Chapter 7

Management Information System (CSC408)

Chapter 6: Telecommunications, the Internet, and Wireless Technology

Erny Arniza Ahmad Faculty of Computer and Mathematical Sciences Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Kedah

Learning Objectives Telecommunications And Networking In Today’s Business World Communications Networks

The Global Internet

The Wireless Revolution

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Learning Objective #1 What are the principal components of telecommunications networks and key networking technologies?

What are the different types of networks?

How do the Internet and Internet technology work and how do they support communication and e-business?

What are the principal technologies and standards for wireless networking, communication, and Internet access?

Networking and Communication Trends Convergence Telephone networks and computer networks converging into single digital network using Internet standards

Broadband Voice and data communication networks become faster, more portable, and less expensive.

Broadband wireless Voice, data communication are increasingly taking place over broadband wireless platforms

Malaysia Internet Users

* estimate for July 1, 2016 ** Internet User = individual who can access the Internet at home, via any device type and connection.

Source: Internet Live Stats (www.InternetLiveStats.com) Elaboration of data by International Telecommunication Union (ITU), World Bank, and United Nations Population Division.

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Networking and Communication Trends Computer Network • Two or more connected computers • Major components in simple network i. Client and server computers ii. Network interfaces (NICs) iii. Connection medium iv. Network operating system v. Hubs, switches, routers

Networking and Communication Trends Network Operating System (NOS)

• routes and manages communications on the network and coordinates network resources.

Server computer

• is a computer on a network that performs important network functions for client computers • Microsoft Windows Server, Linux, and Novell Open Enterprise Server

Network interface

• is the point of interconnection between a computer and a private or public network.

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Networking and Communication Trends Connection point between the computers:

Hubs

•are very simple devices that connect network components, sending a packet of data to all other connected devices.

Switch

•has more intelligence than a hub and can filter and forward data to a specified destination on the network.

Router

•is a communications processor used to route packets of data through different networks, ensuring that the data sent gets to the correct address.

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Components of a Simple Computer Network

Networking and Communication Trends Software Defined Networking (SDN) • New networking approach • Functions of switches and routers managed by central program • Helpful in cloud computing environment − manage traffic loads in a flexible and more efficient manner.

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What is a Computer Network?

Networks in large companies • Hundreds of local area networks (LANs) linked to firmwide corporate network • Various powerful servers − Web site − Corporate intranet, extranet − Backend systems • Uses a wide variety of technologies—everything from ordinary telephone service and corporate data networks to Internet service, wireless Internet, and cell phones.

• Major problems facing corporations today is how to integrate all the different communication networks and channels into a coherent system

Corporate Network Infrastructure

Key Digital Networking Technologies Client/Server Computing

Key Technologies

TCP/IP

Packet Switching

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Key Digital Networking Technologies Client/server Computing

• Distributed computing model • Clients linked through network controlled by network server computer • Server sets rules of communication for network and provides every client with an address so others can find it on the network • Has largely replaced centralized mainframe computing • The Internet: largest implementation of client/server computing

Key Digital Networking Technologies Packet Switching

• Method of slicing digital messages into parcels (packets), sending packets along different communication paths as they become available, and then reassembling packets at destination • Previous circuit-switched networks required assembly of complete point-to-point circuit − Expensive and wasted communications capacity • Packet switching more efficient use of network’s communications capacity

Key Digital Networking Technologies

Key Digital Networking Technologies TCP/IP and connectivity • Protocols: rules that govern transmission of information between two points • Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) − Common worldwide standard that is basis for Internet • Department of Defense reference model for TCP/IP • Four layers i. Application layer ii. Transport layer iii. Internet layer iv. Network interface layer

The TCP/IP Reference Model

Learning Objective #2 What are the principal components of telecommunications networks and key networking technologies?

What are the different types of networks?

How do the Internet and Internet technology work and how do they support communication and e-business?

What are the principal technologies and standards for wireless networking, communication, and Internet access?

Communication Networks Signals: Digital versus Analog • An analog signal is represented by a continuous waveform that passes through a communications medium and has been used for voice communication.

• A digital signal is a discrete, binary waveform, rather than a continuous waveform.

• strings of two discrete states: one bit and zero bits

Modem (modulator-demodulator) • translates digital signals into analog form (and vice versa) • DSL Modem • Wireless Modem

Functions of Modem

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Types Of Networks

Types of Networks

Local Area Networks (LANs)

Campus Area Networks (CANs)

Metropolitan Area Networks (MANs)

Wide Area Networks (WANs)

Types of Networks Local Area Network (LAN) • designed to connect personal computers and other digital devices within a half-mile or 500-meter radius • computers in a small office, or all the computers in several buildings in close proximity.

Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) • a network that spans a metropolitan area, usually a city and its major suburbs.

• Its geographic scope falls between a WAN and a LAN.

Wide Area Networks (WANs) • span broad geographical distances—entire regions, states, continents, or the entire globe.

• The most universal and powerful WAN is the Internet.

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Types of Networks

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Transmission Media Transmission Media

Wired

Twisted pair cable

Coaxial cable

Wireless

Fiber-optic cable

Radio wave

Microwave

Infrared

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Transmission Media

Transmission Speed Bits per second (bps)

The total amount of digital information that can be transmitted through any telecommunications medium.

Hertz

The number of cycles per second that can be sent through that medium One hertz is equal to one cycle of the medium.

Bandwidth

The range of frequencies that can be accommodated on a particular telecommunications channel

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Learning Objective #3 What are the principal components of telecommunications networks and key networking technologies?

What are the different types of networks?

How do the Internet and Internet technology work and how do they support communication and e-business?

What are the principal technologies and standards for wireless networking, communication, and Internet access?

The Global Internet The Internet

Internet Service Providers (ISPs)

World’s most extensive network, largest client/server computing and internetworking

a commercial organization with a permanent connection to the Internet that sells temporary connections to retail subscribers.

Types of Internet Connection Dial-up

Digital subscriber line (DSL/FIOS)

T-Carrier Line

Internet Connection

Satellite

Cable Internet connections

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Types of Internet Connection • Dial-up access is cheap but slow.

• A modem connects to the Internet after the computer dials a phone number.

• Analog signal is converted to digital via the modem and sent over a land-line serviced by a public telephone network.

• Telephone lines are variable in quality and the connection can be poor at times.

Dial-up

• It is an internet connection that is always “on”.

• This uses 2 lines so your phone is not tied up when your computer is connected.

• There is also no need to dial a phone number to connect.

• DSL uses a router to transport data and the range of connection speed

Digital Subscriber Line (DSL/FIOS)

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Types of Internet Connection • Cable provides an internet connection through a cable modem and operates over cable TV lines.

• There are different speeds depending on if you are uploading data transmissions or downloading.

• Since the coax cable provides a much greater bandwidth over dial-up or DSL telephone lines, you can get Cableaccess Internet faster

connections

• Satellite accesses the internet via a satellite in Earth’s orbit.

• The enormous distance that a signal travels from earth to satellite and back again, provides a delayed connection compared to cable and DSL.

Satellite

• High-speed dedicated digital lines that can be leased from telephone companies.

• This creates an always open, always available line between you and whomever you choose to connect to when you establish the service.

T-Carrier Line

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Internet Addressing and Architecture Internet Protocol (IP) address • a number that uniquely identifies each computer or device connected to the Internet • 32-bit number • represented by four strings of numbers ranging from 0 to 255 separated by periods.

• e.g. www.microsoft.com = 207.46.250.119

Internet Addressing and Architecture The Domain Name System (DNS) • Converts IP addresses to domain names • Hierarchical structure − the top of the DNS hierarchy is the root domain − the child domain of the root is called a top-level domain − the child domain of a toplevel domain is called is a second level domain.

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The Domain Name System (DNS)

Internet Architecture And Governance Internet data traffic is carried over transcontinental high-speed backbone.

Network Service Providers Own trunk lines (high-speed backbone networks)

Regional telephone and cable TV companies

Provide regional and local access

No one “owns� the Internet, and it has no formal management

Internet Architecture And Governance

Professional organizations and government bodies establish Internet standards Internet Architecture The Internet Board (IAB) helps Corporation for define the overall Assigned Names and structure of the Numbers (ICANN), Internet assigns IP addresses

The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), sets Hypertext Markup Language and other programming standards for the Web

Internet Network Architecture

The Future Internet The Internet and Internet Technology

IPV6 • New addressing scheme for IP numbers • Will provide more than a quadrillion new addresses • Not compatible with current IPv5 addressing

Internet 2 •Advanced networking consortium − Universities, businesses, government agencies, other institutions •Developed high-capacity 100 Gbps testing network •Testing leading-edge new technologies for Internet

Internet Services and Communications Tools Internet Services • A client computer connecting to the Internet has access to a variety of services.

Client/Server Computing on the Internet

Internet Services and Communications Tools Voice over IP (VoIP)

Unified Communications

• Digital voice communication using IP, packet switching • Providers • Cable providers • Google, Skype

• Communications systems that integrate voice, data, e-mail, conferencing

Virtual Private Network (VPN) • Secure, encrypted, private network run over Internet • PPTP • Tunneling

VoIP

A VPN Using The Internet

The Web Web site • is a collection of Web pages linked to a home page

Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) • formats documents and incorporates dynamic links to other documents and pictures stored in the same or remote computers

Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) • Communications standard used for transferring Web pages

Uniform Resource Locators (URLs) • Addresses of Web pages • http://www.megacorp.com/content/features/082602.html

Web servers • Software for locating and managing Web pages

The Web Search Engines

Mobile Search

Search Engine Marketing

• Started as simpler programs using keyword indexes • Google created page ranking system • Google, Yahoo!, Baidu, and Microsoft’s Bing

• 50 percent of all searches in 2014 • the growth of mobile smartphones and tablet computers • accessing the Internet via mobile devices • the nature of ecommerce and search is changing

• major advertising platforms and shopping tools • two types of listings: sponsored links, for which advertisers have paid to be listed, and unsponsored “organic” search results

The Web Search Engine Optimization (SEO)

• the process of improving the quality and volume of Web traffic to a Web site by employing a series of techniques that help a Web site achieve a higher ranking with the major search engines when certain keywords and phrases are put in the search field.

Search Engine Algorithms • Google’s Hummingbird (2013) − Sentence evaluation • Knowledge graph − Anticipate what you might want to know more about as you search on a topic

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Search Engines

How Google Works

The Web Social Search

Semantic Search

• Effort to provide more relevant results by including pages visited by user’s social network • Google +1, Facebook Like

• Anticipating what users are looking for rather than simply returning millions of links

Intelligent Agent Shopping Bots • Use intelligent agent software for searching Internet for shopping information

Web 2.0

Features

Second-generation services

Enabling collaboration, sharing information, and creating new services online

• Interactivity • Real-time user control • Social participation (sharing) • User-generated content

Web 2.0 Services and Tools Blogs • Chronological, informal Web sites created by individuals • RSS (Really Simple Syndication): syndicates Web content so aggregator software can pull content for use in another setting or viewing later • Blogosphere is the totality of blog-related Web sites • Microblogging s a type of blogging that features short posts of 140 characters or less.

Wikis • collaborative Web sites where visitors can add, delete, or modify content on the site

Social networking sites • enable users to build communities of friends and share information

Web 3.0: The “Semantic Web�

A collaborative effort led by W3C to add layer of meaning to the existing Web

Goal is to reduce human effort in searching for and processing information, making Web more intuitive

Increased communication and synchronization with computing devices, communities

Internet of Things - the idea of a pervasive Web

Visual Web refers to Web sites like Pinterest where pictures replace text documents, where users search on pictures, and where pictures of products replace display ads for products.

Increased cloud computing, mobile computing

Web Generations

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Learning Objective #3 What are the principal components of telecommunications networks and key networking technologies?

What are the different types of networks?

How do the Internet and Internet technology work and how do they support communication and e-business?

What are the principal technologies and standards for wireless networking, communication, and Internet access?

Cellular Systems Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)

4G

Competing Standards

3G

Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM)

Cellular Systems Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) • Standard In Europe and much of the rest of the world outside the United Sates.

• Strength is its international roaming capability.

Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) • United States only • transmits over several frequencies, occupies the entire spectrum, and randomly assigns users to a range of frequencies over time • making it more efficient than GSM.

Cellular Systems 3G

4G

• Short term for third-generation wireless technology, especially mobile communications.

• Transmission speeds ranging from 144 Kbps for mobile users in, say, a car, to more than 2 Mbps for stationary users, offer fair transmission speeds for e-mail, browsing the Web, and online shopping, but are too slow for videos..

• Short term for fourth-generation wireless technology.

• Higher speeds: 100 megabits/second download, and 50 megabits upload speed.

• Voice, data, and high-quality streaming video are available to users anywhere, anytime.

• Long Term Evolution (LTE) and mobile Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMax) are the current 4G standards.

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Wireless Computer Networks and Internet Access Bluetooth (802.15)

Wireless computer networks standards

WiMax (802.16)

Wi-Fi (802.11)

Wireless Computer Networks and Internet Access

Bluetooth

• For small personal area networks (PANs) • Bluetooth can link up to eight devices within a 10-meter area using low-power, radiobased communication and can transmit up to 722 Kbps in the 2.4 GHz band.

• Wireless phones, keyboards, computers, printers, and PDAs using Bluetooth can communicate with one another and even operate one another without direct user intervention.

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Bluetooth Network

Wireless Computer Networks and Internet Access

Wi-Fi

• Set of standards: 802.11 • Wi-Fi is useful for creating wireless LANs and for providing wireless Internet access.

• Its access range is limited to anywhere between 300 feet and three miles.

• Hotspots are public access points individuals use to obtain high speed Internet access.

• Weak security features

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Wireless Computer Networks and Internet Access

WiMax

• WiMax has a wireless access range of up to 31 miles • For metropolitan area networks (MANs).

• Data transfer rate of up to 75 Mbps, making it suitable for providing broadband Internet access in areas lacking DSL and cable lines.

• The 802.16 specification also has robust security and quality-of-service features to support voice and video.

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Wireless LAN

RFID and Wireless Sensor Networks Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) • Use tiny tags with embedded microchips containing data about an item and location • Tag antennas to transmit radio signals over short distances to special RFID readers, which send data over network to computer for processing • Common uses: − Automated toll-collection − Tracking goods in a supply chain • Requires companies to have special hardware and software • Reduction in cost of tags making RFID viable for many firms

RFID

RFID and Wireless Sensor Networks Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) • Networks of hundreds or thousands of interconnected wireless devices embedded into physical environment to provide measurements of many points over large spaces • Used to monitor building security, detect hazardous substances in air, monitor environmental changes, traffic, or military activity • Devices have built-in processing, storage, and radio frequency sensors and antennas • Require low-power, long-lasting batteries and ability to endure in the field without maintenance • Major sources of “Big Data” and fueling “Internet of Things”

WSNs

Reference Kenneth C. Laudon And Jane P. Laudon, Management Information Systems: Managing the Digital Firm, 14th edition (Global Edition), Pearson Prentice Hall, 2016.

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