Special Topics in Urban Design- Postgraduate Studies 2021

RENAL

SALAMA

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

13

Key Elements of Urban Morphology Tarek Mohamed Gaber Mahmoud

Land Uses Land use is the characterization of land based on what can be built on it and what the land can be used for. It’s determining what sort of community, environment or settlement can be used on a specific type of land. One definition of land use is “the total of arrangements, activities and inputs that people undertake in a certain land cover type.” It’s important to note that land use and zoning are not the same. Where land use is the way that people adapt land to suit their needs, zoning is how the government regulates the land .

The changes in land uses is relatively rapid compared to the slow changes in building structures , plot pattern or the street pattern .

In our case study : This place has a religious, archaeological, cultural and historical character, with the mixing of the character of the Alexandrian population, who have been living since ancient times in a state of fusion with these heritage places.

1- Religious : The most important use of land in this area is the religious use of worship among Muslims as this area is inhabited by Muslims, and these areas are divided into mosques and prayer areas.

But contrary to the rapid development of the change in land use, but the archaeological and religious nature of the area was strongly influenced in not changing the use of that area, since 1775, when the Mosque of Abu Abbas was established and the surrounding sanctuary has been expanded over the years with the work of renovations, but the function of the land has not changed at all.

The mosque was surrounded by very large outdoor prayer squares, which Muslims use when praying on Fridays and in the prayers of the Feasts , because the mosque be very crowded inside in these times .

14

2. Residential : The use of residential buildings for living is very clear in the pictures in the areas around the campus.

Modern Style Buildings

Old Style Buildings Residential Buildings

Old Style Buildings

Mosque’s Campus

Residential buildings in the area may vary in architectural style, but the purpose of the building remains constant , as the increased density of the population in the area increased the number of floors per building .

3. Commercial : - Stores: This area is characterized by the fact that all buildings are used on the ground floor to make shops for sale and purchase, and those products offered in those stores may vary to be souvenirs for tourists , or furniture made of wood, as well as grocery stores and ovens that serve the residents of the neighborhood, and there are complete buildings for the purpose of providing “private lessons” to students and a whole area has been allocated next to the campus to be a commercial mall where clothes are sold next to some other goods.

Surprisingly, in those commercial units located in that area it does not change its business very rarely, as the building may be demolished and rebuilt but you find that the shop has been reopened to practice its own trade without any change except in the form of the shop.

King Farouk Cafe What is more surprising is that the mall next to the mosque has become not intended for tourists or customers rarely, but you will find that all the shops in it keep its activity and refuse any owner of those stores to sell his shop or change its activity for unspecified reasons

15

- Swings :

Some individuals took advantage of the “Al-Boussiri” mosque square to illegally place swings.

4. Recreational areas : Parks scattered in the zone did not decreased in area but changed in shape, the worst thing is the bad use of it , and dumping garbage in it, which affects the amazing view of the area , Addicts may exploit that wide area to use drugs due to the lack of security control in it .

Old Garden Plan

5. Transport and parking : - Transportation : The way cars travel in that area is very complicated , as all the streets are going in two directions , and there are streets that allow only one car to go throw it , street vendors narrow the streets and also shopkeepers put their goods outside the shop to exploit the land to display their products, which leads to difficulty in the movement of cars There is no regulation of the traffic department for these streets, these streets are effectively under the authority of shopkeepers and street vendors, in addition to the fact that the land in most areas is not well paved due to the large number of illegal construction work.

- Parking :

An old map of the courtyard of “Al-Boussiri” mosque.

New Garden Plan

As for the parking lot, most of it is public parking next to the sidewalk, except for one private parking lot, which is a parking lot next to the Abu El-Abbas Mosque and exists underground, but the owners of cars do not depend on it much because of the large number of public parking spaces..

A new map of the courtyard of “Al-Boussiri” mosque.

The Swings

The Garden

16

Key Elements of Urban Morphology Tarek Mohamed Gaber Mahmoud

Building Structures Plots of land have often been made recognizable or a cycle of land-use development construction.

The change in the use of the land may have many reasons, but in the area we study, we find that,

By looking at the pictures , We find that the change in the organization of buildings between the basic planning of the area and what it is now.

We find that the buildings overlooking the main street maintain their basic form.

The change is always in residential buildings where there are a lot of residential buildings that have been demolished to build more than one building on the same land, and this may be for economic reasons, which leads to the small size of residential units.

This economic factor also affects the rise of modern buildings, The new buildings that have been built have very high heights in order to provide more housing units and increase the contractor's profit when selling to customers.

This may also be due to the increased population density in that area and in the province of Alexandria in general, as this area is attractive to the population largely because of the availability of housing units at good prices, and also because of the availability of all services in that vital area.

However, the demolition and construction process increased in the absence of control in the Revolution of January 25, which led to the presence of many offending buildings, random buildings and the theft of land that is essentially owned by the Egyptian state, which led to major problems in the infrastructure of the region.

1- Seaside area It seems clear that the division of buildings hasn't changed much.

17

Therefore, it is very noticeable that there are no major changes in the buildings that overlook the main street directly overlooking the sea, because the government control of the buildings on the main street is greater than the control on the inner and branched streets.

The old system of rent also made it very difficult for the owner to make the sale or to demolish the building and build it again.

It is noticeable that the function of the buildings has not changed much, but it has changed in its architectural planning to be smaller and more elevated.

2- Mosque Campus As for the area of the campus of existing mosques and the surrounding area has happened a lot of changes over time but at a relatively slow pace , since a commercial project was established next to the Mosque of Abu Abbas , consists of many shops on the ground floor with a large surface area is not exploited now as it was supposed to be a graveyard for the dead Muslims .

18

3- Off-Sea Area It seems clear that the area far from the sea has changed over time due to the lack of control.

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

36

37

38

39

40

41

42

43

44

45

46

47

48

49

The Perceptual Dimension of Urban Design Tarek Mohamed Gaber Mahmoud

Neighborhood Branding

2. Means of transportation:

3. Fashion:

People use “Stagecoach” -shown in figure below- to hike by relying on horse-drawn carriages on the “Corniche Street” of “Alexandria”, and despite the technological development that has occurred in the means of transportation, “stagecoach” has maintained its status, as it attracts many tourists annually.

Women in that region had a specific garment called "the Wrapped cloak", but that fashion has completely ended nowadays , it appears clearly in Mahmoud Fathy’s drawing named “Banat Bahary” shown in figure below.

Each city has what distinguishes it culturally, socially and historically , “Branding” may be related to shopping , showing people the city culture and attract them.

The studied place has four very distinctive things:

1. Marketing : One of the most distinctive features of that region is that people frequent it from everywhere to enjoy eating ice cream in the summer, and one of the most famous places in it is the chain of “Azza Ice-cream Shops”, which is known to everyone in “Egypt” , shown in figure below .

4. Song: One of the distinctive signs of “Bahri” region is "Min Bahri Wa Benhbooh“ song, which was very popular among people, it is one of the work of the artist "Huda Sultan“ -shown in figure below- and the words of the poet "Fathi Qora" and composed by "Abdel Aziz Mahmoud".

50

Perception Analysis of One Scene

➢ This place represents approximately 20 percent of the total studied area . ➢ Vertical lines represent : - Building heights.

- Palm.

➢ Horizontal lines represent: - Sidewalk .

- The plants .

- Traffic lines.

- Stretching of the streets.

1. Cognitive Analysis: When analyzing the information in the scene, it is a formal scene on the Sea Road, buildings are on one line with the same height , every element is organized formaly.

Imaginary line showing the correspondence of palm heights.

2. Affective Analysis: The feeling of the person walking in that place is psychological comfort, safety and containment, as every element works in harmony.

3. Interpretative Analysis: The matter here is related to many people, in their memories, of school and work days, as the place is crowded with students leaving school at noon.

4. Evaluative Analysis: When evaluating the scene, the street is in the best condition , all vertical elements are uniformly stacked such as buildings in a one architectural style , and palms are uniformly placed , all horizontal elements have clear symmetry, such as sidewalks and traffic lines

51

The Notation System of Edmund Bacon the notation system that you can feel here is : 1. Meeting the sky It is hard to feel that in this area due to the street scale .

2. Meeting the ground The line between the buildings and the ground is clearly visible there.

3. Points in space It can not be seen here due to the narrow street .

4. Recession planes It’s level is low in this scene 5. Depth The degree of depth of scene looks great.

6. Ascent and descent not found on that flat street.

7. Convexity and concavity It’s level is low in this scene 8. Relationship to man The relationship of the size of the buildings to the human being is very striking, and the scale varies greatly between the sizes of buildings and the dimensions of the windows .

52

Sense of Place

2. Negative Place

Levels of Perception

1. Positive Place

This place stimulates people's minds to feel negative, poverty, random and the damage show in figure below.

1. Atavistic (primitive / original) :

The narrow paths between the shrines and the sanctuary of mosques are Linked in people's minds with spirituality and "Sufi" ways of worship, as people from all over the country come to that place to celebrate and gathering in which Allah's name is being invoked.

Of course, the “Abu Al-Abbas Al-Morsi” mosque is popular with many people on the local and international levels.

2. Cultural : The “Abu al-Abbas” Mosque shrine is linked to certain rituals among Muslims who adhere to the Sufi order.

Demolished Building .

53

3. Individual :

2. Inappropriate Feeling

The place here is connected in the minds of some individuals on a personal level by sitting at a coffee shop with friends and talking to each other on the weekends.

Fright It appears in the darkness , the lack of people passing in the corridor , closed shops and the insecurity.

Adaptations needed to be adequate: • • • •

Appropriate lights usage.

Create a safety and control system.

Adjustment of the floor and ceiling finish.

Opening closed shops to motivate people to walk down the corridor.

Spatial Feeling 1. Appropriate Feeling Gaiety , Frivolity and Informality The sense of fun and freedom of movement appears in the movement of people on “Corniche”, and their sitting in front of the sea

Sea side

54

55

56

57

58

59

60

61

62

63

64

65

66

67

68

69

70

71

72

73

74

75

76

77

78

79

80

81

82

83

84

85

86

87

88

Levels of Perception

1. :

Atavistic (primitive / original)

Figure (1) shows that the place in general indicates to everyone who sees that it is an area that has a religious and historical character because of the presence of a historical mosque in it and that it is an area with religious tourism because it is located on the sea coast and the presence of mosques in it Cultural From figure (2), the Alexandria tram with the mosque of Abu al-Abbas Street becomes clear for those who have information about the areas in Alexandria

Picture (1) shows the Atavistic (primitive\original)

1. Individual : Picture (3) shows that the person has a personal relationship with the place, as from the personal point of view we had relatives who lived in the residential buildings adjacent to the mosque in this area, so the area has a personal memory

Figure (2) shows the external yard of Morsi Abu Al-Abbas Square on the tram

Figure (3) shows that the residential buildings adjacent to the Morsi Abu 89 Al-Abbas area

Perception Analysis Perception Analysis of One scenes : cognitive : Involves thinking about organizing and keeping Information

•

Affective:

• The place and the urban space affect sway the users and create a mutual relationship between the user and the void as the vacuum affects the negative or positive on the user interpretative after realizing the place is automatically analyzed in the user's mind into a vacuum enabled by parts such as the vertical lines and the agreed and then be a frame and then form and then be a place Evaluative: evaluate the place through previous experiences and is it a good or bad place

Photos (5) the step of perception process

Photos (4) Perception Analysis of One scenes

90

Perception Analysis Perception Analysis of scenes :

As the place is used for religious, social and entertainment purposes Therefore, the building process is evaluated in terms of its achievement for these purposes Positives:

The positive aspect of the place is that the elements that make up it are in line with each other, forming an urban fabric that has a historical character. This is evident in the figure in Part A, which is clear in Figure (6) of the materials used in the buildings, floors, colors and surrounding green spaces, all giving a historical identity to the place Negatives:

As in Part (B), it is clear from Figure (7) that the part has a negative character because it does not correspond to the place in terms of randomly constructed residential buildings in terms of finishing materials and heights do not suit the place of a historical and archaeological character

Photos (7) diagram of Perception Analysis in two scenes

Photos (6) Perception Analysis of two scenes

91

The Notation System of Edmund Bacon Meeting the sky:

Edmund Bacon's notation system is one of its most important elements, which is the meeting of the sky, as shown in Figure (8). The sky line drawn over buildings has an organic nature to match the domes and minarets that correspond to the shape and nature of the surrounding place.

Figure (8) meeting the sky in Edmund Bacon system

92

Sense of Place Positive Place :

Figure (9) illustrates the sense of place as there is a strong sense of the nature and character of the place from the picture, the religious feeling is strong in terms of the gathering of people in the place and the harmony of the elements of the place with each other led to the strength of the historical and religious feeling in the place .

1. Negative Place Figure (10) shows the negative sense of the place as there is no strong sense of place due to the distortion of randomly constructed residential buildings inconsistent with the architectural and urban style of the place

Figure (9) shows the negative sense of the place

Figure (10) shows the positive sense of the place

Solutions: As the style of residential buildings is inconsistent with the architectural and urban character of the region, where the historical and religious sense of the surrounding place has been lost, the architectural identity of the building façades must be reconfigured so that it has a historical and antique identity to match the historical identity of the mosque square by changing the pattern of the floors, exterior cladding and colors to become an urban fabric for it A historical identity and gives a strong historical and religious sense shown in figure (11)

Figure (11) the Solutions is the proposed development of residential buildings in terms of forming facades and materials used

93

1. Inappropriate Feeling

Spatial Feeling .

Appropriate Feeling

Picture (13) shows the feeling of insecurity and fear due to the presence of a dark narrow corridor ,The components of this building are not suitable for the mosque in terms of its distraction, texture and composition.

Adaptations needed to be adequate:

Figure (12) shows the feeling of warmth and the spiritual and religious atmosphere in the place

The amendments should be appropriate: The entrance should be emphasized by placing distinctive markings such as arches and columns and using materials in the facades and finishing in order to suit the surrounding historical architectural style

94

The Perceptual Dimension of Urban Design Townscape as a design philosophy Townscape is that it is a design philosophy based upon satisfying a fuller range of human needs including those which are bat least partially met by the visual environment. .

The must achieve certain goals: • • • •

•

Express the lifestyle in the city resides activities the presence of a basic course for practicing Meet the user How the person interacts with and assimilates the surrounding area

The activity in the place :

Recreational activity Religious activity • the Commercial activity

Photos (2) Religious activity in Townscape as a design philosophy

1. Recreational activity The picture shows the recreational activity in the area by using the spaces by creating areas for children’s play.

Religious activity A picture shows people's attachment to religious places.

•

the Commercial activity

Photos (1) Recreational activity in Townscape as a design philosophy

Photos (3) the Commercial activity in Townscape as a design philosophy 95

96

97

98

99

100

101

102

103

104

105

106

107

108

109

110

111

112

113

114

115

116

117

118

119

The Social Dimension of Urban Design Space that less conducive to social interaction.: The place is less suitable for social interaction because it gives the impression of not welcoming in terms of the heterogeneity of the arani fabric with the place and the lack of regularity of the blocks with the line of horizon and the lack of an id of the place so the attraction factor is weak in the vacuum This is illustrated by the image (1)

Space that represents a potential environment A space that is more suitable for social interaction due to the pattern and formation of the vacuum calls for social activity in terms of the urban fabric and the vacuum determinants give the impression of welcoming social activities for vacuum users and because of the presence of a vacuum id causea a strong attraction factor for the user According to the power cat in the place, the attraction for users as a place and a space has a religious id such as photo 2 or social and economic as in picture 3 or a place to connect the movement with it major means of transportation such as photo 4

image (1)Space that less conducive to social interaction

.

Image ( 4 )the place and space has a social or economic function so it is considered a strong attraction for users

the image (3) places to connect the movement with it main means of transportation so it is considered a factor attracting vacuum users

image (2)Space that more conducive to social interaction Photo 2 is a place and a void with a religious id so it is considered a strong attraction for users of space and welcome 120

The Social Dimension of Urban Design Space that represents an effective environment: it is a place that has an impact on its environment and has a strong personality because it has proven its existence and imposed its identity on the nature around it the image (5), Since the architectural fabric opposite the field of mosques has the same colors and architectural style in the residential buildings opposite the mosque, it affected the environment around it, his personality was imposed on the surrounding coastal environment as it is considered a distinctive sign of Abu Abbas Square on the sea shore and has affected the surrounding environment and strongly.

pace that represents a potential environment: A place or area that can be developed and renovated to accommodate users such as the shape of (6),(7) the area of Abu Abbas Square can be developed and organized to accommodate users and to provide visual comfort in the place.

image )5(Space that represents an effective environment

Photos (7) pace that represents a potential environment

Photos (6) zoon Abu Al Abbas more conducive to social 121 interaction , pace that represents a potential environment

The Social Dimension of Urban Design different degrees on enclosure: • Edge character • Percentage of edge closed • Height of enclosure in relation to angle of vision

image (8)Space that manage sensory stimuli

His pictures (9) show Height of enclosure in relation to angle of vision

• His pictures (10) show Percentage of edge 122 closed

The Social Dimension of Urban Design Three different scales of open spaces: • • • •

Intimate space (0-10 inches) Personal space (18-48inch) Social space (4to12 feet) Puplic distance(12or more feet)

.

Image ( 13 )the Social space

image (12) that Personal space

Image ( 11 ) Intimate space

123

The Social Dimension of Urban Design urban scene contains variety of Stimuli, Human Interaction and Security .

image (14) that urban scene contains variety of Stimuli, Human Interaction and Security .

124

The Design Aspects of Urban Design

Analysis of one urban scene concerning (point, line and form)

.

we note that the design is directed in a linear line to a central point and this point is a form for users of the place to have a social interaction between them

image (15) Analysis of one urban scene concerning (point, line and form)

image (15) Analysis diagram of one urban scene concerning (point, line and form)

125

The Social Dimension of Urban Design How could texture strategies used to enhance placeness in one selected urban scene? .

Before We note that the texture of the surfaces is level which is in line with the pure religious character we feeling formality

image (16) that texture strategies used to enhance placeness in one selected urban scene .

After We find that when the building materials in the mosque change from limestone to rough concrete texture we find that there is a kind of harmony with the surrounding environment and comfort and we feeling unformality

Image(17) texture strategies used to enhance placeness in one selected urban scene

126

01

The Social Dimension of Urban Design How could color strategies used to affect feeling in a space? Apply to of one urban scene ? .

Before

The colors of the elements of the void are white light colors that reflect serenity and are in line with the blue of the sky and the surrounding coastal environment.

image (16)the wight color used to affect feeling in a space

After After the change of colors in the urban space of blue color we find that the sensitivity of the place differed where the rigidity and lack of religious and spiritual sense to use the see colors on the basis of the original color of the mosque white color that reflects serenity and is in line with the rituals of worship we feel pleasure

Image(17) blue color strategies used to affect feeling in a space

127

Capital Web Friendly place to live

( Donald Appleyard )

Tarek Mohamed Gaber Mahmoud

“ Nearly everyone in the world lives on a street. People have always lived on streets. They have been the places where children first learned about the world, where neighbors met, the social centers of towns and cities, the rallying points for revolts, the scenes of repression. But they have also been the channels for transportation and access; noisy with the clatter of horses’ hooves and the shouts of their drivers, putrid with dung, garbage and mud, the places where strangers intruded, and criminals lurked ”, said by Donald Appleyard 1. Severed communities The car-free street is essential to support the community, traffic affects the quality of social life.

High traffic streets lead to less interaction between people and neighbors.

Residents of low-traffic streets show high levels of awareness and appreciation of the surrounding environment.

As we find in the back street of mosques that traffic is very light, this may be an impact on the strength of social interaction between neighbors.

Light traffic

I feel it's home ….

There are warm people on this street , I don't feel alone ...

128

2.

Child's play

In our societies we find that children no longer play in the streets, and this seems to be an indication of the weakness of social relations and increased sense of insecurity, so it is necessary to provide a safe environment for children to play ball in the street where children can make up, play, learn, grow and form a society.

Unfortunately, that principle is not well available in the studied area.

The empty space above the commercial building that was built was used as a place for children to play, but this is an unsafe and isolated place.

High traffic on the road overlooking the sea, this road does not allow children to be left to move alone in it.

3. The place of the car The idea is not to remove cars from urban places, cars, parking lots and garbage collection places must be available.

But the road must have one job, either a main transport street or a community job.

It shows us in the studied area that it is very mixed between social function and main transport, but the only advantage is that in the inner streets traffic is very light.

4.

Integration The main concern should be “The People” and they can enter and exit their homes and meet in safety, and be able to cross the street instead of isolating the movement of people, and isolating children's play areas in remote back places.

I feel unsafe here ….

129

The Social Dimension of Urban Design Tarek Mohamed Gaber Mahmoud

Conductivity in Social Interaction The design of the place greatly affects the interaction between people , and their social relations with each other biting, as the place may be the reason for the increase in communication and interaction between people with each other , and may lead to an increase in the interdependence of social relations between people, and the design of the place may impose on people that They are isolated from each other and there is no real connection between them.

Less Conducive to Social Interaction Place : The commercial project is next to the Abu Al-Abbas Mosque

The Commercial project The Interior of the project

The Top of the project 130

The Social Dimension of Urban Design Conductivity in Social Interaction

More Conducive to Social Interaction Place : The swings area next to Abu-Abbas Mosque

The Swings Area

131

The Social Dimension of Urban Design People and Space Environmental possibilism / probabilism

Effective Environment People create an effective environment by interacting with the outside environment

Place : Street vendors near the mosque of SidiYaqout

Street Vendors Area

132

The Social Dimension of Urban Design People and Space Environmental possibilism / probabilism

Potential Environment

Car Parking zone

Designer create a potential environment to influence people's behavior

Place : The front yard of Al-Ahly Bank, the branch of Abu-Al-Abbas

Fence

The front yard

Semienclosure Zone

Pavement for pedestrian

133

Enclosure and Spatial Perception :

Degree of Enclosure

Fully Enclosed

Seem Fully Enclosed

Almost Lost Enclosure 134

Enclosure and Spatial Perception :

Spatial Size

Personal Space

Social Space

Public Space

Have a human scale

Have a public human scale

Have a super human scale

135

The Social Dimension of Urban Design Stimuli, Human Interaction and Security This area where people can meet , talk together and interact with each other, as it has appropriate measures of the human scale , and in it people can feel safe and contained , as the person feels that he is in a shelter that protects him.

Place : Zone beside Abu Al Abbas Mosque

Zone beside Abu Al Abbas Mosque

136

The Design Aspects of Urban Design Elements of Visual Design

Point, Line, Form

Point Line Form (Darker)

137

The Design Aspects of Urban Design Enhance Placeness

Texture

Entrance to Abu Al-Abbas Mosque We notice that the ground opposite the entrance is very smooth in terms of visual appearance compared to the roughness of the materials shown on the mosque, as it was necessary to have a gradation in the materials, so that there would be better coordination and a clear gradient in appearance, which leads to an increase in the beauty of the site.

Before

After

138

The Design Aspects of Urban Design Affect Feeling

Color Strategies

The swings area next to Abu Al-Abbas Mosque The cheerful colors in the image give a great effect to a feeling of joy and happiness, as it is considered as a way to attract children to play, and add psychological comfort to pedestrians, but in the event that the colors are removed from that area, it will look monotonous, boring and indistinguishable from the surroundings.

Before After

139

140

141

142

143

144

145

146

147

148

149

150

151