January 2019

PROMOTING ENERGY EFFICIENCY

JANUARY 2019

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In this issue Monitoring & Metering Heat Pump Technology CPD Module: Infrared Thermography Drives & Motors

Monitoring & metering Make the business case

Power to change It’s up to the energy manager

In transition Heat pumps to bridge the gap

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PROMOTING ENERGY EFFICIENCY

JANUARY 2019

www.eibi.co.uk

In this issue Monitoring & Metering Heat Pump Technology CPD Module: Infrared Thermography Drives & Motors

Monitoring & metering Make the business case

Power to change It’s up to the energy manager

In transition Heat pumps to bridge the gap

JANUARY 2019

Contents

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08 37 FEATURES

12 Monitoring & Metering

Tony Lathey explains that air-to-water heat pumps are capable of dealing with the intense cold conditions of winter of any European country (30)

Just as the world is embracing the possibilities of virtual currencies, what if the single common currency was the humble kWh? Paul Akrill explains Organisations with poor visibility of their energy consumption won’t benefit from the big energy cost and operational savings that continuous monitoring can deliver, says Ian Hopkins (14) Many UK organisations will soon have to reveal their energy use and carbon emissions. Julian Grant believes that the time is right to make the most of portable power and energy loggers (18) Metering at a ‘sensible’ level of detail and granularity may be a theoretical no brainer, but in practical terms the need for a sound business case remains in place, says Tim Hooper (20)

27 Heat Pump Technology

London has set ambitious carbon reduction targets. Stephanie Gregory believes that heat pumps may be crucial in the capital’s drive to be a zero-carbon city by 2050 It’s official. We are now entering the period that marks the transition from gas and oil heating to air source heat pumps. Max Halliwell looks at the market potential for this form of heating (28)

32 Rainwater Harvesting

More and more organisations are seeking methods of reducing their water consumption. Anastasia Sousanoglou believes rainwater harvesting hold huge potential

34 Drives & Motors

With increasing evidence indicating global warming, perhaps industry should be accelerating its adoption of the best of currently available energy efficient technologies, asks Brian Bannister

37 Energy in Hotels

LED lighting can not only save hotels energy and money it can also enhance the customer experience. Saima Shafi looks at the case for moving to the latest lighting

REGULARS 06 News Update

26 View from the Top

40 Products in Action

The capacity market comes to crashing halt while Government buildings set poor example

10 The Warren Report

Only Estonia has a greater level of fuel poverty in the EU. Yet the government continues to back away from funding a scourge that now touches over 2.5m households

There is growing nervousness about how the F-Gas regulations will be enforced after Brexit, but James Henley believes the industry already has the answers

31 ESTA Viewpoint

21 The Fundamental Series: CPD Learning

38 New Products

Infrared thermography can play a key role in identifying energy waste. Catherine Simpson explains how to make the best use of this technology

42 Talking Heads

Robin Hale examines how behaviour change can fit alongside other traditional methods of energy saving and how a new working group might help establish its credentials

Cooling technology and temperature management for a huge data centre in Newport

The power to make change is in the hands of energy managers, believes Vincent de Rul. Just small alterations to working practices can add up to big improvements in efficiency for UK plc

An enhanced gas boiler range and an air conditioning system for the UK market are among the new products this month

Follow us, ‘like us’ or visit us online to keep up to date with all the latest energy news and events www.eibi.co.uk JANUARY 2019 | ENERGY IN BUILDINGS & INDUSTRY | 03

editor’s opinion

Follow us on @ twitter.com/energyzine and twitter.com/markthrower1

Push on an opening door

O

ne of the stories that caught the eye

climate change, waste and resource management and

recently was that single-use was named

sustainable travel. Firms taking part had 250 or more

Collins Dictionary’s word of the year for

employees each.

www.eibi.co.uk

the EiBI team editorial Managing Editor Mark Thrower tel: 01483 452854 Email: editor@eibi.co.uk Address: P. O. Box 825, Guildford GU4 8WQ

claims, has led to decreasing trust among employees

Social Media Assistant Sam Jackson tel: 01889 577222 Email: info@energyzine.co.uk

warrant this award has come about during the course

regarding their organisation’s capability to deliver on

advertising

of 2018. We are all aware of plastic bag use, reusing

green commitments, with more than half (57 per cent)

or avoiding using plastic water bottles. Already there

of junior staff saying they would not expect a UK firm

have been reports of fewer plastic bags washed up

to deliver on its sustainability pledges.

Sales Managers Chris Evans tel: 01889 577222 fax: 01889 579177 Email: chris@eibi.co.uk Address: 16-18 Hawkesyard Hall, Armitage Park, Rugeley, Staffordshire WS15 1PU

2018.

The transformation in our attitude to plastic to

on our coastlines. It is testimony to the power of

This gap between ambition and action, the survey

But with employee and shareholder pressure on

what individuals can do when the right motivation is

the increase organisations will be forced to change.

there. So often you hear ‘what difference can I make?’

Energy managers may find they are pushing at an

The success of the plastic bag campaign should

opening door. And getting employee engagement

give energy efficiency campaigners considerable

should be the first change they should make. As

encouragement.

EDF Energy’s Vincent de Rul states (see page 42): “It

Switching on BBC Radio 5 Live on New Year’s

is vital that everyone involved in the generation,

Day the first phone in of the year was given over to

management and use of energy begins to understand

what we could all do to play our part in helping the

the difference that one change can make. In this way,

environment. It was encouraging to hear that energy

individuals and businesses alike will be able to take

efficiency was one of the key areas.

hold of the important opportunity to reconcile good-

Russ Jackson tel: 01704 501090 fax: 01704 531090 Email: russ@eibi.co.uk Address: Argyle Business Centre, 8 Leicester Street, Southport, Lancashire PR9 0EZ

for-business with business-for-good. It is through this

Nathan Wood tel 01525 716 143 fax 01525 715 316 Email nathan@eibi.co.uk Address: 1b, Station Square Flitwick, Bedfordshire MK45 1DP

opinion demanding more action on climate change.

series of small, cost-effective and efficient changes

classified sales

However, a survey (see page 6) by Carbon Credentials,

that we will start to see big transitions.”

Sharon Nutter Tel: 01889 577222 Email: classified@eibi.co.uk

junior workers – each from a different firm - on

MANAGING EDITOR

circulation

their company’s current approach to issues such as

Mark Thrower

Sue Bethell Tel: 01889 577222 Email: circulation@eibi.co.uk

There does seem to be a new groundswell of public

quizzed 1,000 sustainability professionals and 1,000

administration/ production

THIS MONTH’S COVER STORY Signify, formerly Philips Lighting, has given a lighting facelift to Shanghai, China’s financial and economic center. The project has been implemented for the Shanghai Municipality and involves lighting the waterfront, three bridges (including Xupu bridge, pictured) and over 40 buildings in the financial and tourist districts. It is the largest, single, architectural lighting project in Signify’s 127-year history.

Signify is using connected LED lighting to lower energy use and reduce operating costs. The new lighting is expected to save the city 50-70 per cent of its annual lighting costs when compared to previous areas lit by conventional lighting.

See page 7 for more details Cover photo courtesy of Signify

04 | ENERGY IN BUILDINGS & INDUSTRY | JANUARY 2019

Fran Critchlow Tel: 01889 577222 Email: info@eibi.co.uk

publishing Directors Chris Evans Russ Jackson Magazine Designer Tim Plummer For overseas readers or UK readers not qualifying for a free copy, annual subscription rates are £85 UK; £105 Europe airmail; £120 RoW. Single copies £10 each.

Published by: Pinede Publishing Ltd 16-18 Hawkesyard Hall, Armitage Park, Nr. Rugeley, Staffordshire WS15 1PU ISSN 0969 885X This issue includes photographs provided and paid for by suppliers

Printed by Precision Colour Printing Origination by Design and Media Solutions ABC Audited Circulation Jan-Dec 2017 12,071

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news update For all the latest news stories visit www.eibi.co.uk

EUROPEAN COURT OF JUSTICE

European ruling brings capacity market to a halt A decision from the European Court of Justice (ECJ) has brought to a crashing halt the UK Government’s capacity market scheme which has already paid out £5.6bn. The money has gone almost entirely to those in business to sell electricity, particularly fossil-fuel based, ostensibly to ensure the lights stay on in winter.

Even if no further payments could be made under the scheme, Business Secretary Greg Clark is adamant there will be no danger of black-outs, - thus rather undermining the rationale for creating a capacity market.

National Grid has been told by Clark to “postpone indefinitely” any further auctions. Informed observers reckon that it could be well into 2020 before this matter is resolved within

the European Union. Around 15GW of capacity will be dependent on capacity market payments to stay open in 2019.

Tom Glover (right), chief commercial officer at RWE Supply and Trading, is “deeply disappointed” with the ruling.

His company is facing a “significant negative hit” to its earnings.

For years those anxious to help companies reduce energy wastage have fought a hitherto losing battle with UK energy policy makers, who seem perpetually to favour those in business to encourage energy consumption. The Capacity Market scheme was a very unlevel playing field, where maximum 12-month arrangements on the demand side were “competing” with up to 15-year contracts on the fossil fuel supply side.

Progress deemed ‘far too slow’ A BEIS committee is set to examine the Government’s approach to improve the energy efficiency of buildings in the UK, with current progress deemed as “far too slow”.

Research suggests the UK will not meet its 2030 goals to boost energy efficiency in its housing stock until the end of the century The two-month inquiry will look at current progress within domestic, commercial and public-sector buildings, and whether current energy efficiency measures are enough to help the UK meet its Fourth and Fifth Carbon Budgets.

The BEIS committee will focus on action to upgrade the energy efficiency of fuel-poor homes, as well as efforts to ensure growth and productivity is boosted by energy-efficient commercial and public buildings.

BEIS Committee chair Rachel Reeves MP, (above) said: “Energy efficiency is vital to cutting the costs of energy for homes and businesses and is a costeffective method of reducing our carbon emissions. In spite of this, and the inclusion of energy efficiency targets in the Clean Growth Strategy, the current rate of improvements to buildings is far too slow.

“Our inquiry will examine the Government’s approach to energy efficiency, whether it is showing enough ambition in helping to tackle fuel poverty and in encouraging homeowners, businesses and landlords to upgrade. “

The ECJ ruling was made following an appeal originally lodged by UK firm Tempus Energy in 2015. The company maintains that the capacity market discriminated against demand-side response (DSR), for example, due to

the shorter contract lengths available to DSR aggregators when compared with new-build generators.

During the court case, Tempus argued that the European Commission was wrong to grant state aid clearance to the UK scheme without holding a formal investigation, and then later to launch a sector inquiry into capacity markets in 2016. The Court broadly accepted this argument.

Logically, this ruling should force the UK government to design an energy system that reduces bills by incentivising and empowering customers to use electricity in the most cost-effective way - while maximising the use of climate-friendly renewables.

Employees leading climate fight Employee appetite for tackling climate change is outstripping corporate action on carbon reduction, with nine in ten UK businesses yet to set specific emission reduction targets, a survey of 1,000 companies has found. A lack of leadership support was the most common barrier to the adoption of emissions goals.

Conducted by energy and carbon management consultancy Carbon Credentials, the survey quizzed 1,000 sustainability professionals and 1,000 junior workers – each from a different firm - on their company’s current approach to issues such as climate change, waste and resource management and sustainable travel. Firms taking part had 250 or more employees each.

Sustainability and energy professionals from the 900 firms which had not yet set carbon targets were additionally asked to detail their biggest barriers to doing so, with the three most common challenges cited as a lack of leadership support, insufficient funding and competing for inter-departmental budgets.

This gap between ambition and action, the survey claims, has led to decreasing trust among employees regarding their organisation’s capability to deliver on green commitments, with more than half (57 per cent) of junior staff saying they would not expect a UK firm to deliver on its sustainability pledges.

The trend has additionally created a gap between employee and corporate ambition, according to Carbon Credentials, with the survey highlighting that 71 per cent of junior employees claimed to have resorted to taking their own actions to cut their carbon footprint at work in the absence of company-led targets or incentivisation.

Partnership to extend district energy schemes in north east Energy, services and regeneration specialist, Engie, has entered into a joint venture with Newcastle City Council (NCC) to develop and operate district energy schemes in the city over a 40-year term.

The scope of services to be provided by ENGIE will include design, build, operation and maintenance of district energy schemes as well as contributions to funding and a project

development role in partnership with NCC. The initial district energy scheme to be delivered under the Partnership is at the Newcastle Helix urban regeneration scheme – a high-profile, large scale, city-centre development

by Newcastle City Council, Newcastle University and Legal & General.

This new £20m district energy scheme is now under construction by

06 | ENERGY IN BUILDINGS & INDUSTRY | JANUARY 2019

ENGIE on behalf of the partnership.

Using a low carbon and cost-effective energy solution, applying natural gas fired CHP, the energy system will provide, via a network of pipes, all businesses and homes on the landmark scheme with affordable heat. Additionally, chilled water and a private wire electricity network will provide cooling and electricity to the non-residential customers.

It has been calculated that over the 40-year contract period, ENGIE’s energy centre will provide a carbon emission saving of 30,650 tonnes.

As well as delivering the energy centre, ENGIE will also provide the partnership with a 40-year contract covering the comprehensive provision of maintenance, lifecycle replacement as well as metering and billing services.

news update For all the latest news stories visit www.eibi.co.uk

DEPARTMENT OF BUSINESS, ENERGY AND INDUSTRIAL STRATEGY

IN BRIEF

Government fails to show the way

UK supplier makes move into storage

The government department that runs energy policy has offices in some of the least energy-efficient buildings.

Four of the eleven offices leased by the Department of Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy (BEIS) received the lowest G rating.

The display energy certificates (DECs) in its headquarters at Victoria Street in Westminster (right), which the department leases and operates, uses twice the amount of electricity a typical office of that type should do. There has been no substantive improvement on its E rating over the past four years.

Its offices at Apex Court in Nottingham, Cheylsemore House South in Coventry, and in Buckingham Palace Road in central London, all received the lowest possible G rating on their certificates.

Only one building that the department leases, The Observatory in

Ylem Energy Ltd, formerly ENER-G Natural Power, has announced that it is expanding its business into providing flexible generation, largescale energy storage and demandside response systems.

Having recently secured the exclusive UK rights to large-scale battery energy storage systems (BESS) from Dowell, a leading global provider, Ylem Energy will be showcasing the technology with a 1MW battery energy storage system that will be co-hosted at a UK-based landfill-gas generation site in the spring of 2019.

Chatham, received an A rating.

Plans to increase energy efficiency in Government buildings were officially placed at the heart of the Prime Minister’s 2017 Clean Growth Strategy to curb carbon dioxide emissions.

At its HQ, the department has been installing double glazing and replacing the boiler system.

The building in question has been occupied by Government departments

overseeing industry and energy use for the past 20 years.

Since 2007 all large buildings occupied by the public sector have been required by law to have annually updated energy certificates in a prominent place. The number doing so has been dropping regularly.

Although for the past four years smaller buildings (between 250 and 1,000m2) have been required to display similar certificates, the government has recently admitted it has made no attempt to monitor compliance. Indeed it has never bothered ever to establish how many public buildings are covered by the legislation.

Sian Berry, Green Party London Assembly member, said: “An energy department that can’t be bothered to improve the awful energy rating for its own offices reveals a complete indifference.”

Milestone for storage platform Limejump has achieved a new milestone for their Virtual Power Platform (VPP) as the energy tech leader begins supplying electricity to power Philip Dennis Foodservice food storage infrastructure.

This supply contract will complement the discharge management currently active for Philip Dennis 250kW Tesla battery installation on their north Devon site.

The platform utilises machine learning algorithms and connective technology to provide advanced asset optimisation and forecasting ability in the electricity wholesale markets as well as combined advanced flexibility services.

Smart meter market set to soar

Lighting giant’s largest contract helps Shanghai Signify, formerly Philips Lighting, has given a lighting facelift to Shanghai, China’s financial and economic center.

The project has been implemented for the Shanghai Municipality and involves lighting the waterfront, three bridges and over 40 buildings in the financial and tourist districts. It is the largest, single, architectural lighting project in Signify’s 127-year history and illustrates the company’s leadership in unlocking the potential of connected lighting to transform cities.

Signify is using connected LED lighting to lower energy use and reduce operating costs. The new lighting

is expected to save the city 50-70 per cent of its annual lighting costs when compared to previous areas lit by conventional lighting.

Interact Landmark provides dynamic lighting where each luminaire can be remotely monitored and controlled individually or in groups to create unique, dynamic night scenes on weekdays, weekends or holidays.

In total there are more than 50,000 connected light points stretching 1.2km along the waterfront – a length equivalent to over 13 football pitches – as well as on three bridges: the Yangpu, Nanpu and Xupu (above) bridges.

Global smart meter revenue will hit £11bn by 2026, according to marketforesight advisory firm ABI Research, which expects water and gas meter installations to increase by 3.2 per cent to reach 193m units in the next seven years.

The firm said energy utilities drove market demand for smart meters in 2018, however it expects future demand to be driven largely by water companies.

The Asia Pacific region is currently the largest market for smart meter shipments and will continue to be throughout the forecast period, followed by Europe and North America.

JANUARY 2019 | ENERGY IN BUILDINGS & INDUSTRY | 07

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EUROPEAN REGULATIONS

LEGALISATION OF CANNABIS IN US

Cannabis lights huge energy growth

ErP – We are ready Warm Air, Radiant and Heating Products are now affected by European Regulations.

Warm air heaters are subject to Lot 21 of the directive and radiant heaters Lot 20. Minimum efficiencies for warm air is now 72 per cent and radiant heaters is now 74 per cent. Crucially, these minimum criteria are applicable for both new installations and when replacing existing products. As a result, customers can be assured that the heating equipment they are purchasing is highly energy efficient and emissions of harmful environmental pollutants are constrained.

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The units are available with a wide range of heat outputs and cooling capacities. The units are available as non- condensing heaters with thermal efficiencies above 91 per cent or fully condensing heaters with thermal efficiencies of 102 per cent (ncv).

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The PREEVA EC range incorporates an EC plug fan, which provides a wide range of air duties and external static pressures. The addition of the optional mixing box enables air filtration.

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As cannabis growing has increasingly gone legitimate - it is now legal in over 60 per cent of US states - electric utilities are struggling to cope with the intensive energy demands of the proliferating industry.

Even in many places where growing marijuana is legal, cultivators are required to keep their crops out of public view. And in any case, many growers prefer having the ability to control the environment by raising their plants indoors.

Previously, indoor producers relied on hot, high-intensity lights. When air-conditioning and ventilation were included, the energy used to grow one marijuana plant would run seven refrigerators for the same period.

But under incentive programmes with local utilities, marijuana enterprises have been installing

sophisticated LED grow-lights, reducing costs without sacrificing quality or yield. Some utilities offer grants to help customers offset the cost of energy-efficiency upgrades, avoiding the overloaded transformers that proliferated when cannabis cultivation was first catching on It is not just that the LED lights take so much less energy to operate.

They also run cooler, requiring less air-conditioning. The newer products are able to generate not only the light intensity but also the colour spectrum

the plants need to thrive.

For cannabis, that means growers might use lights that appear white but have more blue for seedlings, and then shift to lighting with more intensity and more red as they mature.

Later, shortening the amount of time the plants spend under illumination each day, which mimics how daylight diminishes as the seasons change, triggers flowering.

The cultivation and sale of marijuana, though permitted under a patchwork of state laws, are still federal crimes. That has made it a challenge for utilities to work closely with growers and led to tensions with federal law enforcement agencies. As a result, some American electric utilities remain reluctant to offer incentives or rebates to cannabis growers for energy-efficiency upgrades.

Glazing system adds to efficiency of new bus station Architectural glazing systems by UK manufacturer Kawneer were specified for a transport hub at the heart of the regeneration of an area of Gloucester for their ability to meet a trio of exacting requirements - aesthetics, performance and budget.

Kawneer’s AA100 zone-drained curtain walling, AA720 thermally superior doors and two types of windows – AA540 fixed lights and AA3110 horizontal sliders – were selected by regular Kawneer specifiers BDP architects for the £6.6m futuristic new Gloucester bus station.

Designed with a single roof plane to resemble an aircraft wing and pay homage to the city’s aviation history, the building is a stunning interpretation of the brief which was to deliver an iconic yet affordable transport hub.

The new transport hub forms part of the initial phase of the regeneration of the city’s Kings Quarter and will

integrate into the retail element with improved pedestrian links to the railway station and city centre.

£8m programme will deliver novel research, innovations An £8m programme to pioneer new energy projects, The Energy Revolution Research Consortium, has been launched by UK Research and Innovation. The consortium will deliver novel research and innovations that will accelerate the uptake, value and impact of smart local energy systems.

In addition, up to 12 additional projects to design ground-breaking, local, smart energy systems, ready for roll out in the 2020s, have been funded.

Under the £102.5m Prospering from the Energy Revolution challenge of the government’s modern Industrial

08 | ENERGY IN BUILDINGS & INDUSTRY | JANUARY 2019

Strategy, £1.5m will be invested in design schemes that could point to energy systems of the future – cleaner and cheaper and consumer-friendly.

Winners include: • BankEnergi: Providing local energy systems for the London South Bank community, using London SouthBank and Waterloo as a location the project aims to develop an energy marketplace between the predominantly commercial premises in the area, with IoT sensors, predictive algorithms and installed storage to enable a local trading platform; and • E-Port Energy: The Cheshire

Energy Hub, the project will use an established ‘Energy Innovation District’ group and digital technologies (sensing and control devices, data analytics etc.) to manage energy use between industrial users.

The Energy Revolution Research Consortium (ERRC) has been awarded to the University of Strathclyde.

The Consortium includes a diverse consortium of 29 investigators across 22 universities. It will use its novel research, detailed evaluations of PFER activities, and synthesised knowledge and data to accelerate and help deliver the Industrial Strategy goals and enhance UK competitiveness.

news update For all the latest news stories visit www.eibi.co.uk

Low-income homes miss out on fuel poverty help

PRIVATE SECTOR LANDLORDS

Government’s muddled VAT message Install new boilers or better windows rather than insulate. That is the tax message that the Government is now giving to any larger private sector landlords forced to improve energy inefficient homes before re-letting.

Since April no landlord has been permitted to let out any building with an F or G energy performance certificate. Such buildings must be upgraded, with maximum expenditure capped at just £3,500, regardless of square meterage.

In a further shock concession to landlords, the Government is to permit the maximum expenditure for residential buildings to include Value Added Tax (VAT). According to the formal government decision document, this large concession was argued against strongly by many local authorities and – fascinatingly unspecified - “government bodies”.

In contrast, under the equivalent non-domestic regulations,

improvement measures for F and G rated properties will continue to be costed exclusive of VAT. But the majority of houses privately let are reckoned to be owned by businesses already registered for VAT. So these landlords are able to claim back all of the VAT levied.

When items like boilers or windows are concerned, the VAT is levied at 20 per cent. However, when contractors put in insulation, the VAT rate has long been lowered to just 5 per cent -

precisely to encourage its installation in preference to other measures.

This means that for a landlord installing measures that have VAT at 20 per cent, the actual out-of-pocket expenditure by such landlords need now be a maximum of just £2,910, once VAT has been reclaimed on £3,500 expenditure.

In contrast, a VAT-registered landlord installing insulation, thermostatic radiator valves and certain forms of microgeneration to upgrade the home will need to spend £3,325 to meet the cap, again once VAT has been reclaimed on £3,500.

The Government states that the decision to make the household cost cap inclusive of VAT “is intended to minimise complexity for landlords, and to create a level of parity for domestic and non-domestic landlords regarding minimum standard expenditure”. Which describes precisely what it is not doing.

DEFRA saves £462k as properties get energy upgrade London-based consultancy, Breathe Energy, has been working extensively across the DEFRA and Environment Agency building portfolio to design and build energy savings and onsite renewable energy generation projects as part of the RE:FIT framework.

Breathe identified and was contracted to complete projects that will save the estates approximately 1,032 tonnes of CO2 per annum, with a cost saving of £462,000 per annum on energy spend and revenue generation.

The first major project at Noble House, DEFRA’s London headquarters, has now been completed. The Breathe team implemented energy efficiency and renewable energy measures including lighting redesign and retrofit and building energy management system (BEMS) upgrades.

Eight solar PV projects have now completed at the Environment Agency generating 3000kWp, with a number of additional sites including a 415kWp solar PV and battery project in the pipeline.

Carolina Butler, senior programme and project manager, DEFRA says: “The advantages to DEFRA of using the framework were identified in the early meetings with Local Partnerships and these were of great importance in the way forward. For over six years DEFRA had undertaken sustainability and energy savings measures but failed to follow their performance and by using the RE:FIT framework the savings are followed over a number of years and guaranteed.”

Buildings are set to be ‘part of technological revolution’ Technology is transforming almost every aspect of society, with change happening at an “accelerating rate”, according to a recent White Paper released by BSRIA. According to Megatrends: Smart Building Technology the transformation is coming about because of simultaneous rapid advances in several key areas of technology.

According to Henry Lawson, BSRIA’s senior market research consultant, BSRIA’s World Market Intelligence Division, technological changes have always impacted on employment opportunities, typically reducing or eliminating demand for some skills while creating new opportunities. “The spread of computerised systems into

almost all areas of society has resulted in an explosion in the sheer volume of data generated.

“Almost all of these technological revolutions are having or will have a big impact on construction and building services. Every aspect is likely to change from the way buildings are constructed to the way they are managed and interact with the people using them as well as with the world outside.

“Buildings will be part of the technological revolution but will also be competing with all other sectors of society to gain access to the skills and investment needed to make them fulfil their potential.”

Many disabled people and families with children on low incomes are frozen out of schemes to support fuel poor households, say leading social scientists in a report published today by the UK Energy Research Centre, University of York, and ACE Research.

One hundred and twenty-five households and practitioners were interviewed for the report ‘Policy Pathways to Justice in Energy Efficiency’, and condensed policy guide ‘Justice in Energy Efficiency: a focus on fuel poor disabled people and families’, which were released today.

The research team found that disabled people and low-income families with children often had higher energy demands within the home compared to other households. These increased demands are often associated with keeping warm, additional laundry needs, and in some cases using energy intensive equipment such as dehumidifiers and nebulisers.

These circumstances lead to both increased household energy costs and higher risks associated with disconnection and a drop in household temperature.

Despite these needs, and the intention of policy to support households in this position, interviewees described accessing information and advice about energy and energy efficiency as a ‘minefield’, high levels of mistrust in the energy sector, and finding it difficult to know where to go and which sources to trust The report reveals the delivery of energy efficiency policy is variable and patchy, with vulnerable groups in greatest need not always eligible for support or receiving support which fails to reflect their additional needs. To improve access for vulnerable groups and to meet their needs more effectively, the report recommends there be a greater recognition of the needs of vulnerable groups, more consistent approaches across the UK and better cooperation with non-energy sectors.

Vulnerable groups, the authors argue, must be at the centre of the fuel poverty debate to ensure equal access to fuel poverty initiatives.

JANUARY 2019 | ENERGY IN BUILDINGS & INDUSTRY | 09

01.19

THE WARREN REPORT

Andrew Warren is chairman of the British Energy Efficiency Federation

The shadow of fuel poverty lengthens over the UK Only Estonia has a greater level of fuel poverty in the EU. Yet the government continues to back away from finding a cure for a scourge that now touches over 2.5m households

W

e have a fuel poverty crisis. Nineteen years after the passage of the Warm Homes & Energy Conservation Act, which committed all of Britain, to eliminate fuel poverty, the number of households struggling to choose between affording heating and eating is still increasing.

The original Warm Homes Act mandated the creation of formal external advisory bodies for each of the four home nations.

Between 2001 and 2014 in England that was called the Fuel Poverty Advisory Group (FPAG). All its members, including its chairman, were unpaid appointees. (Full personal disclosure: for eight years to 2014, I was a member of that advisory group).

Since 2015, the role has been performed by a new external Committee on Fuel Poverty. Its remit remains broadly the same. Apart from one person, everybody else appointed to it had never served on the previous advisory group. One difference is that now all members are remunerated.

The third annual report of the new(ish) committee appeared towards the end of last year. I attended the press conference to launch the report. It was not a ‘standingroom-only’ occasion. Perhaps there was an expectation that the publication would convey a very similar message to previous years? If so, nobody could have been disappointed.

It does follow a pattern introduced under the old FPAG. We would publish an annual report, pointing out the inadequacies of existing policies to achieve the government’s policy objectives on fuel poverty. These reports became shriller, as Governmentfunding programmes to improve the energy efficiency of homes in fuel poverty reduced, and then disappeared altogether.

Ever since 2013, there has been no

publicly funded national programme designed to improve the energy standards of low-income households in England. In contrast, thankfully, each of the devolved nations has continued to build upon the resources they provide for designated publicly funded fuel poverty programmes.

I recall we sent the 2013 FPAG annual report to 10 Downing Street - and received a detailed letter in response. Not from some correspondence clerk, or general factotum.

But instead written and signed by David Cameron himself.

In it, he significantly wrote that he was committed to assisting the group “as we work towards our 2016 fuel poverty eradication target.”

The following year, in 2014, his Government updated its formal strategy for fuel poverty. It made absolutely no reference to achieving that eradication target. Since then, the number of English households suffering fuel poverty has increased by a further 210,000 to 2.55m – far higher than in 2000.

Instead the declared statutory target was altered, to become that by 2030 “as many fuel poverty households as reasonably practicable (sic) achieve a minimum energy efficiency rating of a Band C energy performance certificate.” Two interim milestones of Band D by 2020 and Band E by 2020 were cited. And later reiterated in the official 2017 Clean Growth Strategy.

In its 2017 Annual Report, the Committee on Fuel Poverty had reckoned that, to deliver these objectives, £15.4bn worth of investment would be required. Given the absence of any subsequent response from Government, the Committee now reckons that £17.1bn will be needed.

Even to match that modest 2020 milestone, the Treasury will need to find an extra £1bn. There is as yet no sign of that

‘Since 2014, the number of English households suffering fuel poverty has increased by a further 210,000 to 2.55m - far higher than in 2000’ 10 | ENERGY IN BUILDINGS & INDUSTRY | JANUARY 2019

being forthcoming. Which is why those weasel words I cited above, of improving as many fuel poverty households “as reasonably practicable”, may well become relevant again.

That seemingly innocuous phrase had been introduced into the original Warm Homes Act back in 2000, prompted by hypothetical concerns that an illogical householder in fuel poverty might be standing in his doorway, shotgun in hand, refusing entry to those arriving to upgrade the homestead.

Already alarmed at the overt absence of sufficient progress towards the elimination of fuel poverty, back in 2008 several FPAG members had taken the Government to the High Court, then the Appeal Court, demanding far more purposeful action via greater public expenditure towards the elimination of fuel poverty.

The Government won in Court, via the tactic of arguing that “as far as reasonably practicable” means that any increased funding need only be forthcoming, if Government reckons that abolishing fuel poverty is sufficient of a priority to divert more public money to it. In other words, only if there is sufficient public outcry.

Sadly, that official cynicism, regarding the level of public alarm about the millions of poor people living in cold and damp conditions, seems well founded. That poorly attended press launch of the Committee on Fuel Poverty’s latest annual report received almost no media coverage.

Recent Europe-wide research has revealed that, across the entire EU:28, the UK has the second largest proportion of people living in fuel poverty (Estonia alone is worse). It seems that the Biblical misinterpretation that “the poor are always with us” means that, crisis or no, eliminating fuel poverty has steadily slipped down the political agenda. This is a tragedy. Particularly for the 2.55m English households still regularly forced to choose between eating and heating. 

Advertisement Feature

Energy & the Circular Economy For further information on EDF Energy visit www.eibi.co.uk/enquiries and enter ENQUIRY No. 125

The UK’s economy goes circular Start the year with one change for flexible, sustainable and profitable business energy. It’s the best first step on the road to contributing to a new economy

D

id you know that one fifth of the UK’s economy has already gone circular?

By putting circular thinking into action, a growing movement of businesses are switching from a take-make-waste model to a repair-reuse-recover one.

Starting with the energy that powers their businesses, they’re re reshaping the way they drive growth. In our latest white paper, Get the Circular Edge through Energy Solutions, we reveal how you, too, can profit from the circular economy by making just one change to your energy today.

The circular economy has been described by the World Economic Forum as a one trillion dollar opportunity. It offers companies of all sizes a chance to differentiate, to fill emerging market gaps, to rethink the way they create value, and to identify new sources of it.

“The circular economy is … an innovation engine that puts the ‘re’ into resources,” according to William McDonough, Consulting Professor, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University.

“This is the largest business opportunity ever seen. Why would we want to miss that?”

It’s an exciting vision. But as our white paper acknowledges, and you know only too well, you have business-as-usual to get on with.

You have operational problems to resolve. You have new plans to execute. And you have quarterly targets to chase, every day.

Circular business model So, while you and your leadership team may commit strategically to adopting a circular business model, you’ll also know only too well how tough it can be to manage growth and change at the same time.

That’s why our white paper explains it’s best to think of ‘going circular’ less like a one-off action, and more like a series of changes on a journey. And that’s also why it’s best to start that journey with the resource that powers your whole business: energy. Every change you make in your energy will flow through your entire value chain, creating multiple opportunities to bring greater resource, cost and carbon efficiency to every stage of the product’s multiple lifecycles.

“Uncertain times call for new ways

The circular economy has been described as a one trillion dollar opportunity

of thinking about, and doing, business,”states Vincent de Rul, Director of Energy Solutions, EDF Energy. “And energy’s a good place to start. We know because we’re already benefitting from applying our own energy solutions to our own business. So join us. Together, let’s make progress on the journey towards sustainable profit and profitable sustainability.”

It is easier to make the business case for making just one change to your energy. One change makes it easier to get stakeholders to listen.

One change offers more certainty in making a decision. One change means less hassle and more speed in implementation. One change is easier to measure and prove its success. And one change makes the next change that much simpler on your journey towards powering a circular value chain.

Because each business is different, and each business is at a different point in their energy journey, our white paper maps out a suite of ten changes your business could make next.

Here are just three examples: • you could get more insight into how your business is using energy and how you can boost its efficiency (read about PowerReport and PowerNow); • you could flex how you use assets, like machinery and computers, to save on energy consumption and earn a little extra revenue (read about Demand Side Response and PowerShift); or • you could generate your business’ own renewable energy, store it to use later or sell it back to the grid (read about how we’re trialling blockchain, vehicle-to-grid technology and battery storage in our Blue Lab innovation hub).

What our customers find even more reassuring is that EDF Energy has end-to-end energy solutions capabilities, technology and expertise, which means we’re your end-to-end energy partner. So, we do more than help you make your decision, we can make it happen and we make it work for your business over the long term.

• Download our white paper at edfenergy.com/circular and talk to us today about how we can help unlock circular potential for your business through energy solutions.

Call us on 0800 068 7171 or email energysolutionssales@edfenergy. com. 

JANUARY 2019 | ENERGY IN BUILDINGS & INDUSTRY | 11

Monitoring & Metering For further information on IMServ visit www.eibi.co.uk/enquiries and enter ENQUIRY No. 126

Paul Akrill is business development director at IMServ

The new single currency Just as the world is embracing the possibilities of virtual currencies, what if the single common currency was the humble kWh? Paul Akrill explains what this could mean for business in the UK

W

hen it comes to engaging businesses in the concept of saving energy, it can at times be an uphill struggle. But what would happen if instead of considering saving energy and money, we took a different approach.

What if the kWh we saved could be traded for other consumer goods, electric vehicles or even vehicle charging credits? This may be an unrealistic idea, but could this way of thinking be the answer?

Perhaps consumers could buy part of a solar PV or a wind turbine and use the kWh generated from these systems to trade against other items or buy consumer goods. This approach would be an entirely new attitude towards both energy and cost savings – but could it work? Could this encourage a more proactive approach to energy and carbon efficiency?

This approach is not too unrealistic. The energy we generate and sell back to the grid.

An alternate energy source we use at a high tariff rate or the energy we don’t consume by being efficient is money saved, money we can spend on other things.

If kWh as currency were to be considered, then it would most certainly start with the meter. The mains utility and/or sub-meters provides visibility of the consumption of utilities and delivers data to enable businesses to identify when to use alternate energy sources, when to reduce demand and quantify the kWh efficiencies. Metering allows for the opportunity to easily assess the where, when and why electricity, gas and water is being consumed, and quantify the kWh saved or, for the alternate energy source, the kWh generated.

The power of meters and sub-

Engaged consumers can realise the full benefits of the evolution of smart technologies

meters provides insights into how when and at what cost a building and the equipment within the building are operating. Data is intrinsic for the future of the energy management landscape.

Once the data from the meters and visibility through the software has been collated and analysed, businesses can actively reduce consumption, save kWhs and save money.

“What if the kWh we saved could be traded for other consumer goods?”

Further engagement But energy efficiency and an ability to act upon the insights metering data provides, still requires further engagement across the entire business. The current smart meter roll out and the AMR installations are picking up speed and as a result, IMServ’s analysts are starting to see engagement with consumers around the insights and opportunities from the metering data we are collecting. However, we still have a long way to go to meet government targets.

Could a different approach to saving energy by seeing the kWh as a common currency to spend on consumer goods be the answer? Would it encourage businesses to embrace meters now more than ever? The meter

12 | ENERGY IN BUILDINGS & INDUSTRY | JANUARY 2019

delivers the insights to enable us to identify opportunities to save money (reduce waste) and make money (generation) helping us manage: • out of hours operation; • opportunities to reduce consumption or shed load at high tariff times of day (particularly for DUoS and TRiAD avoidance); • equipment demanding more load than expected (this could suggest poor maintenance/ operations; and • heating and cooling demands.

Half hourly (HH) interval metering data, the smart meter roll out, AMR metering services and the market-wide HH settlement review all encourage technological advancements

and will create a change in the supply market solutions. This technology will deliver a smarter, more flexible energy system and market.

Engaged consumers can realise the full benefits of the evolution of smart technologies and integrate low carbon generation solutions into their businesses.

OFGEM’s latest commentary on the expansion of the market-wide HH Settlement gives insights into the opportunities available to all consumers by 2045. It believes £5bn savings can be achieved by 2045 if we engage with and change the way we consume energy.

Perhaps the opportunity most likely to make a difference now is the Energy Data Taskforce.

Launched by the government and OFGEM it is set to deliver recommendations for how industry and the public sector can work together on behalf of the energy sector. The aim of the taskforce is to reduce costs and facilitate competition, innovation and new business models in the energy sector, through improving data availability and transparency.

IMServ has always viewed the data we collect as belonging to the customer, and with their permission, we make it available to whomever the customer wishes. What the taskforce is doing is encouraging all businesses to follow suit, to provide visibility of collected data to better facilitate the development of smart grids and advances in technologies for a decentralised energy system.

Opening up visibility of energy data and specifically the availability as well as further deployment of metering data is a huge step towards creating network operational transparency and is essential for the UK’s future smart grids, smart technologies and net zero buildings. 

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Monitoring & Metering For further information on Centrica Business Solutions visit www.eibi.co.uk/enquiries and enter ENQUIRY No. 127

Ian Hopkins is a director of Centrica Business Solutions

Beware energy blind spots

Organisations with poor visibility of their energy consumption won’t benefit from the big energy cost and operational savings that continuous monitoring can deliver, says Ian Hopkins

R

esearch by Centrica Business Solutions shows that only 24 per cent of organisations monitor their energy use continuously.

Most say they measure energy use annually, or even less frequently.

If you don’t know precisely how, when and where you are using energy, how can you understand where your energy costs really lie? How can you pinpoint where energy is being wasted, or the best opportunities to make savings?

The most energy-efficient organisations understand the necessity to collect and analyse energy consumption data. The best performers are using advanced software analytics to gain deep energy insights by taking this intelligence gathering beyond the meter. In this way, they can understand exactly how their energy intensive processes and equipment are consuming energy and unlock greater value from these assets.

This advanced analytics approach involves attaching wireless sensors to energy-using devices, which are connected to an online analytics platform using Internet of Things (IoT) technology. The data produced can provide real-time, granular visibility of power use and easily digestible insights into how processes and assets are performing.

Our Panoramic Power energy insights solution and PowerRadar analytics and reporting platform are helping organisations globally to gain a clear understanding of their energy consumption across multiple sites – right down to individual device level.

Hundreds of sensors can be installed within a few hours, without causing any disruption to operations.

This is an effective method for identifying anomalies that can indicate both energy waste and problems with operational performance. In fact, improvements in operational efficiency are sometimes the biggest benefit of using advanced energy insights.

Weaknesses in operational processes and equipment faults can be quickly identified. Irregular energy consumption patterns can sometimes

indicate hard to detect problems and performance issues.

This intelligence provides an opportunity to make adjustments, repairs or corrections to equipment or systems. Typical benefits include reduced downtime, improved flexibility and higher productivity.

Businesses have the potential to spot potential equipment failures before they even happen and to take a proactive, informed approach to maintenance.

By ensuring that critical equipment is operating optimally and preventing costly disruption, or even breakdown, large operational cost savings can be achieved. This is particularly beneficial in manufacturing, where time is money.

Pinpointing consumption Centrica Business Solutions recently worked with a global cement manufacturer to measure energy use and pinpoint consumption across different equipment, buildings and plant.

By monitoring real-time energy usage of critical energy-hungry machinery and using our analytics technology to examine the data, we identified that a conveyor motor was not working correctly. This was creating a bottleneck in the process.

Fixing this achieved an annual £200,000 operational and energy saving at just one location. Further cost savings have been made through

14 | ENERGY IN BUILDINGS & INDUSTRY | JANUARY 2019

identifying unnecessary out-of-hours energy use across buildings and plants.

Another powerful reason for higher level energy monitoring is to inform energy efficiency improvements and make the most of existing resources.

This is particularly important as organisations move beyond the ‘quick-win’ energy saving measures towards more sophisticated methods of demand reduction. By optimising data, organisations are able to understand their energy priorities and build an accurate and convincing case for capital investment.

It is essential that organisations have deep insights into their energy consumption if they are considering investment in onsite generation and storage technologies to shift usage from the grid to lower carbon, more affordable and resilient supplies.

Combined heat and power (CHP),

Wireless, self-powered monitoring can be invaluable across numerous operations

solar photovoltaic systems and battery storage can often provide a rapid return on investment for the right sites, but businesses must be able to make an informed decision and base equipment sizing and specification on accurate energy consumption figures.

FUJIFILM Speciality Ink Systems has used Centrica Business Solutions’ Energy Insights technology to achieve a £43,000 annual cost saving at its Kent facility, which provided a return on investment within three weeks.

Twenty two wireless, self-powered sensors were installed to monitor energy-intensive processes and equipment across the facility, which delivered 24/7 energy information to an online analytics platform.

This quickly highlighted two major issues. A fault with air compressor units was identified, which meant that the compressors were running during weekend hours, when the site wasn’t operational. This was wasting £17,000 per year.

A second issue was discovered on the ink production line, where specific chillers continued to run after production stopped.

By optimising these chillers and improving operational efficiency, FUJIFILM was able to make a saving of £26,000 per year. Work is now continuing to extend the advanced energy insights solution to other sites.

There are many benefits of improving energy visibility across your operation, including your energy consuming assets. These include: • revealing energy insights you can act on to improve performance; • understanding exactly how, when and where energy is being used and how to reduce waste; • optimising your operational efficiency and reducing business risk; • improving productivity; • unlocking value from your energy assets; • analysing asset performance and informing maintenance strategies; and • informing end-to-end energy management strategies and investment. 

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Monitoring & Metering For further information on products and services visit www.eibi.co.uk/enquiries and enter the appropriate online enquiry number

Extra monitoring help for heat pumps

Don’t miss an opportunity

As the number of domestic heat pumps being installed in the UK under the Governments Renewable Heat Incentive scheme continues to increase, an additional initiative is now available.

The Metering and Monitoring Service Package (MMSP), is administered by OFGEM, and those who apply for it as part of a heat pump installation can receive additional financial support to pay for the provision and use of MMSP over a 7-year period.

MMSP essentially includes an OFGEM-compliant energy meter and a data-collection system to enable the availability of detailed ongoing data on the performance of the heat pump, which is used to improve efficiency and aid in the diagnosis of problems should the need arise.

DMS’s Sontex 440 and 449 SuperStatic Energy Meters are the only approved meters for use within this application. These heat meters operate using a unique and patented static measurement principle which, unlike some ultrasonic technologies, operates independently of water impurities and has no influence from magnetite fouling, or reflection or misdirection of signals.

The Sontex range is available with multiple output options these meters also incorporate the OFGEM requirement of a 1 pulse per Wh output, and can operate within glycol based systems with up to a 70 per cent concentration.

ONLINE ENQUIRY 128

With the 18th Edition’s increased emphasis on earth leakage and the associated problems, electricians are being encouraged to get a dedicated clamp-meter. However, Metrel, a provider of test solutions, think this is a wasted opportunity, that’s why its earth leakage clamp meter, MD 9272, includes a range of power quality functions too.

With Appendix 17 of the 18th Edition, introducing energy efficiency and its measurements, such as W (Real Power), VAR (Reactive Power), VA (Apparent Power), Power Factor and Harmonic Distortion, you don’t have to go out and buy yet another tester. The Metrel earth leakage clamp meter can measure all these parameters for the cost of an ordinary clamp meter.

Like other clamp meters of this quality, the Metrel earth leakage clamp meter, offers true RMS readings, maximum, minimum and data hold functions as the ability to measure currents as high as 100 A. ONLINE ENQUIRY 129

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Monitoring & Metering For further information on products and services visit www.eibi.co.uk/enquiries and enter the appropriate online enquiry number

University’s energy reduction benefits from reporting software University of Warwick has been working with TEAM Energy since the early 90s. They use the Sigma cloud software to manage and validate supplier invoices, raise tenant bills to internal customers and produce reports for overall building and site usages for energy projects.

A typical annual cost for Warwick’s total utility is £8.5m – an equivalent of 6,700 UK homes. Their annual consumption for electricity is 67GWh (60 per cent is self-generated) and gas is 165GWh. CO2 emissions are 41,000 tonnes and water consumption is 565,000m3.

Warwick has a long history of energy and carbon management.

They have integrated controls of buildings services since the 1990s and one of the UK’s largest district heating and CHP network. They champion the Government’s ambition for CO2e emissions reduction and have reduced their CO2e emissions by 46 per cent

per unit of income compared to 2005/6.

Carbon efficiency has dramatically improved in recent years. Warwick attributes this improvement to: • The Cryfield Energy Centre opened in 2014, to provide combined heating and power for the campus;

• ensuring that the efficiency of new buildings surpass the efficiency of the older buildings they are replacing; • ongoing projects to add more renewable energy sources to campus; and • engagement with students and staff to change behaviour.

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The Energy Efficiency programme is supported by TEAM Energy’s Sigma software. Sigma’s reporting feature brings energy data to life and is used

by Warwick to produce data analysis reports and exception reporting.

Warwick’s large energy estate has 241 buildings, 32 HV substations, 1,825 electricity meters, 368 gas meters, 233 district heating and cooling meters and 252 water meters. Around 90 per cent of these meters are automatically remotely read with half hourly data and available for analysis within the Sigma Software.

Warwick’s energy team use Sigma’s tenant billing module to keep track of where the utilities budget is being spent and to bill internal and external tenants. It also helps them to engage with the various departments and raise awareness with data on energy usage.

ONLINE ENQUIRY 130

Monitoring & Metering For further information on Chauvin Arnoux UK Ltd visit www.eibi.co.uk/enquiries and enter ENQUIRY No. 131

Julian Grant is general manager Chauvin Arnoux UK Ltd

Monitor for higher profits Many UK organisations will soon have to reveal their energy use and carbon emissions. Julian Grant believes portable power and energy loggers are essential to help ease this extra task for businesses

T

here has never been a better time to measure and monitor your energy use. Rising energy costs are having a serious impact on some businesses, and the imminent Streamlined Energy and Carbon Reporting (SECR) regulations, which take effect this year, will require some 12,000 UK businesses to make their energy use, carbon emissions, and energy efficiency actions, publicly available alongside some reference comparison metrics.

Monitoring power and energy usage in a facility or installation can often identify hidden issues that affect both operational and environmental quality, can pinpoint the reasons for higher than desired energy use, and can reveal the causes of more frequent equipment repair and replacement.

Measuring and recording the performance of energy-using equipment over time, and periodically monitoring critical machinery and high energy consuming building equipment to ensure proper operation, is the only way to verify whether the equipment or system performs optimally. Studies by the Carbon Trust show savings of up to 20 per cent can be achieved in this area through energy efficiency measures such as, but not restricted to, installing variablespeed drives for fans, pumps, and other motor driven systems.

Metering energy usage 24 hours a day throughout a typical week can identify out-of-hours usage, which accounted for 46 per cent of all energy consumption in 6,000 UK SMEs, according to a recent British Gas survey of smart meters. This included lighting, heating and IT equipment being left powered up in unoccupied offices, and car park lighting left on night and day all year round.

But, only by measuring and monitoring energy use can all of these things be identified and rectified, with before and after energy use figures available to

Measuring and recording energy-consuming equipment are key to optimum performance

calculate savings, and justify any necessary expenditure.

Permanent monitoring Apart from these efficiency measures, permanent monitoring of an installation also allows other parameters such as power factor to be measured and recorded, and there is an increasing trend in facilities unknowingly operating at poor power factor. The problem is that as they evolve and install new equipment over time, and as any previously installed power factor correction equipment slowly “wears out”, which it does, their power factor decreases.

So, while business owners and accountants are worrying about energy prices, many are completely unaware that for the sake of some simple monitoring and correction equipment, their business may be seriously falling short of what is required to be electrically efficient.

In fact, alarmingly, recent studies showed many examples where as much as 50 per cent of the electricity being consumed by some businesses was literally going to waste.

Other issues that can be identified and measured through the continuous monitoring of an installation include harmonic currents. These are on the rise due

18 | ENERGY IN BUILDINGS & INDUSTRY | JANUARY 2019

to increasing numbers of installed LED lighting and improved efficiency VSDs, which, while saving energy, can also introduce their own problems to the installation supply.

Thankfully, measuring energy consumption, including where and when it is being used, and monitoring other parameters such as power factor and harmonics, has never been easier thanks to portable power and energy loggers or PELs. Modern PELs are compact, lightweight, electronic monitoring instruments used for collecting electrical data. They can be temporarily placed in distribution

panels or around the facility without difficulty, and without the need to interrupt the mains supply or shut down the installation or office building first.

PELs gather data and calculate electrical parameters such as 3-phase current, voltage, power and energy, and are also able to indicate phase angle cos φ, tan Φ, power factor, THD and harmonic levels.

They are capable of storing millions of readings, and data can be retrieved locally or remotely via Bluetooth, USB or Ethernet. Combine a number of PELs together to track several consumption points around the facility, or multiple facilities, without the expense of having to travel to retrieve the data.

PELs can be moved around a facility for local monitoring of a piece of equipment, or department, where they can be connected by an electrician, with no intrusion into the electrical wiring, and therefore no need to interrupt the power.

Once any required local monitoring is finished, with super slim designs and magnetic backs, many PELs can be semi permanently stuck to the inside of a cabinet at the source of supply, where flexible current coils can be looped around the incoming phases, and magnetic voltage probes stuck to screw heads on MCBs, or wired in for added security of connection.

These PELs can be self-powered from the installation they are connected to, and if plugged into the local network, a whole host of parameters can be monitored with alarms set to warn of any issues.

If a business requires permanently installed metering there are many issues as well as the cost of retrofitting an older installation with panel-mounted equipment. It will require the installation to be power down for some time and holes cut in metalwork. So the most costeffective solution could be to semipermanently install a PEL. 

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Monitoring & Metering

Tim Hooper is managing director of Elcomponent Ltd

For further information on Elcomponent Ltd visit www.eibi.co.uk/enquiries and enter ENQUIRY No. 132

Achieve more with sub metering Metering at a ‘sensible’ level of detail and granularity may be a theoretical no brainer, but in practical terms the need for a sound business case remains in place, says Tim Hooper

T

here is a great deal of highly effective energy management that can be achieved without any additional meters – the tariff gas meter will often suffice for optimising the space heating in a commercial building for example.

But there is a great deal more that can only be achieved with a properly designed sub-metering system in place. It is not a coincidence that the revised 2018 edition of ISO50001 is rather more forceful with regard to “Planning for Collection of Energy Data (Section 6.6)” compared to the “Energy Measurement Plan” of the original 2011 version. It is now a requirement to “monitor all Significant Energy Users (SEUs) and to state how and at what frequency data shall be collected and retained.”

Were it not for the fact that all SEUs must be monitored, that requirement could conceivably be met using nothing more than the existing fiscal meters plus a clipboard and a biro every month, but the reality is that even for relatively small organisations the march towards successful ISO50001 accreditation is greatly eased, and in some cases made possible by sub-metering. This is before the implications of perhaps the most important of the standard’s main tenets is considered – the requirement to “continually improve energy management” which is a great deal easier to write than it is to achieve.

ESOS compliance has also been a driver for the implementation of submetering systems as the information that they provide hugely simplifies the preparation of both reference data and postimplementation performance, particularly for larger organisations.

However, specific initiatives such as ISO50001 and ESOS only provide some additional impetus to the role that metering plays in a long-term energy management strategy. At some point in that strategy the measurement of consumption at department or process level, and the provision of half-hour (or even shorter) interval data becomes

The ‘traffic light’ system is a highly effective daily check on performance in manufacturing plants and commercial buildings

essential if the best possible performance is to be delivered.

That point has always moved in the direction of sooner rather than later as technology improves and hardware prices fall, but several factors have accelerated that process more recently.

Rapidly expanding choice In pure metering terms, and to focus on just two examples, the relative paucity of MID approved kWh meters for submetering applications has eased considerably, so prices are lower and data connection options broader. The legal requirements surrounding heat metering have resulted in a rapidly expanding choice of lower cost hardware to the considerable benefit of the energy manager. In data and networking the pace of development is even faster with similar cost reductions particularly in the field of 3G/4G communication.

However, while a submetering system is completely dependent on the quality and relevance of the baseline data it obtains (so both the hardware and its installation are of paramount importance) no system is worthy of consideration unless its associated software package ticks all the right boxes also. A detailed analysis of energy management software is an article in itself.

20 | ENERGY IN BUILDINGS & INDUSTRY | JANUARY 2019

The now almost exclusive use of the web as the delivery mechanism for the desktop interface has created a much wider user base, and software providers have responded to that by creating dashboards and other types of friendly interaction designed to attract and inform a non-expert audience. A much more recent change has been the increased emphasis on the automated gathering of driver data and its incorporation into the software’s reporting capability.

The importance of corresponding data for weather, production output, occupancy, footfall and much else with which to factor consumption information has long been appreciated, but this does not give a complete picture. Knowing the energy consumed ‘per widget produced’ or ‘per meal served’ is only half the story. The real value is in knowing how much was used as a proportion of how much should have been used given the prevailing circumstances. Or, the mapping of actual consumption against expected consumption.

It is the ability to calculate this key ratio accurately and – critically – automatically which represents the biggest step forward, and it has understandably been enthusiastically embraced by energy stakeholders in all types

of organisation. Often presented as a ‘traffic light’ or red/amber/ green (RAG) report, these are used as a highly effective daily check on performance in manufacturing plants and commercial buildings alike. If amber is treated as the norm, excursions into red or green territory can be automatically monetised and investigated appropriately allowing exceptionally high efficiency levels to be achieved and maintained.

It’s a handy example because it demonstrates how far we have come from the standard halfhour bar chart (although they remain as powerful a tool for savings as they ever were) and how integrated a true submetering system actually is. It requires a unique blend of technology in terms of meters, data loggers and networking on the ground; a broad and easily programmed interface for additional data streams such as production and degree days, and clever software that uses well-proven energy management techniques such as regression and CUSUM behind the scenes.

The coming years will see further developments as AI makes strides, but as we go into an uncertain 2019, there is no ambiguity about the role that submetering plays in energy cost control. 

“ Energy in Buildings and Industry and the Energy Institute are delighted to have teamed up to bring you this Continuing Professional Development initiative ” MARK THROWER MANAGING EDITOR

SERIES 16 | MODULE 07 | THERMAL IMAGING

Take a thermal image Catherine Simpson, principal director, Building Simulation Ltd

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ngineering and construction professionals are familiar with ‘thermography’ as a means of non-destructive and non-contact assessment, within the building, mechanical and electrical sectors. Though thermography is also used widely in clinical fields for humans and animals and the screening of airline passengers in 2003 in response to the outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), also known as avian flu, is one example that gained media attention.

There is immense potential for thermography because whenever a temperature difference is an indicator of some factor, then thermography may have a role to play. However, while many professionals may respond intuitively to the colour palettes used for visualisation of ‘hot’ and ‘cold’ areas, it could be without much knowledge of the physics and technology behind the infrared thermal image.

The discipline of infrared thermography as we know it today is less than 100 years old. Like many discoveries by notable scientists in the last few hundred years, the benefits are firmly embedded within modern practices while the personal determination which led to these discoveries is widely unacknowledged. Like most inventions, it was the culmination of a series of separate scientific discoveries which led to the invention of thermographic cameras.

Refract white light with prism In 1665, the English mathematician, Sir Isaac Newton was the first to understand the rainbow by refracting white light with a prism, resolving it into its component colours: red, orange, yellow, green, blue and violet.

An Italian scientist, Landriani, took Newton’s work further by measuring the energy in the different colours of the light spectrum. However, it

was in 1800 that the British-German scientist, William Herschel, when repeating Newton’s and Landriani’s experiments, accidentally discovered that the highest temperature was beyond the visible red light – Herschel referred to this as ‘infrared’.

Subsequently, William Herschel’s son, John, produced the first infrared image in 1840 and coined the term ‘thermograph’.

It was not until 1900, when scientists discovered the relationship between temperature and infrared, that for first-time the temperature of an object could be measured without direct contact. The invention of a night vision camera for the British military in 1929 by Hungarian physicist Kálmán Tihanyi and the development of the Aga-Bofor system in 1969 for aerial geophysical exploration were significant contributions to modern infrared thermography.

Electromagnetic spectrum Landriani, Newton and Herschel had all discovered regions of the electromagnetic spectrum (EMS), and it was Herschel’s discovery of infrared that led Johann Ritter to discover its book-end ‘ultraviolet’ a year later. The EMS comprises regions of radiation beginning with the lower energy, lower frequency, long wave-lengths of radio waves, television, microwaves, radar waves which are below infrared and visible light and ending with the high energy, higher frequencies of X-rays and gamma rays which are above visible light and ultraviolet. The spectrum is incomprehensibly vast and covers wavelengths between 0.3 m (radio waves) to the minute gamma rays with wavelengths of 6 x 10-12 m.

The human eye can only detect the visible range, which is a tiny region of visible light with a wavelength between 380 nanometres (nm) and 760 nanometres (nm). Infrared is

a larger region lying below visible light with wavelengths between 760 nm and 1400 (nm). As visible light is the only region we encounter in our daily lives, our knowledge of visible light is pervasive and therefore, when using thermal imaging, it is critically important that the different characteristics between the visible light region and the infrared region of the EMS are fully understood.

The theoretical concepts of emissivity and a blackbody, originated by Kirchoff in 1860, are important to understanding infrared thermography. Kirchoff discovered that at equilibrium a body absorbs 100 per cent of incident radiation, while simultaneously emitting 100 per cent of its own energy as radiation – an object that does this is termed a blackbody. However, real bodies are not perfect emitters and only a fraction of incident radiant energy is re-radiated. This fraction of surface reradiation is known as emissivity. Therefore, a blackbody has a reference emissivity of 1 and, relative to this, human skin has near perfect emissivity of 0.98 while at the other end of the emissivity spectrum, aluminium foil has an extremely low emissivity of 0.03. In 1884, the work of Josef Stefan and Ludwig Boltzmann culminated in the understanding that the total radiant energy emitted from a surface is proportional to its absolute temperature. This is known today as the Stefan-Boltzmann law.

Completed scientific journey However, it was the work of Max Planck in 1900 that discovered that radiation had a spectral energy distribution (later corroborated later by Albert Einstein in 1905) that took scientists a step nearer to being able to determine the temperature of an object. Wien’s laws, discovered around the same time, completed the scientific journey from theoretical concepts of

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SERIES 16 | MODULE 07 | THERMAL IMAGING

blackbodies and emissivity radiation to the identification of a specific temperature of an object. This journey of scientific discovery led to today's infrared thermography.

However, the real world comprises many materials with differing surface emissivities. Therefore, if the surface emissivity of an object determines how its temperature is calculated, how can a single thermal image correctly identify temperatures of different materials within the camera’s viewfinder?

This is where real-life makes the application of theory a little trickier and calls upon the skills of a trained thermographer. Human skin, water, snow, ice, uncoated glass, concrete, plaster, brick, stone, carbon, timber, paint and some metal alloys have high surface emissivities. On the other hand, metals generally have low emissivities with aluminium foil and polished brass being examples of materials with the lowest emissivities.

However, it is important to remember that it is the surface condition of the material that determines its emissivity which is why for example, weathered stainless steel has a high emissivity (0.85) whereas polished stainless steel has a low emissivity (0.07) and ‘low-e glass’ which is generally glass with a low-e coating within the cavity, remains a high emissivity material. The reason a thermographer needs to know how to accurately assess and measure the emissivity of an object is because the thermographic calculations for low emissivity materials are very sensitive to error. Furthermore, emissivity can be affected by the surface roughness, the angle of view and the geometry of an object.

Reflection of radiated heat Radiated heat from surrounding sources is also reflected from an object. Reflection of radiated heat can affect the calculation of the temperature of an object, even when the correct emissivity has been measured or estimated. Sometimes, the radiated reflection may be visible when viewed through an infrared camera; a common example is glass which while a poor reflector, has mirror like reflections of radiative energy because it is a specular

Figure 1

Figure 5

Figure 2

Figure 6

Figure 3

Figure 7

non-destructive and non-contact assessments. The lens material for the front optic of an infrared camera is not glass but a material which has an ability to transmit infrared radiation combined with other attributes such as low refraction and durability. Germanium (Ge) is a common lens material with filters for specific applications made from Calcium Fluoride (CAF2), fused silica (FS), Sapphire, Silicon (Si), Sodium Chloride (NaCl), Zinc Selenide (ZnSe) and Zinc Sulfide (ZnS), for example.

Once the infrared radiation has passed through the front optic lens it comes into contact with an array of detector pixels which transform the infrared radiation into an electrical impulse. Behind the array of sensors is a processor which receives the electrical impulse from each detector pixel and, using mathematical algorithms combined with the data input by the camera operator, creates the familiar thermal image to visualise the apparent temperature of the object. With use the detector pixels can become misaligned and not read in a uniform way which is why cameras should be recalibrated regularly. Modern infrared cameras combine many state-of-the-art features such as GPS tagging of images, visualisation tools as well as voice recording for site surveys.

Detection of moisture

Figure 4

Figure 8

reflector. This is why thermal images of glass often show the surroundings including sometimes a reflection of the camera operator! However, in general a good emitter (like a brick wall) is a poor and diffuse reflector whereas a poor emitter like aluminium foil is a good reflector. But, even when reflected radiation may not be visually obvious, it is still there and needs to be measured by the camera operator and must be taken into account in the camera settings to ensure accurate temperature calculations. However, reflected radiation, even after compensation within the temperature calculations,

may still lead to false diagnoses, particularly when high and low emissivity materials are combined.

This challenge is particularly prevalent when undertaking infrared thermal imaging of industrial plant, mechanical and electrical installations and highly glazed buildings. However, knowledge of the application combined with training will minimise the risk of misdiagnosis due to radiated heat reflections.

Modern infrared thermal imaging cameras combine all these scientific discoveries into easy to use software giving thermographers a safe and effective way to undertake

Thermal imaging in buildings is frequently undertaken to improve energy efficiency and detect moisture. It is no coincidence that thermographers tend to specialise in a particular application of thermography, whether that be in buildings, medical or preventative maintenance of mechanical and electrical equipment. The reason for specialisation is that thermography requires an in-depth knowledge of the application under investigation in order to accurately interpret the thermal images and correctly diagnose potential issues. Rarely, do thermographers rely solely upon a thermal image for diagnosis, particularly within buildings which combine a wide range of construction materials (including lots of highly reflective glazing), an immense variety of construction methods,

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SERIES 16 | MODULE 07 | THERMAL IMAGING

concealed building services and, in some cases, unwanted wildlife such as wasp nests and squirrel dreys!

Correct diagnosis of an image relies upon a thermographer spotting something ‘out of the ordinary’ and then making further investigations.

For this reason, many professional thermographers build a library of what ‘normal’ should look like as a source of reference. A good example of this is medical thermography where the assessment of potential issues in a patient is obtained by reference to a ‘healthy’ thermal image. Therefore, while there could be a range of causes for the heat contrast in an infrared thermal image, the correct diagnosis of will depend upon knowing and understanding the context of the image.

Buildings can lack energy efficiency for a variety of reasons and air leakage and infiltration can be primary factors. In older buildings, sources of infiltration may be easy to identify by draughts and complaints while, in modern, highly serviced environments, a building can appear airtight when it is not. Air leakage into a building is relatively easy to detect, as colder air entering a warm, internal space frequently leaves a distinct heat transfer ‘foot print’ on the interior fabric. For example, in Figure 1 air enters around a poorly draught-sealed door while in Figure 2 air enters via a poorly sealed smoke riser - in both cases the cooling effect on the interior fabric is clearly visible.

Air leakage from buildings However, air leakage from a building is not so easy to detect because warm air exiting a building may disperse over a large area and mix quickly with outdoor air thus giving little opportunity for heat to transfer into the surface of the exterior fabric. However, there are circumstances when this can occur. Figure 3 records a thermal ‘footprint’ on an exterior flat roof due to prolonged air exfiltration and Figure 4 shows a more common scenario of air leakage from a poorly draught-sealed, sash window. While thermographic energy surveys tend to take place in winter, it should be borne in mind that if buildings are air conditioned, then air-leakage and

diagnosing infrared thermal images.

Thermal imaging can also give insight to the performance of construction elements and building services concealed within the building fabric. While the brown staining in Figures 9a and 9b looks unsightly, and there were many such stains, the thermal image revealed that only this particular stain was a current issue and was a result of a light leak from a condensate located above the suspended ceiling However, a far bigger issue, of which there was no indication until detected by a thermographic survey, was a water saturated roof to a newly constructed glazed entrance - Figure 10a and 10b. Thermographic surveys can also detect hidden leaks such as defective pipes embedded in screed as shown in Figure 11 where the white patch indicates a leak. While all the above is very useful and informative, illustrations of the importance of occupiers in the quest for energy savings are poignant. Figure 12 shows that closing a blind across a single glazed window significantly reduces heat loss which saves energy.

Figure 9a

Figure 9b

Figure 10a

Figure 10b

Figure 11

Figure 12

infiltration in summer can also reduce the energy efficiency of cooling systems.

The most easily visualised form of heat loss is conduction through the fabric although this can be equally challenging to interpret, particularly for highly glazed buildings and buildings with different materials and methods of construction.

Energy surveys begin frequently with the expectation of finding missing insulation in walls and roofs and cold bridging, and whist this does occur, there are many other areas where heat loss can originate; a common weakness is the interface between building elements. Unless care is taken with design detailing and construction, these interfaces allow heat to escape as shown in Figure 5 or cold air to ingress as shown in Figure 6. While a skirting board visually ‘connects’ the wall and floor, an open joint behind it can permit air ingress. However, notwithstanding that highly glazed

buildings are spectral emitters, Figure 7 shows it is still possible to clearly identify excessive heat loss from areas of sub-standard construction in this case, the joints between the structural glazing, floor and mullions.

The effect of moisture, construction materials and thermal mass need to be borne in mind because infrared images can give surprising results as shown by the image in Figure 8; the exterior wall on the left-hand side of the image is a painted cavity wall and yet it has a warmer surface temperature indicating more heat loss than the wall on the left-hand side which is a lime-washed solid brick wall. In this case, the limewash has a high moisture content after a period of rain hence the lower surface temperature at the time of the survey. This demonstrates the awareness required of wider issues such as thermal mass, materials and construction methods in addition to any calculated U-values when

Minimum standard required The minimum standard for building infrared thermography reports is BS EN 13187 (Thermal Performance of Buildings – Qualitative detection of thermal irregularities in building envelopes – Infrared Method). The BREEAM scheme awards a credit when a thermal imaging survey of the building fabric is undertaken to this standard by a UKTA Approved Level 2 thermographic surveyor. The training to achieve this standard is intense and involves in-depth knowledge and application of the physics relating to heat transfer and infrared radiation as well as the completion of practical laboratory sessions and hands-on experience required to progress from Level 1 to Level 2. This level of training ensures that a thermographer understands the physics and technology behind a thermographic image which combined with their application experience gives valuable insight. Level 3 is the ultimate achievement, although few acquire the training and application hours to deserve this accolade.

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SERIES 16 | MODULE 07 | JANUARY 2019

ENTRY FORM THERMAL IMAGING Please mark your answers on the sheet below by placing a cross in the box next to the correct answer. Only mark one box for each question. You may find it helpful to mark the answers in pencil first before filling in the final answers in ink. Once you have completed the answer sheet in ink, return it to the address below. Photocopies are acceptable.

QUESTIONS 1 What is necessary for infrared thermal imaging to be possible? n One of the surfaces must be hot n One surface must be hot and one must be cold n There must be a temperature difference n There must be a temperature difference of at least 100C. 2 What instrument did William Herschel use to discover what he called ‘infrared’? n Thermal imaging camera n Infrared heater n Thermometer n A rainbow 3 Which is the correct range of regions within the electromagnetic spectrum? n Radio, television, microwave, radar, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, x-rays, gamma rays n Radio, television, microwave, radar, ultraviolet, visible light, infrared, x-rays, gamma rays n Radio, television, radar, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, microwave, x-rays, gamma rays n Radio, television, radar, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, microwave, x-rays, gamma rays 4 Which scientists are most linked to discoveries leading to the development of infrared thermography? n Herschel, Einstein, Planck, Wein, Stefan, Boltzmann n Newton, Landriani, Herschel, Kirchoff, Stefan, Boltzmann, Wein, Planck n Newton, Landriani, Herschel, Stefan, Boltzmann, Wein, Planck, n Herschel, Einstein, Planck, Wein, Stefan, Boltzmann 5 What is Kirchoff’s concept of a blackbody? n When there is a temperature difference, a body absorbs 100 per cent of incident radiation while simultaneously emitting 100 per cent of its own energy as radiation n at equilibrium a body absorbs 100 per cent of incident radiation while simultaneously reflecting 100 per cent of its own energy as radiation n at equilibrium a body absorbs 100 per cent of incident radiation, while simultaneously emitting

a proportion of its own energy as radiation n at equilibrium a body absorbs 100 per cent of incident radiation while simultaneously emitting 100 per cent of its own energy as radiation 6 Which statement is true? n Glass has a high emissivity and is opaque to infrared light n Glass is low emissivity and is transparent to infrared light n Glass can be high or low emissivity and is opaque to infrared light n Glass is low emissivity and is opaque to infrared light 7

Which statement is most accurate? n The emissivity of a material is a fixed value n The emissivity of a material changes with time n The emissivity of a material depends on a number of factors n The emissivity of a material is dependent upon reflected radiation 8 Which statement is true? n The most accurate thermal infrared cameras have Germanium lenses n Many thermal infrared cameras have Germanium lenses n The Germanium lens needs to be protected with a glass lens n A Germanium lens processes the infrared radiation which passes through it 9 Which of these groups are all low emissivity materials? n Human skin, oak, glass n Polished stainless steel, aluminium foil, low-e glass n Brick, concrete, copper n Aluminium foil, polished brass, polished stainless steel 10 The materials that are most susceptible to inaccurate temperature calculations as a result of an incorrect emissivity assessment are those which: n Have a high emissivity volume n Have a low emissivity volume n Have a low surface emissivity n Have a high surface emissivity

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Find the energy stories that matter at www.eibi.co.uk. News updated every day together with all the features, news, products, interviews and analysis you’ve come to expect from the UK’s No.1 energy journal.

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VIEW FROM THE TOP

James Henley is product development manager at Daikin Applied

Compliance won’t be left to chance

There is unease about how the F-Gas regulations will be enforced after Brexit, but James Henley believes the industry already has the answers

T

he government has pledged to continue implementing the phase down of HFC refrigerants in line with EU legislation after the UK leaves the EU in March, but many in the industry believe the Environment Agency does not have the resources to police the process properly.

A recent parliamentary Environmental Audit Committee (EAC) report urged the government to take these concerns more seriously and pointed out that there had only ever been one prosecution under the F-Gas rules.

However, in response, DEFRA – the ministry responsible – said that compliance was “generally good and the main environmental outcomes are being achieved”. It said lack of prosecutions was “not necessarily a good indicator of the effectiveness of compliance work” and that enforcement notices, advice, awareness campaigns and guidance had been successful in making people aware of their obligations.

There is little doubt that most contractors are doing their utmost to comply with the rules, but there are bound to be a number of non-conformances, which are not investigated because of lack of resource or information, and the usual ‘rogue operator’ element, which is probably true of any sector.

The introduction of civil penalties this year will certainly help keep people on the straight and narrow. The Environment Agency now has the power to impose on the spot fines of up to £200,000 for F-Gas breaches. In the past, they had found it difficult to prosecute offenders because of the complexity and cost of taking legal action – so this new power will make a huge difference. Even the threat of such a sizeable fine should have an impact.

However, ultimately it is product development and best practice engineering that will have the biggest influence on whether or not F-Gas will achieve its aims in reducing the amount of global warming gas in air conditioning and refrigeration systems. The industry has already made 26 | ENERGY IN BUILDINGS & INDUSTRY | JANUARY 2019

Henley: ‘technological innovations are what will make the real difference in the long term'

‘In the end, it will be the market not regulators - that drives change’ significant progress and our technological innovations are what will make the real difference in the long term.

Rather than further ‘cliff edge’ bans for certain types of refrigerant gas and draconian punishments dished out to companies falling foul of regulators, technical developments will take us to where we need to be.

Fast chiller evolution Chiller technology is evolving fast – and not just because of F-Gas, but also because there is a commitment to the energy efficiency improvements enshrined in the EU’s Ecodesign regulations – and because we want to give end users the best possible performance. They are having an increasing say in the selection of chillers and are acutely mindful of the implications for the future cost of maintenance from restrictions on refrigerant availability.

It is also well within our grasp to deliver the ever increasing amounts of cooling

capacity required globally without driving up energy consumption or penalising consumers.

A recent report from the International Energy Agency (IEA) found that by using technology that is already available it would be possible to keep building energy use at today’s level until 2040 despite a predicted 60 per cent increase in new construction and a likely doubling of air conditioning capacity.

The trick is ensuring that the best and most cost-effective technologies are adopted as widely as possible.

In its Energy Efficiency 2018 report, the IEA says warmer temperatures, increasing population and economic growth has seen cooling energy use in buildings double since 2000 making it the fastest growing consumable in buildings.

“While the efficiency of best available air conditioning technology has continued to improve, there is significant potential to close the gap between the best available technology and the market average,” the report says – and that is our challenge. We are making these things available – how do we ensure everyone buys into them?

Adoption of best available technology is the solution to meeting our long-term greenhouse gas emissions reductions and maintaining running cost efficiencies for end users. The threat of regulatory sanction is always in the background, but our sector will respond better to carrot than stick.

For example, Daikin Applied was the first in the market to launch a new generation of high efficiency air-cooled scroll chillers using R32 refrigerant.

Switching to R32 has allowed us to achieve a 10 per cent improvement in seasonal energy efficiency ratio (SEER) compared with the equivalent equipment using R410a. The R32 chiller range also fully complies with the efficiency requirements imposed by current European Legislation (Ecodesign Lot21).

Even more significantly, a chiller using R32 has a 63 per cent lower CO2 equivalent charge than a similar capacity R410a counterpart. In the event of any leakage of refrigerant gas to the atmosphere that is a major difference and marks a considerable technical advance in line with the aims of F-Gas regulators. It also means that an end user can significantly reduce their potential impact on the environment and meet all their legislative obligations with no loss of performance.

In the end, it will be the market – not regulators – that drives change. End users will be on the lookout for the best available cost-effective performance and the lowest potential environmental impact and we are ready to provide it. 

Stephanie Gregory is marketing manager, Kensa Heat Pumps

Heat Pump Technology For further information on Kensa Heat Pumps visit www.eibi.co.uk/enquiries and enter ENQUIRY No. 134

Counting the cost of carbon London has set ambitious carbon reduction targets. Stephanie Gregory believes that heat pumps may be crucial in the capital’s drive to be a zero-carbon city by 2050

I

n order to limit climate change catastrophe carbon pollution needs to be cut by 45 per cent below 2010 levels by 2030 and come down to zero by 2050.

To cost-effectively develop the tens of thousands of sustainable homes required in the UK alone – Government has committed to delivering 300,000 homes a year by the mid-2020s - a solution in the form of ground source heat pumps (GSHPs) with shared ground loop arrays (SGLAs) is coming to the fore, offering the lowest carbon emissions and running cost savings. The result, is a transformed and future-proofed clean heating infrastructure to rival and replace the gas network.

The combination of carbon and running cost savings of GSHPs with SGLAs has been thoroughly documented in a recent report

by Etude, commissioned by the Greater London Authority (GLA), ‘Low Carbon Heat: Heat Pumps In London’. The report outlines how developers in London can comply with increasingly stringent carbon targets with an informed specification of low-carbon heating systems.

The report shows SGLA installations, defined by Etude as a ‘communal ground loop connected to individual heat pumps’, as the most efficient and lowest cost solution compared to various air source, direct electric and gas configurations, offering real opportunity and relief to many developers who are facing increasingly stringent carbon targets.

The Mayor of London has set an ambition for London to be a zerocarbon city by 2050. Currently 78 per cent of London’s greenhouse gas emissions come from homes and workplaces. Policy SI2 of the new draft London Plan focuses on minimising these, stating all new developments must achieve an onsite carbon reduction of at least 35 per cent beyond the Target Emission Rate (TER). This percentage will increase over time to achieve the

Kensa has successfully deployed its shared ground loop and individual heat pump system at this development in Enfield, north London

zero-carbon London ambition.

As further impetus for ultraefficient builds, the remaining CO2 emissions are to be offset and paid for by the developer at a suggested rate of £95/tonne, which will be utilised by carbon offset funds for further energy efficiency improvements in London boroughs.

Consideration of heat method London’s bid to achieve at least 35 per cent carbon reductions beyond the TER requires careful consideration of how a development is to be heated, and could save developments several tonnes of CO2 and money in carbon offset funds.

As a highly efficient form of heating – delivering 3-4kW of heat for every 1kW of electrical energy used to power the pump – GSHPs offer an ultra-low carbon solution.

It is clear that as the UK grid

becomes increasingly decarbonised, as is Government’s ambition, the carbon savings of electricity and therefore GSHPs become even greater. Indeed, the report notes that increasing grid decarbonisation is responsible for even greater disparity between heating systems’ carbon factors, notably in the case of gasfired CHP as highlighted in Fig. 1.

The increasing carbon savings of GSHPs over time as a result of grid decarbonisation coincide with the increasingly stringent carbon targets to be expected in the future.

The impact of changing carbon factors means the cost to comply with London’s 35 per cent emissions reductions target increases for developers, as does the relative cost to offset the residual emissions when comparing specifying gas boilers in new builds to GSHPs. New properties with gas combi

Fig. 1 Projected carbon factor of heat based on HM Treasury Green Book marginal emission factors. Source: Etude, ‘Low Carbon Heat: Heat Pumps In London’, September 2018

boilers would require the addition of several energy efficiency measures, such as solar PV, heat recovery ventilation, increased insulation, wall thickness and upgraded windows, just to meet the 35 per cent emissions obligation beyond TER. Based on the current SAP2012, a representative 70m2 new build in London with a 4,200kWh heat demand would then have residual emissions equating to an additional £3,078.

Swap out the gas for a GSHP in the exact same property however, and this same property’s carbon offset costs reduce to £1,941.

Apply the proposed SAP10 carbon factor figures to this same property, and the GSHP carbon offset price would be £871 compared to £2,992 for gas, equating to a saving of £636,300 on a 300 unit development; switching a development from gas to SGLA GSHPS reduces the residual emissions of the building by 70 per cent, leaving just 19.5 per cent of emissions to be offset.

Looking ahead to 2030, Etude’s analysis indicates that the cost of carbon compliance could be negligible with a well-considered and holistic approach: “Very low levels of total on-site carbon emissions (i.e. approximately 2kgCO2/m2/yr) can be delivered if very high standards of energy efficiency are achieved, an efficient heat pump system is provided and roof-mounted PVs are maximised. Energy efficiency reduces demand to the lowest level, heat pumps deliver low carbon heat and PVs play a significant role in offsetting on-site the residual carbon emissions.”

While carbon savings are critical, some have concerns that higher energy bills could be an unintended consequence of a lower carbon factor, as electricity tends to cost more than gas. However, due to the efficiency of GSHPs the cost of electric is around a third of that for direct electric systems, mitigating the higher costs of electricity, while also reducing the carbon factors. 

JANUARY 2019 | ENERGY IN BUILDINGS & INDUSTRY | 27

Heat Pump Technology For further information on Mitsubishi Electric visit www.eibi.co.uk/enquiries and enter ENQUIRY No. 135

Max Halliwell is communications manager, heating and ventilation department, Mitsubishi Electric

Heat pumps are taking over It’s official. We are now entering the period that marks the transition from gas and oil heating to air source heat pumps. Max Halliwell looks at the market potential for this form of heating

W

hen it comes to traditional sources of heat, most houses are still fitted with gas boilers, with many homeowners unaware of the alternative options available. Thankfully, this trend is changing as the emergence of air source heat pump technology brings a new wave of reliable and sustainable domestic heating.

In 2017, global sales of heat pumps jumped by 30 per cent, to nearly $12bn. It goes without saying that Europe is a particularly rich heat pump market, and for many governments, the key policy driver leading to the rise of heat pumps is climate change, as governments look to reduce their reliance on traditional fossil fuels. According to the European Heat Pump Market and Statistics Report 2017, the market grew for a third year in a row, rising by 12 per cent or nearly 1m units.

The UK government has forecast the sale of 1m heat pumps a year by 2030, with 2017 seeing the installation of roughly 22,000 new heat pumps, an increase of 18 per cent on the previous year.

As the number of new homes being built increases, the low carbon and increased efficiency demands on traditional sources of heat are going to be ever greater, increasing opportunities for low carbon heat pumps further.

The UK is far from an isolated case. It’s much the same across most of Europe. Take Germany for example, where heat pumps were installed in 43 per cent of residential buildings in 2017, moving ahead of gas heaters for the first time ever (which represented 42 per cent of installations). In Finland, with its abundance of geothermal heat, the heat pump market size is forecast to exceed 3GW by 2024. This looks very achievable when you consider the fact that over 8,000 people switched from

The UK government has forecast the sale of 1m heat pumps a year by 2030

electricity or oil driven heating systems to geothermal heat pump systems in 2015 alone. Under its government’s Energy Agenda, The Netherlands, a long-time gas producer is turning towards heat pumps as it plans to reduce CO2 emissions from the built environment by 80 per cent by 2050. And in Denmark, estimates suggest heat pump sales will reach 600,000 by 2050 – the year when the nation plans to be completely free of fossil fuels.

Arguments grow stronger With oil prices at the highest level for the last three years, and the RHI programme lifetime extended to 2021, the arguments for adopting heat pumps are growing stronger. There are some great innovations coming in, not just from the UK but also from global companies that will help to raise standards and contribute to a more dynamic heating market in the UK.

28 | ENERGY IN BUILDINGS & INDUSTRY | JANUARY 2019

“Price has always been a major factor determining the uptake of heat pumps in the UK” There is, of course, the lowcarbon economy road map, put in place by the EU. Regardless of whatever Brexit we end up with, the UK Government has already agreed to incorporate EU Law into UK Law, so this will still impact UK businesses. The road map declares that by 2050, all members of the EU should cut greenhouse gas emissions to 80 per cent, below the levels produced in 1990.

With the next iteration of the ECO scheme, due to run from 2018-2022, there is hope that the heat pump market will receive greater attention than traditional fossil-fuel based heating. With the

Home Heating Cost Reduction Obligation (HHCRO) suppliers must promote measures to improve the ability of households to heat their homes. With around 3.6m homes in England and Wales off the mains gas grid, there is more than enough of a target market for installers.

One of the biggest concerns for those in social housing, especially this time of year, is the running costs of heating systems. The number of households in debt to their energy supplier before this winter even began grew from 2.62m to 2.93m with the average household owing £134 each. Fuel poverty is a real issue here in the UK with nearly 4.5m fuel poor homes.

Heat pumps enable social housing providers and local authorities to tackle fuel poverty and climate change reduction commitments. The simplicity of their installation means they can be easily accommodated into refurbishment and improvement schemes. By drawing on an abundant renewable energy source, heat pumps can help to dramatically reduce heating prices.

It’s safe to say that the future for the heat pump looks bright.

But there is still a lot to be done to ensure they penetrate the market as expected. Price has always been a major factor determining their uptake - yes, they do bring significant cost savings over time, but they do require initial up-front expenditure.

Heat pumps are on the frontline as renewable energy becomes increasingly commonplace across UK homes. The UK government has pledged to get 15 per cent of its energy from renewable sources by 2020, and with heat pumps a guaranteed way to reduce dependency on traditional sources of energy, it is likely the government will continue to push the virtues of the technology. 

EIBI_0119_002-042 Edit_Layout 1 07/01/2019 18:03 Page 29

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Heat Pump Technology

Tony Lathey is UK air to water pre-sales manager at Panasonic

For further information on Panasonic visit www.eibi.co.uk/enquiries and enter ENQUIRY No. 136

Enjoy a warm winter Tony Lathey explains that air-to-water heat pumps are capable of dealing with the intense cold conditions of winter of any European country

I

t’s the time of change. The long, warm days of summer have been replaced by the crisp, chilly months of winter. During this time of the year we naturally spend more time indoors, enjoying hot drinks and cosy evenings at home. But in contrast to the summer, we now keep the windows closed and the heating switched on. So how can we keep our homes comfortable and energy-efficient throughout the winter?

Panasonic’s Aquarea is part of a new generation of heating systems that use a renewable, free energy source, the air, to heat or cool the home and to produce DHW hot water. The heat is distributed to radiators and/or underfloor heating systems, gently warming the home for a comfortable environment.

The Aquarea heat pump is a much more flexible and cost-effective alternative to a traditional fossil fuel boiler.

For many, heating a home can be inefficient, expensive or both.

Older heating systems are often hard to control, wasting heat and energy – they struggle to provide the reliable warmth and benefits of a newer solution. These systems can also burn large quantities of unsustainable oil and gas, while contributing to a significantly higher household expenditure.

According to a study by the European Energy Agency, a household in the UK can spend as much as 81 per cent of its energy budget on heating alone.

More and more people are now aware of the need to change - to reduce costs as well as move towards a more sustainable, ecofriendly way of heating our homes.

The Renewable Energy Directive 2009/28/EC from the European Commission is also driving this change, with the key objectives of the strategy to reduce carbon dioxide emissions by 20 per cent by 2020.

Air to water heat pumps are revolutionising homes with

Heat pumps can provide households with savings of up to £1,100 a year

innovative, eco-friendly technology and impressive cost-saving benefits.

Furthermore, the reduction in fossil energy consumption contributes to a much smaller carbon footprint of each single household. A 2011 study from the Technical University of Munich (TUM), Germany, points out that even the comparatively efficient gas condensing heating system is less effective in cost savings compared to heat pumps.

Oil and paraffin to be banned Last year, Norway announced that it would become the first country in the world to prohibit the use of oil and paraffin to heat buildings, from 2020. This Scandinavian country has plans to introduce more legislation that will help save energy, further reduce the use of fossil energies (for example

30 | ENERGY IN BUILDINGS & INDUSTRY | JANUARY 2019

restricting the use of natural gas to heat buildings) and move towards an ever-higher share of climateneutral generation of energy.

Among the advantages of heat pumps are: • the provision of sustainable heating, cooling and hot water for your home • reduced heating bills and maintenance costs; • savings of up to £1,100 a year; • reduction of your carbon footprint; • simple integration into most heating systems; • an energy efficient alternative to oil, LPG and electric systems; • high compatibility with other energy efficient energy sources, including solar panels; and • effective even in extreme outdoor temperatures.

Air to water heat pumps are more expensive to install compared to oil and gas fired heating systems but in many cases this cost is outweighed by big savings in use.

Different from traditional oil or gas heating, an air to water heat pump does not produce heat by burning energy, instead it simply absorbs the energy out of the ambient air and transforms it into heat. And because the energy source is for free – our outdoor air – the only costs incurred are from the electricity used to run the compressor.

Panasonic’s Aquarea All-inOne T-CAP solution is ideal for extremely low temperatures and can gain heating energy from an outdoor temperature as low as -28°C and guarantee the capacity without backup heating down to -20°C. In addition, it can produce DHW hot water at 60°C without the need of direct electric if required.

The Aquarea All in One 3kW & 5kW models will also meet the energy efficiency class A+++, in line with European regulations coming into force September 2019.

Aquarea Smart Cloud is a smarter way to connect with your heating solution while minimising your energy bills and CO2 emissions. This intuitive service from Panasonic allows you to remotely control the full range of heating and hot water functions provided by an Aquarea H Generation system, via the internet.

The weekly timer option means you can set the temperature and hot water requirements in two different household zones, saving time and effort whilst also conserving energy when the property is unoccupied.

Panasonic’s Aquarea Service Cloud control system provides the option for the Service/Maintenance company to monitor the system 24/7. Technical information is stored in the cloud database to help identify issues ahead of a servicing or maintenance visit, simplifying the process and saving time. The new error log function can alert a service/maintenance company of any immediate issues, they can then remotely access the user’s settings to identify the cause or quickly find a solution. This helps to ensure year-round comfort for Aquarea owners. 

ESTA VIEWPOINT

For further information on ESTA visit www.estaenergy.org.uk

to engage wider stakeholders to help in providing answers, to learn from existing case studies either from the UK or internationally and to gain the views of those implementing and monitoring results to pursue this cause.

New working group

Energy’s ‘social conditioning’?

Robin Hale examines how behaviour change can fit alongside other traditional methods of energy saving and how a new working group might help establish its credentials

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ehaviour and change: are these the two most frightening and complicated words in the energy sector?

Do we really want to encourage others to change the way they behave? Especially when considering the service provider viewpoint where we are talking about employees of client organisations. And from the client/end user perspective where does the remit for engaging employees on such a level sit?

For a few people the answers to the above may be relatively simple; but for many, sticking to fit-and-forget solutions to provide reductions when energy is a non-core cost is the only viable option to pursue. Breaking down the barriers to this important, yet difficult to measure, initiative means embracing more than technological solutions to provide increased carbon and energy savings and also to help assure the legacy benefits of the investments made.

Once those questions have been answered and even though more organisations are appreciating that

behaviour change is fundamental to delivering sustainable energy savings and performance improvement, many still struggle with their change programmes and become disillusioned when energy savings don’t result or begin to diminish over time.

After all, we all know what behaviour change is, but how many of us understand how to communicate it, deliver it, package it and make it work? And with the advancements in AI, controls and better algorithms will the future hold integration or divergence of technology and behaviour change?

A lack of a library of use cases or positive case studies and equally an uninformed view of the potential benefits means that there is a lot of work still to be done to turn this into a mainstream option.

Over the past few years, behaviour Change in the UK has been spearheaded by the Energy Institute, the 100-day challenge workshops and associated committees and events. Now the UK’s leading experts on the subject are looking

Robin Hale is director, ESTA (Energy Services and Technology Association)

ESTA, with its diverse membership covering energy management, technology and service providers and links into European working groups, has stepped in to assist and is forming the aptly titled ‘IECg: Behaviour Change Working Group’.

With its inaugural open lunchtime discussion as well as a main conference session by James Brittain, from the Discovery Mill, already under its belt and with contribution from a Cardiff University student providing survey support, it’s time for you to get in touch and input into the development of this change initiative.

Steps are underway to understand how we can collate information, provide best practice insight and deliver a progressive platform to engage organisations and individuals - to help galvanise the industry, through collaboration, initiatives and actions, more than ever before.

As the market moves more towards energy services and energy as a service, the ultimate question and perhaps a real test for the group’s objectives however may need to focus on some fundamental questions: can a behaviour change programme be recognised alongside lighting upgrades and CHP installs as an investible project with demonstrable carbon and energy savings? Can it be identified during an energy audit and set up within a possible energy performance contract?

Leaving the complicated questions aside for the new group to grapple with and coming back to the first question - should the term ‘behaviour change’ be abandoned for something more encouraging? Something that perhaps considers the role employees must take on to make it a reality i.e. the energy champions we need them to become?

• If you are interested in knowing more about the IECg: Behaviour Change Working Group, want to engage on this issue, or just keep track of the group’s developments email me at robin@estaenergy.org.uk or visit www. estaenergy.org.uk/events/energyconference and attend our next event.  JANUARY 2019 | ENERGY IN BUILDINGS & INDUSTRY | 31

Rainwater Harvesting For further information on Affinity for Business visit www.eibi.co.uk/enquiries and enter ENQUIRY No. 138

Anastasia Sousanoglou is sustainability manager at Affinity for Business

Here comes the rain again More and more organisations are seeking methods of reducing their water consumption. Anastasia Sousanoglou believes rainwater harvesting holds huge potential

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inter is back and this is often accompanied by a lot of rain! The good news is that the UK’s rainy climate presents businesses with a great opportunity to reduce their reliance on the mains water supply, lower their bills and enhance their sustainability credentials, all by installing a rainwater harvesting system.

At Affinity for Business, we see a lot of our customers asking for support on reducing their water consumption. While water efficient equipment can be a great place to start, assessing which of their activities do not require potable water can help businesses take their sustainability to the next level. Applications that allow the use of non-potable water include toilet flushing, plant watering, vehicle washing and cooling in commercial or industrial premises.

As rainwater can be used for all those activities, it has the potential to lower water bills by up to a staggering 50 per cent.

Rainwater harvesting systems range in sizes and configurations.

In their simplest form, they comprise of a water butt, which could be more appropriate for a small building. These collect water from rainfall and drain pipes, mainly for garden watering. The system will typically include a filter to remove dirt, leaves and soil.

Larger systems collect water into a storage tank, whose size can vary greatly, depending on the available area and roof size, the typical rainfall received and the intended rainwater usage for each building. Underground tanks are the most common type and use a pump to direct water to the various outlets. Alternatively, rainwater can be collected and pumped into a tank above ground, which then uses gravity or a booster pump to feed the outlets. Different pumping mechanisms come with different configurations for providing back

Applications that allow the use of non-potable water include toilet flushing and cooling in industrial and commercial premises

up water from the mains supply during drier periods, while a self-cleaning filter can often be used to help reduce maintenance requirements.

It is important to note that the Water Supply (Water Fittings) Regulations 1999, require that non-potable water should always be kept separate from the mains water supply. As such, rainwater systems need to include an air gap to avoid contamination and connect to clearly marked ‘nonpotable’ pipes. Systems that are connected and used in line with the Water Regulations Advisory Scheme (WRAS) guidelines, present a safe option for any building.

Moreover, users should keep in mind that rainwater is not fit for Underground storage tanks are the most common system using a pump to direct water to various outlets

32 | ENERGY IN BUILDINGS & INDUSTRY | JANUARY 2019

‘While the payback period is short the upfront cost can seem high in the short term’ human consumption, personal hygiene or any process in which it may cause an aerosol effect, unless it has been thoroughly disinfected first. However, a number of systems with added UV disinfection units are now available in the market and they are getting increasingly popular for larger buildings.

In addition to utilising the weather to reduce water bills, rainwater harvesting systems can help reduce flood risk in the event

of heavy rainfall. A number of systems feature additional capacity in their storage tank, which allows them to hold storm water and discharge it at a slower rate, thus preventing rapid runoff and flooding. These systems are often in line with best practice guidelines for Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems, making them a wellrounded solution for rainwater management.

Rainwater harvesting systems can add a sustainability element to any building and lower utility bills. Buildings with large roofs and outdoor areas, such as schools, are a great example of premises that can see a great benefit from their installation. Combining rainwater harvesting with highly water efficient appliances and low flush toilets can result in significantly reducing the requirement for clean water, to the extent that some of the daily activities taking place in a building could become completely water neutral. Supplementary options can be used during dry periods or in the case of large industrial premises with higher water usage for cooling. These may include collecting storm water from carparks or installing greywater reuse systems.

While the payback period for rainwater harvesting systems is relatively short, the upfront cost can seem high in the short term.

As such, it is worth considering schemes such as Defra’s Water Technology List, which can provide Enhanced Capital Allowances for businesses that purchase water efficient equipment. Alternatively, water suppliers may be able to help their customers identify ways to fund their investment. Affinity for Business’s in-house sustainability team is always available to offer advice on managing water use and accessing water efficient equipment, including the most appropriate rainwater harvesting systems and funding schemes for any business. 

EIBI_0119_002-042 Edit_Layout 1 07/01/2019 16:59 Page 33

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eibi.co.uk/enquiries Enter 19

Drives & Motors For further information on Lafert Electric Motors Ltd visit www.eibi.co.uk/enquiries and enter ENQUIRY No. 139

Industry is increasingly adopting motors achieving IE4 and IE5 efficiencies

Seize the future now With increasing evidence indicating global warming, perhaps industry should be accelerating its adoption of the best of currently available energy efficient technologies, asks Brian Bannister

A

Draft ISC Revision published in July 2018 required the use of IE3 standard electric motors (0.75 to 1,000kW) from January 2020. Yet motors achieving IE4 and IE5 efficiencies have been available for years and have been proven in the field.

These motors have demonstrated particular suitability for continuously running items such as compressors, fans, pumps, lifts, escalators and conveyors.

Increasingly, industry is adopting these IE4 and IE5 motors with many industrial machinery manufacturers now incorporating them as part of original equipment.

The attraction is clear when some in the market claim energy savings of up to 20 per cent.

With increased efficiency of this level, the minimal additional cost incurred from specifying IE4 or IE5 motors could be recovered rapidly, followed by on-going savings potentially amounting to thousands of pounds a year, depending on motor usage. It could be considered as a ‘winwin’ situation with the end user

reducing costs, lowering emissions and benefitting from a significantly more efficient system.

Very few buildings today do not have HVAC systems installed and these could benefit considerably from the use of IE4 and IE5 motors with many operations requiring continuously running motors. Incorporating elements that are ideal for these motors – compressors, pumps and fans – energy savings (and reduced costs) would soon mount up.

Typically, IE4 and IE5 motors are based upon permanent magnet motor technology. When this technology is used there are

34 | ENERGY IN BUILDINGS & INDUSTRY | JANUARY 2019

the additional benefits of both weight and size reduction. Weight reduction can be up to 50 per cent, while a motor can be two frame sizes smaller than the standard asynchronous alternative. These features in turn potentially result in the need for less robust mountings and fixings being required for the motors, thus further reducing the weight and size of the installation.

In addition, because of the high energy use by HVAC systems they are coming under scrutiny by government bodies looking for greater energy efficiencies.

Among these permanent magnet high efficiency motors are

Brian Bannister is motor specialist at Lafert Electric Motors

versions developed specifically for large diameter fans and lifts – commercial and domestic.

The motors designed specifically for large ceiling fans (up to 7m) are typically employed in large areas within buildings, such as auditoria, shopping malls, airports and sports arenas. They eliminate the need for gearboxes, can reduce energy consumption by up to 50 per cent, and minimise operating noise.

As well as offering energy efficiency, permanent magnet motors for lifts are designed to eliminate the space and high maintenance challenges of conventional electric motor/ gearbox and hydraulic systems.

Depending upon elevator load, these gearless motors are said to provide energy savings of between 45 to 70 per cent.

Further, due to their compact design, smaller sheaves and light weight, they can be installed in the lift shaft without impeding lift car travel, thereby eliminating the need for a machine room. This in turn enables buildings to take lifts to an additional floor.

By replacing hydraulic or traditional motor gearbox systems, permanent magnet lift motors have eliminated extremely inefficient systems and their inherent high maintenance demands. In addition, the problems of potential oil leaks, consequent contamination and possible fire risks associated with hydraulic systems are avoided.

Another benefit afforded by such specially designed motors can be quieter operation. This is achieved due primarily to the fact that the motors are TENV (Totally Enclosed Non-Ventilated), which minimise motor windage noise through not requiring a cooling fan. Options frequently included are dual braking systems for enhanced safety and manual brake release systems that can facilitate otherwise more difficult maintenance operations.

Permanent magnet motors provide one of the simplest ways of reducing emissions while at the same time offering technical benefits and potentially significant financial savings to the end user.

All powerful reasons to seize the future now! 

EIBI_0119_002-042 Edit_Layout 1 04/01/2019 16:15 Page 35

www.airhandlers.net Air Handlers Northern Ltd. Alfred Procter House, Bute Street, Salford, Manchester M50 1DU Tel: 0161 745 8888 Email: sales@airhandlers.net eibi.co.uk/enquiries Enter 17

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Drives & Motors For further information on products and services visit www.eibi.co.uk/enquiries and enter the appropriate online enquiry number

VFDs contribute to savings at Jakarta shopping centre A major shopping centre near Jakarta, Indonesia is achieving at least 30 per cent savings in water and energy costs as a result of installing Invertek Drives Ltd’s Optidrive Eco variable frequency drives (VFD).

The monthly water and associated energy costs at the Karawaci Shopping Mall, west Jakarta, amounted to over £350,000, the single largest cost facing the retail site.

Water was being pumped throughout the four-storey building daily using three of the four 15kW pumps located in the building’s car park on average, irrelevant of actual demand.

The mall’s owners wanted to reduce these costs significantly and through a local VFD distributor decided on the Optidrive Eco with Optiflow technology as the solution.

“There was no control over how much water was being pumped through the system compared to the actual demand. So, you had a system where at least three of the pumps were in constant use,” said Kes Beech, technical manager at Invertek Drives Ltd, one of the world’s leading designers and manufacturers of VFD technology.

“Four Optidrive Ecos were installed and commissioned in the system for each pump. With the use of Invertek’s Optiflow technology each of the four pumps can be controlled independently depending on demand.

“This ensures only the optimum number of pumps are in operation.

When demand falls some pumps can be put to sleep or their speed reduced. In the case of the shopping mall we have seen, on average, just two pumps required.”

Optiflow allows more than one drive working together to ensure an optimised flow. The first Optidrive Eco is the master and the other three are slaves. The master controls and commands the slaves with their speeds and run times.

“The system means you will see significant energy savings almost immediately. The master controls the pumps in the most optimum way and each Optidrive Eco drive operates their corresponding pumps with variable speed instead of a constant maximum. In some cases, it puts pumps to sleep when they are not required, such as overnight,” added Beech.

“In the case of the shopping mall the peak periods were at weekends when the mall was at its busiest. This means at other times during the week the VFDs and Optiflow would reduce use and subsequent energy.”

“The mall’s owners had hoped for 15 per cent savings, but since installing the drives in January it has benefited from 30 per cent savings,” concluded Beech.

ONLINE ENQUIRY 140

Variable speed drives in HVAC applications now helped by enhanced fire mode

Standard frame sizes for range of soft starters

Danfoss HVAC drives now have a special enhanced fire mode, which is typically triggered by a signal from the building fire alarm system. This mode is intended for use in ventilation applications and allows the drives to continue operating for the longest time possible to help clear smoke from a building in the event of a fire.

Using variable speed drives in HVAC applications helps improve air quality and comfort levels in buildings, while reducing energy costs, cutting maintenance requirements and increasing equipment reliability. The energy savings and the associated cost savings are often large. Most motors used in HVAC applications rarely need to run at full speed, yet without variable speed drives this is the only option. This is very wasteful, as by reducing the motor speed by as little as 20 per cent using a variable speed drive reduces the energy the motor uses by 50 per cent.

Products in the Danfoss VLT HVAC Drive FC 102 range have been developed to make these benefits readily accessible in both new-build and retrofit products. Easy to install and set up, these drives are suited for use with pumps,

Fairford Electronics’ agility soft starter range has been developed to exceed industry demands and now has three standard frame sizes to cover all typical applications from 7.5kW to 250kW at 500VAC, 15 - 350HP at 600VAC. The agility range includes a smart application preprogram suite and 3S technology to deliver stable acceleration and deceleration in all operating conditions.

This product launch follows on from the announcement last year that Fairford is now part of the Motortronics Group, a world leader in solid-state AC motor controls and motor protection. With a product range complementing Fairford’s range of low voltage soft starters, this acquisition means that the Motortronics Group is now the largest soft starter manufacturer in the world.

36 | ENERGY IN BUILDINGS & INDUSTRY | JANUARY 2019

fans and compressors. They are available for a wide range of supply voltages, and products in the range cover power ratings from 1.1 kW to 1.4 MW. ONLINE ENQUIRY 141

ONLINE ENQUIRY 142

Saima Shafi is sales and marketing director, Bright Goods

Energy in Hotels For further information on Bright Goods visit www.eibi.co.uk/enquiries and enter ENQUIRY No. 143

Check out LED lighting LED lighting can not only save hotels energy and money, it can also enhance the customer experience.

Saima Shafi looks at the case for moving to the latest lighting

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ver the last two decades, the hotel industry has seen an increased awareness of sustainability issues amongst both customers and management, including the environmental, economic and social impact. Hoteliers are promoting “green” initiatives to make their hotels more sustainable, thus enhancing their reputation and increasing levels of customer satisfaction. As energy costs continue to rise, many hotels have adopted eco-friendly policies, implementing energy-efficient technologies and practices to save money and gain a reputation as a “green” hotel.

Lighting accounts for a significant percentage of energy use and the most obvious benefit of upgrading to LED lighting is the improvement in energy efficiency. This has an immediate impact on the monthly electricity spend (from lighting), with a corresponding reduction in carbon footprint. As well as demonstrated energy savings of 85 per cent or more, maintenance savings of up to 100 per cent can be made. Typical return on investment calculations shows full payback from as little as three months.

Few need convincing of the financial advantages of LED lighting, but there is still a perception they may be efficient and long lasting, but do little to enhance the ambience of the premises. Great for offices, warehouses, production floors, but atmosphere-killers in the hospitality industry.

Nothing could be further from the truth. The colour temperature of LED lighting is highly controllable, and manufacturers are introducing character lighting ranges specifically designed for environments where the warm glow of an incandescent bulb is a valued feature.

As well as an immediate improvement in energy and other costs, existing ballasts and control

Typical return on investment for LEDs in hotels shows a full payback from as little as three months

gear (which can utilise a further 20 per cent energy) are eliminated.

Moreover, LED lamps from reputable manufacturers come with lengthy guarantees and there are further cost savings from a reduced burden on maintenance.

All this makes a very strong case for moving to LED technology.

Fortunately, this can be achieved without throwing away the existing infrastructure – and past investment. LED lamps and luminaires are readily retrofitted within the current lighting scheme.

In addition, retrofitting is the least business-disruptive way to upgrade existing lighting. Installation is quick and work can be scheduled around downtimes, so that operation can continue as normal.

Directional form of light For offices, warehouses and industrial buildings, LEDs provide qualitatively better lighting, on top of an overwhelming quantitative benefit. For example, LED technology provides a directional form of light, so it can be focused where it is needed. LEDs are flickerfree, combatting the common problem with fluorescent lighting.

High performance LED lighting is highly consistent, contributing to a good even spread of light, without

‘Good lighting can visibly transform the hospitality experience’ any colour shifting or contrast imbalances. Good quality LED lighting is well suited to building automation and control, since there are no issues with being turned on and off.

The Bright Goods range of retrofit LED filament light bulbs have been designed to replace incandescent and filament-based lighting technologies which give all of these benefits in lights that create a warm and welcoming ambience. Such traditional filament light bulbs are going through something of a resurgence in popularity. From industrial style enamel pendants, to just being hung bare, with coloured flex, the appeal lies in the classic shapes, the glass, the brass and the filament. However, traditional ‘filament’ bulbs remain unreliable, short-lived and power-hungry.

The solution is a range of antiquestyle filament LED lamps, carefully hand-crafted to look exactly like traditional bulbs in an array of classic, well-loved vintage shapes.

These innovative LED filament lamps simply plug into existing fittings to highlight and improve almost every kind of interior space.

Where a traditional filament bulb consistently in use over 10 hours a day would require replacing in less than a year, these lamps are fully dimmable and provide a high-performance lifespan of 30,000 hours - around ten times that of a conventional filament bulb. Savings are up to 90 per cent on energy savings and running costs.

Satisfied customers include DoubleTree by Hilton and the first Premier Inn in Germany, who replaced their old lighting with long life, energy efficient LED filament lamps. A more individual example of a Bright Goods installation is at the world’s tallest Novotel in London’s Canary Wharf.

The LED filament lighting was specified as part of the AccorHotel Group’s PLANET21 sustainability programme to increase its energy efficiency and environmental performance.

Louisa Daxer-Robbins, operations manager at Novotel, commented: “The LED filament lamps are aesthetically beautiful and have helped to achieve the coveted ambience we were looking for, complementing the bespoke design of each individual area within the hotel. Furthermore, they offer an impressive energy saving of up to 75 per cent which fulfils our criteria for sustainability.”

While the financial gains and environmental reasons for making the switch to energy efficient LED lighting are clear, good lighting can visibly transform the hospitality experience and leave a lasting, positive impression for the visiting guest which is key to ensuring customer loyalty. This in turn will enhance a hotel’s reputation and boost brand awareness. Hotel owners now look to create an environment that will make their hotel stand out in terms of elegance and sustainability. 

JANUARY 2019 | ENERGY IN BUILDINGS & INDUSTRY | 37

new products For further information on products and services visit www.eibi.co.uk/enquiries and enter the appropriate online enquiry number

Self-regulating burners are 'a first'

Suite of tools for analysis of lighting devices companionSUITE is a dynamic set of various software tools developed by Tridonic for longterm process optimisation, minimising production errors and enabling simple analysis of faulty devices. The range of software has now been expanded to include an analysis tool.

LED drivers have a wide range of properties and functions, enabling lighting to be tailored to individual user requirements: Both the configuration of luminaires during the production process and the adaptation of settings for the respective application can involve the definition of numerous parameters. The challenge here lies in the large number of settings to be configured. More often than not, this requires someone to pore over the datasheets. Tridonic companionSUITE takes on this intensive task and provides luminaire manufacturers with all the information they need on the relevant driver at a glance – from power functions such as the Constant Lumen Output (CLO) through to applicationrelated settings such as automatic control of luminous intensity via motion sensor using corridorFUNCTION. The customer is provided with a comprehensive on-screen overview of the properties and settings, can change these as required and can reprogram the devices via an interface. companionSUITE consists of three dynamic software tools: deviceGENERATOR, deviceCONFIGURATOR and deviceANALYSER. The latter of these was launched in October 2018 and completes the suite. deviceGENERATOR provides luminaire manufacturers with an easy way to define and save settings individually for subsequent transmission to drivers. deviceCONFIGURATOR then simplifies the configuration of the luminaires, providing production staff with an easy and efficient way of transmitting the correct driver settings to the devices. This optimises work processes and reduces the amount of programming errors.

Available since October 2018, deviceANALYSER completes companionSUITE: The tool provides support for quality management and makes it easier to perform a comprehensive fault analysis on drivers from returned luminaires. deviceANALYSER can be used to export parameters from returned drivers, which can then be ONLINE ENQUIRY 102 compared with the original configuration.

Air conditioning solution for the UK market Mitsubishi Electric has launched a brand new range of M Series R32 air conditioning solutions, designed specifically for the UK IT Cooling market. The high sensible cooling systems are ideal for small computer rooms or areas that require a greater degree of sensible cooling.

The new M Series MSY-TP R32 Cooling Only High SHF Wall Mounted System is a brand-new product solution for the UK market, available in both 3.5kW and 5.0kW sizes, and includes an SHF (Sensible Heat Factor) of up to 0.98.

The cooling only unit has a high sensible cooling capacity, and blends energy efficiency with a modern white design. As a critical market driver for businesses looking to deploy IT cooling, a high sensible cooling system is able to cool the room without removing too much moisture.

The use of R32 refrigerant has a lower total Global Warming Potential (GWP) than traditional refrigerants such as R410A, helping to reduce overall running costs – essential for equipment that can be operating for long periods of time such as those required in IT infrastructure.

The M Series MSY-TP range includes a built-in connection to the company’s optional Wi-Fi interface, enabling control and monitoring using a smartphone, tablet or PC via the Mitsubishi Electric MELCloud app. This feature brings greater flexibility and an improved user experience for customers, who can control and importantly monitor the air conditioning equipment from any device without being in its vicinity.

The M Series MSY-TP range can also operate effectively down to outdoor temperatures of -25°C. ONLINE ENQUIRY 103 38 | ENERGY IN BUILDINGS & INDUSTRY | JANUARY 2019

Swindon-based combustion equipment manufacturer, G P Burners has launched its FACILE range of fully automatic burners. The company claims that the new, state-of the-art models are the first self-regulating burners for industrial and commercial combustion applications. The patented FACILE burners feature innovative and smart technology to deliver ease of operation, faster commissioning, optimum performance, energy efficiency and reduced emissions.

FACILE burners independently and automatically set up plant parameters such as temperature, pressure and boiler power, as well as reacting to ambient variables including altitude and climate. The system recognises and adapts to all types of boilers and processes for optimum performance.

During operation, FACILE burners have a proactive and self-regulating mass flow sensing capability, automatically adjusting fuel and air flow. The ignition point is burner determined and regulated to ensure optimum ignition. These features help to ensure inherently safe operation, optimum combustion and reduced energy consumption.

The FACILE range includes six LO NOx models with emissions of less than 80 mg/kWh (Class 3) and a power output range from 100 to 810 kW. Seven standard models are also offered with emissions of less than 120 mg/kWh (Class 2) and a power output range from 450 to 4100 kW. NOx emissions may be further reduced by incorporating an optional flue gas recirculation system. The company plans to add additional models, with higher power capacities, ONLINE ENQUIRY 104 during 2019.

Heating controls enhance boilers ATAG Commercial’s range of condensing gas boilers can be further enhanced with the company’s advanced suite of heating controls.

The flagship controller in the ATAG Commercial portfolio is the BrainQ, an advanced digital thermostat utilising the latest in heating technology. In contrast to a standard timer thermostat, this device ensures the boiler continues to burn at low power, even once the set temperature has been reached.

BrainQ thermostats are both selfsupporting and self-learning, so it regulates and adjusts a heating system according to end users’ requirements. It also boasts an array of special features, including holiday and continuous heating modes.

Elsewhere, the BrainZ is a programmable OpenTherm room thermostat, designed to work in combination with the ATAG Commercial Control Management System (CMS). The BrainZ is both self-supporting and selflearning, so it requires minimal manual adjustment. In addition to regulating water temperatures, the unit’s display provides users with all the information they need on the status of their heating system. For boilers installed in a cascade system and for systems requiring a separate zone control, ATAG Commercial has produced the MadQ, which can either be wall mounted or inserted into a boiler’s front panel.

Finally, WiZe is a programmable modulating thermostat, designed for extra efficiency and comfort. Another self-learning control, the WiZe adjusts daily to determine when the boiler has to fire up in the morning, to ensure it reaches the required temperature by the set time.

ONLINE ENQUIRY 101

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New units now added to range of chillers Mitsubishi Electric has added new 150kW and 180kW modules to its existing advanced range of high efficiency, inverter-driven, e-series modular chillers to expand the ‘off-the-shelf’ offering to the UK market.

The e-series offers market-leading low noise levels and exceptional part-load efficiencies with an operating range between 8-100 per cent capacity to provide controllable, energy efficient cooling and heating with reduced plant size and a host of advanced features and benefits taken straight from the company’s experience in the air conditioning industry.

Available as cooling-only or heat pump versions, the new modules included a unique Y-shaped design to increase the intake of air and offer a greater heat exchanger surface area, delivering a highly efficient operation. With four inverter compressors operating as two pairs in each module and the ability to connect up to 6 individual modules into one system, the e-series chillers provide the perfect solution.

The models deliver market-leading levels of efficiency with a Seasonal Efficiency Energy Rating (SEER) of up to 4.62 and the ability for units to operate on their own or in tandem with others.

ONLINE ENQUIRY 108

Chillers offered with infinite control Hitachi’s new Samurai M range of modular air-cooled, cooling only and heat pump chillers offer high efficiency and seasonal cooling performance. This is achieved through DC inverter scroll technology delivering infinite capacity control across all cooling loads and ambient temperatures.

EC fans with more efficient motors and better aerodynamics improve system efficiency, while the high efficiency brazed plate heat exchanger uses less refrigerant and transfers heat from the liquid to the refrigerant more efficiently, providing excellent heat transfer performance in a very compact size. This also results in a lower water side pressure drop, allowing the use of smaller pumps and reducing power consumption.

The unique modular design means capacity can be increased incrementally – group up to 32 modules to meet different project demands - as buildings are constructed or more spaces become occupied.

ONLINE ENQUIRY 107

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University saves through upgrades A post-graduate university in Bedfordshire is set to save hundreds of thousands of pounds after investing in energy-efficient technologies, including a solar farm

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ranfield University is on track to save £329,108 annually, decrease its greenhouse gas emissions and reduce its reliance on the national grid, thanks to a range of energy efficiency measures.

The projects were made possible due to over £1.6m of funding from Salix Finance - an independent, government-funded organisation which provides 100 per cent interest-free loans to public sector organisations to facilitate energy efficiency improvements.

The loan was used to install a 1MW solar farm at the university as well as replace existing fluorescent lighting with more efficient LED in 20 main buildings and 20 shared student houses across the campus.

The solar array will provide approximately 5 per cent of the electricity required for Cranfield’s main campus and is predicted to save an estimated £200,000 a year alone, while the new LED lighting will reduce energy use by 636,000kWh. The technologies will contribute towards the university’s ambitious target of reducing its carbon emissions by 50 per cent by 2020.

In total, Cranfield University is expected to save more than £7.7m over the lifetime of the technologies, as well as reduce its annual carbon footprint by 725 tonnes CO2e*.

Gareth Ellis, energy & environment manager at Cranfield University said: “Without Salix’s help, we would not have been able to implement this ambitious scheme.

“This was a complex project with a number of planning issues because of the proximity to the village and the airport. As well as the invaluable financial help we received, Salix also provided us with technical support and general advice throughout, helping us to maintain the confidence to overcome such issues and other obstacles. Salix’s consistency of approach and our long-term relationship were also very helpful in gaining support for the project in the first place. Thanks to the project, we have made significant progress in reducing our reliance on the national grid and seen huge savings.”  • For more information on the funding available from Salix, please see: www.salixfinance.co.uk * Calculated using emissions factors published by government in 2016 for carbon JANUARY 2019 | ENERGY IN BUILDINGS & INDUSTRY | 39

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Temperature management and plant cooling for data centre When data centre provider Next Generation Data (NGD) began the 9,300m2, ground floor expansion of its high security data centre in Newport, they relied on Stulz UK and Transtherm Cooling Industries to deliver a substantial package of temperature management and plant cooling technology.

With an ultimate capacity of over 22,000 racks and 70,000m2, NGD’s Tier 3+ data centre is claimed to be the biggest data centre in Europe and serves some of the world’s leading companies, including global telecommunications provider BT and computer manufacturer IBM. For this particular expansion project, NGD specified 114 data centre specific GE Hybrid Cooling Systems from leading manufacturer Stulz UK, plus a combination of 26 high performance horizontal and VEE air blast coolers and pump sets from industrial cooling technology specialist, Transtherm, to manage the inside air temperature of the new campus expansion.

The Stulz GE system utilises outdoor air for freecooling in cooler months when the outside ambient air temperature is below 20°C, with indirect transfer via glycol water solution maintaining the vapour seal integrity of the data centre.

The indoor unit has two cooling components, a direct expansion (DX) cooling coil and a free cooling coil. In warmer months when the external ambient temperature is above 20°C, the system operates as a water-cooled DX system and the refrigeration compressor rejects heat into the water via a plate heat exchange (PHX) condenser. The water is pumped to the Transtherm air blast cooler where it is cooled, and the heat rejected to air.

In cooler months below 20°C external ambient temperature, the system automatically switches to free-cooling mode, where dry cooler fans are allowed to run and cool the water to approximately 5°C above ambient temperature before it is pumped through the free cooling coil. In these cooler months dependant on water temperature and/or heatload demands, the water can be used in mixed mode. In this way the water is directed through both proportionally controlled valves and enables proportional free cooling and water-cooled DX cooling to work together.

ONLINE ENQUIRY 105 40 | ENERGY IN BUILDINGS & INDUSTRY | JANUARY 2019

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EMT resolve issues with meters and aM&T systems that have been badly fitted and are inappropriate or wrongly installed, systems that have never functioned properly and unsuitable or wrongly configured software.

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JANUARY 2019 | ENERGY IN BUILDINGS & INDUSTRY | 41

TALKING HEADS Vincent de Rul

Vincent de Rul is director of energy solutions at EDF Energy

Small steps to big changes The power to make change is in the hands of energy managers, believes Vincent de Rul. Just small alterations to working practices can add up to big improvements in efficiency for UK plc

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or energy managers, keeping the lights on, maintaining business as usual, is always the priority. Bigger issues such as tackling climate change, although undoubtedly of utmost importance, can remain on the list of things that need to be addressed – but at a later date. This is especially true of those issues that do not seem to have an immediately obvious impact on business operations.

This is why recent events like COP24, the annual UN summit on climate change, are helpful not just for governments and policy makers, but for business leaders and energy managers working in all types and sizes of organisation. By refocusing our attention on the unprecedented environmental pressures we now face, events like COP24 help businesses to take hold of an opportunity like no other. This is the opportunity to reconcile “good-forbusiness” and “business-for-good”, and it is one in which energy producers and managers play a crucial role.

This year’s COP event had a greater feeling of urgency about it than previous years. The recent Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) report throws into stark relief the difference that even just a 0.5°C increase in global temperature will make. After COP24, we’re likely to see governments setting further carbon reduction targets, and putting aside more money to fund clean growth. Companies that act now to invest in green innovations will be able to take advantage of these government subsidies and incentives, such as the £162m which the UK government has already set aside to fund innovation in clean growth.

But the opportunity to reframe the way energy is generated, used and managed is not just reliant on government subsidies to be profitable. It’s estimated that businesses in the UK could save £23bn per year through low or no-cost efficiency improvements in their use of resources.

Businesses that adopt a data-driven 42 | ENERGY IN BUILDINGS & INDUSTRY | JANUARY 2019

de Rul: 'a series of small, costeffective changes will lead to a major energy transition'

‘ Energy managers with usage data at their fingertips are incredibly well placed to make a change’ approach, such as that provided by live energy monitoring systems, will be able to identify the most efficient, effective ways to make a change.

Drive real cost savings Clearly, the world’s leaders who gathered at COP24 have decided that the question now is not ‘should we make a change?’, but is now one which is far more practical: ‘how can we make a change?’. Within business and industry, energy managers who have usage data at their fingertips are incredibly well-placed to answer that question. They can identify the changes that will make a difference and drive real cost savings and environmentally positive impact for their organisations and for the world.

Energy use is the place to start in order to make impactful change. For every

business, energy powers every activity, every cycle and every interaction that creates value. Every small, achievable change businesses make to how they purchase, use or generate energy will flow through their entire value chain, creating multiple opportunities to bring greater resource, cost and carbon efficiency. One change can make a big difference.

A clear example of this is in the area of demand side response and flexibility, an approach towards energy management that can decrease energy spend, drive additional revenue streams and reduce carbon emissions. This also increases the grid’s ability to integrate more renewably generated energy. However, we hear from many energy managers who are worried about the risk of disruption to operations, and who are struggling to gain internal support for what can feel like an ambitious undertaking.

Many are often surprised by the impact that can be achieved through making a series of simple changes. For example, running a short feasibility study can identify the existing assets that have the capacity to flex (e.g. industrial processes that can be paused or adapted) or that have latent capacity (backup generators, electric vehicle batteries).

This all represents existing capacity which can be monetised, without the need for investment in further generation or storage. This is the kind of data that gives energy managers the ability to demonstrate the impact that one change can make, making the change more tangible and achievable.

It is vital that everyone involved in the generation, management and use of energy begins to understand the difference that one change can make. In this way, individuals and businesses alike will be able to take hold of the important opportunity to reconcile good-for-business with business-for-good. It is through this series of small, cost-effective and efficient changes that we will start to see the big transitions that events like COP24 set out to create. 

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