newly blocked or minimally blocked oesophagus. But this procedure is frowned upon by many experts, as it also carries a real risk of forcing the horse to aspirate some of the hose water into the lungs and this can lead to life threatening pneumonia. Massaging of the neck (pic 5) can also be done to attempt to move the blockage along, but that would only be of benefit in very early cases, and if the blockage was actually in the neck part of the oesophagus. Unfortunately, most choke blockages occur inside the chest cavity where massaging of the oesophagus is impossible. If the horse has been choking for hours, then a hose in the mouth will be more harmful than beneficial. And it is also worth considering that other conditions can resemble a choke episode and one of them is Hendra Virus infection. So, ensure that you protect yourself and any other handlers in the way of wearing appropriate Personal Protection Equipment (PPE) when handling any sick or injured horse. Like so many medical emergencies in horses in Australia now, the process of getting an emergency veterinarian to attend will be so much easier and straight forward if the sick or injured horse is currently vaccinated against Hendra Virus.
The attending emergency vet will assess the horse and confirm or rule out if it is choking. This is often done by passing a nasogastric stomach tube, with or without the horse sedated. If the blockage is not easy to relieve, sometimes a muscle relaxant is given, and other times, intravenous fluids, antibiotics, antiinflammatories etc are needed. If the choke is severe and cannot be unblocked, then sometimes referral to a clinic where the oesophagus can be scoped to see directly what is blocking it is required. Sometime a defect or stricture in the oesophagus is the cause. Severe chokes carry the risk of the oesophagus rupturing and causing a life-threatening chest infection. They also can cause aspiration of food and saliva into the lungs leading to life threatening pneumonia. For that reason, it is important to monitor closely patients who have been treated for choke. Monitoring their temperature two to three times daily will often alert the owner of any fever that may accompany a developing pneumonia. Other signs include a cough, dullness, not wanting to eat, sore feet from laminitis, rapid or laboured breathing, painful ribs etc. Sometimes the vet will start the choke patient on antibiotic coverage as well. Keeping the horse out grazing with its head down, minimising dust inhalation, wetting the feed are also often part of the nursing aftercare of a choke patient.
Going forward and to help prevent a recurrence of a choke episode, several things need to be done.
5
Firstly, a thorough oral examination by an experienced equine dental veterinarian to look for causes of chewing difficulties. Then making sure there is not social pressure from herd mates for the horse to rush its food down. For example, if there are 3 horses being hand fed in a paddock, then make sure there are 4 feeders for them to choose from, so that the bottom of the pecking order is not so pressured to rush its food. Also, to ensure the feed is appropriately either wetted down, or mixed with fibre, so the horse needs to chew it enough so that adequate amounts of lubricating saliva mix with the food prior to swallowing. Another tip is to add some large (10-15 cm diameter) rocks to the feed bin, to help slow the horse down. In summing up, this is not an uncommon problem in horses, and some horses do choke repeatedly, so it is best to know how and what you will do in times of a choke episode.
About the Author Dr Oliver Liyou is an equine veterinarian, servicing the North Coast of NSW. He also lectures throughout Australia and internationally on equine dentistry and conducts training workshops in equine dentistry for veterinarians at his business EVDS.
E
V D S
18 EQUINE NEWS.COM.AU
Equine Veterinary and Dental Services 160 Old Lilypool Rd South Grafton NSW 2460 Phone: (02) 6642 4700 • Mobile: 0428 515 650 www.evds.net.au
AUTUMN 2021
