Social psychology 9th edition aronson test bank

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Chapter 6 The Need to Justify Our Actions Total Assessment Guide (T.A.G.) Topic Introduction The Theory of Cognitive Dissonance

SelfJustification in Everyday Life

Question Type Multiple Choice Essay Multiple Choice

Fact

Concept

Application

1

2, 3, 8, 16, 18, 19, 21, 27, 28, 31, 33, 36, 46, 52, 57, 69, 70, 72, 73, 74, 76, 77, 78, 80, 84

Essay

183, 187, 189

Multiple Choice

87, 88, 98, 99, 101, 102, 105, 110, 113, 115, 117, 118, 125, 131, 135, 138, 142, 146, 156, 157, 166, 168, 169, 177, 180

Essay

192

6, 10, 22, 26, 32, 34, 35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 45, 47, 48, 49, 50, 53, 54, 55, 60, 63, 67, 75, 81, 82, 83, 85

4, 5, 7, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 17, 20, 23, 24, 25, 29, 30, 37, 38, 41, 44, 51, 56, 58, 59, 61, 62, 64, 65, 66, 68, 71, 79 184, 185, 186, 188

86, 89, 91, 95, 96, 100, 103, 107, 108, 109, 111, 114, 116, 119, 121, 122, 123, 126, 132, 139, 140, 141, 143, 145, 147, 150, 153, 154, 155, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 167, 170, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 178, 179, 182 190, 193, 195, 197

90, 92, 93, 94, 97, 104, 106, 112, 120, 124, 127, 128, 129, 130, 133, 134, 136, 137, 144, 148, 149, 151, 152, 158, 159, 171, 181

191, 194, 196

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CHAPTER 6 THE NEED TO JUSTIFY OUR ACTIONS: THE COSTS AND BENEFITS OF DISSONANCE REDUCTION ________________________________________________________________________________

Multiple Choice Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

1.

Members of the Heaven’s Gate cult, who “knew” there was a spaceship following the Hale-Bopp comet, returned a perfectly good telescope they had purchased because they failed to see the spaceship they “knew” was there. Such behaviors demonstrate that a. cult leaders go to great lengths to brainwash their members. b. people will often go to extreme lengths to justify their actions or beliefs. c. pleasant, smart, reasonable people are seldom drawn to cults. d. scientists, like many of us, are fascinated with the macabre, gruesome aspects of life.

Answer: B Difficulty: 2 Page(s) in Text: 158 Topic: Introduction Skill: CONCEPTUAL

2.

According to the authors of your text, one of the most powerful determinants of human behavior stems from our need to a. acquire as much social power as possible. b. forge strong connections with other people. c. preserve and maintain a relatively favorable view of ourselves. d. behave in rational, logical, reasonable ways.

Answer: C Difficulty: 2 Page(s) in Text: 158 Topic: The Theory of Cognitive Dissonance Skill: FACTUAL LO 6.1 What is cognitive dissonance, and how do people avoid dissonance to maintain a positive self-image?

3.

When people act contrary to their self-perceptions as reasonable and sensible people, they experience a feeling known as ________. a. defensive attribution b. low self-esteem c. affective ambivalence d. cognitive dissonance Answer: D Difficulty: 1 Page(s) in Text: 158 Topic: The Theory of Cognitive Dissonance Skill: FACTUAL LO 6.1 What is cognitive dissonance, and how do people avoid dissonance to maintain a positive self-image?

4.

Hai has been taking expensive beta-carotene supplements for years because he believes they will reduce his risk of cancer. Hai has just learned that a well-controlled study published in the prestigious New England Journal of Medicine showed that beta-carotene supplements do not reduce cancer risk. Hai is probably experiencing a. cognitive dissonance. b. self-affirmation. c. the rationalization trap. d. self-discrepancy.

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Answer: A Difficulty: 2 Page(s) in Text: 158 Topic: The Theory of Cognitive Dissonance Skill: APPLICATION LO 6.1 What is cognitive dissonance, and how do people avoid dissonance to maintain a positive self-image?

5.

George thinks of himself as an honest person until his brother reminds him that he’s been known to keep extra change given to him by a cashier and to stock his home office for a sideline business with supplies taken from his job. George is now probably feeling a sense of discomfort known as a. misattribution of arousal. b. self-serving bias. c. cognitive dissonance. d. anxiety.

Answer: C Difficulty: 2 Page(s) in Text: 158 Topic: The Theory of Cognitive Dissonance Skill: APPLICATION LO 6.1 What is cognitive dissonance, and how do people avoid dissonance to maintain a positive self-image?

6.

Cognitive dissonance always a. leads to a change in behavior. b. produces discomfort. c. leads to the rationalization trap. d. makes people produce new cognitions.

Answer: B Difficulty: 2 Page(s) in Text: 158 Topic: The Theory of Cognitive Dissonance Skill: CONCEPTUAL LO 6.1 What is cognitive dissonance, and how do people avoid dissonance to maintain a positive self-image?

7.

Susan carefully rinses her mouth with an unpleasant-tasting mouthwash every day. One day, Susan reads an article reporting credible dental research that suggests that mouthwash is completely ineffective and that mouthwash may even be related to tooth decay. The discomfort that Susan experiences in response to this article is called a. insufficient justification. b. cognitive dissonance. c. self-discrepancy. d. self-justification.

Answer: B Difficulty: 2 Page(s) in Text: 158 Topic: The Theory of Cognitive Dissonance Skill: APPLICATION LO 6.1 What is cognitive dissonance, and how do people avoid dissonance to maintain a positive self-image?

8.

Of the following, how are individuals most likely to reduce cognitive dissonance? a. By pretending they did not perform a particular behavior. b. By reducing their total number of cognitions. c. By adding new cognitions that are consistent with their behavior. d. By decreasing their arousal.

Answer: C Difficulty: 2 Page(s) in Text: 159 Topic: The Theory of Cognitive Dissonance Skill: FACTUAL LO 6.1 What is cognitive dissonance, and how do people avoid dissonance to maintain a positive self-image?

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9.

“Live fast and die young, that’s what I always say,” Rosie pronounces, as she stuffs down three more DingDong snack cakes and opens another pint of high-fat ice cream. Rosie knows that her diet is unhealthy and harmful, of course. To reduce her dissonance, Rosie is a. changing her behavior to bring it in line with her cognitions. b. changing a problem cognition to make it more consonant with her behavior. c. adding a cognition that is consonant with her problem behavior. d. engaging in self-affirmation to combat cognitive dissonance.

Answer: C Difficulty: 3 Page(s) in Text: 159 Topic: The Theory of Cognitive Dissonance Skill: APPLICATION LO 6.1 What is cognitive dissonance, and how do people avoid dissonance to maintain a positive self-image?

10.

The most typical ways of reducing dissonance include all of the following EXCEPT a. forgetting about our past statements that contradict our behavior. b. changing our behavior to bring it into line with dissonant cognitions. c. justifying our behavior by changing dissonant cognitions. d. justifying our behavior by adding new cognitions.

Answer: A Difficulty: 3 Page(s) in Text: 159 Topic: The Theory of Cognitive Dissonance Skill: CONCEPTUAL LO 6.1 What is cognitive dissonance, and how do people avoid dissonance to maintain a positive self-image?

11.

You’ve recently learned that eating avocados, which you love, is bad for your health. To reduce the dissonance you experience after reading this news, you would most likely a. question the validity of the research and the integrity of the scientists. b. consume a larger quantity of avocados. c. tell all of your friends about the findings. d. reread the article more carefully.

Answer: A Difficulty: 2 Page(s) in Text: 159 Topic: The Theory of Cognitive Dissonance Skill: APPLICATION LO 6.1 What is cognitive dissonance, and how do people avoid dissonance to maintain a positive self-image?

12.

A tobacco grower says, “I’m not the only one growing it. If I stop, someone else will be there.” Assuming that the man was experiencing dissonance from the fact that he was making his living from a crop that is bad for people’s health, he appears to be reducing this dissonance by a. changing his behavior. b. changing his cognitions. c. adding new cognitions. d. self-affirmation in an unrelated domain.

Answer: C Difficulty: 3 Page(s) in Text: 159 Topic: The Theory of Cognitive Dissonance Skill: APPLICATION LO 6.1 What is cognitive dissonance, and how do people avoid dissonance to maintain a positive self-image?

13.

“There’s no way I’d give up drinking! I’d just be stressed out all the time,” says Lilly, as she sips her third martini of the evening. Lilly’s comments about her drinking habit are an example of using ________ to reduce cognitive dissonance. a. minimized shift b. justification 4 Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

c. behavior change d. cognitive change Answer: B Difficulty: 3 Page(s) in Text: 159 Topic: The Theory of Cognitive Dissonance Skill: APPLICATION LO 6.1 What is cognitive dissonance, and how do people avoid dissonance to maintain a positive self-image?

14.

Talia loves animals but still eats meat. When she experiences dissonance about the contradiction, she tells herself that she also volunteers her time at an animal shelter. This manner of reducing dissonance involves a. self-affirmation. b. priming. c. self-handicapping. d. growth mindset.

Answer: A Difficulty: 2 Page(s) in Text: 160 Topic: The Theory of Cognitive Dissonance Skill: APPLICATION LO 6.1 What is cognitive dissonance, and how do people avoid dissonance to maintain a positive self-image?

15.

Emile just ditched a friend at a party to spend time with a pretty woman. Emile feels uncomfortable but he tells himself it’s because the woman is so hot and not because he treated his friend badly. The way he’s feeling is dissonance, but he tells himself it’s sexual attraction. This describes which of the following? a. self-affirmation b. self-esteem c. misattribution of arousal d. priming Answer: A Difficulty: 2 Page(s) in Text: 160 Topic: The Theory of Cognitive Dissonance Skill: APPLICATION LO 6.1 What is cognitive dissonance, and how do people avoid dissonance to maintain a positive self-image?

16.

When people try to maintain their self-esteem and reduce cognitive dissonance, they may resort to maladaptive thinking known as a. heuristics. b. schemas. c. norms. d. rationalizing.

Answer: D Difficulty: 1 Page(s) in Text: 160 Topic: The Theory of Cognitive Dissonance Skill: FACTUAL LO 6.1 What is cognitive dissonance, and how do people avoid dissonance to maintain a positive self-image?

17.

Scott believes very strongly that saccharine is an unsafe sugar substitute that may even cause cancer. Even though Scott is diabetic, and thus should be using sugar substitutes, he often opts for sugar-laden foods and drinks to avoid saccharine. “I’ll just exercise more later; the sugar isn’t a big deal. I’m really being healthier by avoiding saccharine,” he thinks to himself. Scott’s behavior and thoughts are examples of ________ in the face of cognitive dissonance. a. harmonizing b. rationalizing c. patronizing d. denial Answer: B 5 Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Difficulty: 2 Page(s) in Text: 160 Topic: The Theory of Cognitive Dissonance Skill: APPLICATION LO 6.1 What is cognitive dissonance, and how do people avoid dissonance to maintain a positive self-image?

18.

When people receive bad news—perhaps that they did not get a dream job they applied and interviewed for— what tends to happen? a. People usually feel worse than they expect they were going to. b. People tend to feel about as bad as they thought they would. c. People realize they really weren’t qualified for the job anyway. d. People usually put a spin on the news that makes them feel better.

Answer: D Difficulty: 2 Page(s) in Text: 161 Topic: The Theory of Cognitive Dissonance Skill: FACTUAL LO 6.1 What is cognitive dissonance, and how do people avoid dissonance to maintain a positive self-image?

19.

The authors of your text explain that people tend to overestimate how bad they will feel if a negative event were to happen to them. This tendency is called a. the rationalization trap. b. cognitive dissonance. c. self-affirmation. d. the impact bias.

Answer: D Difficulty: 1 Page(s) in Text: 161 Topic: The Theory of Cognitive Dissonance Skill: FACTUAL LO 6.1 What is cognitive dissonance, and how do people avoid dissonance to maintain a positive self-image?

20.

Rudy thinks that if he ever got kicked off the football team he would be depressed for months, and that his life would lose all meaning. In actuality, his response would probably not be this severe or prolonged. What is Rudy demonstrating? a. the impact bias b. self-affirmation c. lowballing d. effort justification Answer: A Difficulty: 2 Page(s) in Text: 161 Topic: The Theory of Cognitive Dissonance Skill: APPLICATION LO 6.1 What is cognitive dissonance, and how do people avoid dissonance to maintain a positive self-image?

21.

People tend to fall subject to the impact bias (and not understand that they will usually successfully reduce cognitive dissonance) because reducing cognitive dissonance is a. a painful process. b. controlled and conscious. c. largely unconscious. d. quick and effortful.

Answer: C Difficulty: 2 Page(s) in Text: 161 Topic: The Theory of Cognitive Dissonance Skill: FACTUAL LO 6.1 What is cognitive dissonance, and how do people avoid dissonance to maintain a positive self-image?

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22.

Because dissonance reduction processes are mostly unconscious, people a. tend to use them as coping strategies. b. often will overestimate how badly negative feedback may affect them. c. usually will put a lot of effort into reducing cognitive dissonance. d. must change their behaviors, not their thoughts, to reduce feelings of dissonance.

Answer: B Difficulty: 2 Page(s) in Text: 161 Topic: The Theory of Cognitive Dissonance Skill: CONCEPTUAL LO 6.1 What is cognitive dissonance, and how do people avoid dissonance to maintain a positive self-image?

23.

Jay just found out that he was not accepted into his dream college. Based on information from the authors of your text about impact bias, which of the following best reflects how Jay will react? a. He will become severely depressed. b. He will not go to college at all unless he can get admitted into his dream school. c. He will get over it rather quickly. d. It actually will not bother him in the least.

Answer: C Difficulty: 2 Page(s) in Text: 161 Topic: The Theory of Cognitive Dissonance Skill: APPLICATION LO 6.1 What is cognitive dissonance, and how do people avoid dissonance to maintain a positive self-image?

24.

Imagine you really enjoy lying out in the sun to get a deep, dark tan. If you heard arguments both for and against tanning, you would probably remember ________ arguments for tanning, and ________ arguments against tanning. a. long; short b. short; long c. plausible; implausible d. implausible; plausible Answer: C Difficulty: 2 Page(s) in Text: 161 Topic: The Theory of Cognitive Dissonance Skill: APPLICATION LO 6.1 What is cognitive dissonance, and how do people avoid dissonance to maintain a positive self-image?

25.

Who would be LEAST likely to remember sound and well-founded arguments against smoking? a. a person who has finally quit smoking after repeated attempts b. a person who keeps trying to quit smoking without success c. a person who has no desire to quit smoking d. a person who has never smoked Answer: C Difficulty: 2 Page(s) in Text: 161 Topic: The Theory of Cognitive Dissonance Skill: APPLICATION LO 6.1 What is cognitive dissonance, and how do people avoid dissonance to maintain a positive self-image?

26.

In a classic experiment, researchers (Aronson & Mettee, 1968) gave positive false feedback to some students, negative false feedback to some students, and no feedback to others. They were interested in seeing whether a boost to self-esteem would affect the likelihood of cheating. In this experiment, what is the independent variable? a. type of feedback b. cheating c. self-esteem d. the students 7 Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Answer: A Difficulty: 2 Page(s) in Text: 162 Topic: The Theory of Cognitive Dissonance Skill: CONCEPTUAL LO 6.1 What is cognitive dissonance, and how do people avoid dissonance to maintain a positive self-image?

27.

In a classic experiment, researchers (Aronson & Mettee, 1968) gave positive false feedback to some students, negative false feedback to some students, and no feedback to others. They were interested in seeing how selfesteem would affect the likelihood of cheating. What was the result of their experiment? a. Students who had gotten the positive feedback were least likely to cheat. b. Students who had gotten the negative feedback were least likely to cheat. c. Students who had gotten no feedback were least likely to cheat. d. Students who had gotten the negative and no feedback were least likely to cheat.

Answer: A Difficulty: 2 Page(s) in Text: 162 Topic: The Theory of Cognitive Dissonance Skill: FACTUAL LO 6.1 What is cognitive dissonance, and how do people avoid dissonance to maintain a positive self-image?

28.

In a classic experiment, researchers (Aronson & Mettee, 1968) gave positive false feedback to some students, negative false feedback to some students, and no feedback to others. They were interested in seeing how selfesteem would affect the likelihood of cheating. What was the result of their experiment? a. Students who had gotten the positive feedback were most likely to cheat. b. Students who had gotten the negative feedback were most likely to cheat. c. Students who had gotten no feedback were least most to cheat. d. Students who had gotten the negative and no feedback were most likely to cheat.

Answer: B Difficulty: 2 Page(s) in Text: 162 Topic: The Theory of Cognitive Dissonance Skill: FACTUAL LO 6.1 What is cognitive dissonance, and how do people avoid dissonance to maintain a positive self-image?

29.

Misaki feels terrible after just failing an exam in Spanish class. Now, in chemistry class, her lab partner just left the answers to the homework open on her desk while she steps into the hall to take a phone call. How is Misaki likely to behave? a. She’s likely to look at the answers and copy them down for herself. b. She’s likely to look away from the answers and do her own work. c. She’s likely to point out one of her partner’s math mistakes. d. She’s likely to tell the instructor that the answers are available.

Answer: A Difficulty: 2 Page(s) in Text: 162 Topic: The Theory of Cognitive Dissonance Skill: APPLICATION LO 6.1 What is cognitive dissonance, and how do people avoid dissonance to maintain a positive self-image?

30.

Social psychologists had African American students do carefully constructed self-affirming writing assignments regarding their good qualities outside of school. If this approach was to work for you with a group of students who were in danger of being academically dismissed, how would it affect them? a. They would have higher self-esteem but no improvement to academic performance. b. They would have higher self-esteem and improvement in their academic performance. c. They would have lower self-esteem but no improvement to academic performance. d. They would have lower self-esteem and improvement in their academic performance.

Answer: B Difficulty: 2 Page(s) in Text: 163 8 Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Topic: The Theory of Cognitive Dissonance Skill: APPLICATION LO 6.1 What is cognitive dissonance, and how do people avoid dissonance to maintain a positive self-image?

31.

Social psychologists had African American students do carefully constructed self-affirming writing assignments regarding their good qualities outside of school. This type of self-affirmation will not be effective in bolstering self-esteem unless a. it is overly inflated. b. it is overly positive and untrue. c. it is overly negative and untrue. d. it is realistic.

Answer: D Difficulty: 2 Page(s) in Text: 163 Topic: The Theory of Cognitive Dissonance Skill: FACTUAL LO 6.1 What is cognitive dissonance, and how do people avoid dissonance to maintain a positive self-image?

32.

All of the following processes EXCEPT ________ are motivated by the need to preserve or maintain selfesteem. a. changing one’s attitude in the direction of one’s behavior b. distancing oneself from a close other who outdoes one in a domain one cares about c. making upward social comparisons d. blaming the victim Answer: C Difficulty: 3 Page(s) in Text: 162–163 Topic: The Theory of Cognitive Dissonance Skill: CONCEPTUAL LO 6.1 What is cognitive dissonance, and how do people avoid dissonance to maintain a positive self-image?

33.

According to the authors of your text, people experience dissonance a. every time they make a decision. b. when they know they did the wrong thing. c. when their goals do not match what society expects of them. d. when they make biased decisions.

Answer: A Difficulty: 2 Page(s) in Text: 163 Topic: The Theory of Cognitive Dissonance Skill: FACTUAL LO 6.1 What is cognitive dissonance, and how do people avoid dissonance to maintain a positive self-image?

34.

According to the authors of your text, after carefully making a decision, what is likely to happen? a. You will focus on the negative aspects of the choice you made. b. You will experience dissonance for several days. c. You will start to think more and more about the good qualities of your decision. d. You will begin to regret all the time you put into making your decision.

Answer: C Difficulty: 2 Page(s) in Text: 163–164 Topic: The Theory of Cognitive Dissonance Skill: CONCEPTUAL LO 6.1 What is cognitive dissonance, and how do people avoid dissonance to maintain a positive self-image?

35.

According to the authors, every time we make a decision, we experience some amount of dissonance. Why? a. After people invest effort, they are motivated to second-guess themselves. b. The rejected alternative is seldom completely positive. c. The chosen alternative is seldom completely positive.

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d. People seldom seek out objective information before decision-making.

Answer: C Difficulty: 2 Page(s) in Text: 163–164 Topic: The Theory of Cognitive Dissonance Skill: CONCEPTUAL LO 6.1 What is cognitive dissonance, and how do people avoid dissonance to maintain a positive self-image?

36.

________ refers to the dissonance aroused after we have chosen between two or more alternatives. a. Justification of effort b. Postdecision dissonance c. Insufficient justification d. Decisional regret Answer: B Difficulty: 1 Page(s) in Text: 164 Topic: The Theory of Cognitive Dissonance Skill: FACTUAL LO 6.1 What is cognitive dissonance, and how do people avoid dissonance to maintain a positive self-image?

37.

Chloe debated for a long time about whether to take a psychology or a sociology course, both of which looked interesting. She finally chose the psychology course. Now, because she is experiencing ________, she raves about the psychology course to her friends. a. insufficient justification b. postdecision dissonance c. a justification of effort d. a threat to self-evaluation maintenance Answer: B Difficulty: 2 Page(s) in Text: 164 Topic: The Theory of Cognitive Dissonance Skill: APPLICATION LO 6.1 What is cognitive dissonance, and how do people avoid dissonance to maintain a positive self-image?

38.

Ying just purchased a rather expensive wristwatch. She had debated for weeks about the merits of two different styles before making her final decision. It’s now likely that Ying will a. continue to check the newspaper to monitor sales for the watch she opted not to buy. b. emphasize all of the positive aspects of the chosen watch. c. wish that she purchased the other watch. d. return the chosen watch and exchange it for the other watch.

Answer: B Difficulty: 2 Page(s) in Text: 164 Topic: The Theory of Cognitive Dissonance Skill: APPLICATION LO 6.1 What is cognitive dissonance, and how do people avoid dissonance to maintain a positive self-image?

39.

Someone reminds you to be appropriately grateful for the gifts you receive. Were a dissonance theorist to remind you to be thankful, he or she would be giving you advice on how to a. avoid cognitive dissonance. b. avoid things that might be costly. c. prevent consonance in your cognitions. d. prevent insufficient justification.

Answer: A Difficulty: 3 Page(s) in Text: 164 Topic: The Theory of Cognitive Dissonance Skill: CONCEPTUAL LO 6.1 What is cognitive dissonance, and how do people avoid dissonance to maintain a positive self-image?

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40.

Recall that Brehm (1956) asked women to rate the desirability of a number of appliances and then allowed them to choose one of those appliances as a gift. Twenty minutes later, all women re-rated the same appliances, including the one they chose. Women tended to rate the alternatives they rejected lower than they had originally, and to rate their chosen appliance more positively. These results suggest that people a. seldom collect enough information before making decisions. b. reduce dissonance by overestimating differences between chosen and unchosen alternatives. c. are more likely to experience cognitive dissonance when decisions are irrevocable. d. experience more dissonance when their decisions implicate their self-concepts as rational and reasonable.

Answer: B Difficulty: 2 Page(s) in Text: 164 Topic: The Theory of Cognitive Dissonance Skill: CONCEPTUAL LO 6.1 What is cognitive dissonance, and how do people avoid dissonance to maintain a positive self-image?

41.

Recall that Brehm (1956) asked women to rate the desirability of a number of appliances, and then allowed them to choose one of those appliances as a gift. Twenty minutes later, all women re-rated the same appliances, including the one they chose. According to his findings, which of the following (fictitious) participants would rate the toaster lower than she had originally? a. June, who chose the waffle iron instead b. Donna, who felt pressured to select the iron c. Maude, who rated the toaster lowest at the outset d. Edith, who loves toast and jelly, and chose the toaster Answer: A Difficulty: 3 Page(s) in Text: 164 Topic: The Theory of Cognitive Dissonance Skill: APPLICATION LO 6.1 What is cognitive dissonance, and how do people avoid dissonance to maintain a positive self-image?

42.

Maria is on a limited budget, and can only afford one album. She really likes two in particular: Frank Sinatra’s Greatest Hits and the soundtrack from the musical Wicked. When she gets to listen to the Frank Sinatra album, she cannot imagine why she ever considered the Wicked album. This is because a. Maria has to justify buying an album, given her limited budget. b. Frank Sinatra music reminds Maria of her childhood. c. Maria was motivated to reduce her postdecision dissonance. d. Maria wasn’t sure about the online store’s return policy.

Answer: C Difficulty: 3 Page(s) in Text: 164 Topic: The Theory of Cognitive Dissonance Skill: CONCEPTUAL LO 6.1 What is cognitive dissonance, and how do people avoid dissonance to maintain a positive self-image?

43.

Why do people often experience postdecision dissonance? a. They are motivated to believe in a just world. b. Almost every alternative has both an upside and a downside, and people feel uncomfortable. c. People fear that indecision will be evaluated negatively by others. d. It’s easier to value an option we’ve chosen than to disparage an option we’ve rejected.

Answer: B Difficulty: 2 Page(s) in Text: 164 Topic: The Theory of Cognitive Dissonance Skill: CONCEPTUAL LO 6.1 What is cognitive dissonance, and how do people avoid dissonance to maintain a positive self-image?

44.

Anita spent two months trying to decide whether to buy a PC or a Mac. She finally decided on a Mac. Now, Anita most likely 11 Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

a. wishes she’d bought the PC. b. is certain she made the right decision. c. still thinks PCs and Macs are equally good computers. d. tries to convince all her friends to buy PCs. Answer: B Difficulty: 2 Page(s) in Text: 164 Topic: The Theory of Cognitive Dissonance Skill: APPLICATION LO 6.1 What is cognitive dissonance, and how do people avoid dissonance to maintain a positive self-image?

45.

After reducing postdecision dissonance, people are more likely to rate the chosen and unchosen alternatives as a. being very similar, with about equal strengths and weaknesses. b. having an equal number of strengths, but the chosen alternative as having fewer weaknesses. c. being more dissimilar, such that the chosen alternative is much more desirable than the unchosen one. d. being similar in terms of weaknesses, but the chosen alternative has more strengths.

Answer: C Difficulty: 2 Page(s) in Text: 164 Topic: The Theory of Cognitive Dissonance Skill: CONCEPTUAL LO 6.1 What is cognitive dissonance, and how do people avoid dissonance to maintain a positive self-image?

46.

In general, the more ________ a decision between alternatives, the ________ the postdecision dissonance. a. permanent; greater b. revocable; greater c. trivial; greater d. free; less Answer: A Difficulty: 2 Page(s) in Text: 164 Topic: The Theory of Cognitive Dissonance Skill: FACTUAL LO 6.1 What is cognitive dissonance, and how do people avoid dissonance to maintain a positive self-image?

47.

All things being equal, it would generate the most dissonance to decide which of two a. classes to take. b. computers to buy. c. apartments to rent. d. people to marry.

Answer: D Difficulty: 3 Page(s) in Text: 164 Topic: The Theory of Cognitive Dissonance Skill: CONCEPTUAL LO 6.1 What is cognitive dissonance, and how do people avoid dissonance to maintain a positive self-image?

48.

Researchers (Knox & Inkster, 1968) visited a race track and interviewed people betting on the horses, both before and after they had placed their bets. They found that people who ________ were more confident in their betting decisions because ________. a. had already placed their bets; their bets changed the odds b. had already placed their bets; they couldn’t change their minds c. had placed small, two-dollar bets; they stood to lose less d. were waiting to place large bets; they reported more experience Answer: B Difficulty: 3 Page(s) in Text: 164 Topic: The Theory of Cognitive Dissonance Skill: CONCEPTUAL 12 Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

LO 6.1 What is cognitive dissonance, and how do people avoid dissonance to maintain a positive self-image?

49.

People who had already placed their two-dollar bets were more confident than people who were waiting in line to place their bets (Knox & Inkster, 1968). These findings suggest that decisions that are _______ generate more cognitive dissonance than decisions that are not. a. important b. coerced c. irrevocable d. trivial Answer: C Difficulty: 2 Page(s) in Text: 164 Topic: The Theory of Cognitive Dissonance Skill: CONCEPTUAL LO 6.1 What is cognitive dissonance, and how do people avoid dissonance to maintain a positive self-image?

50.

After filing your ballot for an election, you are more convinced than you were before filing the ballot that you voted for the best candidate. This example illustrates the idea that when decisions are _______, individuals engage in a greater amount of dissonance reduction. a. imminent b. ambiguous c. irrevocable d. simple Answer: C Difficulty: 2 Page(s) in Text: 164 Topic: The Theory of Cognitive Dissonance Skill: CONCEPTUAL LO 6.1 What is cognitive dissonance, and how do people avoid dissonance to maintain a positive self-image?

51.

The Pattersons bought their TV from a store with a thirty-day return policy, and the Stevensons bought the same TV from a different store with a policy that “All Sales Are Final!” Based on what the text reports about cognitive dissonance, which family is more likely to be satisfied with their TV? a. the Pattersons b. the Stevensons c. they will be equally happy d. the Pattersons, but only if they paid less than the Stevensons Answer: B Difficulty: 2 Page(s) in Text: 164–165 Topic: The Theory of Cognitive Dissonance Skill: APPLICATION LO 6.1 What is cognitive dissonance, and how do people avoid dissonance to maintain a positive self-image?

52.

According to research presented in the text, students shot a roll of film and printed two photographs. Some were told that they could exchange the one they chose to keep within five days, but others were told that their choice was final. Which group of students liked their photograph best? a. Those who were given the exchange period, because in the U.S., students value choice. b. Those who were not given an exchange period, because the decision was irrevocable. c. They both liked their photos equally well. d. Those who could exchange the photo, because they could copy the first, then get the second as well.

Answer: B Difficulty: 2 Page(s) in Text: 164–165 Topic: The Theory of Cognitive Dissonance Skill: FACTUAL LO 6.1 What is cognitive dissonance, and how do people avoid dissonance to maintain a positive self-image?

53.

According to research presented in the text, students shot a roll of film and printed two photographs. Some were 13 Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

told that they could exchange the one they chose to keep within five days, but others were told that their choice was final. What was the independent variable of this experiment? a. condition: choice or no choice b. condition: photograph 1 or photograph 2 c. how much they liked the photos d. the five-day exchange period Answer: A Difficulty: 3 Page(s) in Text: 164–165 Topic: The Theory of Cognitive Dissonance Skill: CONCEPTUAL LO 6.1 What is cognitive dissonance, and how do people avoid dissonance to maintain a positive self-image?

54.

According to research presented in the text, students shot a roll of film and printed two photographs. Some were told that they could exchange the one they chose to keep within five days, but others were told that their choice was final. What was the dependent variable of this experiment? a. condition: choice or no choice b. condition: photograph 1 or photograph 2 c. how much they liked the photos d. the five day exchange period Answer: C Difficulty: 3 Page(s) in Text: 164–165 Topic: The Theory of Cognitive Dissonance Skill: CONCEPTUAL LO 6.1 What is cognitive dissonance, and how do people avoid dissonance to maintain a positive self-image?

55.

People generally ________ think they would like to be able to easily change a decision they’ve made; however, the research on cognitive dissonance suggests that people actually are ________ with their choice when a decision is more permanent. a. do; happier b. do; not as happy c. do not; happier d. do not; not as happy Answer: A Difficulty: 3 Page(s) in Text: 165 Topic: The Theory of Cognitive Dissonance Skill: CONCEPTUAL LO 6.1 What is cognitive dissonance, and how do people avoid dissonance to maintain a positive self-image?

56.

Of the four people presented below, which one would feel the LEAST regret about altering her appearance, based on information in your text about cognitive dissonance? a. Cheryl, who just got a tattoo b. Lisa, who is wearing a new outfit c. Misty, who just got her nails painted d. Darlene, who is wearing a new shade of lipstick Answer: A Difficulty: 3 Page(s) in Text: 164–165 Topic: The Theory of Cognitive Dissonance Skill: APPLICATION LO 6.1 What is cognitive dissonance, and how do people avoid dissonance to maintain a positive self-image?

57.

The term ________ refers to a practice whereby a salesperson initially accepts a customer’s offer, but then claims an error and quotes the customer a higher price. a. horse-trading b. bait-and-switch c. lowballing 14 Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

d. highrolling Answer: C Difficulty: 2 Page(s) in Text: 165 Topic: The Theory of Cognitive Dissonance Skill: FACTUAL LO 6.1 What is cognitive dissonance, and how do people avoid dissonance to maintain a positive self-image?

58.

Carla has just written out a check for $18,999 to pay for her new car. Although the salesperson had initially accepted her check, she is now told that there was a mistake and that the final total should really be $19,250.

Carla writes another check to cover the difference so that she can drive out with her new car. Carla has just fallen prey to a questionable sales practice called a. “lowballing.” b. “bait-and-switch.” c. the “dissonance game.” d. “keep ‘em guessing.”

Answer: A Difficulty: 2 Page(s) in Text: 165 Topic: The Theory of Cognitive Dissonance Skill: APPLICATION LO 6.1 What is cognitive dissonance, and how do people avoid dissonance to maintain a positive self-image?

59.

Petar and Nikolas love the house that they just toured. It is a short sale for $180,000, which is a great price.

They are very excited and want to put in an offer. After they begin the paperwork, their realtor tells them that the price does not include the fixtures or the appliances. Those will likely cost an extra $20,000. What tactic is the realtor using? a. lowballing b. bait and switch c. intrinsic motivation d. priming Answer: A Difficulty: 2 Page(s) in Text: 165 Topic: The Theory of Cognitive Dissonance Skill: APPLICATION LO 6.1 What is cognitive dissonance, and how do people avoid dissonance to maintain a positive self-image?

60.

When unscrupulous salespeople use lowballing as a means of selling cars, they take advantage of buyers’ illusions that their decision to buy a particular car was a. freely chosen. b. irrevocable. c. easy to make. d. coerced.

Answer: B Difficulty: 3 Page(s) in Text: 165 Topic: The Theory of Cognitive Dissonance Skill: CONCEPTUAL LO 6.1 What is cognitive dissonance, and how do people avoid dissonance to maintain a positive self-image?

61.

In which case is lowballing LEAST likely to work? a. Jeremy is lowballed after he puts a down payment on a car he has been planning to buy for months. b. Cassie is lowballed after she spends thirty minutes filling out contracts on her car purchase. c. Tess is lowballed, and although before the lowball she could get the car she wanted for $50 less at the dealer she chose, after the lowball she would save $800 if she backed out of her deal. d. Philip is lowballed, and he’s in a hurry to close the deal because he’s trying to finish it on his lunch break.

Answer: C Difficulty: 2 15 Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Page(s) in Text: 165 Topic: The Theory of Cognitive Dissonance Skill: APPLICATION LO 6.1 What is cognitive dissonance, and how do people avoid dissonance to maintain a positive self-image?

62.

Lisa is a car salesperson. She has just gotten you to agree to a deal on a new car and to write out a check for the down payment. She takes this to her manager and comes back a while later saying that, because of taxes and fees, the price of the car will actually come out to $600 over what you agreed upon. According to the research on lowballing, which of the following is most likely to occur? a. You would decide to buy the car anyway because you realize the decision is reversible. b. You would decide to buy the car only if you are not excited by the anticipation of the event. c. You would decide to buy the car anyway because there is an illusion of irrevocability (i.e., you don’t feel that you can reverse your decision). d. You would not buy the car because salespeople are generally ineffective at persuading buyers to do what they want.

Answer: C Difficulty: 2 Page(s) in Text: 165 Topic: The Theory of Cognitive Dissonance Skill: APPLICATION LO 6.1 What is cognitive dissonance, and how do people avoid dissonance to maintain a positive self-image?

63.

The authors of your text report that lowballing works as a persuasion technique for three reasons. Which of the following is NOT one of those reasons? a. The customer feels committed to his or her decision. b. The customer likes the salesperson. c. The customer is excited about his or her purchase. d. The customer probably wouldn’t get that much better of a deal elsewhere.

Answer: B Difficulty: 3 Page(s) in Text: 166 Topic: The Theory of Cognitive Dissonance Skill: CONCEPTUAL LO 6.1 What is cognitive dissonance, and how do people avoid dissonance to maintain a positive self-image?

64.

Mariah has had a hard semester, and her grades have suffered. She really needs a good grade in psychology to get off academic probation and stay in school. On the next psychology exam, Mariah is sorely tempted to cheat, but she decides not to. Which of the following pairs of cognitions best reflects the source of any dissonance Mariah might experience while deciding not to cheat? a. “My school life could be over”; “I just gave up a chance to help myself.” b. “I’m basically a decent, honest person”; “These exam questions are ambiguous and tricky.” c. “I’m a basically an honest person”; “I’ve never seen any of my friends cheat.” d. “So much is riding on this exam”; “I just know that if I try it, I’ll get caught.”

Answer: A Difficulty: 3 Page(s) in Text: 166 Topic: The Theory of Cognitive Dissonance Skill: APPLICATION LO 6.1 What is cognitive dissonance, and how do people avoid dissonance to maintain a positive self-image?

65.

Imagine that before a test, the professor told Jake that if he is caught cheating, he will be expelled. Imagine that the professor told Amanda that, if caught cheating, her only punishment will be to write a short paper about why cheating is wrong. If both students don’t cheat, what would dissonance theory predict? a. Amanda will feel more honest than Jake will. b. Jake will feel more honest than Amanda will. c. Amanda and Jake will each feel as honest as the other. d. Neither Jake nor Amanda will feel honest because they were both threatened.

Answer: A Difficulty: 3 16 Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Page(s) in Text: 166 Topic: The Theory of Cognitive Dissonance Skill: APPLICATION LO 6.1 What is cognitive dissonance, and how do people avoid dissonance to maintain a positive self-image?

66.

According to results of dissonance studies, who is more likely to believe that lying is truly a heinous, unconscionable, and unforgivable act? a. Mark, who was tempted to lie, but told the truth instead b. Dan, who has always told the truth c. Bill, who lies quite often d. Julius, who knew he should tell the truth, but lied instead Answer: A Difficulty: 2 Page(s) in Text: 166–167 Topic: The Theory of Cognitive Dissonance Skill: APPLICATION LO 6.1 What is cognitive dissonance, and how do people avoid dissonance to maintain a positive self-image?

67.

Your text describes several situations in which a person may decide to behave immorally, a behavior which is likely to arouse a fair amount of cognitive dissonance. How are people most likely to reduce this dissonance stemming from an immoral act such as lying or cheating? a. change the behavior and act morally b. add cognitions c. change their attitude about the immoral behavior d. bolster their decision through downward social comparison Answer: C Difficulty: 3 Page(s) in Text: 167–168 Topic: The Theory of Cognitive Dissonance Skill: CONCEPTUAL LO 6.1 What is cognitive dissonance, and how do people avoid dissonance to maintain a positive self-image?

68.

Lisa and Marcie have a really tough exam in anthropology. Both women are considering cheating on the exam.

Based on what you read about cognitive dissonance, Lisa, who ________, is likely to later report that all cheaters should be punished severely, and Marcie, who ________, is likely to report that cheating really is no big deal because there are no victims. a. cheated; did not cheat b. cheated; cheated c. did not cheat; cheated d. did not cheat; did not cheat Answer: C Difficulty: 2 Page(s) in Text: 167–168 Topic: The Theory of Cognitive Dissonance Skill: APPLICATION LO 6.1 What is cognitive dissonance, and how do people avoid dissonance to maintain a positive self-image?

69.

According to the authors of your text, when people are tempted to behave immorally and they choose to be either moral or immoral in that situation, how do they justify their actions? a. They actually change their attitudes to concur with their actions. b. They merely rationalize their actions, and retain their attitudes. c. They add cognitions to reduce the dissonance. d. They become less satisfied with their behaviors.

Answer: A Difficulty: 2 Page(s) in Text: 167–168 Topic: The Theory of Cognitive Dissonance Skill: FACTUAL LO 6.1 What is cognitive dissonance, and how do people avoid dissonance to maintain a positive self-image?

17 Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

70.

Mills (1958) had elementary school children compete for attractive prizes. The children could cheat to win the prizes, but they didn’t know that the experimenter would be assured of detecting the cheaters. Some children cheated, and others did not. The next day, a. none of the students endorsed cheating as acceptable. b. those who had cheated earlier became more lenient in their attitudes about cheating. c. those who didn’t cheat earlier became more lenient in their attitudes about cheating. d. when they were offered a large inducement to cheat, most students cheated.

Answer: B Difficulty: 3 Page(s) in Text: 167 Topic: The Theory of Cognitive Dissonance Skill: FACTUAL LO 6.1 What is cognitive dissonance, and how do people avoid dissonance to maintain a positive self-image?

71.

Based on information from the authors of your text about cognitive dissonance and immoral behavior, which of the following people would be most likely to condone having an extramarital affair? a. Sarah, who is not married b. Jessie, who cheated on her husband long ago, but didn’t get caught c. Laura, who is faithful to her husband d. any of these Answer: B Difficulty: 2 Page(s) in Text: 167 Topic: The Theory of Cognitive Dissonance Skill: APPLICATION LO 6.1 What is cognitive dissonance, and how do people avoid dissonance to maintain a positive self-image?

72.

The authors of your text present a study in which monkeys were given a choice between different colors of M&Ms—later, their preference for different colors of M&Ms was reassessed. The researchers found that the monkeys a. couldn’t remember what they picked. b. selected colors only at random. c. showed postdecision dissonance. d. couldn’t see the colors.

Answer: C Difficulty: 2 Page(s) in Text: 168 Topic: The Theory of Cognitive Dissonance Skill: FACTUAL LO 6.1 What is cognitive dissonance, and how do people avoid dissonance to maintain a positive self-image?

73.

The authors of your text present a study in which monkeys were given a choice between different colors of M&Ms—later, their preference for different colors of M&Ms was reassessed. The researchers found that the monkeys a. later preferred the choice they had originally disliked. b. reduced their liking for the colors of M&Ms they hadn’t chosen. c. reduced their liking for the colors of M&Ms they had chosen. d. only experienced dissonance when they had observed it in other monkeys.

Answer: B Difficulty: 2 Page(s) in Text: 168 Topic: The Theory of Cognitive Dissonance Skill: FACTUAL LO 6.1 What is cognitive dissonance, and how do people avoid dissonance to maintain a positive self-image?

74.

Researchers have found evidence of cognitive dissonance in the form of postdecision dissonance in which of the following animals? a. dolphins 18 Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

b. cheetahs c. monkeys d. domestic housecats Answer: C Difficulty: 2 Page(s) in Text: 168 Topic: The Theory of Cognitive Dissonance Skill: FACTUAL LO 6.1 What is cognitive dissonance, and how do people avoid dissonance to maintain a positive self-image?

75.

The fact that there is research demonstrating that other animals experience dissonance—and that it has a biological basis—suggests that cognitive dissonance may have (in part) a(n) ________ explanation. a. cultural b. personality c. ethnographic d. evolutionary Answer: D Difficulty: 2 Page(s) in Text: 168 Topic: The Theory of Cognitive Dissonance Skill: CONCEPTUAL LO 6.1 What is cognitive dissonance, and how do people avoid dissonance to maintain a positive self-image?

76.

Research in which participants’ brains were scanned with MRIs while doing a dissonance-producing task showed that when people encounter dissonance, the ________ areas of the brain decrease in activity, and when dissonance is resolved, the ________ areas of the brain “light up.” a. emotion; reasoning b. reasoning; memory c. memory; emotion d. reasoning; emotion Answer: D Difficulty: 2 Page(s) in Text: 168 Topic: The Theory of Cognitive Dissonance Skill: FACTUAL LO 6.1 What is cognitive dissonance, and how do people avoid dissonance to maintain a positive self-image?

77.

Research using MRIs suggests that when people experience cognitive dissonance, they a. rely heavily on reason and logic. b. repress the memory of such events. c. do not rely on reason much at all. d. experience anger and fear.

Answer: C Difficulty: 2 Page(s) in Text: 168 Topic: The Theory of Cognitive Dissonance Skill: FACTUAL LO 6.1 What is cognitive dissonance, and how do people avoid dissonance to maintain a positive self-image?

78.

A recent MRI study revealed that when participants successfully reduced and resolved their cognitive dissonance, they experienced a. a surge of activity in the reasoning areas of the brain. b. a reduced capacity in the motor areas of the brain. c. pleasurable emotions. d. an increase in activation of the rear hemisphere.

Answer: C Difficulty: 3 Page(s) in Text: 168 Topic: The Theory of Cognitive Dissonance 19 Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Skill: FACTUAL LO 6.1 What is cognitive dissonance, and how do people avoid dissonance to maintain a positive self-image?

79.

Based on MRI research on people who were experiencing and later resolved cognitive dissonance, what would you expect to happen to Mary, who just reduced her dissonant feelings about visiting the tanning salon by telling herself that she isn’t genetically predisposed to skin cancer, so it won’t affect her? a. She will next experience nervousness. b. She will experience pleasant feelings. c. She will be able think critically about other things. d. She will be unable to encode new memories for up to ten minutes.

Answer: B Difficulty: 2 Page(s) in Text: 168 Topic: The Theory of Cognitive Dissonance Skill: APPLICATION LO 6.1 What is cognitive dissonance, and how do people avoid dissonance to maintain a positive self-image?

80.

A number of researchers have found that people from ________ cultures are less likely to engage in obvious attempts to reduce cognitive dissonance. a. industrialized b. independent c. primitive d. interdependent Answer: D Difficulty: 2 Page(s) in Text: 168 Topic: The Theory of Cognitive Dissonance Skill: FACTUAL LO 6.1 What is cognitive dissonance, and how do people avoid dissonance to maintain a positive self-image?

81.

Yuriko, a Japanese student, and Jill, an American student, have both participated in an experiment in which they have been asked—and agreed—to write a counterattitudinal essay. According to findings on dissonance reduction across cultures by Sakai (1999), who is more likely to engage in dissonance reduction? a. Yuriko b. Jill c. both Yuriko and Jill d. neither Yuriko nor Jill Answer: C Difficulty: 2 Page(s) in Text: 168 Topic: The Theory of Cognitive Dissonance Skill: CONCEPTUAL LO 6.1 What is cognitive dissonance, and how do people avoid dissonance to maintain a positive self-image?

82.

A Japanese psychologist by the name of Sakai observed participants partaking in dissonance-reducing behaviors. Sakai also had a fellow group member of the participants observe the dissonance-reducing behavior.

The observer then indicated how enjoyable he or she thought a boring task was. Results indicated that the observers experienced a. no dissonance and no dissonance reduction. b. strong dissonance. c. no dissonance reduction. d. a similar level of dissonance reduction as the participant.

Answer: D Difficulty: 2 Page(s) in Text: 168 Topic: The Theory of Cognitive Dissonance Skill: CONCEPTUAL LO 6.1 What is cognitive dissonance, and how do people avoid dissonance to maintain a positive self-image?

20 Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

83.

A Japanese psychologist by the name of Sakai observed participants partaking in dissonance-reducing behaviors. Sakai also had a fellow group member of the participants observe the dissonance-reducing behavior.

The observer then indicated how enjoyable he or she thought a boring task was. These results suggest that Japanese observers a. attended to what their fellow group members said, and ignored the task itself. b. have no internally based attitudes; those are a Western cultural phenomenon. c. experienced dissonance on behalf of fellow members of their group. d. wanted to show solidarity with the experimenter by saying the task was enjoyable.

Answer: C Difficulty: 2 Page(s) in Text: 168 Topic: The Theory of Cognitive Dissonance Skill: CONCEPTUAL LO 6.1 What is cognitive dissonance, and how do people avoid dissonance to maintain a positive self-image?

84.

Triandis (1995) and others have argued that dissonance-reducing behaviors may be less prevalent on the surface in societies in which a. there is less industrialization. b. the climate is tropical. c. the needs of the group matter more than the individual. d. there is a monarch in a position of real power.

Answer: C Difficulty: 2 Page(s) in Text: 168 Topic: The Theory of Cognitive Dissonance Skill: FACTUAL LO 6.1 What is cognitive dissonance, and how do people avoid dissonance to maintain a positive self-image?

85.

Why would people be less likely to engage in dissonance-reducing behaviors in a collectivist culture? a. because they would be focused on group harmony rather than self-justification b. because they would not experience dissonance c. because they would focus only on self-justification d. because they would not be able to change their behavior or add cognitions Answer: A Difficulty: 3 Page(s) in Text: 168 Topic: The Theory of Cognitive Dissonance Skill: CONCEPTUAL LO 6.1 What is cognitive dissonance, and how do people avoid dissonance to maintain a positive self-image?

86.

According to the authors of your text, why would people experience cognitive dissonance after investing a lot of time and effort in pursuit of a goal that falls short of their expectations? a. Punishment serves to reduce intrinsic motivation. b. Heightened intrinsic motivation biases people’s perceptions. c. Actually, people would not experience cognitive dissonance in this situation. d. Sensible people don’t work hard to attain something trivial.

Answer: D Difficulty: 2 Page(s) in Text: 169 Topic: Self-Justification in Everyday Life Skill: CONCEPTUAL LO 6.2 How does cognitive dissonance operate in everyday life, and what are some constructive ways of reducing it?

87.

________ refers to the tendency of people to increase their liking for something they have worked hard to attain. a. Postdecision dissonance b. Insufficient justification c. Justification of effort 21 Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

d. Minimal justification Answer: C Difficulty: 1 Page(s) in Text: 170 Topic: Self-Justification in Everyday Life Skill: FACTUAL LO 6.2 How does cognitive dissonance operate in everyday life, and what are some constructive ways of reducing it?

88.

Aronson and Mills (1959) performed an experiment in which college women were invited to join a discussion group about sex. In order to join the group, participants had to undergo either a severe initiation, a mild initiation, or no initiation. Which of the following best describes this study’s findings? Women who underwent ________ initiation enjoyed the discussion the ________. a. a mild; most b. a severe; most c. a severe; least d. no; most Answer: B Difficulty: 2 Page(s) in Text: 170 Topic: Self-Justification in Everyday Life Skill: FACTUAL LO 6.2 How does cognitive dissonance operate in everyday life, and what are some constructive ways of reducing it?

89.

You have worked extremely hard to attain a goal, but soon realize that the goal is not as exciting as you expected. You will probably a. exaggerate the positive qualities of the goal in order to justify your effort. b. exaggerate the negative qualities of the goal in order to obtain sympathy. c. carefully analyze the reasons why you worked so hard to attain the goal. d. deny that you ever believed that the goal was exciting.

Answer: A Difficulty: 2 Page(s) in Text: 170 Topic: Self-Justification in Everyday Life Skill: CONCEPTUAL LO 6.2 How does cognitive dissonance operate in everyday life, and what are some constructive ways of reducing it?

90.

Jorge has just undergone a three-week initiation process to become a member of a fraternity. During the initiation, he was made to do such things as shave his head, run naked through the cafeteria, and sing obnoxious fraternity songs during classes. Jorge now considers the fraternity the best thing that’s ever happened to him and is convinced that his fraternity brothers are friends for life. Jorge’s attitude towards his fraternity is probably the result of a. postdecision dissonance. b. the overjustification effect. c. insufficient punishment. d. justification of effort.

Answer: D Difficulty: 2 Page(s) in Text: 170 Topic: Self-Justification in Everyday Life Skill: APPLICATION LO 6.2 How does cognitive dissonance operate in everyday life, and what are some constructive ways of reducing it?

91.

Who is most likely to enjoy a boring and lackluster rock and roll concert performed by washed-up, fiftysomething “has beens”? a. Paul, who won the tickets in a radio trivia quiz 22 Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

b. Mick, who waited in line all night for tickets c. Keith, who got the tickets for his birthday from his Aunt Bertha d. Rod, who used to work as a soundman for the band Answer: B Difficulty: 2 Page(s) in Text: 170 Topic: Self-Justification in Everyday Life Skill: CONCEPTUAL LO 6.2 How does cognitive dissonance operate in everyday life, and what are some constructive ways of reducing it?

92.

Janis has just volunteered to undergo treatment for drug addiction. After she leaves the clinic, she is ________ to stay off drugs because her recovery at the clinic was ________. a. likely; very easy to experience b. not likely; a very difficult ordeal c. likely; a very difficult ordeal d. not likely; part of a mandatory sentencing program Answer: C Difficulty: 3 Page(s) in Text: 170 Topic: Self-Justification in Everyday Life Skill: APPLICATION LO 6.2 How does cognitive dissonance operate in everyday life, and what are some constructive ways of reducing it?

93.

Suppose that both Oscar and Sam went through hazing rituals for the same fraternity. Oscar went through a very long and involved hazing process while Sam went through relatively mild rituals. After they both got into the fraternity, they realized that there were a lot of negative things associated with membership that they hadn’t expected. According to cognitive dissonance, which of the following would you expect to happen? a. Oscar would love the fraternity more than Sam because he went through more to get into it. b. Sam would want to stay in the fraternity more than Oscar because Sam realizes that he accepted the membership even though he didn’t like it. c. Both Oscar and Sam would like the fraternity equally. d. Sam and Oscar would dislike the fraternity equally because of all the negatives associated with it.

Answer: A Difficulty: 2 Page(s) in Text: 170 Topic: Self-Justification in Everyday Life Skill: APPLICATION LO 6.2 How does cognitive dissonance operate in everyday life, and what are some constructive ways of reducing it?

94.

Phil spent an hour and a half running cables and toying with connections in order to receive cable TV in his room. When he was finished, he got fifty channels, but all of them were kind of fuzzy. His roommate, Jason, arrived home when Phil was done, and they both sat down to watch TV. Which one will enjoy the cable TV the most? a. Phil, because of a self-fulfilling prophecy b. Phil, because of justification of effort c. Jason, because he didn’t have to spend the time hooking it up d. Jason, because of insufficient punishment Answer: B Difficulty: 2 Page(s) in Text: 170 Topic: Self-Justification in Everyday Life Skill: APPLICATION LO 6.2 How does cognitive dissonance operate in everyday life, and what are some constructive ways of reducing it?

95.

If a person goes through a demanding process involving lots of effort and hard work to achieve a goal, what 23 Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

would cognitive dissonance suggest that person will think about the experience afterwards? a. “I loved all of that work; it’s really fun to pull all-nighters and not sleep!” b. “I really liked being so stressed out, especially when I ended up sick because of it.” c. “Going through all of that effort was worth it!” d. “It’s fun to have bad things happen to you when you are trying to attain a goal.”

Answer: C Difficulty: 2 Page(s) in Text: 170 Topic: Self-Justification in Everyday Life Skill: CONCEPTUAL LO 6.2 How does cognitive dissonance operate in everyday life, and what are some constructive ways of reducing it?

96.

As you and your friends returned and met up for the first time since high school, you find that you’ve all taken different paths in life. Based on cognitive dissonance and the principle of justification of effort, who would be the LEAST satisfied with what he or she is currently doing? a. Jill, who just finished a grueling four-month training period with the Marines b. Matt, who is in the Peace Corps, living in third-world countries with no modern conveniences c. Fiona, who is going to a local college with a loose admissions policy, and whose parents are paying her way d. Ann, who went through a five-step process to be accepted at her college and now is taking rigorous courses Answer: C Difficulty: 2 Page(s) in Text: 170 Topic: Self-Justification in Everyday Life Skill: CONCEPTUAL LO 6.2 How does cognitive dissonance operate in everyday life, and what are some constructive ways of reducing it?

97.

Your friend Jamie shows you the gift she bought for her mother’s birthday. It’s an atrociously ugly fake marble statue of an angel, with the saccharine words “My Mother’s an Angel” sloppily lettered on the bottom. Jamie asks you what you think, and because her feelings are easily hurt, to spare her, you say, “It’s wonderful! Maybe I’ll get one for my mom!” In this case, you ________ experience dissonance because there is sufficient ________ justification for your action. a. will; external b. will; internal c. will not; internal d. will not; external Answer: D Difficulty: 3 Page(s) in Text: 171 Topic: Self-Justification in Everyday Life Skill: APPLICATION LO 6.2 How does cognitive dissonance operate in everyday life, and what are some constructive ways of reducing it?

98.

When our behaviors are inconsistent with our values or beliefs, we are NOT likely to experience cognitive dissonance if a. the beliefs are integral to our self-concepts. b. we engaged in the behavior voluntarily. c. no one observed the inconsistent behavior. d. we can point to external justifications for our behavior.

Answer: D Difficulty: 2 Page(s) in Text: 171 Topic: Self-Justification in Everyday Life Skill: FACTUAL LO 6.2 How does cognitive dissonance operate in everyday life, and what are some constructive ways of reducing it?

24 Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

99.

People are unlikely to change their attitudes after saying something they don’t truly believe if there is ________ for the lie. a. insufficient justification b. external justification c. postdecision regret d. insufficient rationalization Answer: B Difficulty: 1 Page(s) in Text: 171 Topic: Self-Justification in Everyday Life Skill: FACTUAL LO 6.2 How does cognitive dissonance operate in everyday life, and what are some constructive ways of reducing it?

100.

________ is to dissonance-induced attitude change as ________ is to no attitude change. a. Counterattitudinal advocacy; internal justification b. External justification; internal justification c. Internal justification; counterattitudinal advocacy d. Internal justification; external justification.

Answer: D Page(s) in Text: 171 Topic: Self-Justification in Everyday Life Skill: CONCEPTUAL LO 6.2 How does cognitive dissonance operate in everyday life, and what are some constructive ways of reducing it?

101.

In the aftermath of a dissonant behavior, people often change something about themselves as a means of reducing cognitive dissonance. This is known as a. the overjustification effect. b. external justification. c. internal justification. d. postdecision regret.

Answer: C Difficulty: 2 Page(s) in Text: 171 Topic: Self-Justification in Everyday Life Skill: FACTUAL LO 6.2 How does cognitive dissonance operate in everyday life, and what are some constructive ways of reducing it?

102.

According to the tenets of dissonance theory, when we cannot find sufficient external justification for acts such as saying something we don’t truly believe, we will most likely a. deny what we said. b. seek internal justifications. c. seek out dissonance. d. increase the number of dishonest deeds we do.

Answer: B Difficulty: 3 Page(s) in Text: 171 Topic: Self-Justification in Everyday Life Skill: FACTUAL LO 6.2 How does cognitive dissonance operate in everyday life, and what are some constructive ways of reducing it?

103.

Which of the following social psychology concepts is most closely related to the idea, “Saying is believing”? a. justification of effort b. postdecision regret c. counterattitudinal advocacy 25 Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

d. illusion of choice Answer: C Difficulty: 3 Page(s) in Text: 171 Topic: Self-Justification in Everyday Life Skill: CONCEPTUAL LO 6.2 How does cognitive dissonance operate in everyday life, and what are some constructive ways of reducing it?

104.

Which of the following people is using an internal justification to reduce dissonance? a. Betty, who points to the fact that she was coerced into an undesirable behavior b. Colin, who identifies a large reward as the cause of his behavior c. Terri, who changes her attitude to bring it in line with an undesirable behavior d. Jessie, who reconciles herself to the discomfort that dissonance produces Answer: C Difficulty: 2 Page(s) in Text: 171 Topic: Self-Justification in Everyday Life Skill: APPLICATION LO 6.2 How does cognitive dissonance operate in everyday life, and what are some constructive ways of reducing it?

105.

When people state publicly an opinion that is at odds with their own private attitudes, they are engaging in a. dissonance reduction. b. justification of effort. c. counterattitudinal advocacy. d. seeking external justifications.

Answer: C Difficulty: 2 Page(s) in Text: 171 Topic: Self-Justification in Everyday Life Skill: FACTUAL LO 6.2 How does cognitive dissonance operate in everyday life, and what are some constructive ways of reducing it?

106.

Two weeks after making a public statement at odds with his previous positions, which politician is most likely to report to his close friends that he sticks by his most recent (contradictory) statement? a. a candidate who spoke at a $1,000 a plate fundraiser b. a candidate who was far behind in the polls and had to shift tactics c. a candidate who was “cornered” by demonstrators d. a candidate who couldn’t quite figure out why he contradicted himself Answer: D Difficulty: 3 Page(s) in Text: 171 Topic: Self-Justification in Everyday Life Skill: APPLICATION LO 6.2 How does cognitive dissonance operate in everyday life, and what are some constructive ways of reducing it?

107.

Recall that Festinger and Carlsmith (1959) paid participants either $1 or $20 to tell another person that a boring, tedious task was really fun and interesting. The results of their experiment demonstrated that a. minimal external justification can lead to attitude change. b. when people experience dissonance, they work to justify their effort. c. the decision to engage in attitude-discrepant acts must be voluntary. d. people often refuse to say in public what they privately believe.

Answer: A Difficulty: 2 Page(s) in Text: 172 Topic: Self-Justification in Everyday Life 26 Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Skill: CONCEPTUAL LO 6.2 How does cognitive dissonance operate in everyday life, and what are some constructive ways of reducing it?

108.

Recall that Festinger and Carlsmith (1959) paid participants either $1 or $20 to tell someone else that a tedious, boring task was really interesting. Participants paid ________ modified their original attitudes because they had ________ for lying. a. $20; minimal external justification b. $1; little external justification c. $20; an abundance of external justification d. $1; little internal justification Answer: B Difficulty: 2 Page(s) in Text: 172 Topic: Self-Justification in Everyday Life Skill: CONCEPTUAL LO 6.2 How does cognitive dissonance operate in everyday life, and what are some constructive ways of reducing it?

109.

Assume that you were a participant in the experiment conducted by Festinger and Carlsmith (1959) in which participants were paid either a large or small sum of money to tell an innocent stranger that the boring, tedious task you had just completed was really enjoyable and very interesting. Further assume that you were paid a large amount of money to tell the stranger that lie. In this situation, you would be most likely to a. convince yourself that the boring task was actually more interesting than you had previously thought. b. maintain your original assessment of the task as dull and boring. c. convince yourself that the stranger deserved to be lied to. d. ask to complete the task again, given that you had high internal justification for doing so.

Answer: B Difficulty: 2 Page(s) in Text: 172 Topic: Self-Justification in Everyday Life Skill: CONCEPTUAL LO 6.2 How does cognitive dissonance operate in everyday life, and what are some constructive ways of reducing it?

110.

As mentioned in the text, a Yale researcher (Cohen, 1962) paid some students relatively little and others relatively more to write an essay that contradicted their true beliefs about the local police. Results of his experiment demonstrated that a. students who were paid little were more willing to ride along with the police. b. the greater the external justification, the greater the shift in participants’ attitudes toward the police. c. the size of the incentive changed students’ attitudes only if they privately liked the police. d. in the absence of large incentives, students changed their attitudes about the police.

Answer: D Difficulty: 2 Page(s) in Text: 172 Topic: Self-Justification in Everyday Life Skill: FACTUAL LO 6.2 How does cognitive dissonance operate in everyday life, and what are some constructive ways of reducing it?

111.

As mentioned in the text, a Yale researcher (Cohen, 1962) conducted research at a time when the local police were very unpopular with the students. He paid some students relatively little and other students relatively more to write an essay that contradicted their true beliefs about the local police, with whom the student body had experienced unpleasant run-ins. Results of this experiment were noteworthy because they demonstrated that a. students offered money thought they were being bribed. b. counterattitudinal advocacy can affect beliefs about things that really matter. c. behaviors in the world outside the laboratory often contradict previous findings. d. in the world outside the laboratory, it is very difficult to change people’s beliefs about things that matter.

Answer: B 27 Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Difficulty: 3 Page(s) in Text: 172 Topic: Self-Justification in Everyday Life Skill: CONCEPTUAL LO 6.2 How does cognitive dissonance operate in everyday life, and what are some constructive ways of reducing it?

112.

Imagine that both Vera and Carol are against affirmative action. Vera is offered $50 to write an essay about the benefits of affirmative action, whereas Carol is offered only $1 to write a similar essay. After writing the essays and receiving their payments, both women are asked to report their attitudes toward affirmative action.

Assuming that their attitudes were similarly negative at the outset, which of the following results would you expect? a. Vera would be more favorable than Carol toward affirmative action. b. Carol would be more favorable than Vera toward affirmative action. c. Carol and Vera would be equally favorable toward affirmative action. d. Both women would be strongly opposed to affirmative action.

Answer: B Difficulty: 3 Page(s) in Text: 172 Topic: Self-Justification in Everyday Life Skill: APPLICATION LO 6.2 How does cognitive dissonance operate in everyday life, and what are some constructive ways of reducing it?

113.

Recall that participants in an experiment presented in the text were provided either large or small incentives to advocate the use and legalization of marijuana. Results of their experiment revealed that dissonance and attitude change occurred when a. incentives were large. b. incentives were small. c. participants were allowed to erase the videotape. d. participants were not allowed to erase the videotape.

Answer: B Difficulty: 2 Page(s) in Text: 172 Topic: Self-Justification in Everyday Life Skill: FACTUAL LO 6.2 How does cognitive dissonance operate in everyday life, and what are some constructive ways of reducing it?

114.

In experiments on counterattitudinal advocacy, people change their attitudes more the lower the external incentives. This finding is inconsistent with the ________ approach to psychology. a. Gestalt b. behaviorist c. psychodynamic d. experimental Answer: B Difficulty: 3 Page(s) in Text: 172 Topic: Self-Justification in Everyday Life Skill: CONCEPTUAL LO 6.2 How does cognitive dissonance operate in everyday life, and what are some constructive ways of reducing it?

115.

Recall that in experiments presented in your text (Leippe & Eisenstadt, 1994; 1998), white college students agreed to write essays in favor of doubling funds for minority student scholarships, even though that policy would reduce funds available for majority students. What happened? Participants a. who were initially prejudiced did not change their attitudes, but non-prejudiced participants did. b. convinced themselves that they supported the policy of expanding aid to minority students. c. changed their attitudes about the policy, but not about minority students.

28 Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

d. who were prejudiced refused to write the essays.

Answer: B Difficulty: 2 Page(s) in Text: 173 Topic: Self-Justification in Everyday Life Skill: FACTUAL LO 6.2 How does cognitive dissonance operate in everyday life, and what are some constructive ways of reducing it?

116.

Recall that in experiments presented in your text (Leippe & Eisenstadt, 1994; 1998), why did white participants experience dissonance after writing essays in favor of doubling scholarship funds for minority students? a. They were racially prejudiced. b. It would mean less scholarship money for white students. c. They had little contact with minority students. d. It would expose their prejudice.

Answer: B Difficulty: 2 Page(s) in Text: 173 Topic: Self-Justification in Everyday Life Skill: CONCEPTUAL LO 6.2 How does cognitive dissonance operate in everyday life, and what are some constructive ways of reducing it?

117.

Recall that in experiments presented in your text (Leippe & Eisenstadt, 1994; 1998), when white participants experienced dissonance after writing essays in favor of doubling scholarship funds for minority students, how did many of them relieve the dissonance? a. by showing support of racist organizations b. by showing lower prejudicial attitudes c. by later telling the experimenter they didn’t really believe in what they’d written d. by seeking to befriend and date minorities Answer: B Difficulty: 3 Page(s) in Text: 173 Topic: Self-Justification in Everyday Life Skill: FACTUAL LO 6.2 How does cognitive dissonance operate in everyday life, and what are some constructive ways of reducing it?

118.

Research presented in the text (McMillan, Stice, & Rohde, 2011) had high school and college women write essays against the “thin is beautiful” idea. By writing about the emotional and physical costs of pursuing this unhealthy body image, the women showed a. significant increases in their satisfaction with their bodies. b. significant decreases in happiness. c. significant increases in anxiety. d. increases in dieting.

Answer: A Difficulty: 1 Page(s) in Text: 173 Topic: Self-Justification in Everyday Life Skill: FACTUAL LO 6.2 How does cognitive dissonance operate in everyday life, and what are some constructive ways of reducing it?

119.

According to dissonance theorists, what is the problem with severe punishment to control behaviors? Severe punishment a. leads to frustration. b. models inappropriate behavior that is then learned. c. serves as an external justification for behavior change. d. undermines extrinsic motivation.

29 Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Answer: C Difficulty: 2 Page(s) in Text: 174 Topic: Self-Justification in Everyday Life Skill: CONCEPTUAL LO 6.2 How does cognitive dissonance operate in everyday life, and what are some constructive ways of reducing it?

120.

Who is most likely to convince him- or herself that he or she believes in the behavior he or she is performing? a. Jackie, who obeys the speed limit when her radar detector tells her there’s a police car in the vicinity b. Loren, who turns down the radio because his mother says it interferes with her concentration c. Casey, who stops teasing his younger brother because his parents have threatened to take away his television if he continues d. Miriam, who pulls her math grade up to a “C” because her parents threatened to take away her driving privileges if she continued to fail Answer: B Difficulty: 2 Page(s) in Text: 174 Topic: Self-Justification in Everyday Life Skill: APPLICATION LO 6.2 How does cognitive dissonance operate in everyday life, and what are some constructive ways of reducing it?

121.

The local police want to convince drivers to obey the fifty-five mile per hour speed limit on the highways. The police chief is convinced that doubling speeding fines is the answer. You’ve just read the section of Chapter 6 that deals with insufficient punishment. What would you say to him? a. “That’s not the way to change drivers’ attitudes about obeying the speed limit.” b. “Good idea; that way, drivers will change their attitudes about speeding.” c. “That won’t work if officers don’t enforce the speed limits.” d. “Make sure the severe punishment is swift and certain.”

Answer: A Difficulty: 3 Page(s) in Text: 174 Topic: Self-Justification in Everyday Life Skill: CONCEPTUAL LO 6.2 How does cognitive dissonance operate in everyday life, and what are some constructive ways of reducing it?

122.

Threats of severe punishment are NOT likely to change behaviors in the absence of the person who punishes, because such severe threats provide a. external justification for halting the undesirable behavior. b. sufficient internal justification for halting the undesirable behavior. c. a means to justify the problem behavior. d. a large amount of cognitive dissonance.

Answer: A Difficulty: 3 Page(s) in Text: 174 Topic: Self-Justification in Everyday Life Skill: CONCEPTUAL LO 6.2 How does cognitive dissonance operate in everyday life, and what are some constructive ways of reducing it?

123.

Because they provide the potential offender ________, threats of harsh punishment seldom produce positive attitude change. a. ample external justification for restraint b. an excuse for psychological reactance c. sufficient internal justification for restraint d. an internal attribution for restraint Answer: A 30 Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Difficulty: 2 Page(s) in Text: 174 Topic: Self-Justification in Everyday Life Skill: CONCEPTUAL LO 6.2 How does cognitive dissonance operate in everyday life, and what are some constructive ways of reducing it?

124.

If you wanted to make use of the concept of insufficient punishment, how would you discipline your child when she’s misbehaving? Give the child a stern look and tell her a. that you will spank her hard the next time she performs the forbidden behavior. b. nothing else if she stops the forbidden behavior. c. that you will buy her a present if she stops the forbidden behavior. d. that she has only one more chance to improve her behavior.

Answer: B Difficulty: 3 Page(s) in Text: 174 Topic: Self-Justification in Everyday Life Skill: APPLICATION LO 6.2 How does cognitive dissonance operate in everyday life, and what are some constructive ways of reducing it?

125.

According to the principle of insufficient punishment, which of the following parental techniques should be most effective in changing a child’s behavior permanently (i.e., even behavior that occurs in the absence of the parent)? a. ignoring the child’s troublesome behavior b. threat of severe punishment c. threat of mild punishment d. severe punishment Answer: C Difficulty: 3 Page(s) in Text: 174 Topic: Self-Justification in Everyday Life Skill: FACTUAL LO 6.2 How does cognitive dissonance operate in everyday life, and what are some constructive ways of reducing it?

126.

According to dissonance theorists, the practice of threatening mild punishment works because it arouses ________ cognitive dissonance and therefore causes ________. a. little; a change in attitude toward the forbidden act b. no; little if any frustration c. much; a change in attitude toward the forbidden act d. much; avoidance of the punishment Answer: C Difficulty: 3 Page(s) in Text: 174 Topic: Self-Justification in Everyday Life Skill: CONCEPTUAL LO 6.2 How does cognitive dissonance operate in everyday life, and what are some constructive ways of reducing it?

127.

Mahmoud wants his seven-year-old daughter to learn that littering is bad. According to cognitive dissonance theory, how should Mahmoud teach his daughter not to be a litterbug? Mahmoud should a. give his daughter a big ice cream cone every time she throws her garbage in a trash can. b. yell and scream at his daughter every time she tosses garbage on the ground. c. give his daughter a stern look whenever she litters. d. raise his daughter’s allowance whenever she refrains from littering.

Answer: C Difficulty: 2 Page(s) in Text: 174 31 Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Topic: Self-Justification in Everyday Life Skill: APPLICATION LO 6.2 How does cognitive dissonance operate in everyday life, and what are some constructive ways of reducing it?

128.

Derek likes to bully his little brother Matt. Their mother begins to give Derek the mild punishment of a stern look every time Derek hits Matt. This is sufficient to stop Derek’s bullying, and in time, Derek stops bullying Matt even when his mother is not around. According to theories of insufficient punishment, why might this happen? a. Because there was sufficient external justification for resisting, Derek began to devalue the forbidden activity. b. Because there was sufficient external justification for resisting, Derek began to place greater value on his relationship with his brother. c. Because there was insufficient external justification for resisting, Derek began to devalue the forbidden activity. d. Because there was insufficient external justification for resisting, Derek began to place greater value on his relationship with his brother.

Answer: C Difficulty: 2 Page(s) in Text: 174 Topic: Self-Justification in Everyday Life Skill: APPLICATION LO 6.2 How does cognitive dissonance operate in everyday life, and what are some constructive ways of reducing it?

129.

Willow’s mother took away her television privileges as punishment for missing her curfew when the punishment could have been much more severe, such as being grounded for a week and losing access to her cell phone. Why is Willow’s mother using insufficient punishment, according to dissonance theory? a. So that there is sufficient external justification for missing curfew again, and Willow will begin to devalue the forbidden activity. b. So that there is sufficient external justification for missing curfew again, and Willow will begin to admire her mother. c. So that there is insufficient external justification for missing curfew again, and Willow will begin to devalue the forbidden activity. d. So that there is insufficient external justification for missing curfew again, and Willow will begin to admire her mother.

Answer: C Difficulty: 3 Page(s) in Text: 174 Topic: Self-Justification in Everyday Life Skill: APPLICATION LO 6.2 How does cognitive dissonance operate in everyday life, and what are some constructive ways of reducing it?

130.

Jennifer’s dad wants to convince her to do her homework as soon as she gets home from school. To ensure that Jennifer actually does her homework immediately—whether or not he is there to keep an eye on her—Jennifer’s dad should provide a. large monetary rewards when she begins her homework right away. b. mild threats of punishment if she doesn’t begin her homework right away. c. promises of large rewards when she begins her homework right away. d. severe punishment when she doesn’t begin her homework right away.

Answer: B Difficulty: 2 Page(s) in Text: 174 Topic: Self-Justification in Everyday Life Skill: APPLICATION LO 6.2 How does cognitive dissonance operate in everyday life, and what are some constructive ways of reducing it?

32 Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

131.

Recall that Aronson and Carlsmith (1963) told preschoolers that they were not allowed to play with a toy that the children had already rated as more attractive than other toys. Half of the children were threatened with mild punishment if they disobeyed, and the other half with severe punishment. When the experimenter left the room, none of the children played with the forbidden toy. When the experimenter returned and asked the children to rate all the toys again, those children who received a. mild threats reduced their dissonance by rating the forbidden toy as less attractive than before. b. severe threats increased their dissonance by rating the forbidden toy as more attractive than before. c. mild threats increased their dissonance by rating the toy as more attractive than before. d. severe threats reduced their dissonance by rating the toy as less attractive than before.

Answer: A Difficulty: 2 Page(s) in Text: 174–175 Topic: Self-Justification in Everyday Life Skill: FACTUAL LO 6.2 How does cognitive dissonance operate in everyday life, and what are some constructive ways of reducing it?

132.

When preschoolers were forbidden to play with a very attractive toy, some received mild threats of punishment, and others received severe threats of punishment should they disobey (Aronson & Carlsmith, 1963). Because they had ________ justification, children in the mild threat condition experienced ________ dissonance, and changed their rating of the forbidden toy. a. ample external; more b. insufficient external; less c. ample external; less d. insufficient external; more Answer: D Difficulty: 3 Page(s) in Text: 174–175 Topic: Self-Justification in Everyday Life Skill: CONCEPTUAL LO 6.2 How does cognitive dissonance operate in everyday life, and what are some constructive ways of reducing it?

133.

Based on research by Aronson and Carlsmith (1963) in which children were threatened with either mild or severe punishment for playing with a forbidden toy, which of the following situations would make a child most want to play with a toy? a. giving the child a toy as one of many possible choices b. forbidding the child from playing with the toy and threatening severe punishment if he does c. forbidding the child from playing with the toy and threatening mild punishment if she does d. telling the child to share the toy with a friend Answer: B Difficulty: 3 Page(s) in Text: 174–175 Topic: Self-Justification in Everyday Life Skill: APPLICATION LO 6.2 How does cognitive dissonance operate in everyday life, and what are some constructive ways of reducing it?

134.

The new governor hires you to devise a plan to stop bullying in the schools. Based on the principle of insufficient punishment, what might be a good way to punish bullies? a. After the first offense, dismiss them from school for the day. b. A “three strikes, you’re out” policy in which the first two incidents go unpunished, but the third leads to expulsion and being placed in a juvenile detention center. c. Physically punish them by letting teachers slap them with yardsticks. d. Tell teachers to give a mild punishment that barely gets the bully to stop the behavior and to be consistent with this mild punishment.

Answer: D Difficulty: 3 Page(s) in Text: 174–175 33 Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Topic: Self-Justification in Everyday Life Skill: APPLICATION LO 6.2 How does cognitive dissonance operate in everyday life, and what are some constructive ways of reducing it?

135.

According to your authors, threats of severe punishment ultimately teach people a. that crime doesn’t pay. b. to avoid getting caught. c. to obey the rules. d. to distrust authority.

Answer: B Difficulty: 2 Page(s) in Text: 174 Topic: Self-Justification in Everyday Life Skill: FACTUAL LO 6.2 How does cognitive dissonance operate in everyday life, and what are some constructive ways of reducing it?

136.

Too late, your neighbor discovered that he couldn’t flush his toilet. He has asked you to come help him unstop his plugged toilet. It’s not a task that you look forward to, but you come over to help. Based on the psychology of insufficient justification, you’d be most likely to change your attitudes about fixing broken plumbing if you helped a. Tom, because he helped you change a tire last week. b. Ben, because he sometimes steals your morning paper. c. Adam, because he’s a friend who happens to be your neighbor. d. Juan, because he’s your neighbor and your boss.

Answer: B Difficulty: 3 Page(s) in Text: 152 Topic: Self-Justification in Everyday Life Skill: APPLICATION LO 6.2 How does cognitive dissonance operate in everyday life, and what are some constructive ways of reducing it?

137.

Michael and Pam are friends, but have never dated. Michael wants to ask Pam out on a date, with the hope that she will think of him as more than just a friend. Based on research on external justification and dissonance theory, under which of the following conditions will Pam like Michael the most? a. Michael asks her to go to the Dave Matthews concert. Pam loves the Dave Matthews Band but didn’t have a ticket, so she accepts enthusiastically. b. Michael asks her to go to the Dave Matthews concert. Pam loves the Dave Matthews Band and didn’t have a ticket, but she says no because she has a big paper due that week. c. Michael asks her to a Valentine’s Day dinner at a restaurant that Pam doesn’t like very much, and she accepts. d. Michael asks her to a Valentine’s Day dinner at a very expensive restaurant that Pam loves, and she accepts.

Answer: C Difficulty: 3 Page(s) in Text: 151–152 Topic: Self-Justification in Everyday Life Skill: APPLICATION LO 6.2 How does cognitive dissonance operate in everyday life, and what are some constructive ways of reducing it?

138.

________ refers to long-lasting attitude change that arises from attempts to reduce cognitive dissonance. a. Self-verification b. Self-persuasion c. Self-focused attention d. Self-esteem maintenance Answer: B 34 Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Difficulty: 1 Page(s) in Text: 175 Topic: Self-Justification in Everyday Life Skill: FACTUAL LO 6.2 How does cognitive dissonance operate in everyday life, and what are some constructive ways of reducing it?

139.

Jan and Michelle would both like to ride a motorcycle. Jan’s parents explicitly prohibit her from riding a motorcycle and tell her that she’ll be grounded should she choose to disobey them. Michelle’s parents express their concern for her safety and tell her that they would be very disappointed if she decided to take a ride.

According to dissonance theory, two months after the warnings, who would be more likely to ride a motorcycle if given the opportunity? a. Jan would be more likely to decide to ride the motorcycle. b. Michelle would be more likely to decide to ride the motorcycle. c. Both would decide to ride the motorcycle, but for different reasons. d. Neither would decide to ride the motorcycle, but for different reasons.

Answer: A Difficulty: 3 Page(s) in Text: 175 Topic: Self-Justification in Everyday Life Skill: CONCEPTUAL LO 6.2 How does cognitive dissonance operate in everyday life, and what are some constructive ways of reducing it?

140.

In a variation of the “forbidden toy” experiment by Aronson and Carlsmith (1963), another researcher issued mild and severe threats to prevent children from playing with a very attractive toy. Several weeks later, a woman came to the school, allegedly to administer tests to the children. When she left the room to score the tests, children were left alone with the same attractive toy and other less attractive toys. Almost 80 percent of the children who were issued severe threats by the researcher played with the attractive toy; only 30 percent of those children issued mild threats succumbed to temptation. This experiment is noteworthy because it demonstrated that a. like preschoolers, older children work to reduce dissonance. b. attempts to reduce dissonance yield long-lasting attitude and behavior change. c. a sense of self is necessary for dissonance to be aroused and subsequently reduced. d. excessive external justification for restraint can produce dissonance and attitude change.

Answer: B Difficulty: 2 Page(s) in Text: 175 Topic: Self-Justification in Everyday Life Skill: CONCEPTUAL LO 6.2 How does cognitive dissonance operate in everyday life, and what are some constructive ways of reducing it?

141.

Why does self-persuasion work better than being lectured by other people to behave in a certain way? a. Self-persuasion is based on implicit attitudes. b. Self-persuasion takes place internally and involves convincing yourself of something. c. Self-persuasion is automatic. d. Self-persuasion is usually an effortful and conscious process that takes time.

Answer: B Difficulty: 2 Page(s) in Text: 175 Topic: Self-Justification in Everyday Life Skill: CONCEPTUAL LO 6.2 How does cognitive dissonance operate in everyday life, and what are some constructive ways of reducing it?

142.

In research presented in the text, a social psychologist had army reservists eat fried grasshoppers, allegedly as part of a research project on survival foods. Reservists who ________ liked the grasshoppers more. a. had previously eaten ants 35 Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

b. ate grasshoppers at the request of a pleasant officer c. were given a week’s leave d. ate grasshoppers at the request of a stern, unpleasant officer Answer: D Difficulty: 2 Page(s) in Text: 175–176 Topic: Self-Justification in Everyday Life Skill: FACTUAL LO 6.2 How does cognitive dissonance operate in everyday life, and what are some constructive ways of reducing it?

143.

According to the authors of your text, using ________ rewards or punishments leads to longer lasting attitude change than using ________ rewards or punishments. a. larger; smaller b. tangible; intangible c. smaller; larger d. meaningful; smaller Answer: C Difficulty: 3 Page(s) in Text: 176 Topic: Self-Justification in Everyday Life Skill: CONCEPTUAL LO 6.2 How does cognitive dissonance operate in everyday life, and what are some constructive ways of reducing it?

144.

A mother is trying to get her child to behave in the store and to stop running around, yelling, and grabbing things off the shelves. According to cognitive dissonance theory, if she wants to stop the child’s behavior immediately for the time being, she should use a ________, but if she wants to more permanently change the behavior, she should use a ________. a. bribe; punishment b. small reward; large punishment c. large punishment; small punishment d. large punishment; large reward Answer: C Difficulty: 3 Page(s) in Text: 176 Topic: Self-Justification in Everyday Life Skill: APPLICATION LO 6.2 How does cognitive dissonance operate in everyday life, and what are some constructive ways of reducing it?

145.

Based on information provided by your text, external justification is to ________ as internal justification is to ________. a. temporary change; lasting change b. temporary change; large reward c. small reward; lasting change d. small reward; no reward Answer: A Difficulty: 3 Page(s) in Text: 175 Topic: Self-Justification in Everyday Life Skill: CONCEPTUAL LO 6.2 How does cognitive dissonance operate in everyday life, and what are some constructive ways of reducing it?

146.

According to the authors of your text, why do young people often fail to use condoms every time they have sex? a. They would feel like hypocrites were they to use condoms. b. Condoms are inconvenient, unromantic, and remind people of disease and death.

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c. Because most sex is spontaneous, condoms are seldom available. d. People do not think of birth control when they are sexually aroused.

Answer: B Difficulty: 2 Page(s) in Text: 176 Topic: Self-Justification in Everyday Life Skill: FACTUAL LO 6.2 How does cognitive dissonance operate in everyday life, and what are some constructive ways of reducing it?

147.

Recall that Aronson and his colleagues designed experiments to remind students of their own hypocrisy when it came to using condoms during sex. Participants who made videotaped speeches in which they talked about the difficulties they had using condoms actually changed their attitudes and behaviors related to condom use. These experiments are actually variations on the phenomenon of the ________ paradigm. a. justification of effort b. post-decision dissonance c. counterattitudinal advocacy d. insufficient punishment Answer: C Difficulty: 3 Page(s) in Text: 176–177 Topic: Self-Justification in Everyday Life Skill: CONCEPTUAL LO 6.2 How does cognitive dissonance operate in everyday life, and what are some constructive ways of reducing it?

148.

Recall that Aronson and his colleagues asked college students either to compose a persuasive message advocating the use of condoms or to compose and deliver their message in front of a video camera. In addition, half of the participants in each group were made mindful of the times that they didn’t use condoms. Which (fictitious) participant below would experience the most dissonance and express a greater willingness to use condoms in the future? a. Jane, who spoke before a video camera, but did not list the times it was hard to use condoms b. Paul, who did not deliver his speech on video, but listed the times he found it hard to use condoms c. Sally, who delivered her speech, and listed the times she found it hard to use condoms d. Otis, who did not deliver his speech, and did not list the times he found it hard to use condoms Answer: C Difficulty: 2 Page(s) in Text: 176–177 Topic: Self-Justification in Everyday Life Skill: APPLICATION LO 6.2 How does cognitive dissonance operate in everyday life, and what are some constructive ways of reducing it?

149.

Assume that in experiments conducted by Aronson and his colleagues Sally was randomly assigned to write and deliver a pro-condom speech to be shown to high school students. She also listed all the times she found it awkward or impossible to use condoms in her sexual encounters. After completing these tasks, Sally reduced her dissonance by reporting a greater willingness to use condoms in her future sexual activities. Why? She a. was embarrassed by the tasks, and wanted to please the experimenters. b. felt like a hypocrite, and changed her attitude to reduce the dissonance. c. changed her attitude to convince the experimenters to destroy her videotape. d. felt a like a hypocrite and maintained her attitude to maintain dissonance.

Answer: B Difficulty: 2 Page(s) in Text: 176–177 Topic: Self-Justification in Everyday Life Skill: APPLICATION LO 6.2 How does cognitive dissonance operate in everyday life, and what are some constructive ways of reducing it?

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150.

Recall that Aronson and his colleagues asked college students either to compose a persuasive message advocating the use of condoms or to compose and deliver their message in front of a video camera. In addition, half of the participants in each group were made mindful of the times that they didn’t use condoms. After completing these tasks, participants were allowed to purchase condoms at a low price. What is the significance of their findings from this experiment? They demonstrated that a. before people will use condoms, they must experience dissonance. b. dissonance created by feelings of hypocrisy can change both attitudes and behaviors. c. although dissonance can bring about attitude change, behaviors are not affected. d. in some conditions, fear and anxiety can actually encourage condom use.

Answer: B Difficulty: 3 Page(s) in Text: 176–177 Topic: Self-Justification in Everyday Life Skill: CONCEPTUAL LO 6.2 How does cognitive dissonance operate in everyday life, and what are some constructive ways of reducing it?

151.

Recall that Aronson and his colleagues asked college students either to compose a persuasive message advocating the use of condoms or to compose and deliver their message in front of a video camera. Considering which participants in this study later actually purchased more condoms, what would be the best way a highschool Health teacher could promote condom use in his/her class? a. show a video about Ryan White (a victim of HIV) b. have students write an essay about being hypocrites if they chose not to use condoms c. have students pledge to use condoms d. teach students only abstinence, since it is more effective than condoms Answer: B Difficulty: 2 Page(s) in Text: 176–177 Topic: Self-Justification in Everyday Life Skill: APPLICATION LO 6.2 How does cognitive dissonance operate in everyday life, and what are some constructive ways of reducing it?

152.

Ken participates in a psychology study where he has to make statements that are contrary to his thoughts and values. Then, the researchers reminded him of this inconsistency. Ken has participated in which of the following? a. a cognitive dissonance effect b. a justification of effort c. a rationalization induction d. a hypocrisy induction Answer: D Difficulty: 2 Page(s) in Text: 176 Topic: Self-Justification in Everyday Life Skill: APPLICATION LO 6.2 How does cognitive dissonance operate in everyday life, and what are some constructive ways of reducing it?

153.

In a study referred to in the text (Peterson, Haynes, & Olson, 2008), smokers were asked to create an antismoking video to be shown to high school students, invoking dissonance in the smokers. Based on other research in this chapter, how were these smokers, who particularly felt like hypocrites, most likely to behave? a. They would feel a sudden urge to smoke. b. They would increase intentions to quit smoking. c. They could change the topic of conversation to something more comfortable. d. They could use denial.

Answer: B Difficulty: 2 Page(s) in Text: 153 Topic: Self-Justification in Everyday Life 38 Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Skill: CONCEPTUAL LO 6.2 How does cognitive dissonance operate in everyday life, and what are some constructive ways of reducing it?

154.

In a study referred to in the text (Peterson, Haynes, & Olson, 2008), smokers were asked to create an antismoking video to be shown to high school students, invoking dissonance in the smokers. To alleviate the dissonance they would then experience, what were these smokers more likely to do? a. actually intend to quit smoking b. take care of their existing health problems, except for smoking c. lose weight d. begin exercising Answer: A Difficulty: 2 Page(s) in Text: 153 Topic: Self-Justification in Everyday Life Skill: CONCEPTUAL LO 6.2 How does cognitive dissonance operate in everyday life, and what are some constructive ways of reducing it?

155.

Megan is always reminding her son Andrew not to talk with his mouth full. One morning, Andrew reminds her not to talk with her mouth full. This situation most resembles ________. a. the Ben Franklin effect b. cognitive dissonance c. the hypocrisy-induction paradigm d. justification of effort Answer: C Difficulty: 3 Page(s) in Text: 176–177 Topic: Self-Justification in Everyday Life Skill: CONCEPTUAL LO 6.2 How does cognitive dissonance operate in everyday life, and what are some constructive ways of reducing it?

156.

In an experiment by Takaku (2006) on road rage, when drivers went through a driving simulation in which they accidentally cut off another driver, and then were cut off themselves, they were less likely to a. let the offense go and relax. b. forgive the other driver. c. keep a safe driving distance. d. resort to road rage.

Answer: D Difficulty: 2 Page(s) in Text: 177 Topic: Self-Justification in Everyday Life Skill: FACTUAL LO 6.2 How does cognitive dissonance operate in everyday life, and what are some constructive ways of reducing it?

157.

In an experiment by Takaku (2006) on road rage, when drivers went through a driving simulation in which they accidentally cut off another driver, and then were cut off themselves, they were quicker to a. become angry. b. lay on the horn. c. forgive the other driver. d. distract themselves.

Answer: C Difficulty: 2 Page(s) in Text: 177 Topic: Self-Justification in Everyday Life Skill: FACTUAL LO 6.2 How does cognitive dissonance operate in everyday life, and what are some constructive ways of 39 Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

reducing it?

158.

Jacob recently was late to a meeting because of a traffic jam. Later that day, when his wife is late arriving home, Jacob is probably going to be ________, based on the idea of the hypocrisy induction. a. angrier b. harsher c. more easily frustrated d. forgiving Answer: D Difficulty: 2 Page(s) in Text: 177 Topic: Self-Justification in Everyday Life Skill: APPLICATION LO 6.2 How does cognitive dissonance operate in everyday life, and what are some constructive ways of reducing it?

159.

Imagine that you have just moved into a house with four other people. One of your housemates, Tony, doesn’t seem to like you all that much. If you were to make use of the Ben Franklin effect, what can you do to increase Tony’s liking for you? a. offer to do Tony’s laundry b. tell Tony that you really wish the two of you could be friends c. ask Tony if he could give you a ride to the grocery store d. pretend you don’t care whether Tony likes you Answer: C Difficulty: 2 Page(s) in Text: 178 Topic: Self-Justification in Everyday Life Skill: APPLICATION LO 6.2 How does cognitive dissonance operate in everyday life, and what are some constructive ways of reducing it?

160.

Based on the Ben Franklin effect, you are most likely to increase your liking for Tony when a. Tony lends you $10. b. you lend Tony $10. c. Tony returns the $10 you lent him. d. Tony finds $10.

Answer: B Difficulty: 2 Page(s) in Text: 178 Topic: Self-Justification in Everyday Life Skill: CONCEPTUAL LO 6.2 How does cognitive dissonance operate in everyday life, and what are some constructive ways of reducing it?

161.

Russian novelist Leo Tolstoy once wrote, “We do not love people so much for the good they have done us as for the good we have done them.” This quote is most closely related to the concept of a. postdecision dissonance. b. self-verification. c. esteem enhancement. d. the Ben Franklin effect.

Answer: D Difficulty: 2 Page(s) in Text: 178 Topic: Self-Justification in Everyday Life Skill: CONCEPTUAL LO 6.2 How does cognitive dissonance operate in everyday life, and what are some constructive ways of reducing it?

162.

When a neighbor asks if he can borrow your chemistry textbook and you do him this favor, dissonance theory 40 Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

would predict that you will like him more due to the Ben Franklin effect, which works because you a. only do favors for people you initially like. b. share an interest in and love for chemistry. c. have to internally justify doing this favor. d. find external justification for doing a favor.

Answer: C Difficulty: 2 Page(s) in Text: 178 Topic: Self-Justification in Everyday Life Skill: CONCEPTUAL LO 6.2 How does cognitive dissonance operate in everyday life, and what are some constructive ways of reducing it?

163.

Recall that researchers conducted an experiment in which some participants were asked by the experimenter to return the monetary compensation they had received as a special favor to him, while others were asked by the department secretary to return the money as a favor to the psychology department, and still others received no such request for the return of their compensation. The researchers found that participants who were approached by the experimenter evaluated him better than did participants in the other two experimental conditions. Why? a. They felt guilty because the compensation was too generous. b. Doing a favor for someone leads us to justify our own behavior. c. The experimenter’s request was more polite than the secretary’s. d. The experimenter promised to compensate them in another way.

Answer: B Difficulty: 3 Page(s) in Text: 178–179 Topic: Self-Justification in Everyday Life Skill: CONCEPTUAL LO 6.2 How does cognitive dissonance operate in everyday life, and what are some constructive ways of reducing it?

164.

Recall that researchers conducted an experiment in which some participants were asked by the experimenter to return monetary compensation to him, while others were asked by the department secretary to return the money to a fund, and still others received no such request for the return of their compensation. Participants who were approached by the experimenter evaluated him better than did participants in the other two experimental conditions. These findings support the notion of a. the Ben Franklin effect. b. justification of effort. c. postdecision dissonance. d. self-esteem enhancement.

Answer: A Difficulty: 2 Page(s) in Text: 178–179 Topic: Self-Justification in Everyday Life Skill: CONCEPTUAL LO 6.2 How does cognitive dissonance operate in everyday life, and what are some constructive ways of reducing it?

165.

The Ben Franklin effect would predict that you would most like someone ________, whereas behaviorist theories would predict that you would most like someone ________. a. who treated you rudely; who treated you kindly b. you did a favor for; who did a favor for you c. who rewarded you strongly; whom you rewarded strongly d. who challenged your attitude; affirmed your attitude Answer: B Difficulty: 2 Page(s) in Text: 178 Topic: Self-Justification in Everyday Life Skill: CONCEPTUAL LO 6.2 How does cognitive dissonance operate in everyday life, and what are some constructive ways of 41 Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

reducing it?

166.

The Ben Franklin effect is named for an incident in which Ben Franklin a. reported liking King George III of England after the Boston Tea Party. b. asked a favor of someone who had treated him coldly, and gained an ally. c. charmed several unsuspecting young ladies in his town. d. advised the president to create dissonance as a means of persuasion.

Answer: B Difficulty: 3 Page(s) in Text: 178 Topic: Self-Justification in Everyday Life Skill: FACTUAL LO 6.2 How does cognitive dissonance operate in everyday life, and what are some constructive ways of reducing it?

167.

It is not uncommon for cultures to dehumanize their enemies. What explains why, for example, a Vietnam veteran might dehumanize the Vietnamese or a Nazi might dehumanize the Jews? a. because they are very prejudiced b. because there is historical conflict between the groups c. to alleviate guilt for harming innocent people during the war d. to remain patriotic Answer: C Difficulty: 2 Page(s) in Text: 179 Topic: Self-Justification in Everyday Life Skill: CONCEPTUAL LO 6.2 How does cognitive dissonance operate in everyday life, and what are some constructive ways of reducing it?

168.

According to cognitive dissonance theory, soldiers may reduce their guilt about killing innocent civilians during wartime by a. dehumanizing their victims. b. killing more enemy soldiers. c. going into therapy. d. telling themselves that the war is almost over.

Answer: A Difficulty: 2 Page(s) in Text: 180 Topic: Self-Justification in Everyday Life Skill: FACTUAL LO 6.2 How does cognitive dissonance operate in everyday life, and what are some constructive ways of reducing it?

169.

Participants in an experiment conducted by Davis and Jones (1960) were instructed to provide hurtful feedback to another person (actually a confederate, of course). After providing such mean assessments of his performance, participants then evaluated him privately. After providing this criticism, these participants’ evaluations of the confederate were more ________ because the ________. a. positive; participants regretted having hurt an innocent victim b. negative; participants convinced themselves that the victim deserved it c. negative; victim did not stand up for himself after the insults d. positive; participants wanted to assuage their feelings of guilt Answer: B Difficulty: 3 Page(s) in Text: 180 Topic: Self-Justification in Everyday Life Skill: FACTUAL LO 6.2 How does cognitive dissonance operate in everyday life, and what are some constructive ways of reducing it?

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170.

Why did participants in an experiment conducted by Berscheid and her colleagues (1968) derogate their victims unless they thought they would switch roles with the victim and receive shocks themselves? In this case, participants a. reasoned that the victim would have a chance to even the score. b. were motivated to justify their cruel behaviors. c. experienced maximal dissonance, and convinced themselves that the victim deserved it. d. chose to become a victim, too, in order to make the situation fairer.

Answer: A Difficulty: 2 Page(s) in Text: 180 Topic: Self-Justification in Everyday Life Skill: CONCEPTUAL LO 6.2 How does cognitive dissonance operate in everyday life, and what are some constructive ways of reducing it?

171.

Who is more likely to dehumanize the enemy in order to deal with cognitive dissonance they are experiencing? a. Erin, who had to fire warning shots during a training exercise b. Brady, who killed an enemy soldier in self-defense c. Victor, who threw a grenade into a market d. Hector, who is a sniper assigned to “eliminate” enemy soldiers Answer: C Difficulty: 3 Page(s) in Text: 180 Topic: Self-Justification in Everyday Life Skill: APPLICATION LO 6.2 How does cognitive dissonance operate in everyday life, and what are some constructive ways of reducing it?

172.

When someone dehumanizes a victim and successfully reduces dissonance in this way, this is likely to lead to a. a continuation or escalation of cruelty. b. a reduction of cruelty. c. a total cessation of cruelty. d. effort justification in the form of hate groups.

Answer: A Difficulty: 2 Page(s) in Text: 180 Topic: Self-Justification in Everyday Life Skill: CONCEPTUAL LO 6.2 How does cognitive dissonance operate in everyday life, and what are some constructive ways of reducing it?

173.

According to the authors of your text, what is one major danger of engaging in self-justification strategies? a. We experience cognitive dissonance. b. We will have lower self-esteem. c. We can end up becoming prejudiced. d. We can fail to learn from our mistakes.

Answer: D Difficulty: 1 Page(s) in Text: 181–182 Topic: Self-Justification in Everyday Life Skill: CONCEPTUAL LO 6.2 How does cognitive dissonance operate in everyday life, and what are some constructive ways of reducing it?

174.

According to the authors of your text, what is one way people can begin to learn from their mistakes? a. by adding new cognitions to justify their actions b. by changing their behavior in response to dissonance c. by recognizing the tendency to justify our actions d. by using denial and rationalization to cope with distress 43 Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Answer: C Difficulty: 2 Page(s) in Text: 181–182 Topic: Self-Justification in Everyday Life Skill: CONCEPTUAL LO 6.2 How does cognitive dissonance operate in everyday life, and what are some constructive ways of reducing it?

175.

Dissonance theory helps us understand the apparently irrational behavior of cult members, such as those in the Heaven’s Gate cult and at Jonestown, who committed mass suicide. All of the following EXCEPT ________ tend to increase dissonance and hence the extreme dissonance-reducing commitment to the cult or cause and the beliefs of the leaders. a. the sacrifice of money and possessions b. giving up other friends and relationships outside the cult c. the negative self-concepts of many people who join cults d. the amount of hard work that is done on behalf of the cult Answer: C Difficulty: 2 Page(s) in Text: 181–182 Topic: Self-Justification in Everyday Life Skill: CONCEPTUAL LO 6.2 How does cognitive dissonance operate in everyday life, and what are some constructive ways of reducing it?

176.

In addition to the pull of charismatic leaders, the social support of fellow cult members, and the isolation of cult members from dissenting viewpoints, why else do cult members behave as they do? a. They are people of low intelligence. b. The leaders are authoritarian and the followers are unintelligent. c. The members usually are suicidal and depressed. d. There is a high degree of cognitive dissonance in members’ minds.

Answer: D Difficulty: 2 Page(s) in Text: 181–182 Topic: Self-Justification in Everyday Life Skill: CONCEPTUAL LO 6.2 How does cognitive dissonance operate in everyday life, and what are some constructive ways of reducing it?

177.

The authors of your text provide the example of the most recent war in Iraq to demonstrate the dangers of what can happen when political leaders a. refuse to listen to reason. b. are caught up in a cycle of self-justification. c. have too much power in their hands. d. make accurate decisions based on accurate information.

Answer: B Difficulty: 3 Page(s) in Text: 183 Topic: Self-Justification in Everyday Life Skill: FACTUAL LO 6.2 How does cognitive dissonance operate in everyday life, and what are some constructive ways of reducing it?

178.

According to the authors of your text, when the Bush administration received evidence that there were no weapons of mass destruction in Iraq—but after they had already invested troops and money in the war—the administration engaged in a. a conspiracy to hide the truth from the media. b. self-justification to make the war a reasonable course of action. c. an increase in the amount of stereotypes about patriots. d. the political scandal of the twenty-first century.

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