Climate & Micro Climate

Climate S U S T A I N A B L E P L A N N I N G & L A N D S C A P E A R .

S Y E D Z A H I D

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Climates Of The World

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Climates Of India

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Hot & Dry (Koppen)

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Wet & Dry (Koppen)

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Warm & Humid (Konigsberger)

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Ecil Micro Climatic Design Analysis

Climate Climate means the usual condition of the temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure, wind, rainfall, and other meteorological elements in an area of the

What is it?

ESTHER KIRUBA JEBA KUMAR JBRAC, Environmental Design Studio

Earth's surface for a long time.

In simple terms climate is the average condition for about THIRTY YEARS.

https://simple.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate

Climates of the World

Though the weather of an area can change daily, when seen in longer periods, a general pattern of climate emerges. For example, though it may rain on some days in the tropics and on others in the desert, rainfall is greater and more constant in the former than the latter. These annual weather patterns classify the world into climate regions.

ESTHER KIRUBA JEBA KUMAR JBRAC, Environmental Design Studio

https://simple.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate

Dry & Arid Arid climates can be found on every continent.

They range from hot and dry deserts that see almost no rain to semiarid scrub land where rain falls intermittently.

Arid climates are not suitable for most life forms.

Plants and animals that make their homes in arid climates have made special adaptations to the environment.

ESTHER KIRUBA JEBA KUMAR JBRAC, Environmental Design Studio

https://sciencing.com/characteristics-arid-climates-8441465.html

Precipitation In some arid climates, evaporation rates exceed precipitation. rain may evaporate before it can reach the ground.

What is Dry? The defining characteristic of an arid climate is a lack of moisture. The soil is dry, the air is dry, and yearly precipitation is very low.

Weather Arid climates such as the Sahara Desert can be hot all year round with no noticeable seasons.

Or they can have hot summers and frigid winters

Dry & Arid

Vegetation Even the hottest deserts typically have cold nights, because there's little vegetation to retain the day's heat. A traveler exposed to a harsh, arid climate can suffer heatstroke during the day and hypothermia at night.

Flora Fauna

Locations Most of the world's arid climates lie just north and south of the tropical rain forests of the equator. Mountain plateaus are another location where you might find an arid climate.

Arid climates are not suitable for most life forms. Plants and animals that make their homes in arid climates have made special adaptations to the environment.

ESTHER KIRUBA JEBA KUMAR JBRAC, Environmental Design Studio

https://sciencing.com/characteristics-arid-climates-8441465.html

DESIGN STRATEGIES Minimise Solar Incidence Shape, Colour, Shadings, Vegetation

Basic Passive

Maximise Air Movement Location, Shape, Openings, Veg

Plan, Section

Basic Active

Ceiling Fans Wind Cowls

Thermal Mass Water

Special Passive

Wind Towers Plan, Section Solar Chimneys

ESTHER KIRUBA JEBA KUMAR JBRAC, Environmental Design Studio

Tech Active

Humidifiers, Acs District Cooling

https://warwick.ac.uk/fac/sci/eng/elith/publications/all_publications/elith-w09.pdf

Introverted building morphology. To create a better inhabitable microclimate.

FOR DRY AND ARID ESTHER KIRUBA JEBA KUMAR JBRAC, Environmental Design Studio

03 Jaali

in many different sizes, directions and height in relation to specific breeze were used in most regions: To produce effective convective cooling.

02 Courtyard

01 Wind Catcher

DESIGN STRATEGIES

The jaali helps in lowering the temperature by compressing the air through the holes.

http://www.ne.jp/asahi/arc/ind/1_primer/hassanfathy/fat_eng.htm

Awning and Shading maximize the shade’s heat mitigation by placing it on the west or south side.

FOR DRY AND ARID

ESTHER KIRUBA JEBA KUMAR JBRAC, Environmental Design Studio

06 Verandahs

reduction in temperature resulting from the evaporation of a liquid, which removes latent heat from the sur face from which evaporation takes place.

05

Evaporative Cooling

04

DESIGN STRATEGIES

roofed, open-air galler y or porch, attached to the outside of a building. Helps in reducing heat.

http://www.inive.org/members_area/medias/ pdfInive%5CPalencAIVC2007%5CVolume2%5CPalencAIVC2007_V2_015.pd

par ticularly on the west facing facades: To reduce the after noon direct insolation and indoor glare

To reduce the effect of insolation, to create more shadow and selfshadowing, and to increase contact with the out-door winds.

FOR DRY AND ARID

ESTHER KIRUBA JEBA KUMAR JBRAC, Environmental Design Studio

09 Internal Open Space

08 Domes & Vaults

07 Minimum Window Areas

DESIGN STRATEGIES

To reduce the structure’s exterior sur faces in propor tion to the interior volume, and to reduce the insolation impact.

https://www.cairoscene.com/ArtsAndCulture/35-Spectacular-Structures-by-Egypt-s-Architectural-Legend-Hassan-Fathy

were used in the regions where wood was available: To control and filter daylight, and to reduce indoor glare.

FOR DRY AND ARID

ESTHER KIRUBA JEBA KUMAR JBRAC, Environmental Design Studio

12 Block Materials

Some degree of porosity in building material essential: To facilitate the dissipation of heat.

11 Mashrabiyya

10 Porous Material

DESIGN STRATEGIES

To increase the time-lag, and to retain some heat for nighttime warming.

https://www.touropia.com/amazing-mud-brick-buildings/

Building Orientation

were used facing the direction of the cooler winds: To allow some ventilation and avoid glare.

FOR DRY AND ARID

ESTHER KIRUBA JEBA KUMAR JBRAC, Environmental Design Studio

15

To decrease heat gain, to increase the contact with air movement, to reduce the exposure of the sun to the sur faces, and to create a more effective cooling.

14 Fewer Windows

13 Rough Surfaces

DESIGN STRATEGIES

it is desirable that the building is oriented with the longest walls facing north and south

Design Principles in the Hot and Arid climate of Iran, The Case of Kashan, Mohammad Reza

DESIGN INFERENCES FOR

Arid Hot & Dry Morphology

Introverted building morphology in the form of a courtyard or atrium in many shapes and spatial layout

Density

Mediumcompact configuration with internal open space.

Arrangement

Close Partially efficient arrangement circulation around the between court-yard for functional the effect of spaces is an cold air drainimportant age during strategy night time

ESTHER KIRUBA JEBA KUMAR JBRAC, Environmental Design Studio

Circulation

Roof Form

Roofs in the shape of domes and vaults for closed and semi-open spaces

Surfaces

Openings

Shading

Materials

Minimum Block and window areas heavy located, on the Wooden construction west facing screens materials. facades. Few (composite Some degree Rough building small windows shading of surfaces were used devices) used porosity.Lighter facing the in the regions weight direction of the with wood materials for cooler outdoor winds.Wind structures. catchers

Design Principles in the Hot and Arid climate of Iran, The Case of Kashan, Mohammad Reza

Architects

of the Desert

HASSAN FATHY

ZAHA HADID

FREI OTTO

EGYPTIAN

IRAQI BRITISH

GERMAN

noted Egyptian architect who pioneered appropriate technology for building in Egypt, especially by working to reestablish the use of adobe and traditional.

Zaha Hadid’s design has solid technical and environmental considerations in response to the environmental conditions to minimise energy and resource consumption.

designed Tuwaiq Palace in a bold depar ture from the modern trend, touching instead upon easily understood signals from past desert civilizations.

ESTHER KIRUBA JEBA KUMAR JBRAC, Environmental Design Studio

https://www.claudejobin.com/architect-frei-otto/

HASSAN Fathy AL QURNA VILLAGE

ESTHER KIRUBA JEBA KUMAR JBRAC, Environmental Design Studio

https://www.architectureindevelopment.org/project.php?id=30#!prettyPhoto

Architect of the Poor

ESTHER KIRUBA JEBA KUMAR JBRAC, Environmental Design Studio

Hassan Fathy

hassan-fathys-117th-birthday-5734203317551104-hp.gif

Q u a r n a Vi l l a g e Located near Luxor, Egypt

ESTHER KIRUBA JEBA KUMAR JBRAC, Environmental Design Studio

https://tecnohaus.blogspot.com/2017/03/hassan-fathy-el-arquitecto-de-los.html

We a t h e r 50

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Temperature (Celcius)

24 18 12 6 0 January

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Day Light (Hours)

ESTHER KIRUBA JEBA KUMAR JBRAC, Environmental Design Studio

https://en.climate-data.org/africa/egypt/luxor-governate/luxor-6345/ #:~:targetText=Luxor%20has%20a%20desert%20climate,mm%20of%20precipitation%20falls%20annually.

P l a n n i n g

Compact settlement

Non Obstructed Ventilation

Close Proximity

North South Orientation

Courtyards

ESTHER KIRUBA JEBA KUMAR JBRAC, Environmental Design Studio

Design Principles in the Hot and Arid climate of Iran, The Case of Kashan, Mohammad Reza

A b o u t The main characteristics of New Gourna Village consist of its reinterpretation of a traditional urban and architectural setting, its appropriate use of local materials and techniques, as well as its extraordinary sensitivity to climatic problems.

It demonstrated, within the era of "modern movement" that sustainability and social cohesion could also be met with vernacular architectures, local materials and techniques.

For this reason, it is an outstanding example of sustainable human settlement and appropriate use of technology in architecture and planning.

ESTHER KIRUBA JEBA KUMAR JBRAC, Environmental Design Studio

https://whc.unesco.org/en/activities/637/

Te c h n i q u e s Minimal Windows

Jaali

Light Coloured Walls

Breeze Pathways

Domes

Wind Tower

Thicker Walls Open Internal Spaces

ESTHER KIRUBA JEBA KUMAR JBRAC, Environmental Design Studio

http://www.arch2o.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/Arch2o-New-Gourna-Hassan-Fathy-12.jpg

Te c h n i q u e s

Minimal Windows

Wind Tower

Domed Roof

Rough Texture Walls

Thick Walls

ESTHER KIRUBA JEBA KUMAR JBRAC, Environmental Design Studio

https://www.architectureindevelopment.org/project.php?id=30#!prettyPhoto

Te c h n i q u e s

Curved Surfaces where Wind is to be obstructed

Wind Tower

Internal Courtyard

Thick Walls

Accesible Terraces

ESTHER KIRUBA JEBA KUMAR JBRAC, Environmental Design Studio

https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000192524.xml=http://www.unesco.org/ulis/cgi-bin/ulis.pl

Te c h n i q u e s

Higher Windows

Block Configuration

Mashrabiyya

Domes

ESTHER KIRUBA JEBA KUMAR JBRAC, Environmental Design Studio

Larger Open Spaces at the Street Level https://architectureindevelopment.org/project.php?id=30#!prettyPhoto

M o s q u e

ESTHER KIRUBA JEBA KUMAR JBRAC, Environmental Design Studio

https://www.wmf.org/project/new-gourna-village https://archnet.org/sites/2697/media_contents/31063

E x h i b i t i o n Courtyard

Fewer, Smaller Windows on the West

ESTHER KIRUBA JEBA KUMAR JBRAC, Environmental Design Studio

Internal Open Spaces

Continuous Vaulted Corridors

North South Orientation

No Windows on the East

https://archnet.org/sites/2697/media_contents/31063

M a i n

S t r e e t

ESTHER KIRUBA JEBA KUMAR JBRAC, Environmental Design Studio

https://archnet.org/media_contents/30936

M a r k e t

The Plan and Section Showcase the Movement of the Wind inside the Building

ESTHER KIRUBA JEBA KUMAR JBRAC, Environmental Design Studio

http://islamicarchitecturebydxx.blogspot.com/2015/01/architects-hassan-fathy-new-gourna.html

S c h o o l

ESTHER KIRUBA JEBA KUMAR JBRAC, Environmental Design Studio

http://islamicarchitecturebydxx.blogspot.com/2015/01/architects-hassan-fathy-new-gourna.html

Wi n d

To w e r

ESTHER KIRUBA JEBA KUMAR JBRAC, Environmental Design Studio

https://simple.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate

M a t e r i a l s All of the buildings here are built from the earth of which they stand, in the form of either adobe or, as in most cases, baked mud bricks .

A huge brick production yard was setup on site to supply the build with adjacent water supply, established using the holes the generated by the excavation of mud for bricks .

The project notably applied the ancient Nubian Vault Technique , something Fathy is now often associated with, having revitalized it.

This technique enables vaulted roofs to be built without the need for the usual timber framework and using only standard mud bricks .

Ideal locations where wood is not an abundant resource, particularly in some arid regions where harvesting what timber there is can cause serious erosion problems .

ESTHER KIRUBA JEBA KUMAR JBRAC, Environmental Design Studio

http://www.archidatum.com/articles/hassan-fathy-and-the-architecture-for-the-poor-the-controversy-of-success/

ESTHER KIRUBA JEBA KUMAR JBRAC, Environmental Design Studio

https://architectureindevelopment.org/project.php?id=30#!prettyPhoto

Climates of India The climate of India comprises a wide range of weather conditions across a vast geographic scale and varied topography, making generalisations difficult.

India hosts six major climatic subtypes, ranging from arid deserts in the west, alpine tundra and glaciers in

s

the north, and humid tropical regions supporting rainforests in the southwest and the island territories.

Many regions have starkly different Microclimates.

ESTHER KIRUBA JEBA KUMAR JBRAC, Environmental Design Studio

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_of_India#/media/File:India_climatic_zone_map_en.svg

Tropical Wet&Dry This climate can be best described as moderately hot with high level of humidity .

Its coastal nature and tropical location ensures temperatures do not fluctuate much throughout the year.

It is characterised by distinct Wet and Dry Seasons.

Temperatures in tropical wet-dry climate regions are high throughout the year

ESTHER KIRUBA JEBA KUMAR JBRAC, Environmental Design Studio

Tropical wet-dry climate METEOROLOGY WRITTEN BY: The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica

Precipitation Distinct Wet and Dry Seasons

What is Tropical?

Weather

Tropical climates are generally characterised by hot, wet summers, high levels of humidity and little change between day and night temperatures. Movement of air is an important strategy for cooling people down.

Vegetation Plant life that occurs in climates that are warm year-round is in general more biologically diverse that in other latitudes.

most precipitation occurs as a result of convectional thunderstorm activity.

Tropical Wet & Dry

Locations from the Mid states of Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, West Bengal then Down to Maharashtra, Karnataka, Andhra, Telangana and Tamil Nadu

Flora Fauna

The tropics have one of the most diverse biome on earth. They full of some of the diverse and interesting plants and animals on this earth

ESTHER KIRUBA JEBA KUMAR JBRAC, Environmental Design Studio

World Atlas: Tropical

Connections with patio areas, verandas and courtyards (with pergolas) have cooling effect on adjacent spaces

FOR TROPICAL WET & DRY ESTHER KIRUBA JEBA KUMAR JBRAC, Environmental Design Studio

03 Cross Ventilation

As with most regions in India and the Tropics, the best orientation of the building would be North South

02 Spacing

01 Orientation

DESIGN STRATEGIES

Long, thin floor plan with as many rooms as possible having openings on at least two walls to achieve maximum cross-ventilation

Application of Passive Convective Cooling to Buildings, Claude Roulet https://happho.com/building-orientation-based-climatology-india/

Shading devices designed so as to keep out the summer sun & rain during the monsoon

FOR DRY AND ARID

ESTHER KIRUBA JEBA KUMAR JBRAC, Environmental Design Studio

06 Night Flushing

providing covered external living areas that are positioned to catch the prevailing breezes in both the wet and dr y seasons

05 Shading

04 Verandah

DESIGN STRATEGIES

opening the windows at night and flushing out the hot air along with natural air in the night

http://www.inive.org/members_area/medias/ pdfInive%5CPalencAIVC2007%5CVolume2%5CPalencAIVC2007_V2_015.pd

planting tree varieties with a canopy above window level and little foliage at lower levels to shade the house, but still allow air flow at house level

FOR DRY AND ARID

ESTHER KIRUBA JEBA KUMAR JBRAC, Environmental Design Studio

09 Courtyard

relies on the temperature difference between the air inside the building and the outdoors to drive the flow.

08 Vegetation

07 Stack Ventilation

DESIGN STRATEGIES

Introverted building morphology. To create a better inhabitable microclimate and also a rain water collection point

http://www.housingforhealth.com/housing-guide/passive-design-in-tropical-zones/ Designing for different climatic zones in India, Gwahyulo Semy

louvers at a low level to admit cool breezes, or glass louvres high above the windows to let out hot air and admit light above the cur tained area

FOR DRY AND ARID

ESTHER KIRUBA JEBA KUMAR JBRAC, Environmental Design Studio

12 Colour

using lightweight materials such as a steel or timber stud frame with metal, timber or fibre cement claddings

11 Louvers

10 Material

DESIGN STRATEGIES

using lighter, more reflective colours on roofs and walls

https://www.touropia.com/amazing-mud-brick-buildings/

DESIGN INFERENCES FOR

Tropical Wet & Dry Morphology

Maximize the skin opacity through the number and size of opening, single- double or three-sided openings to room, horizontal versus vertical stacking or openings

Density

Reduction of internal obstructions

Arrangement

Reduction of plan depth and increase reduce roof area openness of and increase the section to number of facilitate crossstories. flow and vertical flow of air.

ESTHER KIRUBA JEBA KUMAR JBRAC, Environmental Design Studio

Roof Form

Surfaces

Deflective Surfaces

Openings

utilizing the natural light to avoid electric lighting, without heat gain

Shading

Materials

external shading Thick walls are to reduce direct use d to obscure solar gain but the window s allow sufficient from the view lighting from down its length. natural lighting.

An Examination of the Relationship Between Climate. Culture and Built Form, University of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka

C o l l a g e H o u s e Located near Mumbai, India

ESTHER KIRUBA JEBA KUMAR JBRAC, Environmental Design Studio

A b o u t Inspired by a collage, and influenced by the building style of the local citizens , who use found materials to erect their homes The alternative architecture makes for a unique and resourceful style of building , by S+PS Architects Metal pipe leftovers form a bamboo-like wall and century-old recycled columns support an exposed

concrete ceiling Frugality, adaptability, multi-tasking, resourcefulness and ingenuity: a few choice principles in the design.

The repurposed style was inspired by India’s informal settlements or Slums.

Juxtaposition of traditional and contemporary .

ESTHER KIRUBA JEBA KUMAR JBRAC, Environmental Design Studio

https://www.dailymail.co.uk/femail/article-5736207/BBC-Twos-Worlds-Extraordinary-Homes-visits-India.html

A b o u t

ESTHER KIRUBA JEBA KUMAR JBRAC, Environmental Design Studio

https://www.dezeen.com/2016/05/01/s-ps-collage-house-reclaimed-window-door-facade-mumbai-india

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Day Light (Hours)

ESTHER KIRUBA JEBA KUMAR JBRAC, Environmental Design Studio

https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/

R a i n f a l l 800 730.8

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ESTHER KIRUBA JEBA KUMAR JBRAC, Environmental Design Studio

https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/

Te c h n i q u e s

Solar Panels

Repurposed Pipes Cross Ventilation North South Orientation Courtyard Balcony Spouts have been placed at the bottom of the Re Purposed Pipes, turning the wall into a water feature during the rainy season.

50,000-litre rainwater harvesting tank surrounded by rock removed during the excavation process

wall faced with unused stone slivers salvaged from a stone cutter's yard.

Concrete frame for Isolation

ESTHER KIRUBA JEBA KUMAR JBRAC, Environmental Design Studio

https://static.dezeen.com/uploads/2016/04/collage-house-s-ps-mumbai-india-sebastianzachariah-ira-gosalia-photographix-pinkish-shah_dezeen_01.gif

P l a n s

ESTHER KIRUBA JEBA KUMAR JBRAC, Environmental Design Studio

https://static.dezeen.com/uploads/2016/04/collage-house-s-ps-mumbai-india-sebastianzachariah-ira-gosalia-photographix-pinkish-shah_dezeen_01.gif

S e c t i o n s

ESTHER KIRUBA JEBA KUMAR JBRAC, Environmental Design Studio

https://static.dezeen.com/uploads/2016/04/collage-house-s-ps-mumbai-india-sebastianzachariah-ira-gosalia-photographix-pinkish-shah_dezeen_01.gif

Vi e w s

ESTHER KIRUBA JEBA KUMAR JBRAC, Environmental Design Studio

https://www.dezeen.com/2016/05/01/s-ps-collage-house-reclaimed-window-door-facade-mumbai-india

Wi n d o w s

ESTHER KIRUBA JEBA KUMAR JBRAC, Environmental Design Studio

https://www.dezeen.com/2016/05/01/s-ps-collage-house-reclaimed-window-door-facade-mumbai-india

Warm Humid Climate D E S I G N

S T R A T E G I E S

Warm & Humid Hot, sticky conditions and the continual presence of dampness.

Air temperature remains moderately high. It seldom exceeds normal skin temperature.

Humidity is high during all seasons.

The plant cover of the ground reduces reflected radiation, and lessens the heating up of the ground surface.

ESTHER KIRUBA JEBA KUMAR | ALEKYA ELATI JBRAC, Environmental Design Studio

https://spiritjourneysworldwide.com/tours/kerala-india/

Precipitation

Winds

Heavy cloud and water vapour in the air act as a filter to direct solar radiation; it is thus reduced and mostly diffused – but clouds also prevent reradiation from the earth at night.

Winds are generally of low speed, variable in speed, but almost constant in direction

Vegetation Moisture in the air combined with moderate heat and high rainfall is favourable to the growth of vegetation

between 21 and 32°C

Warm & Humid

Flora Fauna Variety of Flora and Fauna and diverse biodiversities present in these regions.

ESTHER KIRUBA JEBA KUMAR | ALEKYA ELATI JBRAC, Environmental Design Studio

Temperatures

Locations All humid tropical climates are near the equator between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn or latitudes that range between 10 degrees south to 25 degrees north.

Physiological Concerns Because the air temperature is continually very near to skin temperature, bodily heat loss to the air by convection or conduction is negligible.

To achieve physical comfort, there must be some heat dissipation from the body to its environment, at least as much as the metabolic heat production of the body.

In high humidity air the evaporation of a small quantity of moisture from the body would form a saturated air envelope, effectively preventing any further evaporation, thus blocking the last resort of heat dissipation. This saturated air envelope can be removed by air movement.

Some degree of comfort can be achieved by encouraging out-door breezes to pass not only through the building, but across the body surface of the occupants. This is, in fact, the only way of ameliorating thermal conditions.

As there is no significant cooling down at night, the wall and roof surface temperatures tend to even out and settle at the same level as the air temperature. This evening out is also promoted by the flow of outside air through the building.

ESTHER KIRUBA JEBA KUMAR | ALEKYA ELATI JBRAC, Environmental Design Studio

E x a m p l e

Climatic Data of Trivandrum ESTHER KIRUBA JEBA KUMAR | ALEKYA ELATI JBRAC, Environmental Design Studio

http://www.kerala.climatemps.com/

DESIGN OBJECTIVES 1

Resisting heat gain a) Decreasing surface area of building exposed to outside. b) Increasing shading of the building in general. c) Using material that reflect heat.

ESTHER KIRUBA JEBA KUMAR | ALEKYA ELATI JBRAC, Environmental Design Studio

2

Promoting heat loss a) Appliances used are well ventilated. b) Proper ventilation occurs throughout the day. c) Humidity levels are reduced as much as possible.

https://warwick.ac.uk/fac/sci/eng/elith/publications/all_publications/elith-w09.pdf

01 Site

DESIGN STRATEGIES

ESTHER KIRUBA JEBA KUMAR | ALEKYA ELATI JBRAC, Environmental Design Studio

MANUAL OF TROPICAL HOUSING ND BUILDING Climatic Design OH Koenigsberger

DESIGN STRATEGIES

As the war m-humid climate zones are located near the equator, orientation of the settlements patter n should be placed preferably on southern or northern slopes.

The best orientation is longer sides facing nor th and south directions to protect from the solar radiations. However the east and west sides should be shaded by shading devices.

ESTHER KIRUBA JEBA KUMAR | ALEKYA ELATI JBRAC, Environmental Design Studio

Daylight and Sustainable Architecture for Warm Humid climate C. V. Subramanian1, S. Kamalesvari2

DESIGN STRATEGIES Landform: • For flat sites, design consideration for the landfor m is immaterial.

• In case of slopes and depressions, the building should be located on the wind ward side or crests to take advantage of cool breezes Waterbodies: • Waterbodies are not essential as they would tend to fur ther increase the humidity.

Street width and orientation: • Major streets should be oriented parallel to or within 30 degrees of the prevailing wind direction during summer months to encourage ventilation in war m and humid regions.

• A north-south direction is ideal from the point of view of blocking solar radiation.

• The width of the streets should be such that the intense solar radiation during late mor nings and early after noon is avoided during the summers.

ESTHER KIRUBA JEBA KUMAR | ALEKYA ELATI JBRAC, Environmental Design Studio

MANUAL OF TROPICAL HOUSING ND BUILDING Climatic Design OH Koenigsberger

02 Building Level

DESIGN STRATEGIES

Built Stilts ESTHER KIRUBA JEBA KUMAR | ALEKYA ELATI JBRAC, Environmental Design Studio

on

http://www.inive.org/members_area/medias/ pdfInive%5CPalencAIVC2007%5CVolume2%5CPalencAIVC2007_V2_015.pd

As movement of air is the only available relief from climatic stress, therefore vital to indoor comfor t, the building will have to be opened up to breezes and orientated to catch whatever air movement there is.

In this type of climate buildings tend to have open elongated plan shapes, with a single row of rooms to allow crossventilation Such rooms may be accessible from open verandahs or g a l l e r i e s , w h i c h a l s o p ro v i d e s h a d i n g . D o o r a n d w i n d o w openings are, or should be, as large as possible, allowing a free passage of air. Groups of buildings also tend to be spread out.

ESTHER KIRUBA JEBA KUMAR | ALEKYA ELATI JBRAC, Environmental Design Studio

MANUAL OF TROPICAL HOUSING ND BUILDING Climatic Design OH Koenigsberger

03 Open Spaces

DESIGN STRATEGIES

BUILDINGS SHOULD BE SPREAD OUT WITH LARGE OPEN SPACES IN BETWEEN FOR UNRESTRICTED AIR MOVEMENT. CROSS VENTILATION IS VERY IMPORTANT. LARGE OPENINGS TO OPEN UP AIR PATH AND TO ENSURE PROPER VENTILATION.

ESTHER KIRUBA JEBA KUMAR | ALEKYA ELATI JBRAC, Environmental Design Studio

Design of open spaces in Warm Humid Climates (Source: Climate Responsive Building-Appropriate Building Construction in Tropical and Subtropical Regions SKAT; 1993)

THE OPENINGS SHOULD BE SHADED BY EXTERNAL OVERHANGS. OUTLETS AT HIGHER LEVELS TO VENT HOT AIR. LOUVRES HELP IN AIR FLOW. PROPER WATER PROOFING AND QUICK DRAINAGE OF WATER IS ESSENTIAL DUE TO HEAVY RAINFALL.

04

Fenestration

DESIGN STRATEGIES

ESTHER KIRUBA JEBA KUMAR | ALEKYA ELATI JBRAC, Environmental Design Studio

Daylight and Sustainable Architecture for Warm Humid climate C. V. Subramanian1, S. Kamalesvari2

DESIGN STRATEGIES

Louvres that help direct the ventilation at desired angles.

ESTHER KIRUBA JEBA KUMAR | ALEKYA ELATI JBRAC, Environmental Design Studio

Baffles and Fins that help redirect and push air towards the interior.

Daylight and Sustainable Architecture for Warm Humid climate C. V. Subramanian1, S. Kamalesvari2

05

Vegetation

DESIGN STRATEGIES

Creating landscape around the building or growing of green cover over the roof and wall (acts as a second skin). can improve the indoor climate. They reduce the sun glare, reduces noise and dust by sound absorption and by filtering air.

A stabilised micro climate is created.

ESTHER KIRUBA JEBA KUMAR | ALEKYA ELATI JBRAC, Environmental Design Studio

Climatic building design in warm-humid areas Passive and active houses Alexina de Roux Paris, France

06

Daylighting

DESIGN STRATEGIES

Positioning and material selection in the interior of building helps to illuminate by light reflectance.

In warm humid climate the luminance available is approximately 7000 cd/sq.m.

Since the cloud cover is about 60%-70% more diffused light is available.

ESTHER KIRUBA JEBA KUMAR | ALEKYA ELATI JBRAC, Environmental Design Studio

Daylight and Sustainable Architecture for Warm Humid climate C. V. Subramanian1, S. Kamalesvari2

DESIGN INFERENCES FOR

Hot & Humid Climate Morphology

Introverted building morphology in the form of a courtyard and extended projections like Verandahs

Density

Least compact configuration with internal open space and large open spaces in between buildings.

Arrangement

Staggered Arrangeme nt of individual blocks helps in ventilation.

ESTHER KIRUBA JEBA KUMAR | ALEKYA ELATI JBRAC, Environmental Design Studio

Circulation

Roof Form

Pitched Staggering of Roofs and pathways and sloped towards large open either centre or spaces in outside for between rainwater run pathways. off.

Surfaces

Smooth Building Surfaces.

Openings

Shading

Since overcast most of the Larger time, Openings and daylighting is specific for important and cross shading ventilation. projections Vertical Louvres mostly used for avoiding rain water.

Materials

The interior and exterior surfaces can be painted with appropriate light colors and surface finishes or reflecting materials to reduce heat gain.

MANUAL OF TROPICAL HOUSING ND BUILDING Climatic Design OH Koenigsberger

Architects

of this Climate

SIRESH BHERI

LAURIE BAKER

CHITRA VISHWANATH

MAHARASHTRA

KERALA

BANGALORE

noted architect who worked in various projects most of which are in warm humid climate

one of the pioneers of cost effective architecture in India, concentrating on local materials and climate responsive design

works in climate responsive and sustainable design many of which has been located in warm humid climate.

ESTHER KIRUBA JEBA KUMAR | ALEKYA ELATI JBRAC, Environmental Design Studio

ECIL The ECIL township was built by Doshi between 1969 and 1971, and was part of a planned expansion of the Hyderabad electronics industry.

The settlement is located about fifteen kilometers from the center of the city of Hyderabad, connected to it by a major road, on a rocky and arid terrain with a warm and dry climate Planning followed a rational system that takes into account both the Gover nment's stringent regulatory requirements and the best way to build in relation to a hot climate and the tradition.

Alekhya|Vineetha|Esther JBRAC, Environmental Design Studio

https://www.architecturaldigest.in/content/photos-9-iconic-buildings-designed-by-architect-bv-doshi/#s-cust0

Where Hyderabad

When

For Whom?

1969-1971

ECIL Electronics Corporation of India Limited

How?

About

B V Doshi

Built with regard to

Sun Path Calculations

By Whom

What Climate?

Semi Arid

Alekhya|Vineetha|Esther JBRAC, Environmental Design Studio

http://indpaedia.com/ind/index.php/Balkrishna_Doshi

C l i m a t e 40

30

20

10

0 January

February

March

April

May

June

July

August

September

October

September

October

November

December

Temperature (Celcius)

30 22.5 15 7.5 0

January

February

March

April

May

June

July

August

November

December

Rain (Days)

Alekhya|Vineetha|Esther JBRAC, Environmental Design Studio

https://www.accuweather.com/en/in/hyderabad/202190/weather-forecast/20219

USUAL DESIGN SUGGESTIONS FOR

Semi Arid Morphology

Building is sited so that in winter, as much of the yard as possible is exposed to the northern sun and neighbouring houses do not shade the yard

Density

Arrangement

Circulation

Roof Form

Mutual Shading, Closely arranged.

Locating drive Using shaded Maximising night ways, waste water courtyards or time cooling with disposal trenches, gardens areas, with Venting the roof internal windows clothes drying ponds or water space in summer, and high level areas and other features, to cool without using windows or vents yard facilities the low level air mechanical device in the centre of the away from the that is drawn into house to let out the northern edge of the house hot air and draw in the site cooler air.

Surfaces

Thermo-cellular (reflective insulation), to reflect heat and retain warmth or coolness.

Openings

Shading

Materials

The roof and walls Windows are Using insulated are insulated with placed to take thermal mass for reflective foil & advantage of any all walls bulk insulation (or cooling breezes in having very small, thermo-cellular summer well shaded reflective Eastern and windows on the insulation), to Western walls are eastern and reflect heat and well shaded western walls retain warmth or coolness.

Alekhya|Vineetha|Esther JBRAC, Environmental Design Studio

.

P l a n n i n g B V Doshi

Doshi relied on the climate maps of Hyderabad This was to establish the angles of the sun and the direction of the winds He could capitalise on exploit them to the best by means of openings and courts.

Alekhya|Vineetha|Esther JBRAC, Environmental Design Studio

https://www.re-thinkingthefuture.com/top-architects/a271-15-works-of-b-v-doshi-every-architect-should-visit/ Vastu shilpa fondation, "Living environments" housing designs by Balkrishna Doshi

P l a n n i n g Ap r

Site Level

Feb

&M ar

Dominant Wind Path utilised

Staggering for better Views

to design open spaces

and Winds

Jan Dec Jun JulMAug a y Sep

Blocks closer for Mutual

o N t Oc

v

Stacked in a North South Orientation

Shading

Vegetation placed for Shading and Air Quality

Alekhya|Vineetha|Esther JBRAC, Environmental Design Studio

N http://www.sun-direction.com/city/31231,hyderabad/

P l a n n i n g Block Level

Clustered Arrangement Arrangement to facilitate Ventilation

G + 1 Floors

Alekhya|Vineetha|Esther JBRAC, Environmental Design Studio

Courtyards between Two Units

Closer Stacking

James Steele, The complete architecture of Balkrishna Doshi, Super Book House (Mumbai), 1988

P l a n n i n g Building Level Prefabricated Roof Planned Local Materials

Vegetation

Southern Elevation

Open Internal

Load Bearing Local Stone Wall

Spaces Semi Attached Units Closer Proximity

N

Alekhya|Vineetha|Esther JBRAC, Environmental Design Studio

James Steele, The complete architecture of Balkrishna Doshi, Super Book House (Mumbai), 1988

Fo r m Shading

Shadows falling on the openings to create shade inside the spaces

Vertical Fins

Chajja

Shaded Eastern & Western Walls Louvres

Balconies

Projections

Southern Elevation

Alekhya|Vineetha|Esther JBRAC, Environmental Design Studio

James Steele, The complete architecture of Balkrishna Doshi, Super Book House (Mumbai), 1988

Fo r m Model Exp.

Alekhya|Vineetha|Esther JBRAC, Environmental Design Studio

https://ebuild.in/gallery/electronics-co-operation-of-india-ltd-hyderabad?id=83670

I n f e r e n c e s 1. Design On The Basis Of Sun Paths SHADING Has To Be Designed 2. VENTILATION Planned Out W ith The Help Of Dominant W inds 3. ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES To Be Considered Before Conceptual Stage 4. Local TRADITIONS To Be Considered 5. Use Of LOCAL MATERIALS Help Reduce Costs 6. Pathways And Landscaping Designed According To The Climate Of The Region Which Helps Manipulate The MICRO CLIMATE For Better Thermal Comfort 7. Planned ROAD NETWORKS At The Site Level Help In Proper Circulation 8. SELF DEPENDENT Housing Planning After The Initial Stage To Include Schools, College, Bank, Healthcare Centre, Commercial Centre And Post Office

Alekhya|Vineetha|Esther JBRAC, Environmental Design Studio

https://ebuild.in/gallery/electronics-co-operation-of-india-ltd-hyderabad?id=83670

B i b l i o g r a p hy 1. W illiam J. R. Curtis, Balkrishna Doshi An Architecture For India, Rizzoli, 1988 2. Rethinking Modernism For The Developing World: The Complete Architecture Of Balkrishna Doshi James Steele 3. 2018 Laureate Balkrishna Doshi India Media Kit, Pritzker Prize

Alekhya|Vineetha|Esther JBRAC, Environmental Design Studio

https://ebuild.in/gallery/electronics-co-operation-of-india-ltd-hyderabad?id=83670

Alekhya|Vineetha|Esther JBRAC, Environmental Design Studio

https://architexturez.net/file/img-1492-jpg

Alekhya|Vineetha|Esther JBRAC, Environmental Design Studio

https://architexturez.net/file/img-1492-jpg

Alekhya|Vineetha|Esther JBRAC, Environmental Design Studio

https://architexturez.net/file/img-1492-jpg