Senior Thesis - Design for Happiness

DESIGN FOR

HAPPINESS an Urban Playbook for Public Space

DESIGN FOR HAPPINESS an Urban Playbook for Public Space Erisa Nakamura

ARCH 498: Senior Honors Thesis Department of Undergraduate Architecture University of Pennsylvania Advisors: Sophie Hochhäusl Eric Bellin

“Although clarity or legibility is by no means the only important property of a beautiful city, it is of special importance when considering environments at the urban scale of size, time, and complexity. To understand this, we must consider not just the city as a thing in itself, but the city being perceived by its inhabitants.”

-Kevin Lynch

INTRODUCTION

Public spaces are a fundamental component of the urban fabric and urban life of any city. The vividness and energy of a city can only be gauged by the observation of people’s interaction and no other place is an intense a locus of such activity as public spaces. Successful place-making provides its community with an identity, a meeting space, and character while promoting sociability and community interaction. These positive influences are critical factors in one’s perception of happiness with one’s environment, which in turn contribute to well-being and health.

Happiness is a nebulous term with many and complex definitions, and one that social scientists and philosophers will continue seeking to explore, define, and understand. The common usage of “happiness” in everyday discourse is centered on the importance of positive affect over negative, where it is subjectively quantified by one’s experience or memory of pleasant emotions.1 Various theories of the term relate to well-being, such as psychological well-being2 and Self-Determination Theory3, which promote sociability and social connections as important dimensions when considering happiness. While one’s sociability is not the only factor to consider for happiness, it is a dimension of particular significance as a theme that arises across various theories.

1

2 3

Bradburn Scale of Psychological well-being, “Affect Balance Scale” (Bradburn, 1969).

Psychological Well-Being Scale by Carol Ryff Self-Determination Theory (SDT) by Richard Ryan & Ed Deci

This thesis will explore the intersection of happiness and architecture by examining issues of human scale and social interaction in public spaces in order to develop an “Urban Playbook for Public Space,” a collection of strategies for creating spaces which inspire happiness in urban settings. In sports a playbook is a collection of plays or plans of action that teams use in order to organize their players. They contain sets of nuanced and flexible instructions that are specific to each team and are essential for individual players to memorize for the team to work cohesively. Having this resource of possible actions allows athletes to strategize and deploy the best plays to maximize their chances of success.

In this Urban Playbook, we similarly encounter “elements”, “fields”, and “plays”. The first category is “elements” that can be thought of as analogous to players who are deployed according to plays in the book. For my purpose, these include urban furniture, greenery, water, visual markers, and programming. These elements are components of public space that have been shown to contribute to successful placemaking.4 The elements must then be organized within “fields,” which are the various types of public spaces that will be created by deploying the elements. For the purpose of this thesis, we will only focus on three fields—pocket parks, sidewalks, and parklets—which are public spaces on a tangible scale available in residential areas. These will then be organized according to different “plays,” strategies for the elements to be placed in relationships within a given field to create points of attraction. The two possible families of plays to be examined here exist along gradients of continuity vs discontinuity and itemization vs hybridization. These two families of plays offer a starting point for design by suggesting a range in the placement and choice of elements.

By providing this “Urban Playbook for Public Space,” the hope is that it inspires not only architects and planners, but also neighborhood groups and community members to create successful placemaking through happy design.

4

Inspired by Project for Public Space, “the Place Diagram” https://www.pps.org/article/grplacefeat

World Happiness Report 2019, United Nations Sustainable Development Solutions Network

HAPPINESS - how do we quantify it?

Over the course of human history, there have been countless philosophers and psychologists that have made an effort to understand happiness, something seemingly subjective yet linked to common factors such as sense of achievement and social relationships. There have been efforts to rank people’s levels of happiness, such as the World Happiness Report released annually by the United Nations Sustainable Development Solutions Network.5 This report considers six variables to explain the ranking of the countries: GDP per capita, social support, healthy life expectancy, freedom, generosity, and absence of corruption.6 The rankings stay generally consistent in the top countries, with Scandinavian nations occupying a good portion of the top ten spots. As such rankings are tied to economic systems, they seem to neglect the diverse experiences and social aspects of happiness, even though happiness in itself is a social condition.

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6

See ranking to the left Helliwell, Layard, & Sachs. 2019 Ibid.

In this thesis happiness will be considered primarily in terms of socialization and the sense of belonging to a community. An increase in social capital can contribute to an increase in civic engagement, life satisfaction, and feeling of trust and safety, all of which contribute to one’s well-being.7 Yet in the modern city, especially in American cities, there seems to be a decrease in interest in socialization. This was brought to attention by political scientist, Putnam who stated that there is striking evidence of a decline in American civil society, seen through the decrease in voter turnouts and less registered memberships in organizations.8 Perhaps, this is a contributing factor to why the United States falls behind the higher ranked countries in various happiness indexes.

Jan Gehl, The Human Scale, 2012

While architecture cannot be the solution to decreasing social capital, the built environment can be an influence in promoting social behavior. In Life Between Buildings by Danish architect Jan Gehl, he states, “Although the physical framework does not have a direct influence on the quality, content, and intensity of social contacts, architects and planners can affect the possibilities for meeting, seeing, and hearing people – possibilities that both take on a quality of their own and become important as background and starting point for other forms of contact.”9 Architects of the space must recognize that they cannot solve the lack of happiness in the space, but rather they can facilitate means for better community interaction that will encourage happiness. From here, we will explore the different ways that these motivations can be carried out through good design.

7 8

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OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development), 2011 “There is striking evidence, however, that the vibrancy of American civil society has notably declined over the past several decades.”

(Putnam, 1995) Gehl, 2011

A LOOK AT PUBLIC SPACES It is essential to clarify the meaning of public space for this thesis. In essence, it is any space that is open and accessible to any person. This includes, but is not limited to, parks, public squares, streets, sidewalks, beaches, waterways, public transportation, public markets, and so on. The ownership of public spaces can blur the delineation of what is purely public and what is only temporary. The creation of POPS (privately owned public space) has changed the purpose and usage of public space in an urban setting and the unclear intentions initially resulted in a diminished quality of these spaces.10 This began with the 1961 New York Zoning Resolution where the code allowed for an additional floor space to be added to apartment and office buildings to incentivize developers to create an adjacent public plaza. This in turn created what William Whyte calls “corporate foyers”11 which feature unwelcoming stark design, sometimes even lacking in any architectural feature. There are also the considerations of privately owned vacant lots, which often has no barrier for entrance and could be considered “public” since anyone has access to enter this space. But they often have social ramifications as they attract crime and vandalism in urban neighborhoods.12 Vacant lots, unless treated to be used, should not be considered a “public space” as its intention is not to be used as a space to occupy or gather.

Sighting Map, Project for Public Spaces (1980) William H. Whyte, The social life of small urban spaces

This is not to say that privately owned spaces cannot contribute to the public good and wellbeing.

There are countless examples of public spaces where the profitability of a space did not overcome the popularity of its use. But the success relies on consumer culture to attract people to its space, often failing to consider the community within which that space is embedded.13 In order to create a sustainable public space with organic community activity, the public life must be a high consideration through careful observations of the neighborhood, community engagement, or both.

10 11 12 13

Huang & Franck, 2018 Whyte, 1980 Accordino & Johnson Zukin, 2010

PLAYBOOK

Goals for Public Space 1.

2.

Promote happiness by encouraging sociability Embody character and identity of the community

Elements of Good Public Space

1. Urban furniture: creates a destination since people get tired and want to sit!

Also gives people incentive to slow down and enjoy the space.

2. Greenery: A must since sights of greenery promotes well-being. People like to be canopied under trees, have natural carpeting with grass, and enjoy the beauty of plants.

3. Water: Gives a sense of peace to the space, making a space feel safe. People like to touch it too and can promote fun and play.

4. Programming: must provide space for different types of activities. People are attracted to events and fun activities.

5. Visual Marker: the more memorable the place, the more people will want to come back. Nice to have something to look at too.

URBAN

FURNITURE

SINGLE

SEATING

ELEMENT

FIXED

the inaility to move; permanently located in one position; immobile

DYNAMIC

the ability to be moved; can be relocated according to the userʼs wants and needs; mobile

STRAIGHT

BACK RECLINED

BACK MULTI- FIXED SEATING

the inaility to move; permanently located in one position; immobile

EPHEMERAL

temporary placement; impermanent location and existence; mobile and transitory.

URBAN FURNITURE “People tend to sit most where there are places to sit” – William Whyte1

Providing places to sit is an essential part of creating a welcoming and inviting public space.

In order to maximize socialization through urban furniture, William Whyte offers factors to consider when placing seating in public places. First, the seating should not only be physically comfortable, but also socially comfortable. By allowing room for individuals or groups to organize themselves and allowing flexibility in seating arrangement, it serves social comfort for the people. Second, providing movability with seating is important. Fixed seats can contribute to uncomfortable or awkward spaces which may motivate people to leave the space rather than occupy it. Having a range of movable pieces allows for users to feel a sense of control and autonomy. Third, Whyte suggests at least one linear foot of sitting space per 30 square feet of plaza space. It is important to note that his studies are based off of city plazas, and he also notes that it is not necessarily the ratio that matters, but the idea that the designer should maximize areas and elements offering the possible places to sit.

1

Whyte, 1980

GREENERY

TEXTURE

SENSORY

adding green surface texture adds visual quality to the space, encourages well-being and health.

encourages visitors to interact with plants through senses such as touch, smell, taste;

SCENT

plants offer interaction through smell; an ambience created through scent.

EDIBLE

plants encourage interaction between community members through agriculture.

SPATIAL

plants used to create and divide space; architecting the space through landscape.

PARTITION

greenery used to organize and divide space. to use to create enclosement in spaces that require privacy.

CANOPY

primary use is to create protection from direct sunlight; creates an intangible space.

ELEMENT

VERTICAL

greenery to cover a wall; creates a space encompassed by nature without having to occupy area.

HORIZONTAL

a natural carpet; helps delegrate different spaces. important to have soft texture for areas used for direct outdoor seating.

GREENERY

There are many benefits to including greenery in urban spaces. There have been several studies finding the connection between well-being and proximity to greenery, including a study from 2013 by the University of Exeter which found that on average, individuals have both lower mental distress and higher well-being when living in urban areas with more green space.2 Research done by two environmental psychologists, Frances Ming Kuo and William Sullivan even found a connection between exposure to plantings and social behavior where people who lived next to green spaces knew more of their neighbors and found them to be more supportive and friendlier, creating a stronger sense of belonging.3 The World Health Organization recommends that a city provides the availability of at least 9 m2 of green space per individual, with an ideal 50 m2 per capita.4 These numbers can be scaled to look at the availability of greenery in a certain neighborhood and provide a reference for how much planting should be included, but the positive outcomes of greenery depends on the regular exposure and accessibility within a neighborhood, so it is important to place greenery in a location of frequent passing.

2 3 4

White, Alcock, Wheeler, & Depledge, 2013 Montgomery, 2013 World Health Organization, 2012

WATER

ELEMENT

INTER- DRINK ACTIVE

provide a way for visitors to replenish; an essential act for living, provides a necessity.

PLAY

physical engagement with water, a way to attract people of young or old age.

THERMIC

used as an effective way to control cooling in outdoor areas of warmer climates or for warmer seasons

VISUAL

AMBIENT

environment created through visual surroundings; not necessarily interactive

constructing or controlling the environment through sensory landscape.

AUDITORY using the sound of water to control the environment; white noise; an auditory connection to nature

EXISTING

LANDSCAPE

utilizing the already existing as a tool to incorporate water

FABRICATED

building, designing, creating an object of visual marker to create a connection to nature and water.

WATER

The relationship between water and human settlement has always been of critical importance.

Civilizations would often settle for its accessibility to water and technology would develop in order to harness its power. The importance of water to a city does not change today as it represents life necessity in the drinking fountain, a celebration of history through commemorative fountains, and a biological response of connecting to nature through any interaction with water. Water can be placed to be touched, but also to be heard. A waterfall can be measured to transmit around 75 decibels of white noise, just loud enough to mask the annoying aspects of street noise. Whyte notes the existence of a waterfall in a space to contribute to a quiet and peaceful ambience.5 5

Whyte, 1980.

PROGRAMMING

ELEMENT

PERMANENT

usage can be built into the physical features of the site. permanent fixtures could still provide flexible use

AMPITHEATER

P L AYS C A P E

AGRICULTURE

M A R K E T

SCREENING

GAT H E R I N G

staircase, not used to take user from one level to the next. offers various usage such as seating, entertainment.

encourage play and interaction for users of all ages; can be open ended spaces that encourage imagination

bringing back into setting community and

agriculture the urban encourages interaction well-being.

TEMPORAL

requires flexible space to be occupied for various uses; programming may repeat, but ephemeral.

a gathering event can encourage integration of food into community identity and local entrepreneurship.

OTHER?

listed above are possible options of but the possibilities are e n d l e s s .

encourages gathering of people of different ages. represents the variety in usage that the space can offer.

o p e n - e n d e d programming that can be used for variety of uses. look to urban furniture to choose.

PROGRAMMING

Programming and activities in public space is what gives these places life. Jan Gehl emphasizes the ability of the physical framework to facilitate – or impede - a broad spectrum of possibilities in creating activity in spaces. He gives three broad requirements to give life between buildings: desirable conditions for necessary outdoor activities, desirable conditions for optional, recreational activities, and desirable conditions for the social activities.6 By allowing for flexible programming space that can hold planned events as well as spontaneous interactions between community members, there is an increased sense of belonging and trust that develops among people. The flexibility can be designed into a space through moveable or adaptable furniture or closing of traffic to allow for extra space, and interactions can be promoted through creating well-designed spaces that can provide a break from the fast-paced urban environment.

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Gehl, 2011

ELEMENT

VISUAL

MARKER

IDENTITY

an image that gives the location a distinctive quality that could be used for orientation.

STRUCTURE

has a spatial relationship with its surrounding built enviornment anchors the location.

MEANING

the viewer should have a practical or emotional connection to the image.

VARIABLE

dependent on the location and viewer. examples can be provided but they are un-enforceable

“A good environmental image gives its possessor an important sense of emotional security. He can establish a harmonious relationship between himself and the outside world.”

– Kevin Lynch, Image of the City

VISUAL MARKER “A good environmental image gives its possessor an important sense of emotional security. He can establish a harmonious relationship between himself and the outside world.”

– Kevin Lynch, Image of the City7

The visual marker is essential to concretely place a location to a person’s mental map of a city.

Kevin Lynch emphasizes that the legibility of a space and its location in a city contribute to how a person relates to their built environment.8 Legibility carries a social value, where the more defined a place is, the more people can feel a sense of belonging to its physical location. Lynch breaks down the visual marker into three components: identity, structure, and meaning. By giving the image a distinctive quality to give it identity, by locating it in a spatial relation to its surrounding structure and having a practical or emotional meaning to the observer, the mental image is strengthened in one’s brain, providing for a successful visual marker.

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Lynch, 1960 Ibid.

DESIGN FOR HAPPINESS

FIELD PLAN

10am

2pm

1pm

12pm

9am

8am

24th st.

5pm

4pm

BOUNDARY -physically intangible -different levels of permeability

3pm

EDGE -tangible separation of space -different levels of impermeability

11am

an urban playbook for public space

SHADOW STUDY -from 8am to 5pm in Spring months

pocket park

sidewalk

oxford st.

parklet

PLAYING FIELDS The nature of the site and its surroundings is important to consider. Limitation in size, location, and uses should be used to determine the type of public space it can serve as. Understanding the type of public space it will function as is fundamental to understand the potential of the place.

1. Pocket parks: integration of public space into preexisting urban fabric, a common solution for urban regeneration.

2. Parklets: an extension of the sidewalk that allows for more amenities to be used by the people on the street in an urban area.

3. Sidewalks: connects from one place to another, or from one neighbor to another. Must be divided from other lanes of transportation to ensure safety.

4. Parks: grass, trees, and open space. Is the most flexible and most commonly seen.

5. Gardens: similar to parks but requires more upkeep. Must clearly define areas of occupiable space vs non-occupiable space.

6. Public squares: often in dense urban areas. Has hard

materiality and a tactile boundary.

7. Beaches: limited to certain environments. But guaranteed to feel connected to nature!

8. Waterways: visually and physically defines a city. The natural geometry of waterways provides an impetus for creative design.

9. Markets: defined programming is good to attract consistent visitors. Must navigate the ratio of occupied vs unoccupied space.

DESIGN FOR HAPPINESS

FIELD PLAN

10am

2pm

1pm

12pm

9am

8am

24th st.

5pm

4pm

BOUNDARY -physically intangible -different levels of permeability

3pm

EDGE -tangible separation of space -different levels of impermeability

11am

an urban playbook for public space

SHADOW STUDY -from 8am to 5pm in Spring months

pocket park

sidewalk

oxford st.

parklet

For small scale intervention that is comprehensible in the context of Philadelphia, this study focuses on pocket parks, parklets, and sidewalks. The existing urban fabric must allow for such interventions without demolition of any kind, which is conceivable through parklets and sidewalks as they are generally unoccupied land that originally serve very limited services. They provide opportunities for the pedestrian and local community members to reclaim land to be used for social interactions. Pocket parks, on the other hand, are executed in existing vacant lots, which are often associated with increased crime, reduced social connections, and poor mental health.9 This can be remediated, as there have been studies showing a reduced number of crimes from greening and community reuse of vacant lots.10 Through these small-scale urban interventions, the community can benefit from revitalization of their shared spaces.

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Accodino & Johnson Kondo, Hohl, Han & Branas. 2015

PLAYS

1.

2.

Continuity: placement of elements that fit into the context of the site. Elements are expected to be found in the typology of field that it is placed in.

Discontinuity: deploying elements that are unexpected and unrelated to its context.

Allows for surprise and intrigue.

Itemization: the individual elements serve the purpose of its primary usage. Its form should suggest a function typical of its type.

Hybridization: the purpose and usage of the element is merged with another. Requires more design and creativity.

CONTINUITY vs DISCONTINUITY

The play of continuity or discontinuity begins by considering the relation of each element to its associated field. The designer either chooses to keep continuity by placing the expected element back into its field or create discontinuity by replacing the element with one that is of different association. This play relates to two opposing architectural theories which arose in postmodern architecture, contextualism and deconstructivism.

“Continuity” has its roots in contextualism, where built form should respect and adhere to the forms perceived in its context to maintain visual continuity and conformity across buildings. This idea has been explored by Robert Venturi in his early studies of context, of which he found inspiration from György Kepes’ conference statement which stated, “shaping and placing objects in our surroundings, we must understand their optical willingness and fitness to cooperate with their environment.”11 By keeping continuity in the choice of elements within their field, the viewer does not need additional contextual clues to derive the usage and function of the space.

“Discontinuity” is developed from the deconstructivist notion of placing elements within the field against convention, creating a break in its visual character. Bernard Tschumi in Six Concepts states,

“The very heterogeneity of the definition of architecture--space, action, and movement--makes it into that event, that place of shock, or that place of the invention of ourselves. The event is the place where the rethinking and reformulation of the different elements of architecture, many of which have resulted in or added to contemporary social inequities, may lead to their solution.”12 By seeing things in an unfamiliar way, the element can produce an interesting and novel experience for the viewer. This creates a new level of engagement for the visitor who has a chance to explore the range of possibilities that the element provides in the new field.

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Kepes, 1947 Tschumi, 1993

ITEMIZATION vs HYBRIDIZATION

The play of itemization vs hybridization deals with the elements in association to itself and its functions. With an itemized selection, the element will serve its single purpose as designated by its form which has its typical associations of a function.

Simply put, the element would be placed to serve the function as one would expect.

A bench serves as an urban furniture element, a fountain serves as a water element.

The elements are selected based upon the categories described previously in the urban playbook.

By adding a hybridized play of elements, the public space benefits in an endless possibility of flexibility. The hybridized play takes more than one element and combines their various functions to create new forms with more opportunities for the functionality of the public space. Through object-oriented philosophy and applying it to architecture, one becomes aware of the restrictions placed by the way we approach objects. Heidegger’s tool analysis as interpreted by Graham Harman states that “an object has a vast number of qualities, some knowable, some unknowable but to select any one of them to represent its full reality as an entity would be pointless.”13 By leaving forms open-ended without associating singular simplified relations, the object can be open to so many more interpretations and functions. Practice of Object Oriented Ontology in architecture suggests an ability to discover new forms of cultural engagement.14

The choice in executing this play depends on the availability and funds to hire a designer to create specialized hybridized elements. While an itemized element can be easily deployed from a regular catalog of elements, a hybridized element will most likely require additional efforts to execute. Even though a hybridized element may require more efforts in design, this does not guarantee a more successful design, but rather the intention and purpose that will determine the success of the play.

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Gage, 2015 Ibid.

PLAY IN EXECUTION Sharswood, Philadelphia

The site that was studied for the purpose of this thesis is Sharswood neighborhood in North Philadelphia. This neighborhood is a low to moderate income neighborhood that has suffered population decline and blight in recent years. There is an overwhelming presence of vacant and untreated lots in this area - as of 2016, 26% of the housing units in this neighborhood were vacant, and the total number of vacant parcels were 1,300 which is roughly 35 acres of land. The community vitality has been depleted, especially after the 2016 demolition work that imploded a high-rise apartment building that housed 1,200 at the center of this area.

This site was chosen for its proximity to the city center of Philadelphia, yet it is a neighborhood with lost vitality and public interactions. While its surrounding neighborhoods encounter revitalization but at the expense of causing gentrification, Sharswood has been mostly left alone by private developers. It is currently the chosen site of a Philadelphia Housing Authority Choice Neighborhood project, which hopes to revitalize the neighborhood as a whole instead of simply targeting housing problems. But there is a lack of consideration for public spaces so this project hopes to encourage community members to partake in guerilla urbanism by controlling their environment.

1

Sharswood Blumberg Choice Neighborhoods Transformation Plan http://www.sharswoodblumberg.com

Residential Low-density Residential Medium-density Residential High-density Green Space Civic/Institution Commercial Open Lots

NEIGHBORHOOD LAND USE programming

GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE within 5min walking distance from greenery

PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION trolley and bus lines

We will take a look at the corner of Oxford St. and 24th St. as a location of our fields: pocket park, sidewalk intervention, and parklet.

COMPILATION PLAN

DESIGN FOR HAPPINESS

POCKET PARK DRAWING NAME

an urban playbook for public space

GREENERY

MURAL -visual marker

AMPITHEATER -programming

BEACH CHAIRS -urban furniture

FOUNTAIN -water

FOLDING PARK CHAIR -urban furniture

MOVEABLE TABLES -urban furniture

CONTINUITY

DISCONTINUITY

ITEMIZED

HYBRIDIZED

DESIGN FOR HAPPINESS

SIDEWALK DRAWING NAME

an urban playbook for public space

SCULPTURE FOUNTAIN -visual marker -water BENCH -urban furniture

STOOP -urban furniture

GARDEN -greenery

CONTINUITY

DISCONTINUITY

ITEMIZED

HYBRIDIZED

DESIGN FOR HAPPINESS

DRAWINGPARKLET NAME

an urban playbook for public space

SEATING/TABLE -urban furniture

PLANTS -greenery

PARASOL -urban furniture

DRINKING FOUNTAIN -water

CONTINUITY

DISCONTINUITY

ITEMIZED

HYBRIDIZED

In order to create an organic community interaction in these public spaces, input from users will be the greatest source of inspiration for the design of these public spaces.

The hope of this thesis is that it inspires community members and planners to come together to create a space that people will be usable and encourage happiness and well-being.

ACKOWLEDGMENTS Eric Bellin PhD, Lecturer at University of Pennsylvania Stuart Weitzman School of Design Sophie Hochhäusl Assistant Professor for Architectural History and Theory, Mellon Faculty in the Humanities, Urbanism, and Design, Stuart Weitzman School of Design Dr. Yerin Shim Postdoctoral Fellow, Humanities and Human Flourishing Project, University of Pennsylvania Positive Psychology Center Kulapat Yantrasast Founding partner of wHY

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