Conference „The Alps in movement“
Rete Montagna Interna,onal Congress Bolzano 6th -8th November 2014 Eurac Conven,on Center -‐ Bolzano/Bozen -‐ IT November, 6th -‐ 8th 2014
New railway infrastructures and accessibility in mountain regions: a case study from the Alps
FEDERICO CAVALLARO, ELISA RAVAZZOLI
European Academy of Bozen/Bolzano Ins@tute for Regional Development and Loca@on Management
Conference „The Alps in movement“ Bolzano 6th -8th November 2014
2014
Conference „The Alps in movement“ Bolzano 6th -8th November 2014
New railway infrastructures and accessibility in mountain regions: a case study from the Alps
European Academy of Bozen/Bolzano Institute for Regional Development and Location Management Federico Cavallaro, Elisa Ravazzoli
Outline 1. The alpine arch: current condition 2. The alpine arch: future condition 3. The Brenner axis: current and future condition, variation in travel times 4. Conclusions and next steps
Main alpine and peri-alpine cities • 
Transalpine corridors as connections between the main peri-alpine cities
The current condition: freight •
The use of private vehicles as favorite transport mean along the alpine corridors
•
In last 30 years substantial increase in the freight transport
•
Unsustainable growth of road traffic (exception: Switzerland)
Source: Alpinfo, 2012
Push- and pull-measures • Rail is unattractive: unsuitability of existing rail products, difficult accessibility to intermodal nodes, low competition…
• Need for tools to improve rail service: • Push-measures: discourage the use of road transport systems
Source: www.loxlee-loves-engines.com
• P u l l - m e a s u r e s : i m p r o v i n g t h e attractiveness of alternatives to the road transport => Realization of new infrastructures as one of the main pull-measures.
Source: www.spz.logout.cz
Outline 1. The alpine arch: current condition 2. The alpine arch: future condition 3. The Brenner axis: current and future condition, variation in travel times 4. Conclusions and next steps
The future layout/1… • 7 railway corridors: Genoa-Marseille, Milan-Turin–Lyon, Genoa–Basel via Gotthard and Lötschberg, Verona-Munich, Venice–Vienna, Venezia-Maribor • No new highways (according to the Transport Protocol of the Alpine Convention)
The future layout/2‌ Impact of new rail infrastructures on travel times: comparison with car
Current travel time by train
Future travel time by train
Current and future travel time by car
Difference train-car today
Difference train-car future
Genoa - Basel
05:40
04:13
05:09
+00:31
-00:56
Genoa - Zurich
05:15
03:38
04:40
+00:35
-01:02
Genoa - Marseille
05:39
03:15
04:11
+01:24
-00:56
Milan - Lyon
04:46
02:32
04:57
-00:13
-02:25
Verona - Munich
05:23
03:00
04:35
+00:48
-01:35
Venice - Vienna
07:58
06:33
06:14
+01:44
+00:19
Main terminal stations
…its temporal consequences… Current travel times
Future travel times: •
shortening of the transversal links
•
longitudinal alpine connections will present fewer changes
•
centrifugal shape
•
trans-boundary connections time-consuming if related to the physical distance
… and its spatial consequences • The distortion of the grid highlights the compressions and the dilatations of space • New infrastructures decrease the area covered in every direction, particularly on the French and Austrian sides.
Methodology 1.Geodatabase creation Delimitation of the study area; Design of the railway network model for present and future railway lines and nodes; Identification of cities within the transportation network.
Tool: GIS
3.Visualization 2.Method Multidimensional scaling of present and future travel times matrix.
Use of GIS to create shapefile nodes on the basis of the MDS rescaling of points for both current and future railway network.
Tool: Matlab
1.Statistical database
Tool: Darcy 2.0 and GIS
List of the current and future travel times; Creation of distance matrix for present and future travel times (between all pair cities).
Tool: access
City Vienna
Geographical Coordinates Longitude16.2332 Latitude 47.8028
Geographical Coordinates rescaled for present times Longitude15.0803 Latitude 47.787
Geographical Coordinates rescaled for future times Longitude 15.5859 Latitude 47.4002
Outline 1. The alpine arch: current condition 2. The alpine arch: future condition 3. The Brenner axis: current and future condition, variation in travel times 4. Conclusions and next steps
Brenner: E45 highway & railway
Preeminent role of Brenner
Source: Imonitraf!, 2014
The historical railway line •  Existing railway line not adequate for an HS/HC service: gradients, tight curve radii and tunnels difficult to enlarge => Speed limited even to 40 km/h between Innsbruck and Brenner
The new HS/HC railway line • Part of the TEN-T corridor n°1 (BerlinPalermo) • Northern access line: Munich (D) - Innsbruck (A) • BBT: Innsbruck (A) Fortezza (I) • Southern access line: Fortezza (I) – Verona (I) • Construction: 2008-2025 BBT, 2035 (?) Southern access line
The new HS/HC railway line • Munich – Verona: from 05 h 23 m to 03 h 00 m
South Tyrol-Verona: bus + train
South Tyrol-Verona: car • Transport protocol of the Alpine Convention: no new main roads along the alpine arch • No relevant changes in future travel times by car • Rail can be a valid alternative for freight and passenger transport • The contextual adoption of pushmeasures can make this change more evident
HS/HC railway line: local impact
• South Tyrol – Innsbruck: competitiveness of the new public transport system as the fastest means of transport • South Tyrol – Trento: fewer changes due to the limited distance • South Tyrol – Verona: relevant changes, mostly on the Municipalities on the east side of the Province
Outline 1. The alpine arch: current condition 2. The alpine arch: future condition 3. The Brenner axis: current and future condition, variation in travel times 4. Conclusions and next steps
Conclusions • Travel times: one of the most important parameters that affects the modal choice of travelers. • Trans-national scale: HS/HC railways as the main future transport mode for the alpine area. Relevant reduction of travel times in almost all cases • But this is not enough! • Regional scale: more complex problem. Competitiveness only with an integration with local PT timetables
Next steps: indirect impacts • The new infrastructural layout will change travel behaviors, with significant consequences that affect the economy, the territorial layout, the society and the environment • Such consequences are called „indirect impacts“ and are still not adequately assessed • Relevant changes are already visible (e.g., Bolzano station): infrastructures grants mobility, but at the same time they create territorial mobility.
Thank you for your attention
Federico Cavallaro Institute for Regional Development and Location Management European Academy of Bozen/Bolzano Drususallee 1 39100 Bozen, Italien T +39 0471 055355 F +39 0471 055429 federico.cavallaro@eurac.edu www.eurac.edu
2014