Configuration of Elements: The Tyrannosaurus Rex Fossil Photo Book

TYRANNOSAURUS-REX STAN’S BHI 3033 OXFORD UNIVERSITY MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY

#NUR EDZAFIRAH BINTI EDDIE

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Fig. 1: Tyrannosaurus-rex skeleton within the strcutures. Eddie, N. E., 2019

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BEYOND THE SKELETON “STAN” BHI 3033

There is a story from Black Hills Institute of Geoligical Research believe after several studies made with Tyrannosaurus-Rex’s specimen found together. It is they believe that “Stan” actually lived his life in a group which was his family.

“Stan” hatched from an egg which is also like how a modern bird do. (BHI, 1990) He probably have been cared for his family, who taught him the ways to survive especially hunting for food.

Later, he grew up and left his family group and found a mate, a female 30% heavier than himself. “Stan” and his mate fought many battles during their lifetimes. (BBC, 2004) is skeleton along with other rex specimen do show the scars of ancient battles. According to the studies made from the “pathologies” in the bones, researchers theorize that rex scuffled for territory, fought over food and engaged in other behaviours similar to today’s carnivores. (BHI, 1990) 02

Several broken and healed bones found from “Stan’s” pathologies. He had also suffered a broken neck, two vertebrate fused together and a third became immobalized by the extra bone growth during the healing process. (BHI, 1990) His cheeks and on the back of his brain case, through the back skull also show healed injuries from a another T-Rex tooth. The circular hole at the back of his skull is more than one inch diameter where a T-Rex tooth can fits nicely. (BHI, 1990) Incredibly, he survived because of a thin layer bone seated the broken surface. The researchers are not sure of how “Stan” died. Perhaps a disease or old age.

At any rate, his mate finally had to leave “Stan” on the sand bar of a stream flowing southeastward to the sea. The spring floods ultimately covered the bones which remained buried for 65 million years. (BBC, 2004)

The display was found by an amature Palaentologist, Stan Sacrison at the Hell Creek Formation, South Dakota, United States. Stan skeleton is 12m long, 4m high and the weight is 8 tonnes. (BHI, 1990) The skull dimension of the fossil is 1.5m long and 1m wide with 58 teeth that probably can reach 30cm long. Stan was a male dinosaur because of the body part called Morphotype. It had a gracile morphotype which was smaller and lighter bones than a female dinosaur that had a robust type of morphotype. (BBC, 2004)

Fig. 2: Tyrannosaurus-rex skeleton close up 1. Eddie, N. E., 2019

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Fig. 3: Tyrannosaurus-rex skeleton elevation 1. Eddie, N. E., 2019

Fig. 4: Tyrannosaurus-rex skeleton elevation 2. Eddie, N. E., 2019

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Fig. 5: Tyrannosaurus-rex skeleton skull. Eddie, N. E., 2019

Fig. 6: T-rex skeleton from back 1. Eddie, N. E., 2019

Fig. 7: T-rex skeleton from back 2. Eddie, N. E., 2019

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Fig. 9: Collage of T-rex. Eddie, N. E., 2019

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Fig. 8: Tyrannosaurus-rex skeleton front view. Eddie, N. E., 2019

THEROPOD DINOSAUR THE “BEAST-FOOTED” DINOSAUR Theropod Species A carnivorous species. (Pagel, M., 2002) Despite the beast-footed name, Theropod had a bipedal feature. The feature of their feets were related to bird’s character. Since these species of dinosaur had a hollow thin walled bones and quite fragile especially the small ones. (Smith,D., 2005) Theropod mostly had four main fingers on the manus (hands) and three main toew on the pes (foot). Most of them also had sharp recured teeth. (Smith,D., 2005) They were also catogarized as a Saurichian Species.

Saurischian vs Ornithischian Saurischian is a Lizard-Hipped or Reptile-Hipped group while Ornithischian is a Bird-Hipped group. (Pagel, M., 2002) Ornithischian species were those 4-legged herbivours like Stegosaurus, the armored dinosaurs. These groups were determine by Harry G. Seeley, a former student of Richard Owen in 1888. (Encyclopedia Britannica, 2019) It was differentiate by the position of three elements which were Ilium, Ischium and pubis. The arrangement when the pubis points down and forward are Saurischians and the ones with pubis that points downward and backward are Ornithischian. (Smith,D., 2005) So, Tyrannosaurus-rex is in Saurischian group species.

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Fig. 10: Tyrannosaurus-rex skeleton close up 2. Eddie, N. E., 2019

Fig. 11: Tyrannosaurus-rex skeleton close up 3. Eddie, N. E., 2019

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Fig. 12: Collage of Tyrannosauru -rex skeleton tail and skull features.

Eddie, N. E., 2019

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Fig. 13: Tyrannosauru-rex skeleton rib cage. Eddie, N. E., 2019

Fig. 14: Collage of Tyrannosauru-rex skeleton manus (hands) feature. Eddie, N. E., 2019

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Fig. 15: Collage of Tyrannosauru-rex skeleton bottom feature. Eddie, N. E., 2019

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Fig. 16: Tyrannosauru-rex skeleton. Eddie, N. E., 2019

GENERAL TIMELINE OF DINOSAURS MESOZOIC ERA: Late triassic period Late cretacerous period 225 Million years ago 125 Million years ago • Eoraptor • Tyrannosaurus-rex • Herre rasaurus Late jurassic period • Triceratop 159 Million years ago • Camptosaurus Triassic period • Mammals 251 Million years ago • Invertebrates

Early jurassic period 206 Million years ago • Emasaurus

Early cretacerous period 144 Million years ago • Iguanodon

Middle jurassic period 180 Million years ago • Cetosaurus • Megalosaurus

Mass extinction 65 Million years ago • Alvarez event • Meteorite hits earth 1. 160Km wide 2. Possible impact crater: mexico • Climate change • 75% Extinction of all species Hypothesis by: Luis Walter Alvarez (Physicist) and Walter Jr. (Geologist)

Fig. 17: General Dinosaur timeline diagram. Eddie, N. E., 2019 Source: 1. Palaeontology Collection: Dinosaur Fossil. Oxford University Museum of Natural History, Oxford.

2. Pagel, M., (2002). ‘Dinosaur’, in Encyclopedia of Evolution. (2nd edn.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

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STAN’S BHI 3033 TIMELINE CAST SKELETON:

[1]

Ready for display [2] 70% of Stan’s bones were found which were about 199 pieces.

First discovered around [2] spring or summer by Stan Sacrison.

Lived in the late cretacerous period Approx. age of Stan was 20 years.

1992

1860

125 Million years ago

Oxford University Museum of Natural History was established.

3 1/2 years and more [2]

1987 [3]

Fifth most complete Tyrannosaurus-rex skeleton. Cast Skeleton can be found at several museums around the world.

[2]

More than 30,000 hours to prepare Stan for display.

Black Hills Institue staff undertook the excavation process in spring.

1999 1997

[2] Casting

parts took 6 months for production Cost: $100,000.00 (Ship in small crates) Material: Special silicon rubber & steel structure within the skeleton.

Oxford University Museum of Natural History bought Stan skeleton replica.

2019

[4]

Fig. 18: Cast skeleton timeline diagram. Eddie, N. E., 2019 Source: 1. BBC (2004) 2. BHI (1990) 3. Oxford University Museum of Natural History 4. Oxford Mail (1999) 19

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Fig. 19: Additional LEGO digital model (Perspective View 1). Eddie, N. E., 2019

Fig. 20: Additional LEGO digital model (Perspective View 2). Eddie, N. E., 2019

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Fig. 21: Additional LEGO digital model (Front View). Eddie, N. E., 2019

Fig. 22: Additional LEGO digital mo

odel (Side View). Eddie, N. E., 2019

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Fig. 23: Additional LEGO digital model (Plan View). Eddie, N. E., 2019

BIBLIOGRAPHY • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 24

Palaeontology Collection: Dinosaur Fossil. Oxford University Museum of Natural History, Oxford.

Smith, D., (2005), The Tyrant Lizard: The Tyrannosauridae. Available at: https://ucmp.berkeley.edu/diapsids/ saurischia/tyrannosauridae.html (Accessed: 25 September 2019).

Smith, D., (2005), Theropod Dinosaurs: The “Beast-footed” carnivours dinosaurs. Available at: https://ucmp. berkeley.edu/diapsids/saurischia/theropoda.html (Accessed: 25 September 2019).

Smith, D., (2005), The Saurischian Dinosaur. Available at: https://ucmp.berkeley.edu/diapsids/saurischia/saurischia.html (Accessed: 25 September 2019).

Encyclopedia Britannica (2019), Theropod Dinosaur Suborder. Available at: https://www.britannica.com/animal/theropod#accordion-article-history (Accessed: 27 September 2019).

Encyclopedia Britannica (2019), Saurischia Dinosaur Order. Available at: https://www.britannica.com/animal/ theropod#accordion-article-history (Accessed: 27 September 2019).

BHI (1990), Tyrannosaurus-rex STAN Skeleton. Available at: http://www.bhigr.com/store/product.php?productid=46&cat=2&page=1(Accessed: 28 September 2019).

BHI (1990), STAN T.Rex. Available at: http://www.bhigr.com/pages/info/info_stan.htm (Accessed: 28 September 2019).

BHI (1990), Speciemen Catalog for Tyrannosaurus-rex. Available at: http://www.bhigr.com/pages/info/rex_ chart.htm (Accessed: 28 September 2019).

Pagel, M., (2002). ‘Dinosaur’, in Encyclopedia of Evolution. (2nd edn.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

BBC (2004) ‘Stan the T.rex - facts’ Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/manchester/content/articles/2004/11/02/ stan_dinosaur_facts_feature.shtml (Accessed: 29 September 2019).

Oxford Mail (1999) ‘T-Rex to star in top display’ Available at: https://www.oxfordmail.co.uk/news/6634696.trex-to-star-in-top-display/ (Accessed; 29 September 2019).

Pirak, P., (2017), Tyrannosaurus rex Stan Skeleton. Available at: https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/tyrannosaurus-rex-stan-skeleton-cce153b1ac164550b3acbc96495cce64 (Accessed: 29 September 2019).

Brunen, F., (2017), Tyrannosaurus rex skeletal diagram (BHI 3033). Available at: https://www.deviantart.com/ franoys/art/Tyrannosaurus-rex-skeletal-diagram-FMNH-PR-2081--640670460 (Accessed: 29 September 2019).