Instrumentation and Control Brochure

Epoxy Oilserv Limited is a company with international status operating in Nigeria, West Africa and an offiice in the United States of America, We have office locations in all major Nigeria cities.

We are specialists in designing, specifying, procuring, calibrating, installing, piping, loop checking, commissioning and maintaining instrumentation and control systems for a wide range of industrial and commercial process control applications, ensuring that your plant operates safely.

Epoxy Oilserv Limited is a capable partner that will always support you with extensive advice and detailed planning, we take it from the initial drafts to the final commissioning process.

INTRODUCTION Instrumentation and Control is a branch of engineering responsible for measuring and controlling plants or system dynamics. It deals with design, development, installation, management and maintaining equipment that are used to monitor and control engineering systems, machinery and processes. It covers every aspect of measurement, control and automation of processes or systems, measuring of basic parameters like temperature, pressure, level and flow and as per the requirement giving action to cater and control the process.

Instrumentation and control has a part to play anywhere, where work is to be eased thus reducing the involvement of manpower in most cases. Instrumentation and Control plays a significant role in both gathering information from the field and changing the field parameters, and as such are a key part of control loops.

Control and instrumentation engineers ensure that industrial equipment and machinery work safely and efficiently.

An instrumentation and control engineer is required to do the following: · Design and develop control systems · Maintain the existing control systems · Manage the control systems · Collaborate with design engineers, purchasers and other staff members involved in the production processes · Manage projects within the given restraints including cost and time · Troubleshoot · Ensure that the instruments comply with health and safety regulations · Ensure that quality standards are maintained · Provide consultancy support

Instrumentation and Control Engineering are much related, most school of thought consider it as a single field while some consider it as two different but related field.

Instrumentation Engineering Instrumentation engineering specialises on the principle and operation of measuring instruments that are used in fields of design, configuration of automated systems or processes. The instruments could be electro-mechanical; electrical or electronic. Instrumentation engineers typically work for industries with automated processes, such as chemical or manufacturing plants, with the goal of improving system productivity, reliability, safety, optimisation and stability.

Control Engineering Control Engineering deals with the study of all the machines which form the components of a control system, which in most cases is a closed-loop control system. It is the part of engineering that applies control theory to design systems with desired behaviors. The practice uses sensors to measure the output performance of the device being controlled and those measurements can be used to give feedback to the input actuators that can make corrections toward desired performance. Control engineers are responsible for the research, design, development and control devices/systems, typically in manufacturing facilities and plants.

Process Variables Instruments are used to monitor and control a process to keep the process within a correct limit. The parameters or quantities that we wish to control at the correct limit are called Process Variables. A variable is something that can vary or change. Instrumentation systems measure the variable then control the variable to keep the variable within the given limits. Pressure, Temperature, Flow are the main three process variables in industries. The level, speed, pressure and few others are also among process variable in industries.

Temperature Temperature is a measurement of how hot or how cold an object or a system is. The amount of thermal energy allowed or produced in a system and it is measured by using a thermometer.

Temperature instrumentation involves wide range of instruments used to measure and to control heat energy in a system. Instrument such as heaters, Infrared Pyrometers, resistance temperature detectors, sensors, transmitters, switches, calibrators, Thermocouples, pyrometers, thermal imagers, and more.

Temperature control systems use various automatic and manual temperature instruments to monitor and display temperature fluctuations in order to maintain an ideal operating range and prevent failure of the system or equipment. Automatic temperature other field instruments provide a signal or alarm when temperatures reach a specified level while manual temperature instrumentation is typically reserved for non-critical applications or when temperature fluctuations are minimal and occur slowly.

Controllers are automatic temperature instruments that require minimal operator involvement. They received input from RTDs, thermocouples and other sensors and then compare the readings to the set point. If the temperature is too low or high, the controller sends an output to a sensor that triggers either an alarm or a heating or cooling element to bring them temperature back into the desired range.

Flow Flow is the movement of fluid inside a pipe in a given direction and it’s measured by flow meter. Flow Instrumentation provides technology to measure and control whatever moves through a pipe or pipeline – including water, air, steam, oil, other liquids and gases. Flow can be measured through a variety of different devices such as Coriolis, Doppler, Calorimetrics, differential pressure, vortex, magnetic, ultrasonic, Orifice, Mechanical Flow Switches, turbine and positive displacement meter and many more.

Volume and mass are two forms of measurement used. Flow volume is determined by calculating the volume of a gas or liquid that flows within a given time interval. Mass flow is calculated by determining the mass quantity that flows within a specific time interval. The type of fluid or gas involved, and the quantity and flow rates, is also considered when determining a flow measurement process.

The type of equipment needed for flow measurement process depends on the following factors · Type of application and requirements. · Minimum and maximum flow rates. · The size of meter needed. · Material compatibility with your operating environment. · The preferable rate of flow measurement.

Level Level instrumentation has to do with the measurement and control of quantity of a substance within a vessel. This could be a solid or liquid substance like oil, chemicals, coal dust, etc. The level measurement devices are usually place on top of the vessel or container. These instruments play a vital role in ensuring silos, tanks and vessels maintain levels that are within safe operating limits.

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Level instrumentation includes a range of level measurement equipment including switches, Reflex level gauges, Level radar transmitters, controllers, transducers, Ultrasonic level transmitters and indicators, Level radar transmitters and many more.

There are two types of level instrument which are point and continuous level. Point level instrumentation is used to detect variations in dry and liquid levels in silos, tanks and vessels and often incorporate the use of sensors alarms to indicate a low or high condition while Continuous level instrumentation is used for similar purposes except it provides continuous measurement of levels within a silo, tank or vessel.

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pH A pH meter is an instrument that measures the acidity or alkalinity in a system. The pH meter measures the difference in electrical potential between a pH electrode and a reference electrode. A pH meters measures the concentration of the hydrogen ions [H+] in a solution pH instrumentation deals with various instruments used to measure and to control pH concentration of a system in order to ensure that system maintain the correct pH in the system.

A typical pH meter consists of a special measuring probe connected to an electronic meter that measures and displays the pH reading. pH measurements are typically conducted using a pH meter. This device uses a glass electrode connected to an electronic meter. pH meters actually consist of at least two electrodes: a specialized glass electrode as well as a reference electrode. Many meters also include a temperature sensor to provide a temperature signal to the meter.

Pressure

Pressure is an important process variable and regularly measuring the pressure levels of gas, steam and liquid is critical for safety and quality control in commercial and industrial applications. Pressure is defined as force per unit area. Pressure measurement is the analysis of an applied force by a fluid (liquid or gas) on a surface.

Pressure instrumentation comprises various pressure gauges, transducers, transmitters, valves and sensors that are used to measure, density, flow rates, fluid levels in pumps, pipes and tanks and then send a signal to a controller. Pressure gauges are analog or digital devices used to display the readings and provide real-time measurement for effective pressure monitoring.

A pressure regulator is responsible for preventing pressure fluctuation by controlling pressure as it is coursed through an actuator or another part of a pneumatic system.

Pressure regulators, commonly called pressure-reducing valves, maintain constant output pressure in compressed-air systems regardless of variations in input pressure or output flow. Regulators are a special class of valve containing integral loading, sensing, actuating, and control components. Available in many configurations, they can be broadly classified as general purpose, special purpose, or precision.

In order to air pressure within an appropriate pressure range, the pressure should be set low enough so that it can fluctuate between 3 and 5 psi without altering the minimum and maximum pressure system requirements. In certain applications, a pressure regulator valve must ensure that air-pressure output stays at a constant regardless of changes in pressure at earlier points in the system and changes in flow.

Instrumentation and control Engineering is a vast field and has applications in various areas such as: · Chemical industries · Aerospace Industries — For Dynamics and Control. · Biomedical Industries. · Nuclear Industries. · Oil and gas industries. · Power and energy industries ·Food production, waste treatment facilities and water treatment facilities.

In summary, instrumentation and control focused on the principle and operation of measuring instruments that are used in design and configuration of automated systems in electrical, pneumatic domains etc and the control of quantities being measured. Instrumentation allows engineers to see and understand what is going on within different electronic or mechanical processes or systems. These devices obtain, analyze, and present data, permitting engineers to monitor and control machinery and make all necessary corrections. During testing or prototyping, instruments enable circuit improvements so that new and better designs can be created.

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