Digital Culture in Crea. Ind.

ISTANBUL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY / 2020-2021 Fall Semester ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN COMPUTING GRADUATE PROGRAM DIGITAL CULTURE IN CREATIVE INDUSTRIES, PROF. DR. LEMAN FİGEN GÜL

Esranur Demirtaş 523192008 13.01.2021

CYBERSPACE AND ARCHITECTURE: VIRTUAL MUSEUM EXPERIENCE

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Cyberspace Architecture Design for Virtual Space Abstract & Introduction

Design in a Virtual Space Virtual Museum

Literature Review

Results & Discussions

ISTANBUL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY / 2020-2021 Fall Semester ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN COMPUTING GRADUATE PROGRAM DIGITAL CULTURE IN CREATIVE INDUSTRIES, PROF. DR. LEMAN FİGEN GÜL

CYBERSPACE AND ARCHITECTURE: VIRTUAL MUSEUM EXPERIENCE

ABSTRACT

> The term “cyberspace” entered the popular culture from science fiction and the arts, but is now used by technology strategists, government, military, industry leaders, entrepreneurs, and by different occupational groups such as architects, game designers, software engineers etc. > In architecture, we use cyberspaces as tools for prototyping, for imitating or manipulating real objects in digital environments or we create different realities separately from real environments. Because of the flexibility of cyberspace, we can create new spatial experiences. > There are plenty of architectural examples which are created in virtual environments: Architectural models, simulation of buildings or virtual environments themselves.

Virtual museums are good examples for such environments.

Esranur Demirtaş 523192008 13.01.2021

ISTANBUL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY / 2020-2021 Fall Semester ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN COMPUTING GRADUATE PROGRAM DIGITAL CULTURE IN CREATIVE INDUSTRIES, PROF. DR. LEMAN FİGEN GÜL

CYBERSPACE AND ARCHITECTURE: VIRTUAL MUSEUM EXPERIENCE

ABSTRACT

> Over the last decade, various kinds of virtual museums have been developed either in the museums’ own physical environment or over the Internet, through both static and more interactive media such as serious (educational) games. Virtual museums offer the potential to immerse a visitor in an interactive environment, using telepresence to allow greater reach as well as the freedom to interact closely with exhibits. > Virtual museums can utilize new technologies in order to enhance the user experience. The benefits of such technologies are noteworthy to museum curators, students, and visitors. Virtual museums have the potential to preserve and propagate their cultural information through the use of such innovative tools, by engaging the visitors and making their experience more interactive and immersive, allowing them to relive the past more accurately and extending the experience of the museum visit beyond the period of the visit. > In this report, I will concentrate on the culture of these new kind of museums: how they affected our understanding of museum; how they affected our museum experience; how we responded to this new type of experience; what are the discussions on virtual museum experience versus physical museum experience.

Esranur Demirtaş 523192008 13.01.2021

ISTANBUL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY / 2020-2021 Fall Semester ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN COMPUTING GRADUATE PROGRAM DIGITAL CULTURE IN CREATIVE INDUSTRIES, PROF. DR. LEMAN FİGEN GÜL

Esranur Demirtaş 523192008 13.01.2021

CYBERSPACE AND ARCHITECTURE: VIRTUAL MUSEUM EXPERIENCE

TERMS INTRODUCTION

CYBERSPACE

spatialization of the Internet digital communication interconnected

online

computer network internet

new media technologies virtual communities second life

synthetic environments virtual environments virtual reality immersion mixed reality augmented reality heterotopia simulation telepresence

cyberculture

ISTANBUL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY / 2020-2021 Fall Semester ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN COMPUTING GRADUATE PROGRAM DIGITAL CULTURE IN CREATIVE INDUSTRIES, PROF. DR. LEMAN FİGEN GÜL

CYBERSPACE AND ARCHITECTURE: VIRTUAL MUSEUM EXPERIENCE

TERMS INTRODUCTION

CYBERSPACE

> Cyberspace, amorphous, supposedly “virtual” world created by links between computers, Internet-enabled devices, servers, routers, and other components of the Internet’s infrastructure. As opposed to the Internet itself, however, cyberspace is the place produced by these links. It exists, in the perspective of some, apart from any particular nation-state. The term cyberspace was first used by the American-Canadian author William Gibson in 1982 in a story published in Omni magazine and then in his book Neuromancer. In this science-fiction novel, Gibson described cyberspace as the creation of a computer network in a world filled with artificially intelligent beings.

BRITANNICA ONLINE, 2020 > Cyberspace can be seen as an extension, some might say an inevitable extension, of our age-old capacity and need to dwell in fiction, to dwell empowered or enlightened on other, mythic planes, if only periodi­cally, as well as this earthly one.

MICHAEL BENEDICT, 1992

Esranur Demirtaş 523192008 13.01.2021

ISTANBUL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY / 2020-2021 Fall Semester ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN COMPUTING GRADUATE PROGRAM DIGITAL CULTURE IN CREATIVE INDUSTRIES, PROF. DR. LEMAN FİGEN GÜL

CYBERSPACE AND ARCHITECTURE: VIRTUAL MUSEUM EXPERIENCE

TERMS INTRODUCTION

CYBERSPACE

> The cyberspace metaphor does not refer to abstract, Cartesian space, but instead expresses an experienced spatiality mediated by embodied human cognition. Cyberspace in this sense is relative, mutable, and constituted via the interactions among practice, conceptualization, and representation.

Julie E. Cohen, 2007 1. Hyper-reality Cyberspaces (mimic the physical world in every detail) 2. Abstracted reality Cyberspaces (does not attempt to create a ‘perfect’ reality. Objects and textures are abstracted, not perfectly rendered, but there is an attempt to avoid disorientation or the unfamiliar.)

3. Hybrid Cyberspaces (mixes ‘real’ and ‘virtual’ experiences) 4. Hyper-virtuality (drops all relationship to the physical world and the Laws of Nature. It generally avoids the familiar.)

Kalay & Marx, 2006

Esranur Demirtaş 523192008 13.01.2021

ISTANBUL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY / 2020-2021 Fall Semester ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN COMPUTING GRADUATE PROGRAM DIGITAL CULTURE IN CREATIVE INDUSTRIES, PROF. DR. LEMAN FİGEN GÜL

Esranur Demirtaş 523192008 13.01.2021

CYBERSPACE AND ARCHITECTURE: VIRTUAL MUSEUM EXPERIENCE

CYBERSPACE AND ARCHITECTURE INTRODUCTION

> Fascinated by the possibility of designing the world, human being has always searched for tools to mediate this process. Cyberspace became one of this tools. Virtual technologies associated to communicational technologies are changing human’s cultural, social, and material context, consequently changing the idea of architecture itself. The decreasing material content of our activities and their increasing perceptual, communicative and cognitive contents are drawing a new framework to our spatial experiences. Objects, spaces, buildings and institutions can now be constructed, navigated, experienced and manipulated across cyberspace. > Conceptual and pragmatical links between architecture and cyberspace are transforming our perception, conception and use of spaces. These links are based upon the new paradigms and behaviors related to the notions of hypertextuality, virtuality and interactivity, which are contributing to the creation of a completely new social and cultural framework related to our spatial experience.

Marques & Goulette, 2000

ISTANBUL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY / 2020-2021 Fall Semester ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN COMPUTING GRADUATE PROGRAM DIGITAL CULTURE IN CREATIVE INDUSTRIES, PROF. DR. LEMAN FİGEN GÜL

Esranur Demirtaş 523192008 13.01.2021

CYBERSPACE AND ARCHITECTURE: VIRTUAL MUSEUM EXPERIENCE

CYBERSPACE AND ARCHITECTURE fluid architecture INTRODUCTION

virtual architecture

1

2

> “The term “architecture” can refer to information processing or to architecture proper. Moreover, you also have Architecture with a capital “A” and architecture with a small “a.” This makes it difficult to say exactly what is meant when we speak of cyber architecture.

If we are talking about architecture with a small “a” we can approach it by identifying elements of urban planning and architecture within cyberspace. When it comes to “Architecture” with a capital “A,” we can speak of cyber architecture as something which might transform the concept of architecture itself. Architecture as information processing, moreover, requires us to think of information as a structure. The problem, then, is where to begin.” TAJIMA Noriyuki

metaphysical architecture cyber architecture > “Cyber architecture starts to be talked about as a kind of design using computer technology, that same technology comes to play an enormous role in the design of real spaces. As a result you have a convergence of the design of information space with that of real space through the mediation of computer technology. Then people start talking about the prospect of something like a new, common concept of architecture. At the same time, the “virtual” in virtual architecture suggests the possibility of total design freedom on the computer (of limitless virtual forms).

This leads to attempts to pursue design possibilities different from what could actually be built --which in turn leads to attempts to design information spaces based on the metaphor of the city.” TANAKA

ISTANBUL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY / 2020-2021 Fall Semester ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN COMPUTING GRADUATE PROGRAM DIGITAL CULTURE IN CREATIVE INDUSTRIES, PROF. DR. LEMAN FİGEN GÜL

Esranur Demirtaş 523192008 13.01.2021

CYBERSPACE AND ARCHITECTURE: VIRTUAL MUSEUM EXPERIENCE

TERMS INTRODUCTION

VIRTUAL MUSEUMS “a digital extension of the museum on the Internet, a museum without walls” Werner Schweibenz

e-museum digital museum

online museum imaginery museum without walls digital collections

interactive exhibition

hypermuseum cybermuseum

web museum

360 degree panoramic museum

ISTANBUL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY / 2020-2021 Fall Semester ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN COMPUTING GRADUATE PROGRAM DIGITAL CULTURE IN CREATIVE INDUSTRIES, PROF. DR. LEMAN FİGEN GÜL

CYBERSPACE AND ARCHITECTURE: VIRTUAL MUSEUM EXPERIENCE

TERMS INTRODUCTION

VIRTUAL MUSEUMS

“Virtual museum, a collection of digitally recorded images, sound files, text documents, and other data of historical, scientific, or cultural interest that are accessed through electronic media. A virtual museum does not house actual objects and therefore lacks the permanence and unique qualities of a museum in the institutional definition of the term. In fact, most virtual museums are sponsored by institutional museums and are directly dependent upon their existing collections. Nevertheless, through the hyperlinking and multimedia capabilities of electronic information media—particularly the World Wide Web (a hypermedia system carried on the Internet)—digitized representations can be brought together from multiple sources for enjoyment and study in a manner largely determined by the individual user. Virtual museums of this type can be a powerful tool for comparative study and for research into a particular subject, material, or locality.”

BRITANNICA ONLINE, 2020

Esranur Demirtaş 523192008 13.01.2021

ISTANBUL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY / 2020-2021 Fall Semester ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN COMPUTING GRADUATE PROGRAM DIGITAL CULTURE IN CREATIVE INDUSTRIES, PROF. DR. LEMAN FİGEN GÜL

Esranur Demirtaş 523192008 13.01.2021

CYBERSPACE AND ARCHITECTURE: VIRTUAL MUSEUM EXPERIENCE

TERMS INTRODUCTION

VIRTUAL MUSEUMS

“The Internet opens the “virtual museum” to an interactive dialog with virtual visitors and invites them to make a virtual museum experience that is related to a real museum experience.” Werner Schweibenz, 1998 The following categories of museum, developing into the virtual museum, can be identified on the Internet: • The brochure museum: this is a Web site which contains the basic information about the museum, such as types of collection, contact details, etc. Its goal is to inform potential visitors about the museum.

• The content museum: this is a Web site which presents the museum’s collections and invites the virtual visitor to explore them online. The content is presented in an object-oriented way and is basically identical with the collection database. It is more useful for experts than for laymen because the content is not didactically enhanced. The goal of this type of museum is to provide a detailed portrayal of the collections of the museum.

• The learning museum: this is a Web site which offers different points of access to its virtual visitors, according to their age, background and knowledge. The information is presented in a context-oriented way instead of being object-oriented. Moreover, the site is didactically enhanced and linked to additional information that motivates the virtual visitor to learn more about a subject they are interested in and to revisit the site. The goal of the learning museum is to make the virtual visitor come back and establish a personal relationship with the online-collection.

Ideally, the virtual visitor will come to the museum to see the real objects.

• The virtual museum: the next step on from the learning museum is to provide not only information about the institution’s collection but to link to digital collections of others. In this way, digital collections are created which have no counterparts in the real world.

ISTANBUL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY / 2020-2021 Fall Semester ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN COMPUTING GRADUATE PROGRAM DIGITAL CULTURE IN CREATIVE INDUSTRIES, PROF. DR. LEMAN FİGEN GÜL

CYBERSPACE AND ARCHITECTURE: VIRTUAL MUSEUM EXPERIENCE

VIRTUAL MUSEUM EXAMPLES virtual environment of a simulated a real museum virtual objects without simulation of a real museum

Esranur Demirtaş 523192008 13.01.2021

ISTANBUL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY / 2020-2021 Fall Semester ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN COMPUTING GRADUATE PROGRAM DIGITAL CULTURE IN CREATIVE INDUSTRIES, PROF. DR. LEMAN FİGEN GÜL

Esranur Demirtaş 523192008 13.01.2021

CYBERSPACE AND ARCHITECTURE: VIRTUAL MUSEUM EXPERIENCE VIRTUAL MUSEUMS: An Alternative Museum Experience virtual objects without simulation of a real museum

Apple, Virtual Museum, 1992 (CDROM) In 1992, Apple Computer Inc. released an educational CD-ROM, entitled “The Virtual Museum”, where some 3D-modelled scientific exhibits were displayed in a prerendered environment that mimicked a “typical” museum building. The user could navigate from room to room and get detailed information about the exhibits on view.

Offline pioneer

ISTANBUL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY / 2020-2021 Fall Semester ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN COMPUTING GRADUATE PROGRAM DIGITAL CULTURE IN CREATIVE INDUSTRIES, PROF. DR. LEMAN FİGEN GÜL

Esranur Demirtaş 523192008 13.01.2021

CYBERSPACE AND ARCHITECTURE: VIRTUAL MUSEUM EXPERIENCE VIRTUAL MUSEUMS: An Alternative Museum Experience virtual objects without simulation of a real museum

Guggenheim Architecture

Virtual

Museums

by

Asymptote

In the following years, the increasing computational power of PCs, the popularization of 3D-accelerated graphics cards and the introduction of real-time 3D navigation platforms and languages, such as VRML and Shockwave 3D, made possible to go further precalculated digital environments and create a quasi-real experience of virtual spaces, eventually surpassing the idea that a virtual museum should look like a physical one.

A well-known example was the “Guggenheim Virtual Museum” designed by Asymptote Architecture in 1999.

Commissioned by the Guggenheim Foundation, this project was intended to create a completely new threedimensional digital organism, in no way imitating the architecture of the celebrated Guggenheim’s building

by F.L. Wright, that people could explore in real-time through a VRML-based interface. The virtual museum would have acted as a digital hub for all the Guggenheim venues around the world.

ISTANBUL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY / 2020-2021 Fall Semester ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN COMPUTING GRADUATE PROGRAM DIGITAL CULTURE IN CREATIVE INDUSTRIES, PROF. DR. LEMAN FİGEN GÜL

Esranur Demirtaş 523192008 13.01.2021

CYBERSPACE AND ARCHITECTURE: VIRTUAL MUSEUM EXPERIENCE VIRTUAL MUSEUMS: An Alternative Museum Experience virtual objects without simulation of a real museum

To create a museum existing only in cyberspace suggested also an ambitious idea: that such museum, rather than showcasing digital representations of real artworks, could be home of a new form of art, a

cyber-art, created, stored and presented through digital devices only. Again, in the seminal 1990s, the success of an “evolved” art form living exclusively on the mass memories of computers was considered just around the corner.

ISTANBUL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY / 2020-2021 Fall Semester ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN COMPUTING GRADUATE PROGRAM DIGITAL CULTURE IN CREATIVE INDUSTRIES, PROF. DR. LEMAN FİGEN GÜL

Esranur Demirtaş 523192008 13.01.2021

CYBERSPACE AND ARCHITECTURE: VIRTUAL MUSEUM EXPERIENCE VIRTUAL MUSEUMS: An Alternative Museum Experience virtual objects without simulation of a real museum

British Museum, Virtual Tour

British Museum, 360’ Virtual Tour

ISTANBUL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY / 2020-2021 Fall Semester ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN COMPUTING GRADUATE PROGRAM DIGITAL CULTURE IN CREATIVE INDUSTRIES, PROF. DR. LEMAN FİGEN GÜL

Esranur Demirtaş 523192008 13.01.2021

CYBERSPACE AND ARCHITECTURE: VIRTUAL MUSEUM EXPERIENCE VIRTUAL MUSEUMS: An Alternative Museum Experience virtual objects without simulation of a real museum

The Dali Museum, 360’ Virtual Tour

ISTANBUL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY / 2020-2021 Fall Semester ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN COMPUTING GRADUATE PROGRAM DIGITAL CULTURE IN CREATIVE INDUSTRIES, PROF. DR. LEMAN FİGEN GÜL

Esranur Demirtaş 523192008 13.01.2021

CYBERSPACE AND ARCHITECTURE: VIRTUAL MUSEUM EXPERIENCE VIRTUAL MUSEUMS: An Alternative Museum Experience virtual environment of a simulated a real museum

Musee d’Orsay, Virtual Tour

ISTANBUL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY / 2020-2021 Fall Semester ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN COMPUTING GRADUATE PROGRAM DIGITAL CULTURE IN CREATIVE INDUSTRIES, PROF. DR. LEMAN FİGEN GÜL

CYBERSPACE AND ARCHITECTURE: VIRTUAL MUSEUM EXPERIENCE VIRTUAL MUSEUMS: An Alternative Museum Experience virtual environment of a simulated a real museum

Museo Thyssen, Virtual Tour

ISTANBUL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY / 2020-2021 Fall Semester ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN COMPUTING GRADUATE PROGRAM DIGITAL CULTURE IN CREATIVE INDUSTRIES, PROF. DR. LEMAN FİGEN GÜL

Esranur Demirtaş 523192008 13.01.2021

CYBERSPACE AND ARCHITECTURE: VIRTUAL MUSEUM EXPERIENCE VIRTUAL MUSEUMS: An Alternative Museum Experience virtual environment of a simulated a real museum

ISTANBUL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY / 2020-2021 Fall Semester ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN COMPUTING GRADUATE PROGRAM DIGITAL CULTURE IN CREATIVE INDUSTRIES, PROF. DR. LEMAN FİGEN GÜL

Esranur Demirtaş 523192008 13.01.2021

CYBERSPACE AND ARCHITECTURE: VIRTUAL MUSEUM EXPERIENCE VIRTUAL MUSEUMS: An Alternative Museum Experience virtual environment of a simulated a real museum

National Gallery of Victoria, Virtual Tour

Picasso Museum, Audio-Virtual Tour

ISTANBUL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY / 2020-2021 Fall Semester ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN COMPUTING GRADUATE PROGRAM DIGITAL CULTURE IN CREATIVE INDUSTRIES, PROF. DR. LEMAN FİGEN GÜL

Esranur Demirtaş 523192008 13.01.2021

CYBERSPACE AND ARCHITECTURE: VIRTUAL MUSEUMS VIRTUAL MUSEUMS: An Alternative Museum Experience EXAMPLES FROM TURKEY

ISTANBUL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY / 2020-2021 Fall Semester ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN COMPUTING GRADUATE PROGRAM DIGITAL CULTURE IN CREATIVE INDUSTRIES, PROF. DR. LEMAN FİGEN GÜL

CYBERSPACE AND ARCHITECTURE: VIRTUAL MUSEUM EXPERIENCE VIRTUAL MUSEUMS: An Alternative Museum Experience EXAMPLES FROM TURKEY

sanalmuze.gov.tr, Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı

ISTANBUL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY / 2020-2021 Fall Semester ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN COMPUTING GRADUATE PROGRAM DIGITAL CULTURE IN CREATIVE INDUSTRIES, PROF. DR. LEMAN FİGEN GÜL

Esranur Demirtaş 523192008 13.01.2021

CYBERSPACE AND ARCHITECTURE: VIRTUAL MUSEUM EXPERIENCE VIRTUAL MUSEUMS: An Alternative Museum Experience EXAMPLES FROM TURKEY

Ephesus Museum, Virtual Tour

ISTANBUL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY / 2020-2021 Fall Semester ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN COMPUTING GRADUATE PROGRAM DIGITAL CULTURE IN CREATIVE INDUSTRIES, PROF. DR. LEMAN FİGEN GÜL

Esranur Demirtaş 523192008 13.01.2021

CYBERSPACE AND ARCHITECTURE: VIRTUAL MUSEUM EXPERIENCE VIRTUAL MUSEUMS: An Alternative Museum Experience EXAMPLES FROM TURKEY

Ephesus Archeological Site, Virtual Tour

ISTANBUL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY / 2020-2021 Fall Semester ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN COMPUTING GRADUATE PROGRAM DIGITAL CULTURE IN CREATIVE INDUSTRIES, PROF. DR. LEMAN FİGEN GÜL

Esranur Demirtaş 523192008 13.01.2021

CYBERSPACE AND ARCHITECTURE: VIRTUAL MUSEUM EXPERIENCE VIRTUAL MUSEUMS: An Alternative Museum Experience EXAMPLES FROM TURKEY

Göbeklitepe, Virtual Tour

ISTANBUL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY / 2020-2021 Fall Semester ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN COMPUTING GRADUATE PROGRAM DIGITAL CULTURE IN CREATIVE INDUSTRIES, PROF. DR. LEMAN FİGEN GÜL

Esranur Demirtaş 523192008 13.01.2021

CYBERSPACE AND ARCHITECTURE: VIRTUAL MUSEUM EXPERIENCE VIRTUAL MUSEUMS: An Alternative Museum Experience EXAMPLES FROM TURKEY

Saint Antoine Church, Virtual Tour

ISTANBUL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY / 2020-2021 Fall Semester ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN COMPUTING GRADUATE PROGRAM DIGITAL CULTURE IN CREATIVE INDUSTRIES, PROF. DR. LEMAN FİGEN GÜL

Esranur Demirtaş 523192008 13.01.2021

CYBERSPACE AND ARCHITECTURE: VIRTUAL MUSEUM EXPERIENCE VIRTUAL MUSEUMS: An Alternative Museum Experience EXAMPLES FROM TURKEY

Contemporary Istanbul, Virtual Tour

ISTANBUL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY / 2020-2021 Fall Semester ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN COMPUTING GRADUATE PROGRAM DIGITAL CULTURE IN CREATIVE INDUSTRIES, PROF. DR. LEMAN FİGEN GÜL

Esranur Demirtaş 523192008 13.01.2021

CYBERSPACE AND ARCHITECTURE: VIRTUAL MUSEUM EXPERIENCE CAN A PHYSICAL MUSEUM VISIT BE REPLACED BY A VIRTUAL ONE? >Three-dimensionality and scale are unarguably two of the most distinguishing, and irreproducible, elements of the physical exhibit.

AURA, SCALE, MATERIALITY, THREEDIMENSIONALITY, AUTHENTICITY PROBLEMS

“The idea of becoming virtual might not be a pleasant one for some museums, especially not for art museums who cherish the ideal of the “real thing” and its aura. But this development is inevitable because of the increasing digitisation of cultural heritage and the demand to make collections more accessible.”

Schweibenz, 2004

>The virtual visit is considered to be a solitary activity, one that might allow for enhanced concentration. By contrast, the physical visit is considered a communal activity, one you might be sharing, for example, with several busloads of elementary school children. Being part of a group viewing an exhibit (even a group of strangers) can alter the experience. While this might be a negative factor, in the museum space a dialogue is at least possible.

A chat room, affords some opportunity for conversation among virtual museum visitors, but it is an essentially faceless interaction. >Cody’s article raised the issue of disconnectedness that occurs when viewers jump from page to page (or section to section) at whim rather than according to a progressive, linear plan that provides a clearer understanding of the overall content. Further, she questions the tendency for the Web to reduce attention span in the same way that television does:

As one becomes used to the constant action Disney and the Web provide, the attention span for real, slower activity becomes shorter. The Web experience is not as memorable as an actual museum visit, but if seen as reality, it could further devalue the direct experience. When one compares personal memories of museum visits to memories of Web sites browsed, it becomes clear that real museum visits make a deeper impression than virtual experiences.

ISTANBUL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY / 2020-2021 Fall Semester ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN COMPUTING GRADUATE PROGRAM DIGITAL CULTURE IN CREATIVE INDUSTRIES, PROF. DR. LEMAN FİGEN GÜL

Esranur Demirtaş 523192008 13.01.2021

CYBERSPACE AND ARCHITECTURE: VIRTUAL MUSEUM EXPERIENCE CAN A PHYSICAL MUSEUM VISIT BE REPLACED BY A VIRTUAL ONE?

SPACE PROBLEM, DEMOCRATIC MUSEUM EXPERIENCE, HYPERLINK, DYNAMIC HYPERTEXT

“The virtual museum is no competitor or danger for the “brick and mortar” museum because, by its digital nature, it cannot offer real objects to its visitors, as the traditional museum does. But it can extend the

ideas and concepts of collections into the digital space and in this way reveal

the essential nature of the museum. At the same

time the virtual museum will reach out to virtual visitors

who might never be able to visit a certain museum in person.”

>Advances in Web design and techniques have brought the possibility of creating truly memorable websites closer to hand. >The museum website does have some advantages over the physical space. One of the most important is that access to archives and artifacts is tremendously expanded. For materials that are too fragile to exhibit, the Web might provide the only means for showing and viewing them. While photography exhibits suffer because the photographs cannot be seen in context of one another or (in some cases) in full size, those that are fading, decrepit, or small can be seen better on a website, whereas they might not be seen at all if not digitized. In addition, by reducing the amount of physical handling that some materials receive, they may be preserved longer. >The Web enables curators to provide a hierarchy of descriptions for the artifacts, targeting materials to different age groups and educational or interest levels. In the physical space, descriptions and explanations

are often restricted to brief captions or labels due to insufficient room, because they might distract from the objects, because crowds may

make it impossible to read more than a line or two (if that), or because lack of interest on the part of the average viewer prevents it from being worth the effort. On the Web, links can connect to source documents, in-depth articles, longer scholarly interpretations, related materials, and relevant collections in other institutions.

ISTANBUL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY / 2020-2021 Fall Semester ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN COMPUTING GRADUATE PROGRAM DIGITAL CULTURE IN CREATIVE INDUSTRIES, PROF. DR. LEMAN FİGEN GÜL

Esranur Demirtaş 523192008 13.01.2021

CYBERSPACE AND ARCHITECTURE: VIRTUAL MUSEUM EXPERIENCE CAN A PHYSICAL MUSEUM VISIT BE REPLACED BY A VIRTUAL ONE? PHYSICAL RESTRICTIONS, ONLINE POSSIBILITIES, PERSONALISATION

>A Web visit eliminates crowds, difficulties of and

expenses for travelling and parking, and sensory overload. A visitor who has journeyed a long distance to see an exhibit is likely to stay until exhausted, while the virtual museum-goer can “travel” to any museum in the world while eating dinner at home. Virtual visits provide access to collections that might otherwise be inaccessible, especially to an amateur researcher, and thus the virtual museum might be considered more democratic. In a paper presented at the 2004 “Museums and the Web” conference, Mike McConnell argued that “in the virtual world, users remain in control and are not limited or intimidated by traditional or

‘expert’ barriers such as cataloguing systems or curatorial classifications.”

ISTANBUL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY / 2020-2021 Fall Semester ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN COMPUTING GRADUATE PROGRAM DIGITAL CULTURE IN CREATIVE INDUSTRIES, PROF. DR. LEMAN FİGEN GÜL

Esranur Demirtaş 523192008 13.01.2021

CYBERSPACE AND ARCHITECTURE: VIRTUAL MUSEUM EXPERIENCE CAN A PHYSICAL MUSEUM VISIT BE REPLACED BY A VIRTUAL ONE? >McConnell noted that properly researched, resourced, and designed websites

PHYSICAL RESTRICTIONS, ONLINE POSSIBILITIES, PERSONALIZATION

expand the possibilities for creating meaningful relationships by placing materials in new contexts. In addition, creative websites may attract audiences that “would not normally use libraries or museums.”

Since restrictions of space, fragility, cataloguing, and so forth are removed, virtual visitors can see what they want to see—or thought they wanted to see— creating their own “exhibits” as they go. Some museums offer Web visitors the means to create their own “collections” online with digitized materials.

A variation of this weds the physical and virtual visits by enabling visitors to the physical museum to use museum computers; on these they record items for a personalized collection they can later develop on their home computers. Either way, the process deeply enriches the museum experience, challenges the intellect, and offers more possibilities for gaining a sense of wonder from the virtual space. One potential problem, of course, is that an uninformed virtual visitor may need more guidance than is available on some websites to create a meaningful online exhibit. >The virtual, personalized museum is a virtual museum or exhibition that is personalized based the needs and interests of the user. This personalization can, for instance, take the form of personalized text, user interface and tours. The AI then construct a customized experience based on the information given by the user.

ISTANBUL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY / 2020-2021 Fall Semester ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN COMPUTING GRADUATE PROGRAM DIGITAL CULTURE IN CREATIVE INDUSTRIES, PROF. DR. LEMAN FİGEN GÜL

Esranur Demirtaş 523192008 13.01.2021

CYBERSPACE AND ARCHITECTURE: VIRTUAL MUSEUM EXPERIENCE

CAN A PHYSICAL MUSEUM VISIT BE REPLACED BY A VIRTUAL ONE? PHYSICAL RESTRICTIONS, MINIMAL COST

>The ability to link to information in many subject areas and in multiple forms so as to broaden and deepen understanding of the subject matter is one of the chief advantages of the Web. Glossaries, timelines, narratives, music, literature, maps, oral histories, related cultural and historical facts, and multiple perspectives are just some of the possibilities available in the virtual space and limited in the physical space. Sidestepping the authoritative voice and encouraging diversity of interpretation are perhaps easier on the Web as well. Links can also lead readers to alternative topics of interest. >Accessibility issues for handicapped visitors can be managed as well or possibly better on a carefully constructed website. Voice-directed search programs, for instance, can open the museum’s entire website to someone unable to visit physically. A website, unlike a museum, can also be constructed entirely without images, using descriptions instead for every

artifact or picture.

>The ability to extend the life of exhibitions indefinitely, to arrange materials in different contexts so as to present multiple perspectives, to create exhibits that would otherwise be impossible to mount, or to recreate past exhibits—all at a minimal cost compared to that required for mounting or maintaining the same exhibits physically—makes the Web an invaluable resource with tremendous advantages over the physical setting.

ISTANBUL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY / 2020-2021 Fall Semester ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN COMPUTING GRADUATE PROGRAM DIGITAL CULTURE IN CREATIVE INDUSTRIES, PROF. DR. LEMAN FİGEN GÜL

Esranur Demirtaş 523192008 13.01.2021

CYBERSPACE AND ARCHITECTURE: VIRTUAL MUSEUM EXPERIENCE

CAN A PHYSICAL MUSEUM VISIT BE REPLACED BY A VIRTUAL ONE? PRE-EDUCATION, PHYSICALITY

-Visiting the website before a physical visit optimally pre-educates the viewer so that the museum brings an intelligent, informed audience into the physical space and thereby deepens the “conversation” that can take place during the visit. (Do most viewers even understand, for instance, what to look for in an artifact or painting?) The cost of printing and distributing sufficient materials to convey the same amount of information as on the website is prohibitive. In addition, such materials are generally distributed to members, previous museum-goers (if known), and to those on purchased mailing lists, which have an extremely low return rate.

-In sum, a curated exhibition on the Web can have all the impact of a curated exhibition in a physical space except for those elements which are

specifically related to physicality: scale, texture, surface, threedimensionality, and physical context. But those elements can make all the difference in memorability.

ISTANBUL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY / 2020-2021 Fall Semester ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN COMPUTING GRADUATE PROGRAM DIGITAL CULTURE IN CREATIVE INDUSTRIES, PROF. DR. LEMAN FİGEN GÜL

Esranur Demirtaş 523192008 13.01.2021

CYBERSPACE AND ARCHITECTURE: VIRTUAL MUSEUM EXPERIENCE

CAN A PHYSICAL MUSEUM VISIT BE REPLACED BY A VIRTUAL ONE? The virtual museum as a meeting place

SOCIAL VIRTUAL MUSEUM: • Search (information must be searchable) • Linking (links must connect and cross-reference blog posts, wikis etc. into an interactive and interdependent community) • Authoring (simple tools must be provided to allow everyone to contribute and edit content) • Tagging (users must be able to assign their own terms and descriptions, which allows content to be structured in a way that is meaningful to users) • Extensions (applications should include a suggestion and recommendation system such as that found on Amazon or StubleUpon – ‘if you liked X, you’ll like Y’) • Signals (technology, such as RSS, that tells users when new content of interest appears)

ISTANBUL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY / 2020-2021 Fall Semester ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN COMPUTING GRADUATE PROGRAM DIGITAL CULTURE IN CREATIVE INDUSTRIES, PROF. DR. LEMAN FİGEN GÜL

Esranur Demirtaş 523192008 13.01.2021

CYBERSPACE AND ARCHITECTURE: VIRTUAL MUSEUM EXPERIENCE

CAN A PHYSICAL MUSEUM VISIT BE REPLACED BY A VIRTUAL ONE? Virtual Education

STUDENTS: >Virtual museums and exhibitions can prove a good tool to reach out to young audiences. >Virtual museums could function as a resource of information for teacher as well as student, and

the museum could be discussed in a local environment such as the classroom. In this case, it is

of greater importance to provide realistic visualizing and details, as well as more comprehensive information.

TEACHERS: >A lot of inspiration on how to best refine the pedagogy of the teacher’s centers connected to virtual museums, can be taken from the

on-line and distance learning type of pedagogy.

> In the case of virtual exhibitions that have a physical original, the virtual exhibition can function as a teacher’s material, used for

preparation before the visit to the physical museum.

RESEARCHERS: Connection to collection databases and library sources for references is also of great importance to the professional virtual museum. Also imaging has to be of better quality then what is generally presented in public virtual museums and exhibitions. Large files with

zoom capabilities for detail studies would also aid scientists in their work. This without having to leave their offices, which may be on the other side of the world in relation to where the physical museum is set. It could also function as an on-line

forum for discussion amongst students, specialist and other professionals.

ISTANBUL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY / 2020-2021 Fall Semester ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN COMPUTING GRADUATE PROGRAM DIGITAL CULTURE IN CREATIVE INDUSTRIES, PROF. DR. LEMAN FİGEN GÜL

Esranur Demirtaş 523192008 13.01.2021

CYBERSPACE AND ARCHITECTURE: VIRTUAL MUSEUM EXPERIENCE

THE EFFECTS OF VIRTUAL MUSEUMS ON MUSEUM EXPERIMENT FOR 1-Eliminates the problems like geographical distance, physical disability, lack of time and financial resources (Democratization of museums by the new medium.)

AGAINST

2-Any user with the internet access can easily visit a museum, stay as long as they want and examine the artworks however they like (Individualized experiment).

1-The users cannot perceive the same things they perceive in a real museum with their five senses (+Lack of physical experiment and aura, scale, texture, a sense of place, and other three-dimensional qualities).

3-Interactivity establishes a ground for a homogenous culture by allowing the user to communicate with others.

2-Wayfinding is problematic complex virtual museums.

4-Users visit the physical museum more efficiently after visiting the online museum and being informed.

3-Display limitations might prevent close inspection of an artifact.

5-Museums, which are dependent on physical spaces, have gone from being local to global, this way they have come closer to the user’s living space (7/24 open+ Worldwide publicity) Offers remote access to scholarly research of collections in online databases.

6-Virtual Museums offer remote access to scholarly research of collections in online databases.

in

ISTANBUL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY / 2020-2021 Fall Semester ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN COMPUTING GRADUATE PROGRAM DIGITAL CULTURE IN CREATIVE INDUSTRIES, PROF. DR. LEMAN FİGEN GÜL

Esranur Demirtaş 523192008 13.01.2021

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