June 2022 by Energy In Buildings & Industry

JUNE 2022

PROMOTING ENERGY EFFICIENCY

www.eibi.co.uk

In this issue

Energy in Hospitals & Healthcare CPD Module: First Steps to Net Zero Indoor Air Quality Data Centre Management

Healthy air and energy saving Why they go hand in hand

Power-hungry data centres How to start curbing demand

Being neglected Are we ignoring domestic energy efficiency?

NEWS � FEATURES � INTERVIEWS � REVIEWS � PRODUCT PROFILES � CPD MODULE � DIRECTORY � JOBS EIBI_0622_001_(T).indd 1

08/06/2022 15:48

CONSULTANT

ON IMPROVING INDOOR AIR QUALITY

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JUNE 2022

PROMOTING ENERGY EFFICIENCY

www.eibi.co.uk

In this issue

Energy in Hospitals & Healthcare CPD Module: First Steps to Net Zero Indoor Air Quality Data Centre Management

Healthy air and energy saving Why they go hand in hand

Power-hungry data centres How to start curbing demand

www.eibi.co.uk

Contents

Being neglected Are we ignoring domestic energy efficiency?

NEWS � FEATURES � INTERVIEWS � REVIEWS � PRODUCT PROFILES � CPD MODULE � DIRECTORY � JOBS EIBI_0622_001_(T).indd 1

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JUNE 2022

FEATURES

The new Approved Document Part F of the Building Regulations recognises the importance of considering indoor air quality on the road to net zero. David Cook explains more (28)

in Hospitals 12 Energy & Healthcare

In our efforts to save energy modern buildings are almost hermetically sealed and the air can quickly become toxic. Jonathan Williams looks at why healthy air is so important and what can be done about (30)

Energy security, affordability, and sustainability. Alastair Morris considers the energy trilemma as it impacts on a healthcare sector that must hit net zero by 2045

A new guide offers practical steps that facility managers and building owners can take to measure indoor air quality. Graham Temple explains (32)

With the recent shift in focus for hospital design, lighting plays a supporting role. It needs to be connected and energy-efficient while creating a calm environment, says Leighton James (15) The provision of heating and domestic hot water along with the inclusion of renewables presents some unique challenges to healthcare facilities. But solutions are at hand, writes Silviu Catana (16)

Midlands hospitals slash costs and carbon footprint while operating theatres and wards are kept cool at a Bath hospital (18)

Bruno Guedes examines why good indoor air quality and energy efficiency can only go hand in hand when accompanied by close attention to the care of air handling units (34)

36 Data Centre Management

27 Indoor Air Quality

Dan Shields discusses how the updates to the Building Regulations will affect building owners, occupiers and facilities management teams

A new white paper should help identify and evaluate the real embodied carbon cost of a data centre, believes Ed Ansett Global transitioning to liquid cooling without compromising on energy efficiency, is more crucial than ever, says Joakim Palmberg (38)

Open building management systems are becoming ever more popular and have numerous benefits for data centres, as Simon Ward explains (40)

REGULARS

06 News Update

Fears grow over Energy Company Obligation. And half of councils are not confident of meeting their net zero targets

10 The Warren Report

A ‘carbon border adjustment mechanism’ on imported goods from polluting factories overseas could help the address the issue of carbon leakage

20 New Products

Coming on to the market this month are new infrared occupancy sensors and guides on solar and designing and commissioning heating systems

35 Products in Action

FIRST STEPS TO NET ZERO

An uninterruptible power supply has been installed at the University of Warwick while air conditioning diffusers are in use at Birmingham’s “greenest” building

21 The Fundamental Series: CPD Learning Gareth Veal and Chris Burgess examine how you can make the first steps towards your net zero ambitions

26 ESTA Viewpoint

On top of higher wages businesses, unlike UK households, have received no help with their energy bills, says Mervyn Pilley

42 Talking Heads

Clive Merifield looks at how organisations can cope with price volatility and uncertainty

Follow us, ‘like us’ or visit us online to keep up to date with all the latest energy news and events www.eibi.co.uk JUNE 2022 | ENERGY IN BUILDINGS & INDUSTRY | 03

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Editor’s Opinion

Blind to the obvious

It seems incredible that at a time when energy prices have hit consumers hard in their pockets so little is being done to boost energy efficiency. Indeed, the situation might even be getting worse. The third phase of the Energy Company Obligation came to an end in March. Undertaken by energy suppliers, the scheme has installed more than 3.5m improvements such as loft insulation in 2.4m properties and reduced household gas demand by 20 per cent. Each home saves at least £600 per year, a figure that can only increase. Now, over 56,000 of the poorest households are facing long waits for home energy improvements because of delays in introducing the fourth phase. Ever since ECO3 ended no new work has been undertaken because, despite concluding a consultation on minor changes last summer, the Business Department has failed to prepare the legislation necessary to reflect these changes before Parliament. There is now a growing suspicion (see page 7) that the Government is bending to a group of backbenchers who have been calling for the scheme to be dropped because of its increased cost to suppliers. The CBI and many other figures also highlighted the lack of additional funding support in the Chancellor’s recent emergency support package announcement to help upgrade draughty homes with

insulation and other measures. Industry experts have repeatedly pointed out the measures that would help to drive down bills, cut greenhouse gas emissions, and offer a boost to the fledgling retrofit market. “A street-by-street retrofit revolution to reduce energy demand and help slash energy bills in the longterm was also shamefully absent from the Chancellor’s statement,” said Green Party MP Caroline Lucas. Her comments were echoed by many across the business community, including KPMG’s vice chair and head of energy and natural resources Simon Virley. “Energy efficiency remains the most costeffective way to get bills down permanently.” Meanwhile, climate change think tank E3G pointed out that new tax relief for companies that invest in oil and gas production could have insulated 2m homes (see page 6). The new measures commit the government to a subsidy of up to £5.7bn for investment in oil and gas in the next three years. This “lost revenue”, said E3G, could have instead supercharged an energy efficiency drive with an average bill saving of as much as £342 per household every year. When almost every sane voice is calling for more investment in energy efficiency, it beggars belief that the Government could be so deaf to its virtues. MANAGING EDITOR

Mark Thrower THIS MONTH’S COVER STORY

With the recent shift in focus for hospital design, lighting plays a supporting role. It needs to be connected and energy-efficient while creating a calm and natural environment for patients, staff, and visitors, says Leighton James of TRILUX. Be it precision work in operating rooms or intensive care units, a feel-good atmosphere in patients’ rooms, glare-free computer workstations, or safety and orientation inside and outside of buildings, no other application area places demand as diverse and exceeding on lighting as hospitals, medical practices, and care facilities. See page 15 for more details Photo courtesy of TRILUX

The EIBI Team Editorial

MANAGING EDITOR Mark Thrower Tel: 01483 452854 Email: editor@eibi.co.uk Address: P. O. Box 825, Guildford GU4 8WQ

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04 | ENERGY IN BUILDINGS & INDUSTRY | JUNE 2022

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09/06/2022 17:43

News Update

For all the latest news stories visit www.eibi.co.uk

Buyers happy to pay more for energyefficient property

Almost half of home buyers would be willing to pay more for a property with a high energy efficiency rating, new research suggests. It is evidence of the greater role that energy performance certificates are playing in the property market. A survey of more than 1,000 adults, by property firm FJP Investment, found that 44 per cent would be willing to pay more for a property with a high energy efficiency rating, with that figure jumping to 59 per cent among those aged 18-34. The study found that 30 per cent of homeowners have recently started to prioritise sustainability within their property ownership and investment plans, due to the energy price crisis. More than two-fifths said they believe that improving the energy efficiency of their property will future-proof its value, according to the research. On the buying side, only 22 per cent of homeowners said they are prepared to purchase a property with poor energy efficiency and then make improvements themselves. This highlights a preference to purchase properties already holding a good rating.

Energy supplier customers offered end-to-end heat pump solution

EDF is partnering with Clactonbased heat pump installer, CB Heating, which will offer EDF’s 3 million customers an end-to-end installation journey through CB Heating’s Heat Pump Installer Network – with 500 approved heat pump installers in the UK. This launch came ahead of the government’s launch of the Boiler Upgrade Scheme and marks EDF’s first investment in the UK heat pump market. As well as supporting customers, the investment will also deliver training to upskill engineers through a ‘Heat Pump Installers Network Academy’. There are currently less than 4,000 qualified heat pump installers so this will provide vital training.

EMISSIONS IN CONSTRUCTION

MPs call for cut in buildings being demolished The number of buildings being knocked down must be reduced, because demolition and rebuilding adds to energy use and climate change, MPs say. Previously, developers have been encouraged to knock down old, poorly insulated homes and offices and replace them with buildings needing less heating. Crucially, VAT is charged at zero rate for new build, but at 20 per cent for refurbishment. More recently the government has acknowledged that replacing buildings is often bad for the climate, particularly in the short and medium term. That is because lots of emissions are created to make materials for buildings - such as steel, cement, bricks, glass, aluminium and plastics. Demolishing and rebuilding creates double emissions by necessitating the manufacture of two lots of construction materials. The Commons Environmental Audit Committee says the government’s recent decision to relax planning rules may be leading to an unintended increase in demolition. It insists that emissions created in the construction of buildings must be reduced if the UK is ever to meet its climate change targets. The Committee chairman, Philip Dunne MP, said: “From homes to offices, retail units to hospitality venues, our buildings have a significant amount of locked-in carbon, which is wasted each time they get knocked down to be rebuilt, a process which produces yet more

emissions. Ministers must address this urgently.” The issue is complex. In places such as the City of London, there is often pressure to capitalise on the high value of land by knocking down and building taller. And some developers say that many buildings cannot be kept and converted. Marks and Spencer has come under fire for wishing to demolish its flagship Marble Arch store in London’s Oxford Street. Michael Gove, the minister controlling planning, recently agreed to review the plan to demolish it. M&S insists that knocking down what it calls a “mish-mash of poor, idle shopping space” is the “green” option. Property director Sacha Berendi claims the new building will be among the top ten best-performing buildings in London for energy consumption. He said that within 17 years the lower energy use in the new building

would outweigh any emissions created by making it. However, opponents maintain that demolition and re-building would cause 40,000 tonnes of CO2 emissions. The Commons committee wants developers to be obliged to calculate emissions over the entire lifetime of buildings. It is urging the government to set ratcheting targets for the buildings sector, which is responsible for 42 per cent of the UK’s energy consumption. Options are to recycle as much of the old building as possible, or keep the facade - or indeed the foundations, which need vast amounts of carbon-intensive cement. There is now pressure for a major new refurbishment prize for architects to sit alongside the Sterling Prize, which some argue has featured flamboyant creations that showed too little care for the environment.

Oil and gas companies’ tax break ‘could insulate up to 2m homes’ The UK government’s new tax relief for companies that invest in oil and gas production could have insulated 2m homes, according to new research from independent climate change think tank E3G. The new measures commit the government to a subsidy of up to £5.7bn for investment in oil and gas in the next three years. This “lost revenue”, said E3G, could have instead supercharged an energy efficiency drive with an average bill saving of £342 per household every year. Writing in a blog on E3G’s website, senior researcher, Euan

Graham, said that introducing additional tax relief limited to oil and gas investment will do longterm harm to the energy transition and pushes companies to allocate

profits towards new oil and gas developments instead of renewables. “If this revenue had instead been spent on supporting energy efficiency measures,” said Graham, “it would have the potential to lift households out of energy poverty for good.” E3G points out that energy efficiency was absent from the Chancellor’s emergency support package announcement, meaning UK households’ long-term reliance on gas will continue, and household bills will remain high for the foreseeable future.

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News Update

For all the latest news stories visit www.eibi.co.uk

ENERGY COMPANY OBLIGATION

In Brief

Conspiracy theories grow as ECO4 is delayed Fears are growing that the Government is bending to climate change denying Conservative MPs, by stopping its main fuel poverty abatement programme. Already, over 56,000 of the poorest households are facing long waits for home energy improvements because of delays in introducing the fourth phase of the Energy Company Obligation (ECO) scheme. Previously, on average each home improved under this long-standing scheme, undertaken by fuel suppliers and funded via consumer bills, saves at least £600 each year. The value of such savings should more than double as electricity and gas prices rise. Since 2013 the scheme has installed more than 3.5m improvements such as loft insulation in 2.4m properties and reduced household gas demand by 20 per cent. However, back in 2014 then Prime Minister Cameron’s demand to “get rid of the green crap” led to a 50 per cent cut in the ECO programmes’ activities. Now a cadre of anti-environment backbenchers has been calling for the scheme to be dropped to reduce energy company overheads. Ever since ECO3 ended in March, no new work has been undertaken because, despite concluding a consultation on minor changes last summer, the Business Department

has failed to prepare the legislation necessary to reflect these changes before Parliament. Labour climate spokesman Dr Alan Whitehead has been asking regular questions of Ministers regarding timing ever since last summer, and has consistently been assured that the transition between ECO schemes would be entirely seamless. He had initially assumed the delay was “a cock-up”. Now he increasingly suspects a conspiracy. When it finally starts, only homes with Energy Performance Certificate (EPC) ratings of D to G will be eligible for ECO4, while social housing and private rented properties will only be eligible if they have an E to G rating.

The scheme has a target for delivering 90,000 solid wall insulation measures over four years. Energy companies have halted planned work because of concerns about precisely how the new arrangements will operate. The delay is leading to concern that the government has again given greater priority to short-term fixes to deal with the recent surge in energy prices, as it did with the proceeds of the windfall tax, rather than investing in long-term measures to decrease demand. Former Conservative energy minister, Chris Skidmore (left), reckons it is important to prioritise schemes that reduce energy use. “We need to see support for those least well off, and insulate people from the principal driver of the cost-of-living crisis; that being the price of gas,” he said. “The fastest and simplest way to tackle the cost-of-living crisis is to invest in insulation which has the potential to save between £150-£400 on energy bills. Not just a one-off saving but an investment to permanently bring down bills year after year.” ● The Government is still delaying confirming that D and E rated rental properties will need to be upgraded by 2025. Even though the relevant consultation was concluded in 2021 (see EiBI May 2022).

European Commission considers plan to mandate rooftop solar The European Commission is considering a plan to ramp up the renewable generation of EU nations by making rooftop solar a requirement for all new buildings, to cut gas use in homes, offices, shops and factories. The European Solar Rooftops Initiative is part of a broader strategy to increase the EU’s renewable energy target for 2030 and reduce member states’ reliance on Russian fossil fuels. In a draft document seen by Reuters, the European Commission said: “Solar electricity and heat are key for phasing out EU’s dependence on Russian natural gas.” Solar PV costs have plunged by more than 80 per cent over the last 10 years, but the technology produced only 5 per cent of

SMEs unsure on how to make carbon cuts

New research from Lloyds Bank Business found that over threequarters of small businesses do not have – or are unsure of – their strategy to reduce their carbon footprint in the next three years. With over 5.5m small businesses in the UK this could equate to more than 4.2m having no plan on how they will contribute to a more sustainable future. Small business owners said a lack of knowledge, finance and time were the main barriers.

New guidance for nondomestic heat pumps

The Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers (CIBSE) and the Department for Business, Energy & Industrial Strategy (BEIS) have launched new guidance AM17: Heat pumps for large non-domestic buildings. The guidance, sponsored by BEIS, is free to use for designers, contractors, and consumers, and will enable installations to follow best practice and be delivered safely, legally and to a high quality. Arup worked as technical authors under the direction of the CIBSE technical team supported by a steering group comprising industry stakeholders and representatives including developers and landlords.

US smart building platform comes to UK

electricity in the EU in 2020. Heat produced from solar was even lower at just 1.5 per cent. The initiative could require member states to take action this year, shortening permitting times to three months for rooftop installations, and encourage them to

tap into EU funding to drive up rollout. It may also require all suitable public buildings to install solar systems by 2025. Other proposed schemes would focus on upskilling installers to deliver the works and offering funding to support manufacturers.

US-based Buildings IOT has launched operations in the UK to market its IOT Jetstream smart building platform for building owners, managers, and systems integrators. Les Russell, director of business development, will lead the company in the UK, with a view to expanding the company’s profile within Europe. The Buildings IOT UK team will be seeking opportunities in several London-based commercial buildings, including office and manufacturing, to improve the occupant experience as well as realise overall operational efficiencies.

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News Update

For all the latest news stories visit www.eibi.co.uk

Actual home energy use closely examined

LOCAL AUTHORITIES’ NET ZERO TARGETS

The University College, London’s Smart Energy Research Laboratory has published details of the largestever ongoing analysis of actual - as opposed to theoretical - energy consumption happening right now. The work monitors actual energy usage and expenditure in 13,000 English homes. Among the key findings are: ● the median EPC D home uses 27 per cent more gas, and 18 per cent more electricity, than the median home with an EPC giving a C rating; ● the median EPC E rated home uses 52 per cent more gas, and 31 per cent more electricity than the median home with a C rated EPC; ● similar sized homes built post2003 {Part L Building Regulations had big upgrades in 2001) are using 26 per cent less gas than 1930s-built homes - these were built before energy building regs. But they use only marginally less electricity; ● homes running EVs are using on average 70 per cent more electricity than homes running fossil fuelled cars, and also 22 per cent more gas as such homes do tend to be bigger than average; ● Full details can be found at https:// serl.ac.uk/key-documents/reports/

Half of UK councils are not confident of meeting self-imposed net zero targets, a new survey has found, with senior figures in local government saying they doubt their authorities are on track to meet them. The research from E.ON and the Local Government Chronicle (LGC) gathered the views of chief executives and director-level officers at authorities to illuminate the attitudes and aspirations of senior figures on net zero targets and what can be done to help communities lead greener lives. Fewer than half of those questioned (47 per cent) agreed with the statement ‘I am confident my council is on track to deliver against its net zero targets’, despite the fact almost nine in ten (87 per cent) who said their council had set a deadline for its own operations to become net zero. Three quarters (75 per cent) said their councils had also set a date for their geographical areas to achieve the same. Most respondents (64 per cent), whose councils had set a target date for their own operations to become net zero, said 2030 was the target date, with only 7 per cent naming a shorter timescale. The latest date

Councils not confident of meeting net zero goals

given was 2050, chosen by 12 per cent. When asked about their wider geographical area, councils said they were allowing more time to meet net zero goals. Just under half (47 per cent) said their council was aiming for 2030 at the earliest, and almost a quarter (24 per cent) said their council was aiming for 2050, in line with the UK government’s target. Chief executive of E.ON UK, Michael Lewis, said: “Councils are responsible for decisions that can drive decarbonisation across whole communities, which puts them at the

Dutch government looks to ban fossilfuel- based heating systems from 2026

The Dutch government plans to ban new installations of fossil fuel-based heating systems from 2026 and will mandate the use of heat pumps or connections to heat networks. According to new proposals, when households replace their central heating systems, they will have to switch to a more sustainable alternative. Hybrid heat pumps (combined heat pump and gas boiler) will become the standard choice, however fully electric heat pumps or a connection to a heat network will also be possible. With more than 70 per cent of homes in The Netherlands relying on gas for heating, plus extensive use

of gas in agriculture for greenhouses, the government will have a mammoth job of supporting suppliers, installers and homeowners to adjust to the new requirements. It says it will work with manufacturers and installers to train more engineers and to scale up production of heat pumps

in the Netherlands. To assist homeowners, the government is setting aside €150m per year until 2030 to provide a subsidy of 30 per cent to go towards the purchase of a new heat pump. Additional money will be released through a National

sharp end of achieving net zero by 2050. It’s great to see an ambition to create a greener future but there will be concern confidence is fairly low in whether our local authorities can achieve these ambitions. “Our survey shows what’s lacking are the next steps in exactly how we get to a low carbon society. That starts with improving the energy efficiency of existing homes, swapping gas boilers for heat pumps, developing a greater role for district heating schemes in urban areas, and inspiring people to switch from petrol and diesel to electric vehicles.”

Heat Fund. “The urgency of sustainability is great and the pace must be accelerated. It is also better for everyone’s wallet if we use less natural gas,” said Hugo de Jonge, Minister for Housing. “That is why the cabinet wants the hybrid heat pump to become the norm from 2026 when the central heating boiler has to be replaced.” German manufacturers are more bullish on the gas saving capabilities of hybrid heat pumps. Kai Lobo, head of German public affairs at Viessmann, Europe’s second-largest heat pump manufacturer, said that hybrid solutions can reduce fossil fuel consumption by 80-90 per cent. In the UK, the government has committed to banning gas boilers in new build homes from 2025 and says it hopes to ban the installation of all new gas boilers by 2035.

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News Update

For all the latest news stories visit www.eibi.co.uk

£553M NEW GOVERNMENT FUNDING

Energy upgrade for English public buildings Hundreds of public buildings across England will be upgraded with low carbon heating and energy efficiency measures under £553m in new government funding. The Department for Business, Energy & Industrial Strategy says these measures will save local authorities and public bodies around £650m per year on energy bills over the next 15 years. Buildings such as hospitals, schools, libraries, and museums will benefit from the installation of lowcarbon heating systems, including heat pumps and electric heating. Many projects will also specify energy efficiency measures, such as wall and roof insulation, double glazing and LED lighting, and solar panels. The funding, which comes through the Public Sector Decarbonisation Scheme, will see 217 clean heat and energy efficiency projects installed in 160 public sector organisations, including Birmingham Children’s Hospital, Manchester Fire and Rescue,

and historic venues at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. The West Midlands is set to receive the largest share of the Public Sector Decarbonisation Scheme fund, with a grant of £133.9m, followed by the East Midlands, at £103.9m. London places third at £90.8m. The government is also providing £14m of grant funding in the current

Dramatic savings result from decarbonisation drive in Stoke-on-Trent

A decarbonisation drive in Stokeon-Trent has resulted in a dramatic reduction in carbon and costs for the City Council. Five years after the council formed a strategic collaboration with Siemens to develop a series of energy-saving projects, results show a fall in annual CO2 emissions by 1,415 tonnes, saving £628,258 per year in energy costs. The three-year phasedimprovements programme optimised energy efficiencies, developed onsite generation and added decarbonisation measures to several buildings and sites across the city. A total investment of £6.24m since 2019, comprising a £4.34m grant from the national Public Sector Decarbonisation Scheme,

as well as council funding and private sector investment, was used to fund the projects. The first phase of the programme involved a widescale LED lighting upgrade. A total of 5,440 energyefficient LEDs were installed in many well-known locations in the city over nine months. The system reduced lighting loads by 76 per cent, which saved the council £205,663 annually

financial year through Phase 3 of the Public Sector Low Carbon Skills Fund. This will put money towards public sector organisations accessing the skills and expertise needed to plan how to decarbonise heating in their buildings, including enabling organisations to develop applications for the Public Sector Decarbonisation Scheme.

and lowered carbon emissions by 437 tonnes each year. Three new Combined Heat and Power (CHP) installations have also been installed at the Civic Centre, Dimensions Leisure Centre and at Fenton Manor Sports Complex. All the CHP systems will be operational by 2025 to generate electricity and steam for power and heat on-site, saving the council £250,000 per year. In addition, solar PV installations supply power to Dimensions Leisure Centre and Fenton Manor Sports Complex, adding further to onsite power generation. Air source heat pumps at Fenton Manor Sports Complex and New Horizons Leisure Centre also provide a lower-carbon way of heating the swimming pools and contribute further to decarbonisation. New pool pumps, filtration and control systems were added. Heat pumps and air handling units have also replaced panel heating at Steel House, an operational council-run building.

There will be multiple opportunities for the public sector to secure funding through Phase 3 of the scheme. Guidance on how to apply for the next round of applications, Phase 3b, will be published in July, with the application window planned to open for applications in September. The Building Research Establishment (BRE) has been vocal on the need to retrofit Britain’s building stock to help reduce energy bills. Gillian Charlesworth, CEO of the Building Research Establishment (BRE), said: “The UK has one of the oldest and least energy efficient building stocks in Europe, which unnecessarily inflates demand for natural gas. Accelerating the roll out of retrofit measures like insulation is a short-term solution that could address spiralling bills and significantly improve the energy efficiency of our public buildings. “With nearly a fifth of all gas being consumed by the non-domestic sector, a lack of any retrofit strategy will result in higher costs for our businesses and public infrastructure – including schools and hospitals.”

Penalties ahead as companies miss UK:ETS Thirty-five energy intensive companies failed to comply with requirements during the first year of the UK:ETS, created after the Johnson Government unilaterally withdrew from the established European carbon trading scheme, the EU:ETS. Each of these recalcitrants that did not comply with surrender obligations now faces a penalty, the precise size of which has yet be disclosed. The UK government has clawed back almost 400,000 carbon permits handed for free to emitters for 2021, after it was found that their output was lower than expected, imposing modest cuts for future years as a result. As of May 1, 107,858,729 allowances have been handed in to cover total emissions in 2021 of 107,862,714 tonnes of CO2 equivalents, The UK ETS came into effect on Jan. 1, 2021, replacing Britain’s participation in the European Union’s ETS. It applies to energy intensive industries, the power generation sector and aviation. The first phase of the UK ETS will run until 2030.

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THE WARREN REPORT

06.2022

It’s not a tax, it’s just an adjustment mechanism

A ‘carbon border adjustment mechanism’ on imported goods from polluting factories overseas could help to address the thorny issue of carbon leakage

heap imports of steel, cement and other energy intensive goods made in polluting factories overseas could be hit with extra taxes, in order to protect UK manufacturers facing extra costs from tough environmental rules. The Treasury has promised to consult “later this year” on addressing this problem of “carbon leakage.” It occurs when governments impose stringent environmental requirements upon domestic industries, which can result in these industries losing out to competitors in more ecologically lax countries. Imports currently are estimated to make up 43 per cent of the UK’s consumption emissions. There have been two major stimuli that have galvanised the UK government into this, as yet cautious, action. The most obvious has been that the concept has long been promoted in the European Union, and is now accepted in principle by the European Parliament and the European Council of 27-member state governments. It is due to come into force next year across the EU27 but could be delayed until 2024. When European Commission President, Ursula von der Leyen, first floated the idea in July 2019, she called it a carbon border tax. The concept has evolved since then, earning a new name: carbon border adjustment mechanism. Or CBAM. Whereas a tax could draw the ire of the World Trade Organization, which doesn’t like protectionism, a border adjustment mechanism will spare products produced in the small minority of countries that already put a price on emissions. The UK is positioning itself to become one such country. The second progenitor is the powerful House of Commons

more low-carbon products. Currently, the UK’s emissions figures did not include carbon from imports, thus understating the true picture of the carbon associated with UK consumption. A CBAM could help address this.

Make ambitions a reality

Andrew Warren is chairman of the British Energy Efficiency Federation

There is universal awareness that no unilateral CBAM can drive significant change to reduce global emissions

Environmental Audit Committee (EAC). In a magisterial report published this April, the cross-party committee argued that a CBAM could drive green policies in industries across the UK economy, as the practice of ‘offshoring’ the UK’s emissions was addressed. Members felt that placing a price upon imported carbon would incentivise sectors to move away from carbon intensive practices and promote behaviour change towards

Committee chairman, Rt Hon Philip Dunne MP, commented: “The targets, timetable and overall strategy for meeting net zero have been set. Now the work must speed up to make the ambitions a reality. A carbon border adjustment mechanism can drive change, not only by addressing carbon leakage, but also by driving low-carbon change across our economy. “Our Committee is under no illusions that this will be a challenging policy to get right, with a clear advantage to moving multi-laterally with other trading partners. Therefore, all businesses must have a voice in the discussions and the Government must be upfront with its intentions. “Our Committee is clear that the pros of a CBAM outweigh the cons. For too long the emissions from our consumption have effectively been ‘offshored’, leaving the problem as out of sight and out of mind. But we must all take greater responsibility for our consumption, and the practices that our businesses and organisations adopt.” However, when taking evidence, the Committee also heard concerns expressed that carbon pricing might lead to producers increasing the costs of high carbon products for consumers. This could exacerbate the current cost of living crisis. It was necessary, the EAC argued, for the CBAM to incentivise the development of more low-carbon products to ensure people were not adversely

affected. The Government should also improve raising awareness around carbon pricing and a CBAM, if introduced, to demystify the policy. The EAC recognised that those sectors hardest to decarbonise would need greater support. It was therefore integral, when designing a CBAM, that the Government consulted widely across the economy and especially SMEs, to ensure the approach works. A one-size-fits-all scheme was unlikely to suffice. Importantly, the Committee warned that a CBAM would not deliver the desired results alone. Complementary mechanisms such as standards, regulation and support for low-carbon technologies were also needed. This pointer has been overtly picked up by the Treasury, which is emphasising that they intend consulting simultaneously on key issues like higher product standards. There is universal awareness that no unilateral CBAM can drive significant change to reduce global emissions. A multilateral CBAM is the preferred and more effective option. Treasury Minister Lucy Fraser is emphatic that “the best way to prevent carbon leakage would be for all countries to move together in pricing, regulating, and therefore reducing carbon emissions. We are strongly committed to working with our international partners to develop a common global approach to carbon leakage.” But she warns that “multilateral solutions can take time to develop, however. So while we will continue to work on international solutions with partners, options for domestic action must be considered in parallel.” That chimes with the EAC report. It emphasises that “work on a unilateral CBAM can be championed much sooner by the Government, with a view to opening discussions on a multilateral CBAM in the future. The UK is in a strong position to lead efforts on CBAM development internationally, while holding the presidency of COP, and engaging in trade discussions with many countries around the world as a strong trading partner.” But I do so agree with Chris Stark of the Committee on Climate Change. Surely, we can find a better acronym than CBAM? 

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Energy in Hospitals & Healthcare

Alastair Morris is chief commercial officer at Powerstar

Solving the NHS energy trilemma

Energy security, affordability, and sustainability. Alastair Morris considers the energy trilemma as it impacts on a healthcare sector that must hit net zero by 2045

anaging energy priorities and financial constraints is a complex balancing act, even in relatively stable times - nowhere more so than within the NHS where budgets are ever tighter yet the requirement for a secure and stable power supply is critical. Conflicting, but equally important, priorities stretch limited resources, time, and infrastructure. The World Energy Council’s latest data ranks the UK very highly for commitment and progress towards resolving the energy trilemma of energy security, affordability, and sustainability. However, this rating is heavily reliant on the UK’s record for sustainability, and the Government’s recently published Energy Security Strategy offers little in the way of support for a long-term approach to energy security or to affordability. For the NHS, with its ambitious sustainability targets - reaching net zero by 2045 - the questions of security and affordability are inextricably intertwined with this overarching, and legally binding, commitment to carbon emission neutrality. The need for a secure, reliable, and uninterrupted energy supply is fundamental to the healthcare sector. Emergency back-up for critical care facilities is, quite literally, vital. As the ratio of power generation shifts further towards renewables, the threat to energy security comes not just from blackouts but, increasingly, from brownouts and variations in reliability from the grid. In a volatile energy market, affordability is a key budgetary priority for the NHS but, given the current geopolitical climate, this arm of the energy trilemma has never been in such sharp focus. In 2019, when energy prices were less volatile, NHS Trusts spent £500m on gas and electricity and for individual Trusts this can run into well over a £10m annual energy spend. In this context, and considering the targets set in the ‘Delivering a Net Zero National Health Service’ strategy (80 per cent reduction in Scope 1 emissions by 2032), energy managers in the healthcare sector are facing unprecedented challenges.

Returning to the sustainability arm of the energy trilemma and the legally binding targets for the NHS, the ambitious headline challenge to reach net zero by 2045 is compounded by interim targets, including Scope 2 emissions - largely, those from the electricity supply - between 2036 and 2039. The NHS generates 4Mt CO2e per year, and more than half of this originates as Scope 2 emissions.

Three core challenges

These three core challenges present a trilemma and addressing one aspect can impact negatively on the remaining two. For example, working towards fully decarbonised energy is currently more expensive than a reliance on traditional fossil fuels - even in the current energy market and, since renewables are inherently less reliable, this impacts on the security of supply. Emergency back-up power is always going to be the highest priority within the NHS and, at Powerstar, our R&D is heavily focused on uninterruptible power supply (UPS) to ensure seamless switching to reserve power, as and when necessary. For the healthcare sector, these battery UPS technologies can help to deliver power resilience while also contributing to the other aspects of the energy trilemma, rather than undermining them.”

Traditionally, emergency power to ensure security of supply during any disruption to the grid has been achieved through an Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS), with a diesel back-up in case of more prolonged disruptions where a UPS would not be a feasible solution. Most of the time, the UPS will be idle, but it will still be using power and biting into budgets - a capacity loss of between 10 and 15 per cent. As a modern alternative to a lead-acid UPS, a Battery Energy Storage System (BESS), which can reduce energy wastage by as much as 97 per cent, is a compelling proposition. A modern BESS system can reduce energy costs significantly - helping to address the affordability arm of the trilemma - while also supplying the vital backup power necessary in case of disruption of supply, ensuring security. But a BESS offers additional benefits for the healthcare sector,

Addressing one aspect of the trilemma can impact on the remaining two

In the right direction? The NHS is heading towards a net zero target by 2045

particularly appropriate for the scale and infrastructure common across NHS Estates. Energy storage is a key aspect of BESS technology. This allows estates to store energy which can then be used at any time, reducing the requirement for energy purchase from the grid, and allowing trusts to purchase energy when prices are lower, rather than being tied to purchase when needed, which is often at peak times. Similarly, this capacity allows for the storage of renewable energy generated on site, predominantly through solar. Last year, Powerstar installed the first of their HTM-06-01 compliant UPS battery energy storage systems with the capability to earn revenues from the grid at an NHS Trust site. The solution was supplied as a fully containerised switch room, with battery energy storage and seamless, fast-switching UPS capabilities with full wraparound and static bypass. This meets the critical need to provide emergency power, area wide, covering a number of vital functions. As part of the technology, Demand Side Response (DSR) and Firm Frequency Response (FFR) contracts give the Trust a fresh revenue stream as they are able to sell energy back to the grid and to provide balancing services. 

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Energy in Hospitals & Healthcare

Leighton James is product and marketing director at TRILUX

Sustainability and efficiency have been key to the design of facilities at the new extension to Heatherwood Hospital in Ascot, Berkshire

Uplifting, healing and energy conscious

healthcare lighting and design is a project at the Heatherwood Hospital in Ascot, Berkshire - a forerunner in the new hospital landscape. A new world-class facility, it offers planned, non-emergency care to patients in Berkshire and its surrounding areas. Designed by BDP for Frimley Health NHS Foundation Trust, the £98m hospital emphasises both patient and staff mental and physical wellbeing. The 11,500m2 new building (located at the rear of the current hospital) is part of the Trust’s strategy to double the number of patients visiting Heatherwood each year to 168,000 over the next decade. The site includes six state-of-the-art operating theatres, outpatient and diagnostic facilities for orthopaedics, cardiology, radiology, lithotripsy, physiotherapy, and orthodontics, all set in a contemporary, sustainable facility bordered by woodland.

With the recent shift in focus for hospital design, lighting Sustainable lighting design Sustainability has been fundamental plays a supporting role. It needs to be connected and to the project, with renewable energy energy-efficient while creating a calm and natural environment from a solar farm covering a large section of the hospital’s roof and a for patients, staff, and visitors, says Leighton James

undreds of thousands of people in England will benefit from new NHS facilities and services as the UK embarks on its biggest hospital building programme in a generation. The government is committed to helping the NHS build back better from COVID-19. One of its primary goals will be to deliver on the manifesto commitment of 40 new hospitals across England by 2030, backed by an initial £3.7bn investment. These will provide: ● better care for patients; ● an improved working environment for staff; and ● help the NHS reach its net zero carbon ambition. A hospital’s layout can undoubtedly impact our experience. It’s easy to feel lost navigating the maze of internal windowless corridors on your way to appointments or while visiting a sick friend or relative, adding to an already stressful affair. The future of healthcare design is attempting to combat this and shifting from thinking hospitals are sites to cure disease to places where humans provide care—designing not

just for the patient but the caregivers and visitors. This means we see more inclusive holistic designs. The lighting design goes a long way to support this. However, there is much more to consider. Be it precision work in operating rooms or intensive care units, a feel-good atmosphere in patients’ rooms, glare-free computer workstations, or safety and orientation inside and outside of buildings, no other application area places demand as diverse and exceeding on lighting as hospitals, medical practices, and care facilities. With mounting energy costs, limited resources, and increased awareness of environmental concerns, energy efficiency is more important than ever for medical settings. This also applies to lighting, as it is responsible for a large proportion of energy costs. Lighting systems with high energy efficiency guarantee permanently low operating costs and thus enhance competitive capacity. In addition, the lowered energy consumption reduces the carbon footprint, contributing to achieving sustainability targets. A recent example of this energyconscious, holistic approach to

robust, sustainable urban drainage system installed under the car park. The themes of sustainability and efficiency continued through to the lighting design. TRILUX was the energy-efficient lighting partner for the complete project, from the downlights in the bathrooms to linear fittings in the corridors, weatherproof and industrial lighting for the back of house areas, external wall lights, and the specialist lighting in the theatres. As the emphasis on health care designs shifts to a more holistic

approach, attractive designs are becoming more important. TRILUX’s Liventy Vision recessed LED panels are installed in all six theatres, printed with works of art inspired by nature, providing a feature to focus on while undergoing a stressful scan or treatment. Additionally, the Sanesca wall light has been integrated into patient areas. Both appealing and purist, the looks of the Sanesca LED blend harmoniously into patient rooms. And thanks to a highly flexible, uniform lighting concept, it can be implemented in different areas. The luminaire combines indirect distribution and general light with direct, glare-free reading light to support progressive and efficient patient care. Reception areas, corridors, and offices throughout the building rely on a combination of LC60, Polaron IQ, Arimo, and Amatris for energyefficient, comfortable lighting that exudes calm and tranquillity. Giorgos Kourtelis, BDP Senior Designer, said: “We worked with TRILUX on Heatherwood, and their technical support throughout the project was fantastic, particularly in the latter stages of design. They offer a comprehensive range of fittings needed to cover the project needs and hit the numbers commercially.” The hospital lighting of the future will be 100 per cent LED, intelligent and networked. This will provide users with enormous optimisation potential thanks to features like dimming, sensor control, human-centric lighting, cloud monitoring, locationbased services, and asset tracking. And there is more, a networked lighting installation creates the perfect infrastructure for networking hospital applications and thus forms the foundation for the digital hospital of the future today. 

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Energy in Hospitals & Healthcare

Silviu Catana is specification manager at ELCO Heating Solutions

A heat pump and a highefficiency boiler can work together to create maximum efficiencies across NHS properties

Harness a hybrid approach to hot water heating The provision of heating and domestic hot water along with the inclusion of renewables presents some unique challenges to healthcare facilities. But solutions are at hand, writes Silviu Catana

he statistics are staggering. The UK’s healthcare sector currently spends over £400m a year on energy. Sadly, a significant proportion of that is wasted, according to The Carbon Trust’s Hospital Sector Overview report. With the current increases in energy prices, it’s only going to get worse for the already stretched National Health Service and healthcare sector. A report from Zenergi, in February 2022, predicted that energy costs to the NHS alone could rocket to £1.2bn per year, based on current prices. Along with these increasing energy costs is the legislated mandate of including renewables to tackle the problem of carbon emissions from aging infrastructure in healthcare, as well as the Government’s ambitious net zero carbon emissions targets. Indeed, the NHS has set a goal of becoming the world’s first net zero national health service by 2040. Renewables certainly play an increasingly important part in any decision making, and with the UK Government wanting to see 600,000 heat pumps fitted a year until 2028, healthcare facilities are definitely

going to be taking a leading role in their installation. These changes – as well as the direction of travel – are not unique to the health industry. However, hospitals, GP surgeries, care homes and medical practices have very specific demands on heating and hot water that can sometimes be challenging to meet. Medical establishments use a lot of hot water, not just for heating, but for hygiene, food preparation, cleaning, patient care and more. Given this high level of demand – simply utilising heat pumps may not be enough. Of course, a heat pump with a good coefficient of performance (COP) running low temperature emitters or underfloor heating will emit less carbon per useful kWh than a gas boiler. Yet, using a heat pump in healthcare applications will have some limitations, particularly in terms of domestic hot water (DHW) production. The problems arise when outside air temperatures fall; when there is a call for higher output from the building’s heating system, there is also a corresponding reduction in heat energy available from the ambient air – consequently impacting the COP.

Coupled with these possible issues, DHW systems in commercial and medical facilities must operate in excess of 60°C to prevent the threat of legionella. Once again, the efficiency of heat pumps, which are designed to work with lower water temperatures, rapidly falls away and can cause operating costs to increase.

The bivalent approach

So, what’s the solution to these problems? In simplest terms, using a bivalent approach is the preferred choice. It’s a combination of air source heat pump (ASHPs), topped up by gas condensing boiler(s) to ensure the entire heating load is met – whatever the outside temperature. The ASHP is sized to meet the majority of a building’s energy requirement and the

Energy costs to the NHS could rocket to £1.2bn per year

condensing boiler “kicks in” when a low threshold is met. From a practical perspective, the bivalent switching point is set at the design stage and the boilers are switched on when an outside air sensor, connected to a Building Management System (BMS), detects the predetermined temperature. This continuity of supply is vital in a healthcare situation. However, careful design work needs to be carried out. Including heat pumps into existing heating systems to form bivalent or hybrid systems, will only succeed where these systems are weather-compensated. This will ensure that the flow temperatures required in the system drop when the outdoor temperature increases. It is vital to ensure that the system’s two distinct heat sources avoid high return water temperatures in the weather compensated circuits. If not, there is a risk of the heat pump being bypassed and the entire heating load taken on by the condensing boiler.

Maximum efficiencies

An example of a bivalent system in a healthcare situation would be designing a heat pump to carry 100 per cent of the heating load for mild conditions above +4°C. This creates maximum efficiencies for well over half the year, resulting in an attractive SPF (seasonal performance factor), even at flow temperatures of 50ºC. Then, if temperatures fall to between -2°C and +4°C, a bivalent operation can be used, so the system calls on both the heat pump and a high efficiency modulating gas condensing boiler to work together. This allows a heat pump to deliver the same COP, provided the heat pump’s flow temperature is also reduced. And finally, should temperatures dip below -2°C, at which point the ASHP’s COP drops significantly, a condensing gas boiler can deliver the entire heating energy – maximising system efficiencies. Designing this type of hybrid system - consisting of heat pumps and boilers - can be more complex than one with a single heat source. So, to ensure a project succeeds, it is prudent to use heat pump and boiler products from the same manufacturer, such as ELCO Heating Solutions. This allows both technologies to communicate efficiently by ensuring they “speak the same language”, while enabling consultants to seek advice from a single supplier on how the products can be best matched to the design requirements of the project. 

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Advertisement Feature

Energy in Hospitals & Healthcare

Reducing the carbon footprint of the NHS The NHS realises that climate change poses a major threat to our planet and to our health. As a result, there are direct and indirect consequences to both patients and the wider public. Reducing the impact of the everchanging environment is of utmost priority to the NHS and that includes measures taken by NHS hospitals and trusts including their staff and partners to reach Net Zero. The NHS aims to reduce 80 per cent of its direct carbon emissions by 2028 to 2032 reaching Net Zero by 2040, a decade ahead of the country’s deadline. One of the NHS’s goals is to electrify the NHS transport fleet which might require major upgrades to the electric infrastructures within the hospitals. This includes upgrading transformers with upsizing or replacing

old transformers with new ones. Over the past decade, Wilson Power Solutions supplied different NHS hospitals and trusts with well over 120 transformers and 30 battery tripping units. The supplied distribution transformer ratings varied from 500kVA up to 2500kVA. All transformers supplied were compliant with Ecodesign Regulations for transformer losses Tier 1 (2015)

and Tier 2 (2021) with both CRGO and Amorphous core materials. One remarkable approach some NHS hospitals have been taking is not only to upgrade their transformers with ones that comply with regulations but to go above and beyond. Many NHS hospitals and trusts invested in our Wilson e3 Ultra Low Loss Amorphous Transformers® and Wilson e2 Super Low Loss transformers

(predecessor of Wilson e3). Wilson e3 amorphous metal core transformers are the UK’s most energy efficient transformers bringing energy waste from transformers to the minimum possible amount resulting in maximum carbon emission savings and financial savings. Organisations like the University Hospitals Plymouth NHS Trust, Royal Devon & Exeter Hospital, Ninewells Hospital, St George’s Hospital, etc. are some that opted for an investment in transformers that could save their operational carbon emissions. Some hospitals used Salix Funding to get a grant to replace old transformers with the Ultra Low Loss which qualifies for the fund because they go above the regulations. The University Hospital of South Manchester saved 217,123kWh and 64,761kWh by replacing two old transformers. This equates to over £50,700 of combined financial savings and nearly 60tCO of avoided emissions annually. www.wilsonpowersolutions.co.uk

Energy in Hospitals & Healthcare Chillers ensure ideal conditions in wards and operating theatres Two Carrier AquaSnap 30RBP aircooled chillers with Greenspeed Intelligence inverter-driven speed control are providing cooling for wards and operating theatres at Royal United Hospitals Bath. The high-efficiency chillers are running on lower global warming potential (GWP) refrigerant R-32 as part of a major upgrade of the hospital’s air conditioning system. Refrigerant R-32 is up to 10 per cent more efficient than R-410A, the refrigerant it replaces, and its global warming potential is 68 per cent lower. The chillers, mounted on a new roof-top platform, replace two older split-system chillers by other manufacturers, significantly reducing servicing requirements and related costs due to their compact, fully packaged

design. The selection also aligns with Carrier’s 2030 Environmental, Social and Governance goals to reduce its customers’ carbon footprint by more than 1 gigaton. Due to the combination of variablespeed electronically commutated condenser fans, high-performance Novation heat exchangers and compressors optimised for operation with R-32, the chillers have a very high seasonal energy efficiency rating (SEER) of 5.18. The N+N system design ensures a second unit is available to take over full cooling duties in the unlikely event of a failure, providing the resilience required in this critical hospital application. “Key requirements for the project were excellent efficiency, reliability, resilience, low sound levels and reduced environmental impact, and the Carrier

chillers and system design deliver this,” said James Allard, director of Brunel Integrated Services, consultant on the project. The chillers went into service while

work continued to upgrade the electrical supply. The chillers were also equipped with soft-start electronics, which provided a further safeguard to peak electrical load. 

Lighting system for London cancer centre

Upgrades bring huge savings for hospital trust Vital Energi is delivering financial savings of £1.6m a year for University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust (UHCW), money that will be used to improve patient care. Vital has also helped reduce the carbon footprint of UHCW’s two hospital sites by 4,125 tonnes a year after installing future-proof energy generation equipment. The project, which was delivered under the Carbon and Energy Fund (CEF), involved significant restructuring works of University Hospital Coventry’s main clinical waste compound to be able to accept the new 3.3MW CHP and all ancillary equipment. New accommodation was constructed to relocate and store medical sharps cabinets, and a new delivery area built to redirect deliveries of clean linen and the removal of all site laundry.

Vital Energi also completed upgrades to the BMS system at the Hospital of St Cross in Rugby and upgraded over 2,000 lighting fittings to new efficient LED bulbs. Work started in August 2019 and carried on through the pandemic. During this time, the biggest vaccine campaign in NHS history launched, and University Hospital administered the UK’s first Covid jab. Steve Black, Vital Energi’s account director who led the project, said: “We overcame a number of challenges during construction, such as maintaining the waste compound operational activities in a safe and efficient manner while building works were carried out in proximity. We also maintained a good workflow through the project despite the Covid-19 pandemic hitting at a critical point in the schedule.” 

Delmatic has supplied an advanced DALI lighting management solution for the University College Hospital, Grafton Way Building in central London, a new state-of-the-art cancer and surgery hospital offering world-class facilities and ground-breaking radiotherapy and cancer treatments. The high quality of the design, lighting and services engineering resulted in the project achieving BREEAM Highly Commended. Energy-efficiency is a challenge in healthcare buildings which have significant baseline energy consumption associated with medical facilities. To optimise energy-efficiency, precise design, integration and coordination of smart building systems and services was a key requirement of the project which was completely modelled in 3D BIM to guarantee integration with hospital services and the hugely complex Proton Beam Therapy equipment. Delmatic’s DALI system provides smart, secure and energy-efficient networked control and management of normal lighting and central battery emergency lighting throughout the hospital. The system minimises energy usage and enhances sustainability and operational efficiency of the hospital through flexible, energy-efficient scenesetting, integration with connected services and the real-time management and monitoring of the lighting infrastructure. The hospital was designed to maximise daylight contribution with a central courtyard and atrium allowing natural light to flow into the heart of the building. Delmatic’s DALI Multisensors initiate precise dimming and scenesetting in response to daylighting and occupancy. Delmatic’s cutting-edge DALI Buswire modules provide individual addressing and monitoring of every luminaire and enable DALI drivers and DALI sensors to connect to a shared buswire network for maximum simplicity and convenience, avoiding the need to run separate control cables to local control devices. 

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New Products

Guide to designing and commissioning heating systems ALTECNIC LTD has launched a guide explaining how to design and commission heating systems for apartment buildings and district heating schemes, incorporating heat interface units, thermostatic radiator valves, and dirt and air separators. The Altecnic Heat Network Design Guide aims to ensure specifiers, consultants, and contractors achieve the designed system performance post build, with a look at how maximum energy savings from HIUs can only be achieved if the system is designed, installed, and commissioned correctly. The guide begins with a review of the latest independent resources and best practice for heat network design. These include: ● CIBSE CP1 (2020) Heat Network Code of Practice; ● UK Standard for Heat Interface Units; ● SAP Rating; ● low return temperatures; ● Building Regulations Considerations; and ● BSRIA Guide Information

Range of passive infrared photocells for offices, factories, and warehouses

Following this, the guide makes recommendations for HIU selection, primary pipe-work layout and sizing, primary flow rate calculations, radiator valves, dirt and air separators, and recommends particular system components. These are all provided with detailed descriptions as to the best practice of installation and product selection. As a further tool, the guide details system sizing and HIU selection, including distinguishing between direct and indirect HIU’s, for specific building types. Looking to the future, the guide advises on the commissioning of a heat network, and how to ensure that optimal efficiency is maintained throughout the life of the system. 

Make the most from agricultural land Farmers and growers have the potential to earn millions of pounds from hosting solar PV schemes on their land. However, the development process is not straightforward, and it can be easy to miss out on opportunities, select the wrong partner or leave money on the table. NFU ENERGY has partnered with specialist grid consultancy Roadnight Taylor to help farmers and growers maximise their chances of successfully developing schemes and their income potential. NFU Energy’s Renewable Energy Solutions service is designed around three key success factors to help farmers and growers avoid the pitfalls: ● be proactive. If you wait to be approached by a developer, it’s likely they will also be approaching other landowners on the same part of the electricity network, who may end

up competing with you for scarce capacity; ● use experts. Securing a viable grid connection offer is fundamental to developing a renewable energy scheme, and yet the industry average grid application success

rate is only 15 per cent. By contrast, NFU Energy and Roadnight Taylor’s success rate is claimed to be around 85 per cent; ● retain control. Signing up with a developer too soon can lock you into an exclusive relationship. 

DANLERS has launched its ISI range of PIR (passive infrared) occupancy switches with built-in photocells – which can detect both the presence of people and the ambient light level. The products are suitable for energysaving lighting control in offices, factories, warehouses, hospitals, classrooms, rest rooms, corridors and many other applications. There are versions for ‘switching only’, and versions for dimming DALI or 0-10V lighting loads. The products can be commissioned via a free-to-download, easy-to-use DANLERS app, for Android or iOS. The app can be used to adjust settings such as occupancy time-outs, photocell switching thresholds, photocell set-back levels and fade rates. There are flush-mounted and surface-mounted versions for standard height ceilings, such as

those found in most offices, toilets and so on. There are also versions for high bay mounting which have different person-detection patterns. The narrow detection versions are ideal for storage aisles. The wide detection versions are ideal for open

areas. The spot detection versions have a more focused detection zone, ideal for small areas such as the entrance to a storage aisle. Extra upgrades, for features such as ‘group control’ and ‘asset tracking’, can be purchased. 

Low-GWP potential chiller comes to the UK market To meet the EU F-Gas regulations and as part of its commitment to help reduce greenhouse gas emissions, HITACHI COOLING & HEATING has expanded its portfolio of watercooled and condenserless chillers by introducing a new eco-friendly R513A option on the RCME-WH1 and RCMECLH1 Samurai L chillers. R513A is a low Global Warming Potential (GWP) hydrofluoro-olefin (HFO)-based refrigerant developed to replace R134a in medium-temperature refrigeration systems. Composed of a blend of HFC-134a and HFO-1234yf, it’s a non-flammable azeotropic mixture with negligible temperature glide, a GWP of 631 and a zero ozone depletion potential (ODP). Using low-GWP R513A as an alternative to R134a, not only is the GWP reduced by 56 per cent, the amount of refrigerant charge used in each chiller unit is also lower while the cooling capacity remains the same.

“This an exciting development for our new Samurai L chiller models, but we can also retrofit installed Samurai RCME-WH1 and RCME-CLH1 chillers to R513A as an eco-friendly upgrade,” said Tom Hall, direct channel manager UK, Hitachi Cooling & Heating. Hitachi’s online chiller selection tool has also been upgraded, with the HiToolKit for Industry software now including water-cooled and condenserless Samurai L units fitted with the low-GWP R513A option. 

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Produced in Association with

SERIES 20 / Module 01

First Steps to Net Zero

Your first steps to net zero

This month's CPD Module is sponsored by

By Chris Burgess, EI consultant and trainer, and Gareth Veal, EI consultant and trainer

iscussions of net zero often start with an unstated assumption that there is a common understanding of the term. However, ‘net zero’ is sometimes conflated with other concepts, such as offsetting, in a manner which causes confusion, and which can undermine support for net zero ambitions. For this reason, we start the discussion of the topic with a quick recap of the science which underpins net zero ambitions. The term ‘net zero’, as originally coined by Professor Myles Allen, condenses climate science and its implications into one simple idea which can be understood by a wide range of audiences.¹ ‘Net zero’ is reached when atmospheric concentrations of emissions have stabilised and global Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions are balanced by global GHG removals. This transition is described in Fig. 1, illustrating an idealised pathway to ‘net zero’ emissions, and highlighting the point where ‘net zero’ emissions is achieved. Further details are given in Table 1, where the level of climate change mitigation sought is tied to: a fixed ‘carbon budget’ of remaining emissions, an associated future emission reduction pathway, and a target date for reaching net zero emissions. The objective of limiting climate change to 1.5ºC of warming in order to avoid the most dangerous impacts of climate change is also introduced. The urgency of this challenge is emphasised by NASA’s climate tracker, which confirms that, as of 2022: warming to date is 1.2ºC and nineteen of the warmest years on record have occurred since 2000.²

Response to climate change

For details on how to obtain your Energy Institute CPD Certificate, see ENTRY FORM and details on page 24

The considerations in Table 1 suggest that, however we get there, an ambition to achieve net zero emissions is at the heart of our response to climate change. Although some level of climate change is locked in already, we won’t stop adding to the problem until we reach net zero emissions. Following on from scientific developments, the United Nations has

Fig 1: An idealised pathway to net zero emissions

Table 1: Climate science underpinning ‘Net Zero’ ambitions ³ ⁴

1. Underpinning CLIMATE SCIENCE….

• Climate change is primarily driven by manmade greenhouse gas emissions. • Unless actively removed, these remain in the atmosphere long enough to effectively represent permanent additions to atmospheric concentration levels. • Therefore, cumulative greenhouse gas emissions up to the date of interest correlate to the level of Climate Change anticipated. • Limiting Climate Change to 1.5ºC of warming has become the globally accepted target for avoiding the most dangerous impacts of climate change.

2. …means there is fixed global CARBON BUDGET for future emissions….

• We have already increased global atmospheric CO₂ concentrations to around 420 parts per million, an increase of approximately a 50 per cent beyond pre-industrial levels. • These emissions have already resulted in approximately 1.2ºC of warming. • Assuming we are to limit Climate Change to 1.5 ºC of warming, this defines a finite remaining ‘carbon budget’ for total future greenhouse gas emissions.

3. …and that ANNUAL EMISSIONS must be CUT RAPIDLY to reach a ‘NET ZERO’ position before we have used up this carbon budget.

• Current trajectories suggest we will breach this carbon budget and the associated 1.5ºC warming threshold within 10-30 years. • Rapid reductions in greenhouse gas emissions are required if we are to keep within this budget. • Annual global emissions must then reach a ‘net zero’ position, limiting further warming by avoiding any subsequent increases in atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations.

4. If we exceed our carbon budget, MORE SEVERE LEVELS OF CLIMATE CHANGE CAN BE ANTICIPATED beyond 1.5ºC of warming.

• At higher levels of climate change, the anticipated impacts become more severe: “With further global warming, every region is projected to increasingly experience concurrent and multiple changes in climatic impact-drivers. Changes in several climatic impactdrivers would be more widespread at 2ºC compared to 1.5ºC global warming and even more widespread and/or pronounced for higher warming levels. • Low-likelihood outcomes, such as ice sheet collapse, abrupt ocean circulation changes, some compound extreme events and warming substantially larger than the assessed very likely range of future warming cannot be ruled out and are part of risk assessment.” Produced in Association with

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SERIES 20 / Module 01

First Steps to Net Zero led global efforts to mitigate climate change through the creation of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), which was formed in 1992. The convention has a membership of about 200 parties, made up of countries and regions such as the European Union. The ultimate objective of the UNFCCC is to “stabilise greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that will prevent dangerous human interference with the climate system, in a timeframe which allows ecosystems to adapt naturally and enables sustainable development.”⁵ To this end, the 2015 Paris Agreement aims to keep the global average temperature rise this century as close as possible to 1.5ºC above pre-industrial levels. Global climate negotiations are held annually by the United Nations, in the form of the ‘Conference of the Parties (COP)’ discussions. COP 26, held in Glasgow during 2021, delivered a comprehensive range of pledges towards net zero, highlighting that “Over 90 per cent of world GDP and around 90 per cent of global emissions are now covered by net zero commitments.”⁶ These pledges and their future developments can be reviewed and tracked in detail via the Climate Action Tracker, accessible at: https://climateactiontracker. org/global/cat-net-zero-targetevaluations. Some critiques of net zero relate to issues with historic offsetting practices and have led to counter claims that net zero is better understood as ‘Not Zero’⁷ or that organisations should aim for a ‘Real Zero’⁸ position. These claims aim to challenge the ‘net’ aspect of ‘net zero’ and aim to emphasise the need to focus upon delivering rapid emission reductions, as opposed to simply offsetting ‘business as usual’ emissions, as shown in Fig. 2. A number of organisations and accreditation schemes have been set up to support the development of robust net zero strategies and to call out some of the more dubious practices within the sector. One prominent reference point in this context is the ‘Science Based Targets initiative’ (SBTi) which aims to “drive ambitious climate action in the private sector by enabling companies to set science-based emissions reduction targets.”⁹ An SBT is an emission pathway aligned with scientific consensus over the cuts

Fig 2: A rapid reduction in emissions is required before being balanced by offsetting

each framework to help review which may be most applicable to a particular organisation or context. Reviewing this list would be a good starting point for exploring which net zero framework is most appropriate to your organisation. The list of official partner initiatives and networks: https://unfccc.int/climateaction/race-to-zero/who-s-in-raceto-zero.

Guiding frameworks

required for a particular outcome e.g., aiming to limit global warming to a 1.5ºC increase. One of the early aims of the SBTi was to support organisations which wanted to demonstrate leadership by taking action ahead of government policy and who therefore needed a scientific reference point against which to set their emission reduction targets. This work gave rise to the concept of a ‘science-based target.' As the concept of net zero has progressed, the SBTi has subsequently extended the concept of Science Based Targets to a standard/ framework of requirements for setting and tracking robust net zero targets. The requirements of the SBTi’s Net Zero Standard and similar alternative schemes are summarised in the net zero scorecard presented later in this article. Given the need for a robust and consistent methodology, plus the desire to set a net zero target in a manner which is acknowledged to

be valid by external stakeholders, it is best practice to adopt an externally recognised framework for setting a net zero target. These frameworks often provide standard tools, best practice information and benchmarking data, and offer opportunities for members to support each other by sharing experience and knowledge. There are many such frameworks, with a useful reference point being the list of frameworks which have been accepted as official partners to the United Nations’ ‘Race to Zero’ initiative¹⁰. Alternatively, specific industry bodies, institutes, trade associations, work groups and regulators also provide frameworks and peer networks to facilitate net zero ambitions. The full list of official partner frameworks to the UN Race Zero campaign also includes the names of current member organisations of each initiative, giving a sense of likely peers and the amount of momentum behind each initiative. There is also a brief description of

Fig 3: The climate mitigation heirarchy provides a means of reviewing targets

Although ‘net zero’ is a contested term, there are a number of guiding frameworks which can help. For example, the climate mitigation hierarchy provides a high-level means of reviewing net zero targets. This is an extension of the well-established ‘energy hierarchy’ to include nonenergy sources of GHG emissions, as illustrated in Fig. 3. Much like the waste hierarchy of: ‘reduce, reuse, recycle’, the climate mitigation hierarchy encourages: the ‘avoidance’ of emissions, followed by ‘reduction’ through efficiencies, then ‘replacement’ through switching to low carbon inputs, and finally ‘offsetting’ as the least preferred option to manage emissions. The net zero scorecard (Table 2) expands upon these themes, drawing upon guidance from two prominent reference points: the United Nation’s ‘Race to Zero’ initiative,¹¹ and the Science Based Targets Initiative’s list of ‘Key requirements of the Net Zero Standard.’¹² The scorecard above can be used to assess net zero claims of other organisations, as well as to review internal net zero targets and plans. The following site also provides useful insights as to action that peers and other sectors are already taking: https://zerotracker.net/. This site tracks the net zero target status of the 2,000 largest publicly traded companies in the world.¹³ The database is searchable by company name, country, and sector. The database gives details on the net zero target type, timeframes, level of planning behind the targets, the reporting mechanism, coverage of scope 3 and the use of carbon credits. This article has aimed to introduce the science and policy underpinning net zero ambitions and to provide a review of early action and best practice in response to the net zero future. When developing the business case for net zero and planning for implementation, it is important to consider the level of ambition and organisational change implied by the

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First Steps to Net Zero

prioritise activities and to act as a baseline for target setting; ● setting the net zero targets and emission reduction trajectories; and ● planning for the launch, management and communication of the net zero plans to the organisation’s direct and wider stakeholders. The Energy Institute has launched a two-day, in person course on developing net zero targets and strategy which is also available via an online pathway. The course aims to support those looking to prepare their organisation for the net zero emissions future. • Further details can be found at https://www.energyinst.org/ whats-on/training.

Table 2: A scorecard for net zero targets

A scorecard for net zero targets

REFERENCES 1.

9. 10.

11.

launch of a net zero campaign. The net zero business case will touch upon high-level themes, such as the organisation’s future strategy and business model. Taking the next steps for your organisation would involve the following activities:

● developing an organisation-specific register of net zero drivers from a wide range of aspects of the organisation’s context, such as: policy and legal frameworks; new markets created by innovations in products, services and technologies; reputational and

licence to operate considerations, physical considerations; resource efficiency and new energy sources; the emergence of green finance / capital offerings; and opportunities to recruit and retain the best talent. ● developing the organisation’s current emissions inventory to help

12. 13.

The British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC). Life SCientific interview: ‘The physicist behind net zero. Prof Myles Allen talks to Jim Al-Khalili.’. [Online] https://www.bbc.co.uk/ sounds/play/m000fgcn. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). Global climate change: Vital signs of the planet. [Online] https:// climate.nasa.gov/. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. SPECIAL REPORT: GLOBAL WARMING OF 1.5 º- Summary for policy makers. [Online] www. ipcc.ch/sr15/chapter/spm. —. Assesment report six: Working Group I The Physical Science Basis. Headline Statements from the Summary for Policymakers. [Online] www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/ report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Headline_Statements. pdf. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). About the [UNFCCC] Secretariat. [Online] https://unfccc. int/about-us/about-the-secretariat. United Nations Conference of the Parties 26. COP26 The Glasgow Climate Pact. [Online] https://ukcop26.org/wp-content/ uploads/2021/11/COP26-PresidencyOutcomes-The-Climate-Pact.pdf. Coalition including Friends of the Earth. NOT ZERO: How ‘net zero’ targets disguise climate inaction. [Online] https:// demandclimatejustice.org/wp-content/ uploads/2020/10/NOT_ZERO_How_net_zero_ targets_disguise_climate_inaction_FINAL.pdf. BBC reporting Greta Thunberg. Davos: ‘Forget about net zero, we need real zero’ - Greta Thunberg. [Online] https://www.bbc.co.uk/ news/av/world-us-canada-51192740. Science Based Targets initiative (SBTi). [Online] https://sciencebasedtargets.org/about-us. United Nations. Who’s in Race to Zero?- List of official partner initiatives and networks. [Online] https://unfccc.int/climate-action/raceto-zero/who-s-in-race-to-zero#eq-25. —. Race to Zero Initiative: Get net zero right, A how-to guide for spotting credible commitments and those that miss the mark. [Online] https://racetozero.unfccc.int/ wp-content/uploads/2021/07/Get-Net-Zeroright-2.pdf. Science Based Targets Initiative (SBTi). The Net-zero standard. [Online] https:// sciencebasedtargets.org/net-zero. Net Zero Tracker. Overview of the net zero targets for the 2,000 largest publicly-traded companies in the world. [Online] https:// zerotracker.net/.

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Refrigeration

teamed up to bring you this Continuing Professional Development initiative”

ENTRY FORM

MARK THROWER Managing Editor

Please mark your answers below by placing a cross in the box. Don't forget that some questions might have more than one SERIES 20to/ mark Module 01 in pencil first before filling in the final answers in ink. Once you have correct answer. You may find it helpful the answers completed the answer sheet, return it to the address below. Photocopies are acceptable.

First Steps to Net Zero

Questions ENTRY FORM

Please mark your answers below placing a cross inof the box.6)Don't forget that some questions might have more What is a typical range for COP? 1) Refrigeration accounts for by what percentage than one correct answer. You pencil first before filling in the final answers in total global electricity use.may find it helpful to mark the answers □ 1-3 in18 SERIES | MODULE 03 SEPTEMBER SERIES 17 09 | MARCH 20202020 ink. Once you have completed the answer sheet, return it to the address below. Photocopies are acceptable. 10 per cent □ □ 1-4 □ 14 per cent □ 2-5 □ 17 per cent □ 3-10 SMART GRIDS6). The Paris Agreement aims to keep the global average SPACE HEATING □ 19 per cent Please mark your answerstemperature below by placing cross in the box. Don'tto forget that some riseaathis century as close 1.50C. What level of Please mark your answers7) below by placing cross the box. Don't forget that some Which of these isinnot a type refrigeration questions might have more than onehas correct answer. may findas itof helpful to mark the warming already beenYou observed 2022? questions might have more than one correct answer. You may find itof helpful to mark the 1). Net zero emissions are achieved when anthropogenic answers in pencil first before filling in the final answers in ink. Once you have completed compressor? 2) What percentage of a supermarket’s energy answersare in pencil first before 0.50C filling in the final answers in ink. Once you have completed emissions of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere the answer sheet, return it□ to the address below. Photocopies are acceptable. the answer sheet, return it□ to the address below. Photocopies are acceptable. use is accounted for by refrigeration? Scroll 0.90C Completely reduced to zero. □ □ per cent Screw □ 70 □ 1.00C Stabilised so that they are no longer increasing. □ □ 60 QUESTIONS per cent Script □ □ 1.20C Balanced by anthropogenic removals over theQUESTIONS period relating □ □ 50 per cent Reciprocating■ Facilitate the connection of distributed □ to the net zero claim. □main 1) The establishment of the 1. Which is the most common heating 6. Which is thegeneration ‘delivery end’ ofvariable a vapourloads transmission grid began in whichmedia in renewable and per cent □ 40 wetdecade? systems? compression heat pump system? 7). What is the approximate within we must such astimeframe electric vehicles andwhich heat pumps efficiency □ Falling on a steep enough trajectory to meet energy 8) What savings could be expected from 1oC ■ The zero evaporator High temperature hot water reach a reach a global position to avoid theamost ■ net ■ 1940s targets. does the abbreviation VPPcontrol? stand for? reduction from floating head pressure 3) What is the most common type of refrigeration ■ Steam The condenser ■ 1930s ■ What extreme impacts of7) climate change and stay with the carbon purchase programme ■ ■ Low temperature hot water Thetocompressor ■ 1960s ■ Volume cycle? 2-4 which per cent □ budget correlates the UN’s Paris Agreement? 2). Which of the following statements are true? ■ The slinkyprotection programme ■ Cold water ■ Voluntary Absorption 3-5 cent ■ Virtual power plant □ years 2) Which key parameters need to beper □ 10-30 Climate change is primarily driven by manmade greenhouse □ Vapour controlled by smart grids? condensation 4-6 per cent □ gas emissions. 25-50 years 2. What is the most common□space heating 7. Which of these factors is used by a weather and frequency ■ fuelVoltage in the UK? compensation controlbe system? Electricity cannot stored in large Vapour compression 5-7 per cent 8) □ Frequency and current □ 50 – 100 years ■ enough These emissions remain in the atmosphere long to □ Vapour quantities by householders? Fuel oil Building thermal inertia ■ ■ evaporation □ effectively represent permanent additions to atmospheric 100+ years ■ Voltage, current and frequency □ False as only large utilities and industrial/ ■ ■ Electricity ■ Time of day commercial energy providers can provide 9) Increasing a condenser size by 30 per cent Naturalthe gas Outsidefacilities air temperature ■ What’s ■ storage concentration levels. 3) main source of large-scale might realise savings of? and still to be refined; as COP 4) Which part of the refrigeration system 8). Although quality, Coalusesgeneration connecting Date ■ renewable ■ False to of varying Although some level of climate change is already locked in, ■ □ the grid? 26 closed in 2021, what percentage of global emissions were the most input energy? 5 per cent as householders can store electricity ■ True we won’t stop adding to the problem until we reach a net zero dry bulb □ Biomass 3. What is a typical space temperature 8. Which of these factors used by ancharging optimum ■ covered by cent a national /ingovernment levelisnet zero target? standalone batteries or when Evaporator 10 per □ emissions position. □ forWind a home? start control system? farms ■ electric vehicles pertheir cent □ Approximately Compressor 15 per cent 25■ □ ■ 160Cfarms Level of building occupancy ■ Solar All of the above □ Condenser Approximately 50 per cent □ 20 per cent 190C Outside airmain temperature 9) What is the benefit of smart meters? ■ ■ □ 4) ofApproximately variable 75■■ perThey centavoid 220Care the main forms Boiler capacity the need for meter readers ■ What □ Defrosting □ electrical loads connecting at the 3). The role of offsetting in delivering a net zero position 240C Boiler flow temperature ■ household accurate and timely 90■■ perThey centprovide level? □ 10)Approximately What percentage of recovered heat could should be information on power flows across the be ■ Electric vehicles and heat pumps smarttypes grid of space heating system can ‘high-grade’? 5) COSP is short for 4. What is currently the most common 9. Which Maximised to deliver as quick a net zero position as possible. □ ■ Smart meters Theythe facilitate the systems export of construction material for panel radiators? management be used control? 9). list below■building puts main elements ofsurplus the to climate ofas System per cent □ □ 5Which Minimised as far possiblePressure and only compensate for automation devices ■ Home □ Coefficient electricity from household solar PV panels ■ Cast iron ■ Any hierarchy the correct order, when ordered from highest of System Performance 10 perincent □ Coefficient □ emissions remaining after the delivery of reduction targets. Pressed steel ■ What ■ Wet systems 5) is the main threatpriority to smart grids? firstcent to lowest last? 10)priority What does the technology VtG represent? of Specific Performance ■ Cast aluminium 15 per □ □ avoided completely □ Coefficient ■ Air handling plant ■ Cost of implementation Variable Geometry Turbochargers ■ Reduce, Avoid, Replace, Offset □ Coefficient of Specific Pressure 20 per cent Copper Boilers ■ □ ■ Cyber attacks ■ the first step in a net zero strategy. □ designed to allow the effective aspect Avoid, Reduce, Replace, expertise ■ Lack of experience and□ ratioOffset of a turbocharger to be altered as 5. Which of these is a key component of a 10. WhatAvoid is a thermostat? conditions change Offset, Replace, Reduce, □ 4). The adoption of a Science Based Target as6) part of a mechanical system?of smart What are ventilation the main benefits of Trapped Gas associated with A temperature sensitive switch ■ Volume Offset □ Replace, Reduce, ■Avoid, grids? strategy to deliver a net zero position is respiration

ENTRY FORM

Questions

■ A fan ■ Reduce the need for centralised power

■ A temperature sensor to Grid enabling EV batteries to ■ A proportional control device ■ Vehicle discharge to the to ‘smooth’ high that 10). What are the minimum levels ofgrid emission reduction ■ A chimney A digital display device ■ electricity … not possible, the two objectives are incompatible. peak demand profiles. ■ Encourage connection of electric vehicles ■ Opening windows the SBTi advise organisations to aim for by 2030 and 2050?

An atrium □ … mandatory. Please complete your details below in■block capitals. generation

□ □ … not mandatory, although doing so represents best practice. □ Emission reductions of at least 25 per cent by 2030 and at least □ … only possible for larger FTSE 100 type organisations. Please Pleasecomplete completeyour yourdetails detailsbelow belowin inblock blockcapitals capitals

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50-60 per cent by 2050. □ Emission reductions of at least 35 per cent by 2030 and at least 5). As of 2022, how many of the of the warmest years on Name (Mr. Name......................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................... (Mr.Mrs, Mrs,Ms) Ms).................................... .................................... 70-80 per cent by 2050. record have occurred since 2000? Business Address ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... Emission reductions of at least 45 per cent by 2030 and at least □ □ none Business Business.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 80-90 per cent by 2050. □ five .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... □ Emission reductions of at least 50 per cent by 2030 and at least □ ten Business BusinessAddress Address................................................................................................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 90-95 per cent by 2050. □ nineteen Business .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

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“Energy in and Industry How toBuildings obtain a CPDandaccreditation the Energy Institute are delighted to have from the Energy Institute teamed up to bring you this Continuing Professional Development initiative” This is the second module in the nineteenth series and focuses MARK THROWER Managing on Refrigeration. ItEditor is accompanied by a set of multiple-choice questions. To qualify for a CPD certificate readers must submit at least eight of the ten sets of questions from this series of modules to EiBI for the Energy Institute to mark. Anyone achieving at least eight out of ten correct answers on eight separate articles qualifies for an Energy Institute CPD certificate. This can be This is theon first module incompletion the 20th series and focuses First obtained, successful of the course andon notification Steps to Net Zero. It is accompanied by a set multiple-choice by the Energy Institute, FREE OF CHARGE for of both Energy questions. Institute members and non-members. To qualify forwritten a CPDby certificate submit at least The articles, a qualifiedreaders membermust of the Energy eight of the sets questions from this series ofdelighted modules Institute, will ten appeal toof those new energy management and to Energy in and Industry and the Energy Institute are Energy inBuildings Buildings and Industry and theto Energy Institute are delighted to to EiBIwith for the Energy Institute to mark. AnyoneDevelopment achieving at more experience of the subject. have teamed up you Continuing Professional havethose teamed upto tobring bring youthis this Continuing Professional Development least eight out of ten on eight separate articles initiative. Modules from thecorrect past 18answers series can be obtained free of initiative. This is in eighteenth series and focuses on Smart qualifies formodule an Energy Institute CPD certificate. This can be Grids. It charge. Send your request to editor@eibi.co.uk. Alternatively, This isthe thethird ninth module inthe the seventeenth series and focuses on Space is accompanied bydownloaded asuccessful set of multiple-choice questions. Heating. Itcan is accompanied by a set of multiple-choice questions. obtained, on completion of the course and notification they be from the EiBI website: www.eibi.co.uk To qualify for certificate readers must at eight Toby qualify foraaCPD CPD certificate readers mustsubmit submit atleast least eightof ofthe the the Energy Institute, FREE OF CHARGE for both Energy ten sets of questions from this series of modules to EiBI for ten sets of questions from this series of modules to EiBI forthe theEnergy Energy Institute members and non-members. SERIES 19 JUNE 2021 � MAY 2022 Institute to mark. Anyone achieving at least eight out of ten correct answers Institute to mark. Anyone achieving at least eight out ofof ten correct answerson on The articles, written by a qualified member the Energy eight articles qualifies eightseparate separate articles qualifiesfor foran anEnergy EnergyInstitute InstituteCPD CPDcertificate. certificate.This Thiscan canbe be 1. Electric Vehicles Institute, will appeal to thoseofnew to energy management andEnergy obtained, on successful completion the course and notification by the obtained, on successful completion of the course and notification by the Energy 2. Refrigeration those with more experience of the subject. Institute, Institute,free freeof ofcharge chargefor forboth bothEnergy EnergyInstitute Institutemembers membersand andnon-members. non-members. 3.Modules Underfloor Heating* from past 19 seriesof can obtained free ofappeal The by aaqualified member the Energy Institute, will Thearticles, articles,written written bythe qualified member of thebe Energy Institute, will appeal 4. Combined Heat & Power* charge. Send your request to editor@eibi.co.uk. Alternatively, to tothose thosenew newto toenergy energymanagement managementand andthose thosewith withmore moreexperience experienceof ofthe the 5. Humidification* they can be downloaded from the EiBI website: www.eibi.co.uk subject. subject. 6. Smart Modules from the Modules fromBuildings* thepast past16 16series seriescan canbe beobtained obtainedfree freeof ofcharge. charge.Send Send your to Alternatively, 7. Photovoltaics & Batteries* yourrequest request toeditor@eibi.co.uk. editor@eibi.co.uk. Alternatively,they theycan canbe bedownloaded downloaded from website: fromthe the EiBIHandling* website:www.eibi.co.uk www.eibi.co.uk 8. EiBI Air 9. Variable Speed Drives* 10. Boilers & Burners*

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ESTA VIEWPOINT For further information on ESTA visit www.estaenergy.org.uk

ne of the key things of running a trade association is the need to keep reminding oneself that your members are businesses and consequently they may all need business support in addition to sector specific support. One of the true ironies for me at the moment is that I am running a trade association based on energy efficiency, but that one of the current blocks on member recruitment is the ever-increasing costs that all businesses are incurring including, of course energy. While there are limited ways that we can directly support members with these additional costs it has been hugely disappointing to see how little government support so many businesses are getting, especially when compared with the support recently announced for households and their energy bills. I am aware of course of the argument that UK businesses received huge support from the Government during the pandemic but what tends to be forgotten is that a large number of SMEs where dividends rather than salaries to the owners are paid effectively received nothing. The same applied to the majority of selfemployed people turning over enough to make a living. Businesses are between a rock and a hard place at the moment. The Governor of the Bank of England has told businesses that they should not fuel inflation by putting up their prices. However, at the same time certain trade unions are telling their members to seek pay rises to cover their increasing costs. As businesses are coming out of a pandemic that has sapped most companies’ reserves it is unrealistic to expect businesses to absorb extra costs and not pass them on to their customers.

Declining apprenticeships

One specific business cost that is especially relevant at the moment is training. As I have mentioned in previous columns the majority of the retrofit installer supply chain is provided by SMEs. The Government still needs to sort out the apprenticeship grant levy scheme where the numbers of apprenticeships

On the subject of our manifesto, I am pleased to confirm that we are updating this and plan to include the revised version in our energy efficiency yearbook. The publishing date for this publication – part of our 40th anniversary celebrations - is anticipated for July. As I work on the document, I need to stay positive, putting to one side my major concern about whether the current government has any real interest in listening. Cynical, I know, but as someone who has spent more than 20 years lobbying governments of different colours, I can honestly say that the listening skills and ability to absorb genuine advice of the current one seems to be highly restricted.

Caught between a rock and a hard place UK businesses are being squeezed from all sides at the moment. On top of higher wages, businesses, unlike UK households, have received no help with their energy bills

Mervyn Pilley is executive director of ESTA (Energy Services and Technology Association)

The majority of the retrofit installer supply chain is provided by SMEs

are going down. In addition, SMEs have always struggled to take on apprentices. The critical key to both transitioning jobs into the green space as well as levelling up policies around the UK is in retrofit and SMEs will take on new people only if there is a degree of policy certainty. In our energy efficiency manifesto last year, we recommended that the Government should direct fund at least 75 per cent of the training costs for people to be trained to be retrofit installers. The failure of both the Green Deal and the Green Homes Grant schemes clearly illustrate what happens if the support of the SME installer sector is not taken seriously. The result is that there will never be enough capacity in the UK market to carry out the required work. As I read about companies promising to create an army of installers, the cynic in me feels that the army already exists, it just needs to be fully supported with direct funding for training costs.

Face-to-face activity

As 2022 develops it has felt good to start returning to face-to-face activity again. Last month we held our first EnCO conference in London which proved to be a highly successful event, reiterating the critical part that behaviour change has to play in enhancing energy efficiency solutions. This month we are hosting an energy efficiency zone at the Installer Show at the NEC. We will also be holding our first physical members meeting for more than two years during the event. Unfortunately, the increased business costs I have already referred to earlier are also proving to be a major challenge in organising such events. ESTA was built on its events and the resulting networking opportunities and two years of virtual activity has thrown up considerable challenges for us. I am pleased to report that applications for membership have started to come in again and we have also started to re-recruit some of those lost members who left us during the pandemic. I am only too aware that in addition to membership fees, training is another area that often suffers when businesses have to cope with increased costs. That said we continue to look to develop new training products. With so much churn in the energy sector jobs market there has never been a more urgent need for personal development and learning. We will continue in our quest to be a resource for energy efficiency knowledge. 

26 | ENERGY IN BUILDINGS & INDUSTRY | JUNE 2022

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Indoor Air Quality

Dan Shields is CEO of CODA

New regulations put an emphasis on indoor air quality Dan Shields discusses how the updates to the Building Regulations will affect building owners, occupiers and facilities management teams

n 15th June 2022, several updates to England’s Building Regulations will come into effect. These changes aim to reduce the carbon emissions associated with commercial buildings by up to 30 per cent while creating safer spaces for occupants and more energy efficient as we move towards NetZero 2050. The updates to Part L relate to the conservation of fuel and power and represent an essential step towards 2025’s Future Homes and Buildings Standard. Under the new guidelines, there will be several updates to the existing Building Standards, including changes to the minimum fabric efficiency standards, new guidance around heating and cooling systems and an increase in the minimum efficacy of lighting installations. The amendments to Part F of the Building Regulations are concerned with ensuring adequate ventilation within both residential and commercial properties. These updates highlight the importance of internal air quality (IAQ) and include new minimum ventilation rates, updated guidance around recirculation of air and, in some instances, a requirement for CO2 monitoring. The improvements are designed to limit the risk of airborne infections transmitted between buildings users.

Shift in priorities

Introducing these new standards means a shift in the priorities for facilities managers and maintenance teams as the focus on energy efficiency and ventilation is renewed. To comply with the new guidelines, facilities managers must be able to monitor their buildings and sites in real-time, have access to the right level of controls and analytics and provide reports on the internal conditions. For example, to guarantee that a commercial building is appropriately ventilated, the facilities manager must be able to review the IAQ and occupancy levels, adjust the mechanical ventilation accordingly, and then provide evidence that the environment is safe and healthy.

Changes to Parts L and F of the Building Regs will put new demands on energy managers

The Building Regulation updates coincide with many other changes that impact how buildings are managed and maintained. These include the rise of flexible and hybrid working patterns, which have resulted in more significant variations in occupancy levels and working hours. This presents new challenges for facilities managers as they strive to find ways to maintain operational efficiency while building occupancy is low. Rising energy prices also mean increased pressure on facilities managers and maintenance teams to keep building running costs to a minimum. With further energy price increases on the horizon, operational

efficiency is at the top of the agenda for many property teams as they strive to find ways to mitigate the impact of inflated energy bills.

IoT technology’s crucial role

Internet of Things (IoT) technology has a central role to play in supporting facilities managers and maintenance teams in the fulfilment of these new Building Regulations. As well as continually monitoring the energy usage within a property, IoT technology and analytics can process this gathered data to advise businesses of solutions and changes that will aid their journey towards compliance and decarbonisation.

IoT platforms, such as CODA, can monitor the energy usage of the building and its individual assets to build a complete picture of the site’s consumption. This data can then be used to identify any assets that are not performing at their optimum and establish opportunities to reduce the overall energy usage, cost and associated carbon emissions. IoT can also identify activities that are likely to lead to an asset fault. The system can then alert the teams so that predictive maintenance may be undertaken to avoid more extensive repairs and costly downtime. IoT technology can also help businesses comply with part F by monitoring the IAQ, delivering insights on the ventilation performance and controlling mechanical ventilation systems following the new guidelines. For example, by continually monitoring the CO2 levels, humidity, temperature and occupancy of an internal space, CODA can ensure that the appropriate level of ventilation is being supplied at all times. This keeps the IAQ at its optimum for the wellbeing of building occupants. Still, it ensures that ventilation systems are not overused, thus striking a balance between internal air quality and energy efficiency. While these updated Building Regulations will significantly alter aspects of facilities management, some do feel that the new standards don’t go far enough to ensure buildings decarbonise at the rate required. However, IoT and predictive analytics have the potential to help property teams go beyond compliance in their building management strategies. Commercial properties that implement the latest IoT building controls will be going a considerable step further in reducing their sites’ energy consumption and advancing the journey to NetZero 2050. As regulations change, demands on our office spaces become more fluid and pressures to reduce running costs and ensure occupant safety mount, the support of technology is essential. There is more pressure on facilities management teams to manage the demands of the occupiers, keep operational costs down and comply with ever-changing building regs. IoT technologies and predictive analytics software platforms can provide essential support for facilities managers trying to navigate the complex landscape of the commercial property. 

JUNE 2022 | ENERGY IN BUILDINGS & INDUSTRY | 27

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Indoor Air Quality

David Cook is technical product manager at Vent-Axia

monoxide, sulphur dioxide, lead and PM25, exceed limits as outlined in the Air Quality Standards Regulations 2010. This is also the case if a building is located too near to sources of significant external pollution such as busy road / junctions, combustion plants, discharges from process plants, and other sources of pollution that may be detrimental to health.

Source of the pollution

Considering air quality on the road to net zero

The new Approved Document Part F of the Building Regulations recognises the importance of considering indoor air quality on the road to net zero. David Cook explains more

ince Kyoto, the UK has been striving to reduce its carbon emissions with the Government enshrining in law achieving carbon neutrality by 2050. Increasing energy efficiency of buildings to work towards this target has been key but unfortunately indoor air quality (IAQ) has taken a back seat resulting in indoor air pollution. The new revision of Part F has started to redress the balance of ventilation with energy efficiency as the pandemic has clearly shown the importance of good IAQ for health and wellbeing. With energy costs rapidly rising, any reduction in usage helps reduce the effect of escalating costs and so reducing operating costs by creating efficient buildings is vital. But, as buildings become more airtight to improve efficiency it is essential to consider IAQ to protect the wellbeing of inhabitants. The new Part F (Means of Ventilation), which goes hand-inhand with the new amended Part L (Conservation of Fuel and Power), therefore sets out “significant changes” which will drive adoption of low-carbon ventilation as an industry standard and improve the quality of the air we breathe in buildings. This includes the new Part F looking to

both minimise the entry of external pollutants and ensure humidity and pollutants are extracted effectively and efficiently both in new build and in refurbishments. The document also includes guidance on minimum levels of air quality, to ensure good occupant health, and considers ways to monitor IAQ as part of this.

Areas for consideration

So, what are some of the significant areas to consider in the new revised Part F for energy managers and FMs working on non-residential buildings? With Part F focusing heavily on health and wellbeing, a key addition to Approved Document F, Volume 2 is a new section on monitoring IAQ. Since people exhale carbon dioxide (CO2) when they breathe out, if there is a build-up of CO2 in an area, IAQ falls and it can indicate that ventilation needs to be improved. Part F therefore sets out a requirement for new commercial buildings to have the means of monitoring IAQ in occupiable rooms. This may be achieved using CO2 monitors or other means of measuring IAQ with guidance on how to use CO2 monitors set out in Appendix C of Part F. CO2 should only be used as a guide to ventilation rather than to identify

safe thresholds. CO2 measured in parts per million (PPM) with external levels around 400PPM. A wellventilated space would have average levels of around 800PPM, whereas average levels of 1,500PPM would indicate that the space is poorly ventilated and action should be taken to improve the situation. Another key point within the revised Part F is that ventilation systems should be designed to minimise external pollutants entering the indoor space. Part F now clearly states that this should be taken into account if certain pollutants, including carbon

A fan-ducted system continuously supplies fresh air to a building

To combat the ingress of external pollutants in general, locate intakes away from the source of the pollution. Where urban traffic is the cause of the pollution air intakes should be as high as possible and located on the less polluted side of the building; if practical, avoid intakes from courtyard / enclosed areas; and if there is a significant prevailing wind direction, intakes should point in the opposite direction to the exhaust. Approved Document F, Volume 2 advises that mechanical ventilation may be the most practical way of achieving this. For example, VentAxia’s Slimpak EC box fan ducted system continuously supplies fresh air or extracts stale air or both. Another key addition to Part F, which reflects the significance of ventilation in meeting Net Zero, features in ‘Section 3: Work on Existing Buildings’. Here it states that when energy efficiency measures are installed, airtightness may be increased so ventilation should be assessed to determine what, if any, additional ventilation provision is needed to ensure good IAQ. It is important to remember (and confirmed in ADF 2) that infiltration is considered part of the ventilation system and reducing infiltration may reduce indoor air quality below the requirements. Within Part F there is also a move to more advanced energy efficient ventilation with the document giving maximum SFP levels for various types of systems. By implication, this pushes specification towards ventilation systems with EC motors or inverter control. While energy efficiency of buildings has been in the spotlight for some time, the latest revision of the Building Regulations marks a step change in recognising the importance of good IAQ too - and the role ventilation plays in achieving this. For both new build and refurbishment projects, energy efficient ventilation is a vital element to ensure occupant health and wellbeing as well as helping work towards Net Zero. 

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Indoor Air Quality

Jonathan Williams is branch sales manager of Siemens Smart Infrastructure

Smart buildings are good for our health

oor air quality seriously impairs our ability to think clearly, makes us feel unwell, and helps spread viruses. A myriad of building-related factors can inflame symptoms such as headaches, blocked or runny nose, skin irritations, dry and sore eyes, tiredness, and difficulty concentrating. Therefore, many building owners and managers are requiring more precise controls over the environmental factors in the workplace: CO2 levels of 1,500 to 3,000 parts per million are common in meeting rooms, yet these levels impair our ability to use information and reduce initiative CO2 is safe in small quantities, but as levels rise within indoor spaces and become higher than external concentrations, it is harmful to human health. The poorer the indoor ventilation, the higher the concentration of CO2. Scientific research shows that CO2 levels often found in meeting rooms, offices and educational facilities can reduce higher cognitive skills by more than 50 per cent. The right room automation creates a productive room that can increase overall productivity by 2 to 18 per cent. Humidity levels, either too high or too low, have a dramatic effect on the spread of viruses and impact of allergens. A lack of humidity control means a high cost in terms of reduced productivity and increased absenteeism, as well as lowered morale. Heating systems often dry the air. It has been shown that dry air enhances the lifetime of viruses. Sick Building Syndrome (SBS) is a condition in which people in a building suffer from symptoms of illness. Humid air can indirectly contribute to SBS by promoting the growth of fungi and mould. Besides devaluing the real estate, exposure to mould spores represents a hazardous health risk, with symptoms range from allergic reactions to poisoning by mycotoxins. The right temperature and humidity control greatly reduces the risk of falling ill while significantly improving comfort. Conventional thermostats only measure and control temperature; however, advanced hygrothermostats can be used for measurement, monitoring and

sources. Small particles can get into the lungs and cause diseases from asthma to cancer.

Carbon-activated air purifiers

Next generation HVAC control systems will be able to measure factors such as fine dust

control thanks to built-in temperature and humidity sensors, and can be integrated with building management systems.

The perils of VOCs

Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) can arise from cleaning chemicals, paints, carpets, and office equipment, or come in from outside through windows or unfiltered ventilation systems. Even in low concentrations, they can affect the respiratory, reproductive, and central nervous system. One of the major causes of SBS is outgassing from building materials. Energy saving measures to both insulate and draught-proof buildings

help lower the requirement for heating and cooling, however this results in airtightness within buildings, keeping the VOC gasses inside and contributing to SBS among occupants. The number one measure to prevent SBS is proper ventilation, in cases where HVAC is not fully automated. Suppliers like Siemens offer solutions for monitoring and quantifying not only the SBS indicators of VOC and humidity, but also temperature and CO₂ levels, by using a single multi-sensor device. Fine dust is worst in major cities and heavily industrialised areas. It is pumped out by engine exhausts, industrial processes, power stations, construction activities and natural

Air quality improvements can be made through the deployment of advanced HEPA and carbon-activated air purifiers that will screen harmful pollutants. Air-quality monitors are sensitive to the miniscule and most damaging particles, known as PM10 and PM2.5. These tiny particles are invisible to the naked eye and are small enough to travel deep into the lungs and bloodstream. Air duct fine dust sensors measure and monitor the indoor and outside air quality, thus protecting the safety of building occupants. Together with a building management system, the sensors control the air quality in air handling units and can follow the air pollution across multiple rooms. When helping to improve air quality in buildings we use our PM2.5 range of fine dust sensors to detect particles, or particulate matter (PM) down to 2.5μm (2.5 microns). Integrating purifiers into the HVAC system offers significant advantages: a purifier cleans the air by blowing it through a filter with a fan. A ventilation system creates an air flow and integrating the filter into this airflow allows significant overall efficiency gains. Also, while the primary HVAC system is a potential inlet for fine dust and pollution, cleaning the air at the inlet acts as a prevention. However, since fine dust also enters through many small holes in a building and is not a gas that can be removed in one place by suction, there is also a need for local air purification and cleaning. Studies suggest that nextgeneration HVAC control systems will incorporate measuring capabilities for pollution factors such as fine dust. This enables a trade-off between providing fresh air and reducing indoor CO₂, as well as the introduction of pollution from outside. Smart algorithms also anticipate pollution based on weather forecast, e.g. a building is ventilated in the middle of the night, when pollution is typically low, or before a weather situation occurs that typically comes with high fine dust concentration. 

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Indoor Air Quality

Graham Temple is marketing manager at Mitsubishi Electric

Free first step to better IAQ

A new guide offers practical steps that facility managers and building owners can take to measure indoor air quality (IAQ) and offers advice on the questions to ask ventilation experts. Graham Temple explains

ast December, the government released updates to the Building Regulations with Approved Documents covering Part L (energy efficiency) and Part F (ventilation) to further its net zero agenda. It also introduced a new Part O which deals with the issue of overheating in modern dwellings and pointed the way to a new Part Z which will cover the embodied carbon in buildings. The increasing of standards in these areas is also completely in line with the trend in the wider business community of focusing on environmental sustainability and wellbeing in our built environment. This comes on the back of the global pandemic, where the importance of good ventilation in internal spaces has become a major issue. We spend around 90 per cent of our time indoors yet few people realise that the air inside a building can be up to five times more harmful for you than the air outdoors. This is because buildings can be full of things that release what are known as Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs). These come from the things like paint, furniture, photocopiers, printers and even from perfume and dry cleaned clothes. Even the glue in building materials and finishes such as MDF laminate flooring and even furniture can also give off harmful chemicals. Yet indoor air quality has often remained the ‘poor cousin’ to other environmental and comfort issues. For many companies it can be difficult to know where to go to get advice. That’s the starting point for the new free guide focusing on indoor air quality produced by Mitsubishi in collaboration with the Building Engineering Services Association (BESA). ‘Buildings as Safe Havens – a practical guide’ is the third in its suite of guidance for measuring, monitoring, and improving indoor air quality (IAQ). The BASH Guide offers practical steps that facility managers and building owners can take to measure indoor air quality (IAQ) and offers advice on the questions to ask ventilation experts. It completes the BESA trilogy of free guides designed

to help building owners and managers turn their buildings into ‘safe havens’ that protect occupants from health risks linked to airborne contaminants and viruses. The foreword is provided by one of the UK’s most respected experts on infection resilience in buildings, Prof. Cath Noakes OBE, professor of environmental engineering for buildings at the University of Leeds and a member of the government’s Scientific Advisory Group for Emergencies (SAGE). Poor ventilation is the most overlooked building safety issue and can be directly linked to high levels of Covid-19 transmission, she states. “Covid-19 has been shown to be transmitted through the air. Even if only 10 per cent of all Covid-19 related deaths in the UK could be directly attributed to the failure to adequately ventilate indoor spaces, that would be more than 15,000 since the start of the pandemic – a shocking statistic that should make everyone sit up and take notice,” she writes in her foreword. “The pandemic has demonstrated that far too many of our buildings are under-ventilated, despite regulatory requirements that have been in place for a number of years,” adds Prof. Noakes. “This guide will be an invaluable tool in raising awareness of the importance of good IAQ and making our buildings more infection resilient.”

The pandemic has demonstrated that too many buildings are under ventilated A better grasp on IAQ

This guidance is designed to give building managers a better grasp of the complexities of IAQ and arm them with the right questions to challenge the competence of their FMs and building services providers. It also explains the options available

The BASH Guide offers practical steps facilities managers can take to measure IAQ

for different building types and will be invaluable in helping specifiers avoiding so called ‘miracle cures’ for IAQ problems. The guide provides a step-bystep strategy for monitoring and maintaining good IAQ in offices, schools, and public buildings and provides advice and strategies for dealing with ventilation problems. It outlines the questions building managers should ask their ventilation and air quality specialists so they can properly address their IAQ problems, and provides recommendations for conducting a building review, planning for improvements, and selecting the right technology. The guide contains a building review spreadsheet to help building managers identify areas that require improvement. This is designed on a traffic light system, with actions categorised as red, amber, and green, and works in tandem with an IAQ monitoring spreadsheet. The contents of the guide were steered by a technical committee led by Nathan Wood, chair of BESA’s Health and Wellbeing in Buildings group, and the association’s head of technical, Graeme Fox. “Most buildings do not have any active ventilation management,” says Wood. “At the top end of the market, the issue is well understood, and expertise is on hand to put best practice into effect, but our priority now is to find ways of helping the thousands of buildings that have no ventilation strategy and lack the information and expertise to prepare for the next health emergency. “That is why BESA is working hard to raise awareness and provide free guidance that can improve competence and compliance across the ventilation industry – and broaden the pool of ventilation expertise to take on this massive task.” Hern Yau, ventilation product specialist at Mitsubishi Electric, added that the pandemic had emphasised the importance of ventilating indoor spaces. “This guide will help contribute to a greater understanding of the type of equipment available, as well as encouraging more productive conversations about what can be achieved in our buildings in the longterm,” he added. “It also reinforces the importance of building managers only working with properly trained and competent IAQ specialists.”  ● All three BESA guides addressing indoor air quality (IAQ) can be downloaded for free from: www. theBESA.com/iaq

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EIBI_0622_002-0 Edit_Layout 1 09/06/2022 12:58 Page 33

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Indoor Air Quality

Bruno Guedes is IAQ product manager at Airedale

Good maintenance leads to good IAQ

Bruno Guedes examines why good indoor air quality and energy efficiency can only go hand in hand when accompanied by close attention to the care of air handling units

he office in the centre of a busy city, the hospital ward in your county and the school in your village don’t have much in common other than the fact somewhere, hidden behind plant room doors, an air handling unit is (hopefully) silently delivering fresh, clean, tempered air into the building while removing contaminated stale air and making use of waste heat to keep the building warm. These wonderful machines, costing thousands to hundreds of thousands of pounds, are often left abandoned and forgotten in a dusty plantroom until something, somewhere, goes wrong. Lack of inspection, maintenance and cleaning will ruin this expensive piece of kit. Fortunately, there are many measures that can be taken to ensure air handling units are performing their best to deliver clean fresh air free of harmful contaminants to the ventilated spaces that people occupy. Here are the most important considerations: Good maintenance starts at design and well before the air handling unit is physically manufactured. If appropriate access and facilities for cleaning are not considered at the design stage, it is almost certain that maintenance will suffer somewhere down the line. When space for installation on site is limited, access is often the first feature to be sacrificed. Removing access might seem an easy way to reduce the footprint of the equipment and make it more commercially attractive but this is in fact a big mistake.

Higher pressure loss

Lack of space for access leads to the process of maintaining the equipment becoming less appealing, lengthier, and sometimes outright impossible. After a few years of accumulated dust and dirt, components will produce significantly higher pressure loss and heat exchangers will lose some of their thermal performance, leading to additional fan and pump power consumption. Crucially, the quality of the air supplied by the equipment also suffers. Uncleaned areas can trap moisture, which in turn can lead to

Regular inspection and replacement of the filters will ensure AHUs remain clean

microbial growth. Sufficient space between components is crucial in order to ensure all relevant areas of the unit are accessible to be cleaned. Areas where condensate forms such as chilled water heat exchangers, heat recovery devices require particular attention. If space is at a premium and conceding on access space is unavoidable it’s better that access sections are reduced but not entirely removed. In very compact units the removal of components on a drawer type arrangement is a good solution to get around the lack of access. AHUs serve buildings in a multitude of applications and environments. The outdoor environment in a city centre will contain more contaminants per m3 than a rural area and therefore requires a significantly higher grade of filtration to achieve a similar indoor air quality. The contaminants are also not the same, the presence of diesel by-products in cities means that particulate filtration might not be sufficient and gas filtration might be recommended. ISO 16890 and BS EN 167981:2019 provide detailed guidance on

air filter grades and the selection of the appropriate level of filtration for each environment. Over-specification of filters has a high energy cost and under-specification will impact on the IAQ of the building and the health of its occupants, therefore choosing the right level of filtration and providing the right balance between filtration and energy consumption is all the more fundamental.

Internal and external leakage

Leakage in air handling units comes in two flavours – internal and external. External leakage includes infiltration (from the environment to the unit) and exfiltration (from the unit to the environment). The latter mostly impacts energy efficiency as any air lost through exfiltration will need to be supplemented by additional fresh air to achieve the required supply air volume. This means fans have to work harder to achieve this and the equipment will cost more to run. The former has consequences for the quality of the air supplied by the unit. Any infiltration downstream of the filters will consist of unfiltered and unconditioned air. If infiltration is

sufficiently high it will undermine the performance of the filters. Internal leakage is down to leakage between airflows in the unit itself. This can happen through the air handling unit casing and also the heat recovery device (now a mandatory component for most supply and extract systems). To avoid this, areas of the AHU that share airflow on the extract and supply should be appropriately sealed. Another potential leakage area is the filters themselves. Improperly fitted, poorly sealed, too big/small will lead to filter frame bypass leakage, which means a portion of the air that is supposed to be passing through the filter media ends up completely bypassing it. This should be tested by the manufacturer but can be easily compromised by lack of care during the replacement of the filters. Regular inspection and replacement of the filters will keep the equipment clean and prevent accumulation of dirt in most places. With regular filter replacement and inspection, an AHU plant may only need to be cleaned every 2-3 years. The important thing is to keep checking behind those plant room doors! 

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Products in Action

Grilles and diffusers help performance of Birmingham's 'greenest' building

103 Colmore Row is Birmingham’s tallest office building and “one of the cleanest and greenest”, achieving BREEAM Excellent. Built by BAM Construct UK, the 21,000+m2 building uses 100 per cent renewable energy for its electricity, with air conditioning and heating throughout

the 26-storey tower being provided via a four pipe fancoil system. Air movement specialist Gilberts worked closely with BAM and global engineering and consulting firm Arup to refine the specification of the grilles and diffusers in line with the requirement to achieve ventilation of

12l/person and a constant 22°C(±2°) throughout the Grade A offices. To attain the desired air distribution patterns, the air is circulated predominantly through Gilberts’ GSL linear slot diffusers. The GSLs ventilate almost 90 per cent of the 30 levels including lower ground and basement. Fitted into bulkheads around the perimeter of each office floor, the slot diffusers provide supply and extract of air and ensure a consistent and constant view through the floor to ceiling glazing. The GSLs were also installed into plank ceiling tiles to deliver air across the 743- 1,115m2 floor plates on each level. Either three or four slots was specified depending on location of the diffuser, to precisely balance the required airflow to keep the glazing clear of possible condensation and sufficient draught-free ventilation for the occupants across the office area. The slot diffusers are complimented where required - such as break-out areas, the business lounge, café and restrooms - with GECA eggcrate ceiling grilles, GDC-A circular face swirl diffusers and SX-100 air valves. 

plus site load bank testing to confirm everything was working and delivering what it should. If the protected equipment were exposed to a power failure, it would result in months of research being lost, key results invalidated, and crucial samples destroyed. Ultimately, this would lead to a significant delay in the research of diseases for the general public. With the designated KUP system in place however, power dips will not result in equipment resets, and any spikes will be prevented from reaching and damaging sensitive components. If the power fails completely, the battery backup system will immediately begin supplying power until the mains power is restored or the onsite

standby generator comes online. Featuring energy efficiency of up to 95.5 per cent, low THDi and a near unity power factor the PowerWAVE 8000DPA UPS system does this whilst minimising environmental impact and ensuring a low cost of ownership. Nigel Harrington, Power Protection Specialist at KUP continues the story. “Whilst lithium-ion batteries were considered, their cost and the lack of recycling infrastructure meant VRLA (valve regulated leadacid) batteries were chosen. VRLA batteries are around a third of the cost and with a well-established recycling infrastructure – they are 98 per cent recyclable. 

Uninterruptible power supply at research building The University of Warwick’s (UoW) new Interdisciplinary Biomedical Research Building (IBRB) is the new home for a uninterruptible power system. The new IBRB builds on UoW’s existing world-class research in neuroscience, microbiology and infection, cell biology, and disease models, supporting and facilitating interdisciplinary biomedical research of the highest quality. In June 2020, during the Covid-19 pandemic, a Kohler PowerWAVE 8000DPA 100kVA was installed in the IBRB’s new services room located in the basement. This new UPS system was commissioned to support a network of critical power outlets throughout the building. These are used for designated equipment that must continuously function throughout a power disturbance, including analytical and monitoring systems that form part of critical experimental equipment. Based on the initial load, a 100kVA system was selected with 20-minutes battery autonomy, an external bypass switch, cable box for top entry cabling

Dehumidifiers help dry age meat at state-of-the-art London facility MUNTERS has supplied three MLT800 desiccant dehumidifiers to Fairfax London to create the optimal relative humidity levels for their meat maturation rooms. Part of Fairfax Meadow, Fairfax London opened a purpose-built facility in 2018 complete with maturation rooms dehumidified by Munters. “When we designed this depot, our focus was to have a state-of-the-art maturation facility with a Himalayan salt wall. This would enable us to create the best possible premium dry-aged beef,” says Rob Shears, head of sales at Fairfax London. Munters recommended an MLT800 desiccant dehumidifier to dry age the beef in what became the first of three maturation rooms. “Each customer has their own, unique set of requirements to create their perfect climate, and here we suggested somewhere between 0-2°C, and between 50-80 per cent relative humidity,” says Glen Wilson, senior sales engineer for Munters. Less than six months later, demand for the dry-age beef had doubled and the maturation room was filling up. This substantial growth was attributed to the superior quality of the meat, and the precise conditions in which it is aged - thanks to the Munters desiccant dehumidifier. After acquiring a key client in premium casual dining, Fairfax London ordered another MLT800 desiccant dehumidifier for their second maturation room which, like the first room, quickly filled up. 

JUNE 2022 | ENERGY IN BUILDINGS & INDUSTRY | 35

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Data Centre Management

Ed Ansett is founder and chairman of i3 Solutions Group

Finding the real embodied cost A new white paper making the case for a whole-life approach should help identify and evaluate the real embodied carbon cost of a data centre, believes Ed Ansett

lobal emissions from new build projects are at record levels. Consequently, construction is moving further away from, not closer to net zero buildings. With the current focus very much on the carbon footprint of facility operations, a new white paper presents the case for taking a Whole Life Carbon approach when assessing data centre carbon impact. According to the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) the carbon cost of building is rising. The UNEP Global Alliance for Buildings and Construction (GlobalABC) global status report highlighted two concerning trends: Firstly that: “CO₂ emissions from the building sector are the highest ever recorded…” and second, “new GlobalABC tracker finds that the sector is losing momentum toward decarbonisation.”

Construction stage

Embodied carbon costs are mainly incurred at the construction stage of any building project. However, these costs can go further than simply the carbon price of materials including concrete and steel, and their use. And while it is true that not all buildings are the same in embodied carbon terms, in almost all cases these emissions created at the beginning of the building lifecycle simply cannot be reduced over time. Since this is often and, in some cases, especially true in data centres, it is incumbent to consider the best ways for the sector to identify, consider and evaluate the real embodied carbon cost of infrastructure-dense and

energy-intensive buildings. Technical environments and energy intensive buildings such as data centres differ greatly from other forms of commercial real estate, such as offices, warehouses and retail developments. Focusing on the data centre, let’s take for example a new build 50MW facility, it is clear that in order to meet its design objective it’s going to require a great deal more power and cooling infrastructure plant and equipment to function in comparison with other forms of buildings. Embodied carbon in a data centre comprises all those emissions not attributed to operations as well as the use of energy and water in its day-to-day running. It’s a long list that includes emissions associated with resource extraction, manufacturing, and transportation, as well as those created during the installation of materials and components used to construct the built environment. Embodied carbon also includes the

lifecycle emissions from ongoing use of all of the above, from maintenance, repair and replacements to end-oflife activities such as deconstruction and demolition, transportation, waste processing and disposal. These lifecycle emissions must be considered when accounting for the total carbon cost.

Mission critical facilities

The complexity of mission critical facilities makes it more important than ever to have a comprehensive process to consider and address all sources of embodied carbon emissions early in design and equipment procurement. Only by early and detailed assessment can operators inform best actions which can contribute to immediate embodied carbon reductions. Boundaries to measure the embodied carbon and emissions of a building at different points in the construction and operating lifecycle are Cradle to Gate; Cradle to Site; Cradle to Use and Cradle to

Grave carbon calculations, where “Cradle” is referenced as the earth or ground from which raw materials are extracted. For data centres these higher levels of infrastructure are equipmentrelated, additional, and important considerations because in embodied carbon terms they will be categorised under Scope 3 of the GHG Protocol Standards - also referred to as ValueChain emissions. Much of the Scope 3 emissions will be produced by upstream activities that include and cover materials for construction. However, especially important for data centres is that they also include the carbon cost for ongoing maintenance and replacement of the facility plant and equipment. That brings us to whole of life calculations which will combine embodied and operational carbon. Combining embodied and operational emissions to analyse the entire lifecycle of a building throughout its useful life and beyond is the Whole Life Carbon approach. It ensures that the embodied carbon (CO₂e emissions) together with embodied carbon of materials, components and construction activities are calculated and available to allow comparisons between different design and construction approaches. The great efforts to improve efficiency and reduce energy use – as measured through improvements in PUE – have slowed operational carbon emissions even as demand and the scale of facilities has surged. But reducing operational energy of the facility is measured over time and such reductions are not accounted for until 5, 10, 30 years into the future. However, embodied carbon is mostly spent up-front as the building is constructed; there is, therefore a compelling reason to include embodied carbon within all analyses and data centre design decisions. A ‘Whole Life’ carbon approach that considers the Embodied and the Operational emissions, provides the opportunity to contribute positively to global goals to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases – and will save financial costs.  ● For more guidance on the subject, the i3 Solutions Group and EYP MCF GHG Abatement Group has recently published, “Embodied carbon considerations for Data Centers, Scope, Impact, Reductions” available as a free download from i3.solutions/ embodied-carbon/.

36 | ENERGY IN BUILDINGS & INDUSTRY | JUNE 2022

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Data Centre Management

Joakim Palmberg is director, segments & applications, SWEP

Solving data centre hunger

Global transitioning to liquid cooling and a demand for more high performing data centres, without compromising on energy efficiency, is more crucial than ever, says Joakim Palmberg

ata storage has become one of the world’s fastest growing businesses as cloud storage becomes more and more commonplace. According to the latest predictions, the energy usage of data center will double between now and 2030, reaching more than 2 per cent of the total global energy consumption.1 The digital transformation has led to a need for more, faster and efficient data centres and the trend seems to last. At the same time, we are challenged by limited energy resources, galloping prices and global warming. How can we make both ends of the equation to meet? Storing data consumes a great deal of energy and produces a lot of heat, so large-scale data centres need powerful cooling to ensure optimum running of their IT equipment. Cooling systems typically are responsible for around 40 per cent of the power consumed in a typical data centre, with vapour compression chillers commonly utilised. These use a mechanical compressor powered by electricity, steam, or gas turbines. They produce cooling using the “vapour compression” refrigeration cycle.

Maximising efficiency

Maximising capacity and efficiency while adapting to natural or low GWP2 refrigerants is nowadays essential for vapour compression chillers. Intergovernmental bodies worldwide are tightening regulatory frameworks to further restrict the use of synthetic refrigerants such as chlorofluorocarbon (CFC), hydrochlorofluorocarbon (HCFC) and hydrofluorocarbon (HFC). The aim

BPHE technology is ideal to use as an intermediate circuit to separate the external glycol loop with the internal server loop. Further, a tight temperature approach is a key feature of SWEP BPHEs and makes it possible to operate despite low temperature differences and utilise ‘free cooling’ for a longer period of the year, regardless of the season. An expedient BPHE provides high turbulent flow, preventing fouling and scaling and the flows keep particles in the fluid in suspension.

Planning ‘white space’

is to replace them with environmentally friendly natural refrigerants as part of the drive to reduce global warming impact. Liquid cooling of servers is the most energy-efficient way to drive the data centre industry forward. This allows optimum energy use in the technology suite, so more power drives the applications on the servers, rather than the cooling systems. SWEP’s wide range of Brazed Plate Heat Exchanger (BPHE) evaporators, condensers, economisers and desuperheaters for chillers combine plate and distribution technology, which also includes dual or single refrigerant circuits solutions. They thereby improve efficiency and reliability, reduce pressure drop and minimise refrigerant charge. Energy can be saved if the ambient temperature can be used to cool the server with the chiller turned off, thereby enabling ‘free cooling’. SWEP

Excess heat obtained from cooling in a data centre can be recovered using BPHEs and supplied directly to a district heating network or nearby buildings

Top tips for data centre energy managers Sustainable energy Use renewable energy, typically wind, solar or nuclear.

Liquid cooling Invest in the most efficient system possible. Air-cooled systems will phase out in the short to medium term.

Efficient chiller system with modern low GWP refrigerants Lower pressure drop in the system leads to reduced pump size and reduced energy consumption. Compact BPHEs mean lower carbon footprint. Free cooling Take advantage of ‘free cooling’, which involves lowering the air temperature in a data centre by utilising naturally cool water instead of mechanical refrigeration. With BPHE from SWEP you have tight temperature approach and can take advantage of free cooling even at small temperature differences (so for a longer period of the year).

Excess heat Data centre excess heat obtained from cooling can be recovered using BPHEs and supplied directly to a district energy network if available. White space and the machine room Optimise your white space by going for compact design. With BPHE the CDU can be smaller and even fit a chassis level CDU.

For cost efficiency, the ‘white space’ in data centres (the area allocated for server cabinets, storage, network gear, racks, air-conditioning units and power-distribution systems) must be planned and used cost-effectively, making compactness of equipment an important factor. The Coolant Distribution Unit (CDU) is usually sited next to the servers, though compact in-rack solutions are also frequently used. Thanks to the BPHE size, both alternatives can be addressed with unparalleled cooling capacity. The BPHE serves as a loop breaker between the media, and the coolant is transferred to the di-electric fluid to cool the servers, with heat transferred in the opposite direction away from the servers. Additionally, SWEP’s 2-Pass flow pattern heat exchangers allow near doubling of thermal performance, within the same footprint. Excess heat from data centres doesn’t have to be wasted. Surplus heat, for example heat from servers or indeed other machines or industrial processes, can be source for various heating applications. Data centre excess heat obtained from cooling can be recovered using BPHEs and supplied directly to a district energy network or nearby buildings. As waste heat is an unwanted by-product from another process it has a very low carbon footprint. Given the expansion of data centres across the world, there is considerable potential for this type of heat recycling, though there is still a way to go to balance the potential costs with the likely environmental benefit. 

References

1) https://www.propertyfundsworld. com/2021/07/20/303768/pandemicdriven-data-reliance-fuels-record-datacentre-investments 2) The Global Warming Potential (GWP) of a refrigerant is its global warming impact relative to the impact of the same quantity of carbon dioxide over a 100 year period.

38 | ENERGY IN BUILDINGS & INDUSTRY | JUNE 2022

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Energy gy and power monitoring solutions for data centres

Self-addressing energy transducer

Modular main and sub metering for PDUs

Earth leakage monitoring relays

Carlo Gavazzi UK Ltd. - 4.4 Frimley Business Park, Frimle Frimley, y, Camberley, Camberley, Surrey GU16 7SG - Tel: Te el: 01276 854 110 1 - www.DBSMPHBWB[[J DP VL www.DBSMPHBWB[[J DP VL

Data Centre Management

Simon Ward is director of sales, UK & Ireland – Distech Controls

Be brave and be open

Open building management systems are becoming ever more popular in commercial buildings and have numerous benefits for data centres, as Simon Ward explains

ll aspects of business and our lives have become more dependent on web services and digital infrastructure. This requires data centres to operate more reliably and efficiently than ever before. A critical element of our digital infrastructure is the many data centres that process and connect our digital devices to the information needed. This has meant there has been a rapid growth in data centre construction. “The global data centre colocation market size was valued at $46.08bn in 2020, and is projected to reach at $202.71bn by 2030, growing at a CAGR (Compound Annual Growth Rate) of 15.7 per cent from 2021 to 2030.” This growth is not without challenges. Today’s data centre builders and operators must navigate a highly competitive environment amid new considerations by their customers and investors in environmental, social, and governance (ESG) issues. Data centre companies continue to benefit from integrating Operational Technology (OT) systems and Information Technology (IT) systems. This IT/OT convergence is a trend seen by hyperscale, colocation and enterprise data centre operators. Originally, convergence was a way to optimise facilities for a more efficient business; now OT visibility is becoming a requirement of data centre customers. Organisations want their digital infrastructure to see, understand and influence the physical world in the interest of creating more nimble and sustainable businesses. The energy costs and environmental impact of a data centre are tightly coupled to the mechanical and electrical systems that support the facility. A data centre company’s control systems that manage and monitor their facility plays a significant role in their success. There are a few key considerations that need to be taken into account when it comes to designing a control system for a data centre. First, and one of the most important factors is security. Security is paramount when it comes to protecting a data centre and the information within it. Second comes reporting and analytics, data centre stakeholders need to seamlessly access and

analyse data in order to make smart business decisions. If anything goes wrong, it is vital that people can monitor alarms, troubleshoot remotely, quickly solve problems and be prepared with the right tools and equipment when necessary. Finally, precise environmental conditions are required to help maintain proper equipment operations and successful remediation of hotspots.

Demand for transparency

The widespread demand for transparency, new data points and improved analytics in the data centre environment requires a controls approach that is secure, scalable, resilient, and flexible. In the past, building systems have traditionally been proprietary and not flexible like open systems. Proprietary

systems speak different languages, resulting in incomplete visibility, data, and reliability, and leave you tied to one, often expensive, service provider. However, that is changing, and open systems are becoming ever more popular in commercial buildings and have numerous benefits for data centres. Open systems can bring everything together in a cohesive and centralised fashion allowing users to visualise information, assess relationships, establish benchmarks

Open systems have benefits and should hold no fears for data centre operators

Data centres are unique buildings and a building management system requires careful planning and implementation

and then optimise energy efficiency accordingly. New open systems can meet even the most demanding data centre control requirements (even remotely) via fully programmable controls and advanced graphical configuration capabilities. For instance, the new Distech Controls ECLYPSE APEX is a powerful HVAC / IoT Edge controller that offers enhanced performance and dedicated spaces to IoT and AI developers. It facilitates HVAC system maintenance, increases efficiency of equipment and optimises energy consumption by leveraging the latest available technology on site. Embedded RESTful API exchanges data from different applications, such as energy dashboards, analytics tools, and mobile applications, on the premises or from the cloud with the IoT Hub connector. Using a RESTful API interface makes integration easier for systems integrators by enabling IT web services to easily interact with software applications. The smarter buildings become the higher the importance of cyber security. There are some fundamentals that building owners and system integrators need to consider when it comes to the security of their BMS. As a starting point, the devices or operational technology (OT) should be on a different network to the IT system as they have separate security requirements and various people need to access them. As an example, contractors overseeing BMS devices do not need access to HR information. Each device should be locked down securely so they can only communicate in the way that is required. There should be no unnecessary inbound or outbound traffic from the devices. This links neatly to monitoring. It is vital to monitor the devices after installation and commissioning to ensure there is no untoward traffic to the devices that could threaten a buildings or company’s security. Some manufacturers, such as, Distech Controls, are ensuring their products are secure straight out of the box. Security features are built directly into hardware and software like TLS 256bit encryption, built-in HTTPS server and HTTPS certificates. Data centres are unique buildings and a BMS requires careful planning and implementation. An open system has many benefits and should hold no fear for data centre operators, facilities managers or system integrators. 

40 | ENERGY IN BUILDINGS & INDUSTRY | JUNE 2022

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Efficient data centers start with high performing heat exchangers

Data centers D ata c enters consume consume an an ever-increasing ever-increasing amount amount off g global o lobal energy energy and and rrequire equire solutions solutions with with more more efficient cooling, space heat e fficient c ooling, s pace rreduction eduction and and h eat solutions energy rrecovery ecovery s olutions ttailored ailored ffor or ffuture uture e nergy consumption. c onsumption. SWEP heat exchangers S WEP h eat e xchangers (BPHEs) (BPHEs) are are highly highly compact and with modular capacity c ompact a nd w ith m odular c apacity yet yet provide provide efficient chassis-level cooling and e fficient c hassis-level lliquid iquid c ooling a nd unparalleled cooling ooling c capacity apacity tthat hat fit fit perfectly perfectly in u nparalleled c in CDUs. tthe he C DUs. SWEP BPHEs chiller applications, S WEP B PHEs are are ideal ideal ffor or c hiller a pplications, evaporator, condenser, and economizer, both as e vaporator, c ondenser, a nd e conomizer, offering both charge gb oth llow ow rrefrigerant efrigerant c harge and and a low low pressure drop, without compromising re d rop, w ithout c ompromising on on heat heat transfer and energy usage. er a nd llower ower e nergy u sage. Unparalleled heat exchanger alleled h eat e xchanger technology technology paves paves the wayy ffor data centers or ffuture uture d ata c enters with with low low PUE, PUE, heat recovery covery reusing reusing unwanted unwanted waste waste and and free free cooling options weather go ptions for for varying varying w eather conditions. conditions.

info@swep.net info@swep.net www.swep.net www.swep.net

TALKING HEADS

Clive Merifield is business development manager at ZTP a UK energy consultancy and software specialist

Clive Merifield Merifield: 'taking a longer-term view to diversify price risk is valuable, particularly when markets are high'

How to cope with rising energy prices

British business is being battered by soaring energy prices. Clive Merifield looks at how organisations can cope with price volatility and uncertainty

lectricity and gas prices have risen to historic highs in the past months. Prices are being driven by various factors, for gas these include storage, high global demand, coal to gas switching, LNG availability and the Russia/Ukraine factor. For power the drivers include gas price, carbon price, the weather and various plant/ connector outages. Unfortunately, prices could go even higher (or pull back dramatically) - a lot depends on what happens in the future to European dependence on Russian gas. Let’s look at consumption, flexible contracting and alternative options through the lens of coping with rising prices and high price volatility. Data digitalisation is important for consumption management and waste reduction. Organisations should review existing systems and seek to engage all energy stakeholders with a project to reduce waste by using techniques such as benchmarking. Most organisations have implemented basic energy efficiency measures. However, with energy costs high, organisations may consider shifting

consumption and production to times when unit costs are the lowest. Fixed and flexible price supply contracts form the bulk of UK energy procurement. Flex’s principal benefit is its ability to diversify risk by providing the ability to spread trade placement timing and volume throughout the contract period. Furthermore, because flex customers accept the price risk, the supplier risk premium (which is built into fixed price contracts) is reduced, creating a cost saving. When procuring flexibly the proportion of volume an organisation can hedge is restricted by its ability to provide a volume forecast to a defined tolerance. It may be that a forecast of this accuracy can only be provided three months prior to delivery. Let’s take a theoretical example of an

The digitalisation of energy management is key to achieving efficiencies

industrial consumer who has: ● 12 months left on their existing flexible power contract ● low risk appetite and value budget certainty ● base load hedged for nine months. Peak hedged for three months; ● 20 per cent volume tolerance clause; and ● clarity on peak load forecast three months prior to delivery. The company should look urgently to extend or re-procure its supply contract to provide the option to hedge over a longer period. Turning to the hedging strategy, it appears the company has taken a speculative stance, counter to its stated appetite for budget certainty and risk avoidance. The company should therefore consider reviewing its hedging strategy and seek to reduce its exposure through hedging.

Diversify price risk

Looking at baseload, the company may consider shifting from hedging nine months to 12 months in advance. For the positions further out, the company may further diversify its price risk by trading 50 per cent of its 12-18 month exposure and 25 per cent of its 18-24 month baseload requirement. Peak load hedging is more challenging; the business is limited to hedging three months ahead. Methods to improve peak load forecasting should be explored – such as a digital system for consumption forecasting with the objective to improve the peak load forecast duration to perhaps four or five months. This would enable the company to reduce its exposure to market price volatility. The company should seriously consider implementing a cloud-based flex contract management platform to access live position monitoring and alerting. Ultimately, such a system would have allowed the company to better understand (and manage) its exposure, protect its budget and react quickly to price movements. Onsite generation projects (such as solar PV) provide long term alternatives. They require capital expenditure

and specialist expertise, but provide compelling benefits which include: ● security of supply; ● long-term price certainty; ● removal of commodity and noncommodity price risk; ● positive sustainability impact; and ● revenue from selling to the grid (optional). Other options include Power Purchase Agreements PPAs) which would diversify price risk over a longer term, reduce cost and improve sustainability. Batteries, meanwhile, could be considered an option multiplier - enabling flexibility, releasing extra benefits from onsite generation, and providing an additional revenue stream from selling to the grid. Ultimately onsite generation, storage projects and PPAs should form part of a well thought through energy strategy due to their long-term nature. Prices are currently high and extremely volatile – it’s entirely feasible they could go higher or fall back significantly. The basics consumption reduction and flexibility - should be prioritised as a direct method to manage cost and eliminate waste. The digitalisation of energy management is key to achieving these efficiencies. Flexible contracting’s ability to diversify price risk is valuable, particularly when markets are high. Taking a longer-term view to diversify price risk further is logical. It is important to ensure speculation is only taken in line with organisational objectives and risk appetite. Having a digitalised platform for flex contract management is valuable to provide a constant watch on consumption, budget and hedging strategy implementation. In addition, a digitalised platform will generate alerts when action is needed to protect the budget and provide data to support decision-making. Alternative options such as onsite generation, PPAs and storage should be seriously considered - they provide a method to mitigate rising prices once implemented. It is also important to acknowledge that long-term options shouldn’t be undertaken in isolation; they should form part of the organisation’s overall long-term energy strategy. 

42 | ENERGY IN BUILDINGS & INDUSTRY | JUNE 2022

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EIBI_0622_043 Directory_EiBI Directory nov 10 2 08/06/2022 12:51 Page 43

DIRECTORY CONTACTS

To advertise in this section contact classified sales on Tel: 01889 577222 Email: classified@eibi.co.uk www.eibi.co.uk

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TURNKEYaM&T Meter and monitoring any utility. In house designed hardware and software. SME’s, City Wide Projects, Large Organisations. Pulse, Modbus, Mbus. www.energymeteringtechnology.com enquiries@energymeteringtechnology.com Tel: 01628 664056

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LET US SOLVE YOUR METERING PROBLEMS

EMT resolve issues with meters and aM&T systems that have been badly ﬁtted and are inappropriate or wrongly installed, systems that have never functioned properly and unsuitable or wrongly conﬁgured software. We have considerable knowledge and can help assess, recommission or replace any aM&T system to render them as useful tools for your utility management needs.

For more information on how we can help, Tel: 01628 664056 Email: enquiries@meteringtech.com www.energymeteringtechnology.com

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June 2022

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Data Centre Management

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