6
Introduction
to different vaccination programme objectives that reflect the stage of progress towards FMD control, namely to (i) reduce the clinical incidence of FMD, (ii) eliminate circulation of FMDV, (iii) maintain freedom from FMD, or (iv) regain freedom from FMD. This core element of PVM is summarised in Table II. More detailed materials on the key methods described in Chapters 2 and 3 are presented in Annexes 1 and 2. Chapter 4 briefly considers options for monitoring the impact of vaccination in terms of FMD control, such as reducing the incidence of disease and/ or infection, or demonstrating that disease or infection is absent. These outcomes will also depend upon control measures other than vaccination, and full consideration of the steps needed to evaluate overall progress in FMD control are beyond the scope of this guide.
objectives and carry out data analyses. Field veterinarians, non-governmental organisations (NGOs) and animal health workers collect samples for data analyses. Specialists from veterinary diagnostic laboratories share information on the performance of the serological tests employed for PVM, carry out the diagnostic analysis and participate in the interpretation of the serological test results. Additional advice, in relation to the PVM should be sought from OIE and Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) FMD Reference Laboratories and Collaborating Centres:
Who needs to be involved when implementing this guide?
When is this guide useful?
Country-level decision makers should set up the objectives of PVM and assign resources pertaining to activities on PVM. Epidemiologists and statisticians select and design the appropriate methods tailored to their national
– When planning a vaccination programme.
– www.wrlfmd.org/ref_labs/ref_lab_reports/OIE-FAO FMD Ref Lab Network Report 2013.pdf – www.fao.org/ag/againfo/partners/en/ref_centres.htm.
– After deciding to implement a vaccination programme. – While a vaccination campaign is under way. – After vaccination to monitor and evaluate vaccine effectiveness.
Table I Overview of the components of post-vaccination monitoring by chapter
Issues
What does it tell?
Monitoring: means of verification for indicators (and targets)
Chapter 1 Attributes of FMD vaccines
Chapter 2 Vaccination programme objectives, vaccine distribution, vaccination schedule and vaccine coverage
How to select a suitable vaccine for purchase
Considerations for implementing a successful vaccination programme
Documentation on quality (per batch) including shelf life and estimated duration of protection
Temperature cards to accompany vaccines
Potency (per batch), r-value (per strain)
Chapter 3 Antibody responses to vaccination How to test a vaccine prior to and after purchase How to evaluate whether the vaccination programme has adequately immunised the target population
Vaccination record cards Vaccination registration books
Level of ‘protection’ after vaccination, defined by proportion of animals/ epi-units with sufficient amounts of protective antibodies
Progress with vaccine consignment and administration
Per batch
Continuous monitoring
epi-unit: epidemiological unit r-value: a serological measure of the antigenic match between a vaccine virus and a field virus
Foot and mouth disease vaccination and post-vaccination monitoring. Guidelines
Measuring the effectiveness of vaccination in reducing disease and/or virus circulation
Numbers of clinical FMD outbreaks Levels of virus circulation (animal, epi-unit) from sero-surveys Proportion of vaccinated animals not showing clinical FMD in an outbreak compared with nonvaccinated animals
Proportions of animals vaccinated in different age categories
Vaccine purity (per batch)
Frequency
Chapter 4 Outcomes
At specific time intervals, as set out in Chapter 3
Continuous monitoring per unit of time and over an extended period of time
