudi Arabia, a major player in the oil industry, was among more than a dozen countries participating in “Friends of BRICS” discussions held in Cape Town in June. It has received support from Russia and Brazil in its aspiration to join BRICS. In July 2022, Argentina announced that it had received formal support from China in its endeavor to

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become a member of the group. Ethiopia, one of Africa’s rapidly growing economies, stated in June that it had formally requested to join the bloc. A spokesperson from the foreign ministry emphasized that the country would continue collaborating with international institutions that safeguard its interests.

BRICS Forging a Path for the Global South The BRICS summit of 2023 witnessed at least six notable outcomes: Firstly, a unanimous decision was made to extend invitations for full membership to six countries: Argentina, Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates.

These nations are set to join BRICS starting January 1, 2024. This expansion, which has been pending for a while, appears to underscore a strong influence from Russia and China in shaping a geopolitical counterbalance to the United States. It’s worth noting that India also maintains robust ties with Egypt, UAE, Iran, and Saudi Arabia. In June 2023, India and Egypt elevated their partnership to a strategic level encompassing defense, security, trade, renewable energies, as well as cultural and people-to-people connections.

The UAE stands as India’s third-largest trade partner, with an estimated two-way trade of $60 billion. Iran and Saudi Arabia also share close political and economic links with the subcontinent.

Secondly, leaders from BRICS countries at the summit expressed their intent to decrease reliance on the US dollar and expedite the process of de-dollarization in international

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trade. They also explored alternatives to currencies, including the potential development of a shared currency. The BRICS New Development Bank was cited as a tangible step away from the dollar, with plans to extend loans in South African Rand and the Brazilian Real. Nevertheless, due to the limited reach and utilization of these currencies beyond South Africa and Brazil, these efforts are primarily aspirational. Experts suggest that challenging

the dominance of the US dollar in global trade remains a formidable task due to the restricted intra-BRICS trade.

Furthermore, the prospect of a common trading system or a BRICS currency gained traction during the summit. Brazilian President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva advocated for a BRICS currency, highlighting its potential benefits for member states. Via video, Russian President

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BULLS EYE Vladimir Putin critiqued the dominance of the dollar and attributed global economic instability to US sanctions, underscoring the advantages of de-dollarization for BRICS nations. It is anticipated that the 2024 BRICS summit in Russia will likely delve further into this matter.

With a growing population in BRICS countries and increasing concerns about food security, leaders emphasized the role of modern technology in advancing agriculture and advocated for positioning Africa as a global food hub.

Lastly, a significant development occurred during the summit as both India and China expressed a commitment to reducing tensions at their disputed border. The Chinese Embassy in New Delhi conveyed Xi Jinping’s desire to enhance India-China relations in the pursuit of common interests. This gesture is likely to be viewed as a positive step towards regional and global peace, stability, and prosperity.

BRICS Summit: Navigating Opportunities and Challenges in Global Governance Amidst Expanded Membership BRICS aims to redefine global governance by promoting trade in local currencies, reforming institutions like the United Nations and International Monetary Fund to better accommodate the aspirations of emerging economies, and aligning positions on global issues such as agriculture, health, and sustainable development. The summit’s statement emphasized that while BRICS seeks to complement and reform existing international institutions seen as unresponsive to their interests, it does not seek to challenge or replace groups like the G20.

Looking ahead, the expanded membership of BRICS presents both opportunities and challenges. The inclusion of U.S. allies like the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia, alongside countries with varying stances towards the United States, could potentially

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“

The Chinese Embassy in New Delhi conveyed Xi Jinping’s desire to enhance IndiaChina relations in the pursuit of common interests.

hinder efforts to deepen cooperation among member-states. Decisions will need to be made about whether BRICS will primarily function as a bloc of emerging economies advocating for their interests in a multipolar world order or adopt a more explicitly anti-Western orientation, a preference held by China and Russia.

The expansion presents both opportunities and challenges that will test BRICS’ unity and effectiveness. Its ability to maintain credibility in reshaping global governance will hinge on its capacity to build consensus among its diverse members.

However, it’s important to note that a few days after the summit, the Chinese government released a controversial map depicting India’s territories (Arunachal Pradesh and Ladakh) as part of China. This unexpected move raised suspicions among Indians about China’s intentions, regardless of the promises made at the summit.

Bolstering Global Influence: BRICS Expansion and the EU’s Imperative for Inclusive Governance Reforms BRICS has the potential to exert substantial influence on global affairs, contingent on principles such as respect for cultural diversity,

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the pursuit of internal stability, and the promotion of worldwide economic growth.

Moreover, the expansion of its membership from five to eleven countries signifies its intent to bolster its global standing. The expansion of BRICS as a political coalition does not directly challenge existing blocs like the EU. However, it highlights the global south’s longstanding call for substantial reforms in global governance and multilateral systems. To effectively address current challenges and enhance connections with least-developed and developing countries, the EU should engage in more robust political and economic partnerships with southern hemisphere nations, treating them as equal partners.

In particular, with regards to multilateral institutions such as the IMF and the WB, the EU should actively advocate for reforms that incorporate a wider range of nations, rather than passively awaiting the emergence of alternative global frameworks. Werner Hoyer, President of the European Investment Bank (EIB), has expressed concerns about the global south losing trust in the west. The EU should expand and leverage its already robust collaborations, particularly those focused on industrial development in Africa.

Furthermore, the EU should elevate its involvement by pursuing joint development endeavors with global south nations and promoting a level playing field. African and other nations are no longer content with merely exporting raw materials; they seek recognition and a meaningful role in international governance. It is incumbent upon the EU and other influential powers to acknowledge these aspirations and work to avoid further alienating the BRICS bloc.

Aleksandra Kuzmanovié

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Russia Intensifies Crackdown with First ‘LGBT Extremism’ Convictions After Ban Vladimir Kljajic The recent actions taken by the Russian government against the LGBT community mark a significant and concerning step backward in the fight for human rights. The Supreme Court of Russia has designated the “LGBT public movement” as extremist, effectively outlawing any activities related to it. This decision is part of an alarming trend of increased restrictions on expressions of sexual orientation and gender identity within the country.

The first convictions under this new designation were recently reported. In one instance, a court in the southern region of Volgograd fined a man for posting a photograph of an LGBT flag online, an act now considered as “displaying the symbols of an extremist organization.” In another case, a woman faced administrative detention for simply wearing frog-shaped earrings with a rainbow motif after being confronted and filmed by a man demanding their removal.

These incidents are symptomatic of a broader crackdown on LGBT rights in Russia. The government has introduced a series of laws aimed at further marginalizing the LGBT community. A constitutional amendment passed in 2020 defines marriage strictly as a union between a man and a woman. Additionally, a law that extends the ban on “propaganda of non-traditional sexual relations” to all ages has been in effect, widening the scope of a restriction that was initially applied only to protect minors.

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T h e O f f i c i a l m a g a z i n e o f E u r o p e a n D e m o c r at S t u d e n t s The suppression of the LGBT community in Russia not only violates the rights of individuals to express their sexual orientation and gender identity freely but also contradicts the basic principles of human dignity and equality. These actions have drawn criticism from international human rights organizations and have raised concerns about the state of human rights in Russia. It is crucial for the international community to stand in solidarity with the LGBT community in Russia and to condemn these repressive measures. The fight against discrimination and for the rights of the LGBT community is a global challenge that requires continuous effort and vigilance.

Advocacy and support from outside Russia are essential in pressuring the Russian government to reconsider its stance and align its laws with international human rights standards.

In response to the escalating crackdown on the LGBT community in Russia, there is also a growing call for the international community to take decisive action. Nations around the world must recognize the severity of the situation and offer asylum and refugee status to those suffering from this targeted violence and repression. The recent convictions for so-called ‘LGBT extremism’ underline the urgent need for safe havens for individuals who are at risk of persecution due to their sexual orientation or gender identity. Granting asylum and refugee status to victims of these repressive measures is not just an act of solidarity—it is a necessary response to uphold the fundamental human rights and dignity of every individual. The international community must stand united in offering protection and support to those fleeing from injustice and discrimination,

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ensuring that they find safety and acceptance far from the reach of oppression.

The recent developments in Russia are a stark reminder of the ongoing struggle for equality and human rights. The efforts to suppress the visibility and rights of the LGBT community not only undermine the principles of freedom and dignity but also highlight the need for a concerted and unified response to combat homophobia and discrimination in all its forms.

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Vladimir Kljajic

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Cyprionomics: An Economic Tale Antoine Chikhany

The Republic of Cyprus, renowned for its strategic location at the crossroads of Europe, Africa, and Asia, faces an evolving economic landscape. The island nation, still grappling with the lingering impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic, was thrust into a new set of challenges marked by escalating housing issues and economic uncertainties. This period has been characterized by a complex interplay of local economic dynamics and global events, significantly shaping the financial and housing sectors of the country.

The crux of Cyprus's recent economic narrative revolves around a burgeoning housing crisis, entwined with broader economic shifts.

Factors such as fluctuating demand in the real estate market, changes in foreign investment patterns, especially in the wake of geopolitical shifts, and evolving government policies have all contributed to this situation. This article aims to delve into the details of Cyprus's economic and housing challenges from 2022 to the present by unraveling the layers of this complex scenario to understand the underlying causes, the immediate impacts, and the longterm implications.

As of 2022, the economic landscape of Cyprus has been navigating through a complex maze of challenges and opportunities. Emerging from

the shadows of the COVID-19 pandemic, the nation's economy sought to regain its footing in an increasingly volatile global environment.

Key indicators such as Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth and employment rates began to reflect a narrative of recovery and resilience, though with lingering vulnerabilities.

The Covid Cost The Cypriot economy, traditionally sustained by sectors like tourism, real estate, faced a critical juncture. Tourism, a vital artery of the nation's economic health, experienced a gradual rebound, injecting much-needed vigor into the market. However, this recovery was met with new global headwinds, including rising inflation rates and supply chain disruptions, which posed fresh challenges.

Simultaneously, the real estate sector, a cornerstone of Cyprus's economic growth, entered a period of flux. Property prices and rental rates saw fluctuations, influenced by changing demand dynamics, notably among foreign investors and domestic buyers. The government's economic policies, aimed at stimulating growth and stabilizing the market, began to play a crucial role. These policies ranged from fiscal stimulus measures to regulatory reforms in the banking sector, aimed at boosting economic stability.

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The road to recovery and growth has faced its difficulties. The ripple effects of global economic uncertainty have left Cyprus seeking sustainable paths to fortify its economic resilience.

The housing market, historically a pillar of the Cypriot economy, encountered unprecedented pressures, manifesting in soaring property prices and rental rates. This escalation was partly fueled by a surge in demand, particularly in coastal cities, which traditionally attract foreign investors.

Contributing factors were the limited housing supply, increasing construction costs, and speculative investment activities. These elements not only intensified the affordability crisis for local residents but also raised concerns about sustainable urban development. The government's response to the housing crisis became increasingly pivotal, with measures such as housing subsidies, development regulations, and incentives for affordable housing projects coming into play.

Moreover, the influx of foreign capital, especially from Russia and the Middle East, significantly influenced the housing market dynamics. This influx led to a bifurcation in

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the market, with luxury properties catering to affluent foreign buyers and locals facing a shrinking pool of affordable options.

The situation was further complicated by economic uncertainties stemming from global events, such as geopolitical tensions and the ongoing impacts of the pandemic.

These factors collectively contributed to a volatile housing market, presenting a complex challenge for policymakers and stakeholders in Cyprus.

Global Cyprus The economic and housing landscapes in Cyprus since 2022 have been significantly influenced by external factors. The Russian invasion of Ukraine in early 2022 sent shockwaves through global markets, impacting small, open economies like Cyprus. Sanctions against Russia and the subsequent geopolitical instability have had a direct effect on Cyprus, given the substantial Russian investment in real estate and reliance on Russian tourism.

Additionally, the lingering effects of the COVID-19 pandemic continued to shape economic realities, with disruptions in global supply chains leading to inflationary pressures, affecting construction costs and, consequently, the housing market. In response

T h e O f f i c i a l m a g a z i n e o f E u r o p e a n D e m o c r at S t u d e n t s to these multifaceted challenges, the Cypriot government implemented several policy measures. To address the housing crisis, initiatives included introducing affordable housing schemes, offering subsidies to first-time homebuyers, and regulating rental markets to protect tenants from skyrocketing prices.

On the broader economic front, fiscal policies focused on stimulating growth through investment in infrastructure and support for key sectors like tourism and services. Monetary policies also played a role, with the Central Bank of Cyprus navigating the delicate balance between stimulating economic activity and controlling inflation. However, these measures have been met with varying degrees of success and criticism, highlighting the complexity of the economic challenges faced by Cyprus.

Where Cyprus Goes, the World Follows Looking ahead, the economic and housing outlook for Cyprus remains cautiously optimistic yet uncertain. The nation’s ability to adapt to the changing global landscape, coupled with effective policy measures, will be crucial in determining its economic trajectory.

The focus might shift towards sustainable growth, balancing external dependencies, and fostering a more resilient domestic economy.

In conclusion, since 2022, Cyprus has navigated a complex economic and housing landscape shaped by internal dynamics and external shocks. The nation's future economic stability and growth hinge on effective policy responses and adaptation to global changes, especially in resolving the housing crisis and securing economic prosperity for its citizens.

Antoine Chikhany

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Empowering the Youth Vote: The Case for Lowering the Voting Age to 16 in the European Union Agata Czyzewska

The vitality of democratic institutions in Europe is increasingly under scrutiny, especially in the context of declining voter turnouts. This concern brings forth a pivotal question: should the European Union member states lower the voting age to 16? This debate transcends political rhetoric, touching the core of how to invigorate our democracies and represent our diverse populations more inclusively.

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The Current State of European Democracy The decreasing trend in voter turnout, as highlighted by the Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (IDEA), is alarming.

A thriving democracy is often marked by its high voter participation, reflecting a government that is responsive and accountable to its people. However, the current decline in voter engagement is a warning sign, signaling

T h e O f f i c i a l m a g a z i n e o f E u r o p e a n D e m o c r at S t u d e n t s a growing disconnect between the political establishment and the wider public. This disengagement threatens the essence of democratic governance and risks leading to policies that cater to select groups, neglecting the broader needs of society.

Educational Impact and Civic Engagement One of the most compelling arguments for lowering the voting age is the potential to foster a deeper understanding of citizenship during a crucial phase of educational development. At 16, students are typically immersed in an educational setting, which is ideal for introducing them to the democratic process and equipping them with the tools to overcome voting barriers. Integrating practical voting experiences into citizenship education could significantly enhance the likelihood of these young individuals becoming lifelong voters.

Youth Responsibilities and Capabilities In several European countries, 16- and 17-year-olds are entrusted with considerable responsibilities, such as consenting to sexual relationships, leaving education, and entering the workforce. These responsibilities suggest that these young individuals possess a level of maturity and decision-making capability comparable to adults. Moreover, the increasing involvement of youth in political organizations, activism, and movements underlines their capacity to grasp and engage with societal issues. Disregarding their voices means ignoring the insights of those who will be most affected by today’s political decisions in the long run.

Evidence from Early Adopters The effectiveness of a lower voting age is not theoretical but is supported by empirical evidence. Austria, which lowered its voting age in 2007, has witnessed a commendable

increase in youth voter turnout, surpassing the European average. This trend is echoed in Malta, Estonia, and certain German states, all of which have experienced positive outcomes in youth voter participation. These examples serve as valuable models for what could be achieved across the European Union.

Institutional Support for Youth Voting Several European organizations and institutions back the initiative of lowering the voting age. The European Youth Forum champions this cause, viewing it as a crucial step to bridge the generational divide between young people and elected officials. The Bertelsmann Foundation’s research reinforces this stance, suggesting that cultivating early voting habits results in higher voter turnout over time. The European Parliament and the Council of Europe have also voiced support, recognizing the potential to strengthen democratic engagement among the youth.

Addressing Criticisms Opponents of lowering the voting age often doubt the maturity and informed decisionmaking capacity of 16- and 17-yearolds. However, considering their existing responsibilities and increasing political participation, these concerns appear increasingly outdated. Additionally, the success observed in regions with a lowered voting age demonstrates that these fears may be exaggerated.

Broader Implications for Democracy Beyond improving voter turnout, lowering the voting age promises wider benefits for democracy. It fosters more equitable political representation, encourages a more inclusive decision-making process, and enhances civic engagement. These outcomes contribute to a stronger, more dynamic democracy, reflecting a wider array of societal viewpoints.

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BULLS EYE Potential for Future Political Engagement Engaging younger voters could also transform the political landscape in the long term. By involving them in the democratic process early, we not only increase immediate voter turnout but also instill a habit of participation that can last a lifetime. This early engagement could lead to a more politically aware and active population, capable of making informed decisions and holding elected officials accountable.

Reducing the voting age to 16 in the European Union is not merely a response to declining voter turnouts; it is a forward-thinking step towards revitalizing our democratic institutions. By involving young people in elections earlier, we lay the foundation for a more participatory, representative, and vibrant political landscape.

This policy change is a necessary evolution in our democratic practices, ensuring that the voices of the younger generation are integral in shaping the future of Europe.

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Agata Czyzewska

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Contemplating Student Mental Well-being – Are We Doing Enough?

Emilia Bezzo

The Current Landscape of Student Mental Health Mental health, undeniably a fundamental human right, stands as a crucial pillar in our journey towards a thriving society. It is the linchpin in shaping not just personal growth, but also communal and socio-economic development. Today, as we navigate through an era marked by unprecedented challenges, the mental well-being of our youth, especially students, warrants urgent and profound attention.

Europe, a continent revered for its educational excellence, finds itself grappling with a concerning reality: 40% of its students are battling mental health issues, with a significant fraction suffering from severe mental disorders.

This statistic is not just a number; it represents a generation at a crossroads, where the neglect of mental health could derail their academic, professional, and personal trajectories.

The Impact of COVID-19 on Student Mental Health The advent of COVID-19 has only deepened this crisis. The lockdowns, though necessary, have unwittingly become a catalyst, exacerbating the mental struggles of students

and their families. The isolation and disruption brought forth by the pandemic serve as a stark reminder of how external events can profoundly affect the internal mental states of our youth.

Policy Responses and Their Limitations Acknowledging this, the 2020 Rome Ministerial Conference saw education ministers across Europe unite under the “Principles and Guidelines to Strengthen the Social Dimension of Higher Education in the EHEA.” This was a step in the right direction, focusing on tailored policies to empower higher education institutions in providing effective counselling and guidance. However, the road ahead remains arduous.

A glaring issue persists: despite the availability of counselling services and clinical interventions, many students suffering from significant mental disorders and suicidal thoughts do not seek treatment. The reasons are manifold - lack of recognition of their need for help, academic workload, and fear of stigma. This gap between availability and accessibility of mental health services is alarming, with only a quarter of those in need seeking professional help.

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BULLS EYE Emerging Solutions and New Approaches There is a silver lining, though. Studies indicate that students who feel a sense of belonging and maintain positive relationships within their educational institutions are less likely to face emotional difficulties. This highlights the importance of a supportive and inclusive educational environment. Moreover, the growing acceptance of internet-based self-help treatments suggests a new avenue to reach those hesitant to seek traditional help.

This is a clarion call for national authorities and universities to innovate and rethink their approach to mental health care.

The Crucial Role of Universities Universities, as the vanguard of education and personal development, must evolve into sanctuaries of mental health support. They are tasked with ensuring the availability of accessible counselling and mental health services on campus, which should include a spectrum of support mechanisms like individual counselling, group therapy, and crisis intervention.

Beyond service provision, universities have a pivotal role in normalizing conversations around mental health. Through dynamic campaigns and educational programs, they must strive to dismantle the stigma surrounding mental health issues. Creating an environment conducive to open dialogue is essential in encouraging students to seek assistance without fear or hesitation.

Training and Awareness: Key Factors in Mental Health Support Staff and faculty training is another critical area. Equipping them with the skills to identify signs of mental distress, provide initial support, and guide students to appropriate resources can be a game-changer. Moreover, fostering a culture of empathy, understanding, and support is vital. This includes establishing safe spaces, organizing mental health events, and championing well-being initiatives.

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Adapting to Diverse Student Needs The diversity of student needs calls for flexible academic options. Universities should offer varied learning modalities, like online courses, part-time study, or extended deadlines, catering to different learning styles and life circumstances.

To truly address the mental health crisis among students, a holistic approach is necessary. This means not only providing mental health services but also creating an overall environment that promotes wellbeing. Physical health, nutrition, exercise, and social activities are all integral to mental health. Universities can play a significant role in promoting these aspects by providing healthy eating options, sports facilities, and opportunities for social engagement.

A Call for Comprehensive Action In conclusion, the challenge of student mental health in Europe is not just an educational issue; it’s a societal one. Higher Education Institutions bear a critical responsibility in nurturing an environment that bolsters academic success and fosters the well-being of their student population.

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This necessitates a comprehensive approach, acknowledging the multifaceted nature of mental health. As we move forward, it is imperative that we not only ask if we are doing enough but also commit to doing more, ensuring that our future generations are not just academically proficient but also mentally resilient. The well-being of our students is not a luxury; it is a necessity that demands our collective commitment and action.

Emilia Bezzo

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Bulgaria and Romania: Schengen Area Aspirations and Challenges – A Comprehensive Analysis Stefan Arsov The quest of Bulgaria and Romania for membership in the Schengen Area since 2011 represents a significant chapter in the narrative of European integration. Rooted in the aspiration to enhance economic and social ties with the European Union, and to bolster regional stability, this pursuit, while supported by the European Commission and Parliament, encounters a complex mix of challenges and opportunities.

Understanding Schengen’s Significance The Schengen Area, established from the 1985 Schengen Agreement, is more than a geographical concept; it’s a symbol of European unity and freedom. It offers a space where internal borders are minimized to facilitate free movement of people and goods.

For Bulgaria and Romania, joining this area is not just a policy goal but a crucial step towards deeper integration with the core of Europe.

Economically, the benefits of Schengen membership for these nations are substantial.

It would streamline the movement of goods and people, boosting trade, tourism, and overall economic prospects. This integration is particularly significant for Bulgaria and Romania, countries that have shown resilience

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and growth potential, but still grapple with economic challenges like limited market access and infrastructural needs. Schengen membership could be a catalyst for overcoming these hurdles, offering a pathway to economic rejuvenation and a stronger presence in the European market.

Security: A Double-Edged Sword The security aspect of Schengen membership is twofold. On one hand, it necessitates rigorous security measures and cooperation, essential in combating transnational threats like terrorism and organized crime. On the other hand, the inclusion of Bulgaria and Romania raises concerns about their readiness to handle such security challenges. The EU must ensure that their accession does not compromise the safety and security standards of the Schengen Area.

This is a delicate balance between expanding the area and maintaining its integrity.

Cultural and Social Integration: Beyond Borders The Schengen Area also plays a pivotal role in fostering cultural and social integration. Easier travel promotes cultural exchanges, academic collaborations, and strengthens social bonds across Europe. For Bulgaria and Romania, this

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would mean not just closer economic ties, but also a deeper cultural and societal integration into the European community. This aspect of the Schengen Area can sometimes be overshadowed by the economic and security discussions, yet it remains a critical component of the overall benefits of membership.

Political Dynamics and the European Union’s Role The political landscape surrounding Bulgaria and Romania’s Schengen aspirations is intricate. The European Union’s decisionmaking process involves a consensus among all member states, and the reluctance of some, like Austria and the Netherlands, reflects broader concerns about expansion and its implications.

This highlights the need for a nuanced approach that addresses these concerns while advocating for the inclusion of Bulgaria and Romania. The EU must navigate this political terrain carefully, ensuring that expansion does not come at the cost of cohesion and common values.

Looking ahead, the inclusion of Bulgaria and Romania in the Schengen Area offers a vision of a more inclusive and robust Europe.

It signifies growth, not just in geographical terms, but in economic, social, and cultural dimensions. However, this expansion must be managed carefully. The European Union must work collaboratively with both countries to address existing challenges, particularly in areas like the rule of law and corruption, which have been points of contention.

A Call to Action and Cooperation The EDS’s call for action from the Council of the EU, and its appeal to Austria and the Netherlands to reconsider their positions, emphasizes the need for a collective approach.

It is crucial for all member states to engage in constructive dialogue, focusing on the longterm benefits of Bulgaria and Romania’s inclusion while addressing legitimate concerns.

Navigating a Path Forward In sum, the journey of Bulgaria and Romania towards Schengen membership encapsulates

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BULLS EYE the broader challenges and opportunities faced by the European Union in its quest for expansion and integration. While the economic, security, and cultural benefits are clear, the challenges cannot be overlooked. A balanced, nuanced approach is required — one that promotes expansion while upholding the integrity and values of the Schengen Area.

The future of Europe lies in its ability to grow and integrate, embracing new members while ensuring the stability and security of the union. The case of Bulgaria and Romania serves as a microcosm of this larger European narrative, symbolizing the potential for a more interconnected, prosperous, and unified continent. As we advocate for their accession, we must also maintain a vigilant eye on the broader implications, ensuring that this expansion strengthens, rather than dilutes, the essence of what the Schengen Area and the European Union stand for.

Stefan Arsov

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T h e O f f i c i a l m a g a z i n e o f E u r o p e a n D e m o c r at S t u d e n t s

Preserving Our Heritage: A Vision for Europe’s Future Axel Mouffron

The Legacy of European Founding Fathers Robert Schuman, in his defining moments, highlighted Europe's identity as fundamentally cultural. Echoing this sentiment, Jean Monnet emphasized the centrality of culture in the European Union's foundation. These insights reveal an understanding that European culture, shaped by Judeo-Christian traditions, the Greek-Roman legacy, and Enlightenment principles, forms the bedrock of the European way of life. This cultural fabric is an intricate part of European identity, transcending borders and generations, deeply valued by the majority of European citizens.

The Threat to European Cultural Monuments Despite the recognized importance of cultural heritage, it faces grave threats due to neglect and underfunding. A stark example is the endangered status of Europe's churches, central to the Judeo-Christian heritage. Up to 10,000 churches are at risk of disappearing by 2030.

Many significant buildings and sites, part of Europe's cultural identity, are not classified as "historic monuments," making them ineligible for certain European funds. This situation is exacerbated by the fragmentation of these funds, which hinders effective preservation strategies.

Treaty Commitments and Cultural Identity The Treaty on European Union, particularly its third article, explicitly emphasizes the importance of cultural and linguistic diversity, and the safeguarding and enhancement of Europe's cultural heritage. This heritage not only represents our past but also illuminates our unity, playing a pivotal role in shaping the future of Europe. Hence, preserving and promoting this legacy is not merely a tribute to our ancestors but a profound responsibility towards future generations.

The potential loss of these cultural monuments extends beyond cultural implications; it also poses economic threats. The cultural sector, providing around 8 million jobs across Europe, especially in rural areas, is heavily reliant on the preservation of these heritage sites. Without proper investment, the impact on employment and regional economies could be substantial.

Proposed Strategies for Cultural Preservation During the EDS Council Meeting in Vienna in November 2023, some of these proposed

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1. Simplification and Coordination of Funds: The European Commission should streamline the criteria for accessing European funds and improve their coordination to facilitate heritage preservation.

2. Increase in Cultural Investment: Raising FEDER expenses dedicated to heritage and culture to 12% is crucial for adequate funding.

3. Promotional Initiatives: Strengthening initiatives like the European Year of Cultural Heritage is essential for raising awareness and preserving European cultures and traditions.

4. Innovative Funding Solutions: The European Parliament should explore alternative funding sources, such as a "European Heritage Super-Lotto."

5. Establishment of a European Heritage Foundation: The Council of Europe should consider creating a foundation and a list of religious heritage to promote the European cultural legacy.

6. Tax Incentives for Private Donors: Member states should consider tax relief and incentives for private donors in cultural heritage protection.

Investing in cultural heritage is not only a cultural imperative but also an economic necessity. The cultural sector is a significant contributor to Europe's economy, especially in rural areas. Preservation of cultural heritage can stimulate local economies, promote tourism, and create jobs. Furthermore, cultural heritage sites often serve as community centres, fostering social cohesion and community engagement.

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The Path Forward: A Collective Responsibility The preservation of Europe's cultural heritage is a collective responsibility that requires the concerted efforts of the European Union, member states, and the private sector. It is a task that demands innovative solutions, robust funding mechanisms, and a deep understanding of the cultural fabric that binds Europe together. As we move forward, it is crucial to recognize that our cultural heritage is not just a relic of the past, but a living, breathing part of our identity that continues to shape our present and future.

T h e O f f i c i a l m a g a z i n e o f E u r o p e a n D e m o c r at S t u d e n t s

Politicians must consider themselves as custodians of this rich legacy, it is incumbent upon us to ensure that this heritage is not only protected but also celebrated and made accessible to future generations. Preservation of cultural heritage must be part of the political debates this year; the centre-right holds conservation as a core value, and the EPP must proudly champion this principle.

Axel Mouffron

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Embracing Strategic Independence: Europe’s Path Forward in a Trump-Led World Vladimir Kljajic The potential re-election of Donald Trump as President of the United States poses significant implications for European security.

While concerns about his policies and their impact on transatlantic relations are valid, his presidency could drive positive developments in European defense and geopolitical strategy.

Trump's previous tenure highlighted the risks of over-reliance on the U.S. for security and economic stability. His transactional approach to international relations, skepticism towards NATO, and ambivalence about U.S. commitments abroad have prompted Europe to reconsider its defense posture and economic policies. This re-evaluation is essential for Europe's long-term security and autonomy.

Firstly, Trump's presidency could accelerate European defense integration. With the possibility of a less reliable U.S. security umbrella, European nations must increase their defense spending and cooperation, further developing initiatives like the European Defense Fund and the Permanent Structured Cooperation (PESCO). These efforts could lead to a more robust European defense capability, reducing dependence on the U.S.

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and enhancing Europe's ability to respond to regional threats independently.

Secondly, Trump's stance on trade and economic policies should push Europe to diversify its economic partnerships and reduce reliance on the U.S. market. This diversification would strengthen Europe's economic resilience and potentially open up new opportunities for growth through agreements with other global partners.

Moreover, Trump's foreign policy approach, particularly his willingness to engage directly with adversaries like Russia, presents a doubleedged sword. While his methods raise concerns about undermining the principles of collective defense and international law, they also force Europe to adopt a more proactive role in its security and diplomatic efforts. Europe must increase its engagement in its neighborhood, as seen in the expansion of the EU and the bolstering of relationships with Eastern European countries, to fill the vacuum left by an unpredictable U.S. foreign policy.

The EU's agreement on a funding deal worth more than $50 billion for Ukraine at a crucial

T h e O f f i c i a l m a g a z i n e o f E u r o p e a n D e m o c r at S t u d e n t s

summit underscores the bloc's commitment to supporting Kyiv amid the ongoing conflict.

This pivotal moment in the war and the challenges posed by a potential Trump presidency highlight the urgency for Europe to bolster its security and economy. The funding, partly comprising non-repayable support and loans from frozen Russian assets, reflects a strategic investment in Ukraine's future within the EU and a testament to European unity and leadership in the face of adversity.

Lastly, Trump's presidency must catalyze EU internal reforms. The challenges posed by his administration's policies should drive the EU to address institutional weaknesses and bolster its capacity for leadership in a geopolitically fragmented world. The EU must make significant strides in response to a second Trump term by strengthening the euro, advancing digital sovereignty, and enhancing military capabilities.

While the prospect of Trump's re-election challenges transatlantic relations, it also presents opportunities for Europe to advance its strategic autonomy, defense capabilities, and global partnerships. Europe's ability to navigate these challenges and opportunities is crucial in shaping its future security and position in the world order. The EU's recent financial commitment to Ukraine clearly indicates its readiness to take concrete steps towards securing its future, regardless of the uncertainties that lie ahead.

Vladimir Kljajic

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Digital leviathan: Can the EU Still Shape Global Regulation?

Mislav Majcan

In conditions of rapid technological development, digital regulation has become a key aspect of shaping modern societies and economies. In this global context, Europe stands out as a leading regulatory entity.

On the geopolitical Stage, the EU stands out for its regulatory consistency and normative strength compared to the US, which encourages technological innovation, and China, which emphasises its concept of digital sovereignty.

Although investment is high, the EU faces challenges of economic uncertainty, global trade tensions and deglobalization, raising questions about the future of global digital relations.

The Regulatory Influencer In the analysis of regulatory initiatives, it is important to outline a theoretical framework that includes the concepts of geoeconomics and securitisation. Globalisation, which has changed the dynamics of trade and investment, is facing the challenges of deglobalization, and economic threats have become a means of blackmail and endangering security. This phenomenon is reflected in the reduced rate of globalisation after 2008, with increased rhetoric and policies aimed at creating a multipolar world.

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The Brussels effect, which emphasises the exceptional capabilities of the European Union in achieving legislative dominance and shaping global policy, is based on the regulatory power of the EU which derives from the size and economic influence of its market of over 500 million people. This gravitational force encourages global companies to comply with EU rules to secure access to this lucrative market, thereby extending EU norms and standards internationally.

This effect has a strong impact in the areas of data privacy, competition and copyright, where the EU leads the way in regulation.

For example, the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) sets strict data protection standards, prompting global companies to adapt their practices, driving global changes in data handling.

The Brussels effect is not only an expression of the EU’s ability to set standards, but also signifies an unparalleled power to shape global digital governance. The EU plays a key role in shaping the landscape of the digital era, significantly influencing international digital policy.

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Therefore, by analysing all these aspects, we can better understand how the EU, despite the challenges, has successfully positioned itself as a regulatory leader in the digital world.

Its regulatory initiatives reflect strategies and aspirations aimed at strengthening the geoeconomic position, reducing dependence and maintaining security in an era of dynamic changes and challenges of global digital relations.

A Paradigm Shift – European Open Market Protectionism The EU has reshaped its approach to free market capitalism, triggering significant changes in economic policy. With the aim of protecting domestic industries and ensuring equal conditions, the EU more decisively adopted trade protection measures such as anti-dumping investigations, safeguard

measures and increased supervision of foreign direct investments. These measures reflect a shift away from pure free trade principles towards protecting European industries from unfair competition.

Historically, there has been a lack of a comprehensive framework for screening foreign direct investment (FDI) in the EU, with individual member state regimes. In 2017, the EU presented a “Reflection on globalisation”, emphasising the importance of inward foreign investment for growth, job creation and innovation, but also reaffirming the commitment to protect EU interests from unfair practices by foreign investors. It proposed a mechanism for vetting foreign direct investment at the EU level, especially when it comes to critical technologies, infrastructure and sensitive information.

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The EU economic security strategy in 2023 highlights the EU’s commitment to protecting economic interests in a changing global environment with three key objectives, promoting the single market, strengthening the economy by investing in skills and supporting research capacity, protecting against supply chain disruptions, cyberattacks and economic strong-arming.

This paradigm shift is moving the EU towards strengthening industry, investing in research and innovation, and increasing competition in key sectors. The EU is increasingly focusing on technological sovereignty and digitization in order to adapt to the dynamics of global competition.

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The Digital Policy Frontier In today’s rapidly changing global landscape, technological power is essential for the economic competitiveness and innovation potential of countries. Despite a long history of technological achievements and scientific progress, the European Union expresses concern about falling behind the United States and China in technological dominance.

The European Parliament’s 2021 report warns of losing the investment race in areas such as quantum computing, 5G, artificial intelligence and biotechnology.

The EU has historically faced the challenge of lower investment in research and development

T h e O f f i c i a l m a g a z i n e o f E u r o p e a n D e m o c r at S t u d e n t s (R&D) compared to the US and China.

This disparity hinders its competitiveness in the technology sector. Silicon Valley and China’s tech hubs are creating supportive environments for start-ups, whereas the EU, while taking steps in this direction, still faces challenges in creating a similar ecosystem for tech entrepreneurship.

According to McKinsey’s research, the US and China dominate in quantum computing, artificial intelligence, and 5G networks, while the EU lags behind in these areas. France and Germany emphasise the need for strategic autonomy, which has since become central to policy expressions in Brussels. A series of initiatives shape the EU’s digital policy and make it a key actor in global regulation.

The Digital Strategy for Europe lays the foundations for the digitization of the European economy and society and aims to strengthen European digital sovereignty. Initiatives such as the European Digital Policy Agency and the EU Cybersecurity Strategy further strengthen the EU’s regulatory dominance in the digital realm.

In addition to regulation, the EU actively encourages innovation and digital progress through the European Plan for the Digitization of Industry. Through these initiatives, the EU wants to shape Europe’s digital future, export its norms globally and become a key player in global digital regulation that reflects European values and interests.

Global Digital Policy Battleground – EU, USA and China The United States of America is known for innovation in the digital sphere, characterised by a market approach and encouraging technological innovation. The lack of a federal data privacy law has resulted in a variety of state regulations, raising concerns about privacy and consumer rights. Although the US has a strong influence in shaping digital policy, it often lags behind the EU in setting strong data protection standards.

China advocates a digital policy model with state control over cyberspace, promoting censorship and data localization. Despite strong governance, China’s approach raises concerns about data security and privacy and is seen as a departure from global standards.

The EU combines strict data protection standards with a normative vision of the digital society, emphasising privacy and ethics.

Their global reach, especially through GDPR, is driving compliance around the world.

The EU’s collaborative approach in shaping global digital policy further demonstrates their commitment to international cooperation.

With the European Union facing the challenges of geopolitical changes, structural deficiencies and the need to strengthen technological capacities, steps have been taken through regulatory frameworks and instruments. However, the uncertainty and unevenness among the members indicate challenges in coordination and trust within the EU. Despite its shortcomings, the EU continues to demonstrate institutional capacity and innovation in regulating digital policy, achieving the status of a regulatory hegemon.

Mislav Majcan

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Voice Silenced: Remembering Alexei Navalny and His Fight for Justice Vladimir Kljajic

The news of Alexei Navalny’s death in an Arctic jail is a sad reminder of the relentless pursuit of justice and democracy in the face of authoritarianism. Navalny, a former lawyer and the most prominent figure in Russia’s opposition movement, spent his life challenging the corruption and autocracy of President Vladimir Putin’s regime. His untimely demise at the age of 47 robs not only his family and supporters but also the world of a courageous and charismatic leader who dared to envision a democratic Russia.

Navalny’s battle against the Kremlin’s corruption began over a decade ago, exposing the lavish lifestyles and illicit dealings of Russia’s elite. Despite the grave risks, his return to Russia in 2021 underscored his unwavering commitment to his homeland and its people.

The attempt on his life in 2020, which he survived only to be imprisoned upon his return, speaks volumes about the lengths to which the Putin regime would go to silence dissent.

The list of prominent Russians who have met their demise under unclear circumstances

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after challenging, condemning, or going against Russian President Vladimir Putin, the Kremlin, or the state is extensive, and it keeps growing. Victims of Putin’s brutal crackdown against his critics include Sergei Yushenkov, leader of the anti-Kremlin Liberal Party, who was assassinated just hours after registering his party to run in the 2023 Parliamentary Elections; journalist and human rights activist Anna Politkovskaya, who was murdered in an elevator in 2006; the poisoned defector Aleksandr Litvinenko, as well as the liberal politician Boris Nemtsov, assassinated on a bridge in 2015, to name a few.

Unsurprisingly, public opinion towards President Putin outside of Russia has been largely negative. According to the Pew Research Center, Russia and its President are viewed negatively by an average of 82% of adults across 24 countries, while a similar share have no confidence in President Putin to do the right thing regarding world affairs.

Negative views are particularly held in Poland, Sweden, Spain, Japan, South Korea, Australia, the Netherlands, Germany, France, the United

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Kingdom and the United States. A negative perception of President Putin in non-western countries, where views have always been more favourable, is also on the rise.

In the continuing fight for democracy, liberal values, fairness and moral decency, Vladimir Putin remains an enemy. We must remain aligned with our support for Ukraine as the vanguard bravely fighting on the eastern fringes of Europe. Ukrainian values are our values. Supporting freedom of expression and level-headed voices in Russia must be at the core of the EU’s strategy as the war in Ukraine moves into it’s third year.

Supporting the Freedom to Live The European Commission’s President, Ursula von der Leyen, rightly pointed out that “Putin fears nothing more than dissent from his people,” highlighting the threat Navalny posed to the autocratic establishment. His death is a grim reminder of the lengths to which authoritarian regimes will go to maintain power. It is a call to action for the international community to unite in safeguarding the

freedom and safety of those who dare to stand up against tyranny.

Navalny’s legacy is not just his fight against corruption but his indomitable spirit. His humour and resilience inspired many, even in the face of adversity. As we mourn the loss of Alexei Navalny, let us honour his memory by continuing the fight for a world where democracy and human rights are upheld for all.

Vladimir Kljajic

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Editorial Team

Charlie Crumpton, UK, YCEF – Chief Editor Charlie Crumpton is from England, United Kingdom and graduated with a Masters in Political Communication. He has worked in British politics for the last two years and is particularly interested in objectivism and personal responsibility as political philosophies.

Lenny Ferretti, BE, Génération Engagée – Deputy Chief Editor Lenny Ferretti is representing the EDS member Belgian organization “Generation Engagee”. He is studying law and working for a MP in the Wallonia region parliament. He is passionate about institutional and international affairs. He thinks that for a fairer European Union, we have to pay attention to the history.

Aleksandra Kuzmanovié is a third-year international relations student at the Faculty of Political Sciences in Belgrade. Her focus is on the Western Balkans and EU integration.

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T h e O f f i c i a l m a g a z i n e o f E u r o p e a n D e m o c r at S t u d e n t s

Antoine Chikhany, holds a bachelors degree in International Relations and European Studies from the Univeristy of Nicosia. Antoine is also a member of the Lebanese Kataeb Foreign Affairs Department.

Vladimir Kljajic is currently deputy secretary of the EDS, and he is also the director of a small Educational and Cultural Center in Belgrade. Vladimir is a student of American Studies at the Faculty of Political Science in Belgrade

Adrian Ortuñez is a student at University of Navarre; degree in Philosophy, Politics and Economics. Chairman of NNGG Guipuzkoa (youth organisation of the Spanish People’s Party in Guipuzcoa) region in Spain witj strong nationalist movment)

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Alex Gunter, Director of Edina Communications, a data-driven political campaigns & communications agency based in London working with parties and organisations across the UK and rest of Europe.

Sotiris Paphitis, International Relations Secretary at FPK Protoporia, is a practicing lawyer and Barrister-at-Law from Nicosia, Cyprus. He’s a PhD candidate at the University of Tilburg in the Netherlands, a member of the Young Lawyers Committee of the Cyprus Bar Association, and serves as the National Representative for Cyprus at the YLC of the International Bar Association.

Guest Editors Dora Miketek Lukas Lingis Filip Gajic Emilia Bezzo Stefan Arsov Axel Mouffron Mislav Majcan

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executive bureau

Beppe Galea Chairman Malta

Vladimir Kljajic Secretary General Serbia

Damjan Konjanovski Deputy Secretary General North Macedonia

Ivan Botoucharov External Relations Director United Kingdom

Katerina Kyriacou Vice-Chairwoman Cyrus

Agata Czyżewska Vice-Chairwoman Poland

Dora Miketek Vice-Chairwoman Croatia

Axel Mouffron Vice-Chairman France

Francesco Alimena Vice-Chairman Italy

Ramon Riera Vice-Chairman Spain

Rayno Stoyanov Vice-Chairman Bulgaria

Iryna Shatokhina Vice-Chaiwoman Ukraine

Carlo Giacomo Angrisano Girauta Honorary Chairman Spain

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ISSN:

Print 2205-9512 Online 2205-9512

Design: Kite Group Publisher: European Democrat Students, B-1000 Bruxelles, Rue du Commerce 10 Tel: +(32) 228 541 50 Fax: +(32) 228 541 41 Email: info@bullseye.eu Website: https://bullseye-magazine.eu Articles and opinions published in the magazine do not necessarily reflect the positions of EDS, the EDS Executive Bureau or the Editorial team.

Editor-in-Chief: Charlie Crumpton Deputy-Editor-in-Chief: Lenny Ferretti Editorial team: Aleksandra Kuzmanovié, Antoine Chikhany, Vladimir Kljajic, Adrian Ortuñez, Alex Gunter, Sotiris Paphitis Publication supported by the Erasmus + Program of the European Union and the EPP