CCUS OPPORTUNITIES: MAKING PROCESSING AND MOVING THE CO2 SAFER AND AVOIDING EMISSIONS
Special Collaboration
AAPG - Ph.D. Susan Nash
Interviews
ANN ROBERTSON-TAIT, GeothermEX
JOHN MARKUS, COGNITE SASHA MACKLER, BPC
HYDROGEN
· Hydrogen production starts using nuclear power
OIL & GAS
· The Trilemma and a Liquified Natural Gas (LNG) Energy Strategy in Southeast Asia
INTERVIEW
· Sasha Mackler: Driving the United States toward a clean energy future
ENVIRONMENT
· CCUS Opportunities: Making Processing and Moving the CO2 Safer and Avoiding Emissions
· Repurposing carbon dioxide POWER
· Water power is a crucial clean energy source
A year after Russia's invasion of Ukraine, the energy world experienced profound with the European Union suffering. The International Energy Agency (IEA) prices and tensions surrounding Ukraine. As the largest exporter of oil and 60% of its gas exports.
By Rubi Alvarado General Manager, Energy Capital Magazine
According to an article written by Dr Fatih Birol, Executive Director of the International Energy Agency, in response to the turmoil, the IEA coordinated two emergency releases of oil from member countries' reserves and published a 10-Point Plan to help the EU reduce dependence on Russian natural gas. As the crisis unfolded, the IEA continued to support governments, businesses, and citizens, debunking myths about the global energy crisis and emphasizing the acceleration of the clean energy transition.
Although the energy crisis has been felt worldwide, some of Europe's most significant disruptions have occurred. To combat these disruptions, the EU has been working to decrease reliance on Russian fossil fuel supplies and improve energy system resilience. Cleaner alternatives to Russian fossil fuels have been rapidly expanding, with renewable power capacity, electric car sales, investments in energy efficiency, and nuclear power all on the rise.
Despite this progress, Europe's energy situation still needs to improve. Russian pipeline flows to Europe have dropped by 80%, while oil exports have only slightly declined. The resurgence of Chinese
profound changes, with global energy markets and Russia's relationship warned that Russia was manipulating natural gas markets, increasing and gas, Russia had the EU buying about 50% of its oil exports and over
demand for gas and the potential for Russia to halt gas supplies to Europe contribute to the uncertainty.
As a result, Russia's market power in oil and gas is set to decline, with its share of international gas trade and the EU's gas demand plunging. The embargos on crude and refined oil products have severely impacted Russia's exports to the EU.
In conclusion, Russia's energy gamble failed, and it now faces the likelihood of further declines in oil and gas output and a permanent loss of standing in the energy world. Government policies have proven crucial during this crisis, with the rapid deployment of clean energy and the
CLEANER ALTERNATIVES TO RUSSIAN FOSSIL FUELS HAVE BEEN RAPIDLY EXPANDING, WITH RENEWABLE POWER CAPACITY, ELECTRIC CAR SALES, INVESTMENTS IN ENERGY EFFICIENCY, AND NUCLEAR POWER ALL ON THE RISE.
practical use of previously discarded technologies. The mild winter has provided time for governments to implement structural changes and insulate energy systems against future volatility.
The only lasting solution to both the current and climate crises is a rapid transition to clean energy, which will enhance energy security, create job opportunities, and spur industrial growth.
Based on a recent report by senior analysts of the International Energy Agency (IEA). The World's Top 1% Emit Over 1000 Times More CO2 Than the Bottom 1%, A Deep Divide in Climate Justice. The document highlights a shocking disparity in global carbon emissions, revealing that the top 1% of emitters are responsible for producing over 1000 times more CO2 than the bottom 1%. This stark contrast underscores the need for urgent action on climate justice, demanding a more equitable distribution of responsibility in combating climate change.
According to the IEA, the top 1% of emitters are responsible for a staggering 15% of global CO2 emissions, while the bottom 1% contribute just 0.01%. This is a stark reminder that those who contribute the least to climate change often bear the brunt of its devastating impacts. The poorest populations, which typically emit the least CO2, are often the most vulnerable to climaterelated disasters, such as droughts, floods, and extreme weather events.
The IEA's findings emphasize the importance of addressing climate change through a lens of equity and justice. Addressing the emissions
gap requires targeted policies that focus on reducing the top emitters' carbon output while supporting the transition to low-carbon energy sources in low-income communities. The world's wealthiest individuals with the highest carbon footprints must be held accountable for their disproportionate contributions to the crisis.
One promising solution to this problem is the implementation of carbon pricing. Carbon pricing has the potential to level the playing field by ensuring that those who pollute the most pay the most, thereby helping to bridge the emissions gap. By putting a price on carbon emissions, governments can incentivize large emitters to reduce their carbon output while also generating revenue that can be invested in sustainable development initiatives.
In addition to carbon pricing, the IEA report suggests that governments should invest in renewable energy, energy efficiency, and low-carbon technologies to help reduce emissions across all sectors. The report also calls for increased international cooperation and the sharing of best practices to support lowincome communities in adapting to the impacts of climate change.
The IEA's findings are a stark reminder that the world can no longer afford to delay action on climate change. As the gap between the top 1% and bottom 1% of emitters continues to widen, the consequences of inaction will become increasingly dire for vulnerable populations around the globe. It is now more important than ever to ensure that climate policies are grounded in principles of equity and justice to create a more sustainable future for all.
THE WORLD'S WEALTHIEST INDIVIDUALS WITH THE HIGHEST CARBON FOOTPRINTS MUST BE HELD ACCOUNTABLE FOR THEIR DISPROPORTIONATE CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE CRISIS.
The Nine Mile Point Nuclear Station in Oswego, New York, has begun producing clean hydrogen, becoming the first facility in the US to generate the gas using nuclear power. This development is part of a $14.5m project co-funded by Constellation and the US Department of Energy (DOE) to demonstrate how nuclear power plants can scale up clean hydrogen production and bring down costs. Constellation plans to use the hydrogen generated on-site to cool the power plant.
The DOE supported constructing a low-temperature electrolysis system that uses the power plant's existing hydrogen storage system to enable clean hydrogen production. Constellation's new Hydrogen Generation System splits water into hydrogen and oxygen using electricity generated by the plant without producing emissions. The system began producing clean hydrogen in February, replacing truckedin deliveries of hydrogen made from fossil fuels to supply plant operations.
The DOE supported constructing a low-temperature electrolysis system that uses the power plant's existing hydrogen storage system to enable clean hydrogen production. Constellation's
THE INITIATIVE AIMS TO REDUCE THE COST OF HYDROGEN BY 80% TO $1 PER KILOGRAM WITHIN A DECADE.
new Hydrogen Generation System splits water into hydrogen and oxygen using electricity generated by the plant without producing emissions. The system began producing clean hydrogen in February, replacing trucked-in deliveries of hydrogen made from fossil fuels to supply plant operations.
President and CEO of Constellation Joe Dominguez said hydrogen would be critical in solving the climate crisis. Nine Mile Point will show that nuclear power is the most efficient and cost-effective way to generate hydrogen from a carbon-free resource. He added that the technology could help decarbonize industries heavily reliant on fossil fuels while creating clean-energy jobs and strengthening energy security.
Dr. Kathryn Huff, Assistant Secretary for Nuclear Energy, said that this accomplishment demonstrates that the US's existing reactor fleet can generate clean hydrogen today. She added that the DOE is proud to support cost-shared projects that deliver affordable pure hydrogen and that the new investments under the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law and Inflation Reduction Act will help expand the clean hydrogen market and create economic and environmental benefits for nuclear energy.
Around 95% of the hydrogen produced in the US comes from fossil fuels, providing new market opportunities for nuclear energy.
The Nine Mile Point Hydrogen Generation System is one of four projects the DOE supports to demonstrate clean hydrogen production at commercial nuclear power plants. The agency is also investing billions of dollars under the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law and Inflation Reduction Act to develop and mature clean hydrogen production in the US, reducing emissions and creating job opportunities. The initiative also supports the Department's Hydrogen Shot goal of reducing the cost of hydrogen by 80% to $1 per kilogram within a decade. Constellation plans to assess the system's performance and consider deploying hydrogen systems at other sites.
AROUND 95% OF THE HYDROGEN PRODUCED IN THE US COMES FROM FOSSIL FUELS, PROVIDING NEW MARKET OPPORTUNITIES FOR NUCLEAR ENERGY.
The challenges of the Energy Trilemma (Energy supply, Energy affordability, and Energy Sustainability) have inspired countries to explore new ways to bridge energy supply gaps as non-renewable and alternative energy sources are added and cleaner energy (emissions controlled or injected into underground storage) are developed using new technologies.
One such energy is LNG (liquefied natural gas). LNG is a form of natural gas cooled to -162°C, condensing it into a liquid state, making it easier and more cost-effective to transport and store.
LNG has become increasingly important to the energy strategy of countries in Southeast Asia due to its benefits as a relatively clean and flexible energy source.
Southeast Asia is one of the fastest-growing regions in the world, with a rising demand for energy to support economic growth and development. At the same time, the region is seeking to reduce its carbon footprint and improve air quality, making LNG an attractive alternative to other fossil fuels such as coal and oil.
Several countries in Southeast Asia, such as Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, and Thailand, have already established LNG import infrastructure and are investing in expanding their capacity.
Additionally, some countries, such as Vietnam and the Philippines, plan to build LNG terminals to diversify their energy mix.
LNG is also playing a growing role in powering the shipping industry in Southeast Asia, which is one of the busiest in the world due to the region's position as a major trading hub. Many countries are
LNG HAS BECOME INCREASINGLY IMPORTANT TO THE ENERGY STRATEGY OF COUNTRIES IN SOUTHEAST ASIA DUE TO ITS BENEFITS AS A RELATIVELY CLEAN AND FLEXIBLE ENERGY SOURCE.
exploring using LNG as a cleaner, more cost-effective ship fuel. Overall, LNG is becoming an increasingly important component of the energy mix in Southeast Asia as countries seek to balance economic growth and environmental sustainability.
The role of data analytics in the use of LNG (Liquid Natural Gas) in Southeast Asia is significant and multifaceted. Some of the key ways in which data analytics can support the adoption and optimization of LNG in the region include: Market analysis: Data analytics can help identify and evaluate the demand for LNG in
Southeast Asia, as well as the factors driving or inhibiting its adoption. This information can help to inform business decisions and investment strategies related to LNG.
Supply chain optimization: Data analytics can help optimize the LNG supply chain, from production and transportation to storage and distribution. By analyzing data on supply and demand, as well as factors like weather patterns and infrastructure availability, companies can make informed decisions about where to source and store LNG and how to transport it most efficiently.
Risk management: Data analytics can be used to identify and mitigate risks associated with the use of LNG in Southeast Asia. For example, by analyzing data on safety incidents, companies can identify areas of their operations that may be at higher risk for accidents or
other safety issues and take steps to reduce those risks.
Cost optimization: Data analytics can help companies to optimize the cost of using LNG by analyzing data on factors like production costs, transportation costs, and market pricing. This information can help companies to make informed decisions about where to source LNG and how to price it competitively in the market.
Geospatial platforms use data from a range of sources, including satellite imagery, GPS data, and other sensor data, to create detailed maps and visualizations of physical features and infrastructure. This information can be extremely useful in optimizing the logistics and supply chain for LNG in the region, as it allows companies to:
Identify optimal locations for LNG infrastructure: Geospatial platforms can help to identify optimal locations for LNG production, storage, and distribution infrastructure, based on factors like proximity to shipping routes and existing infrastructure, geological and environmental considerations, and market demand.
Monitor supply chain and logistics: Geospatial platforms can provide real-time data on the movement of LNG shipments and the status of infrastructure and transportation networks, allowing companies to identify and respond to potential disruptions or delays.
Evaluate risks: Geospatial platforms can be used to evaluate risks associated with the use of LNG in Southeast Asia by analyzing data on factors like natural disasters, weather patterns, and political stability. This information can help
companies to make informed decisions about where to source and store LNG and how to transport it most efficiently.
Plan and optimize routes: Geospatial platforms can help companies to plan and optimize transportation routes for LNG shipments based on factors like distance, road conditions, and transportation costs. This information can minimize transportation costs and reduce the risk of delays or disruptions.
Overall, both data analytics and geospatial platforms can play important roles in optimizing the logistics and supply chain for LNG in Southeast Asia, helping companies to make informed decisions and improve operational efficiency.
CCUS stands for Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage, a process of capturing carbon dioxide emissions from industrial processes, converting them into useful products, and storing them underground to prevent them from entering the atmosphere and contributing to climate change.
There have been several CCUS megaprojects in the past, including the Quest project in Canada and the Sleipner project in Norway. The Quest project, operated by Shell, captures one million tons of carbon dioxide annually from an oil sands upgrader and stores it underground. The Sleipner project, operated by Equinor, has operated since 1996 and captures and stores around one million tons of carbon dioxide per year from a natural gas processing plant.
CCUS technology is still in the early stages of development, and large-scale projects are expensive to build and operate. However,
they are crucial in the fight against climate change as they can help to reduce emissions from industries that are difficult to decarbonize, such as steel and cement production.
The PETRONAS CCUS project is a Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage (CCUS) project developed by PETRONAS, a Malaysian oil and gas company. The project aims to capture carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from PETRONAS' liquefied natural gas (LNG) facility in Bintulu, Sarawak, Malaysia, and store it underground in depleted gas reservoirs.
The project is expected to capture around 500,000 metric tons of CO2 per year, which will be transported via pipelines to offshore storage sites in the South China Sea. The CO2 will then be injected into deep geological formations for permanent storage.
PETRONAS' CCUS project is part of the company's efforts to reduce its carbon footprint and contribute to Malaysia's national climate change mitigation targets. The project also aligns with the global push towards decarbonization and achieving net-zero emissions.
The PETRONAS CCUS project is currently under construction and is expected to be operational by 2025. It is one of the largest CCUS projects in Southeast Asia. It has received funding and support from various partners, including the Malaysian government, the Global CCS Institute, and the Japan Oil, Gas, and Metals National Corporation.
PTTEP CCUS (Carbon Capture, Utilization and Storage) project is a carbon capture and storage initiative
GEOSPATIAL PLATFORMS
USE DATA FROM A RANGE OF SOURCES, INCLUDING SATELLITE IMAGERY, GPS DATA, AND OTHER SENSOR DATA, TO CREATE DETAILED MAPS AND VISUALIZATIONS OF PHYSICAL FEATURES AND INFRASTRUCTURE.
undertaken by PTT Exploration and Production Public Company Limited (PTTEP), a Thai national petroleum exploration and production company. The project aims to capture carbon dioxide (CO 2) emitted from natural gas production operations in Thailand's Gulf of Thailand and utilize it for enhanced oil recovery (EOR) and storage in geological formations.
The PTTEP CCUS project involves the construction of a carbon capture and utilization plant (CCU) and a carbon dioxide injection and storage facility (CCS). The CCU plant will capture up to 500,000 tonnes of CO 2 per year from PTTEP's natural gas production operations and utilize it for EOR activities. The CCS facility will inject and store the remaining CO2 into geological formations in the Gulf of Thailand.
The project is expected to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by approximately 35,000 tonnes annually and increase oil production by about 10,000 barrels daily. The PTTEP CCUS project is part of the company's commitment to reducing its carbon footprint and contributing to Thailand's goal of reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 20-25% by 2030.
Saudi Aramco is currently working on several carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) projects as part of its commitment to reducing carbon emissions and mitigating climate change. One of its major CCUS projects is the Hawiyah Gas Plant (HGP) Carbon Capture and Utilization project, which is located in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia.
The HGP project captures up to 500,000 metric tons of CO2 annually from the Hawiyah gas plant, which processes raw gas from several oil fields. The captured CO2 will then be used for enhanced oil recovery (EOR) operations in nearby oil fields, reducing CO2 emissions.
In addition to the HGP project, Saudi Aramco
is also working on other CCUS projects, including the Jazan IGCC and Power Plant CCUS project and the Uthmaniyah Gas Plant CCUS project. These projects aim to capture and utilize CO2 emissions from power plants and gas processing plants. Overall, Saudi Aramco is committed to investing in CCUS technologies to reduce its carbon footprint and contribute to the global fight against climate change.
To ensure the success of large-scale CCUS projects, various types of data analytics are required, including:
Process and Operational Data Analytics: CCUS projects involve capturing and processing large volumes of data from various sources, such as industrial processes, equipment sensors, and storage facilities. Analyzing this data can help optimize the overall system's performance, improve efficiency, and identify potential operational issues that need to be addressed.
LNG IS ALSO PLAYING A GROWING ROLE IN POWERING THE SHIPPING INDUSTRY IN SOUTHEAST ASIA, WHICH IS ONE OF THE BUSIEST IN THE WORLD DUE TO THE REGION'S POSITION AS A MAJOR TRADING HUB.
Geospatial Data Analytics: The success of CCUS projects largely depends on identifying suitable storage locations and ensuring long-term storage stability. Geospatial data analytics can help identify potential storage locations, assess storage capacity, and monitor storage integrity.
Financial Data Analytics: Largescale CCUS projects require significant investments, and financial data analytics can help project managers track project costs, estimate returns on investment, and identify potential risks that may impact the financial viability of the project.
Environmental Data Analytics: CCUS projects aim to reduce carbon emissions and mitigate the impacts of climate change. Environmental data analytics can help monitor the effectiveness of the project in
achieving these goals, track the reduction in carbon emissions, and assess the project's overall environmental impact.
Social Data Analytics: Large-scale CCUS projects can have significant social impacts on local communities, including potential job creation, community development, and other benefits. Social data analytics can help assess the potential social impacts of the project, identify potential social risks, and develop strategies to mitigate these risks.
Opportunity: Overall, data analytics plays a critical role in the success of large-scale CCUS projects by providing insights into operational, financial, environmental, social, and geospatial aspects of the project. By leveraging these insights, project managers can optimize the project's performance, reduce risks, and ensure the project's longterm success.
As the world continues grappling with climate change and energy security challenges, experts and policymakers are increasingly looking to clean energy solutions. In the United States, one individual leading the charge in this area is Sasha Mackler, the Executive Director of the Energy Program at the Bipartisan Policy Center (BPC). A committed environmentalist and policy expert, Mackler is dedicated to finding innovative solutions that address the nation's energy needs while simultaneously combating climate change.
The Bipartisan Policy Center is a Washington, D.C.-based think tank that aims to promote bipartisan solutions to the nation's most pressing problems. Founded in 2007, the BPC has since built a reputation for bringing together experts from across the political spectrum to develop policies that can garner support from both Republicans and Democrats. The Energy Program, helmed by Mackler, is one such initiative that seeks to advance clean energy technologies and policies in the United States.
Interviewed by Energy Capital News General Manager Rubi Alvardo at CERAWeek, Mackler outlined the Energy Program's objectives and highlighted the importance of bipartisan cooperation in addressing the nation's energy challenges. "Our goal is to develop practical, actionable policy recommendations that can accelerate the development and deployment of low-carbon energy technologies," Mackler said. "By bringing together diverse perspectives, we believe that we can identify common ground and build support for solutions that will benefit all Americans."
One key area of focus for the Energy Program is developing and implementing carbon capture technologies. These innovative solutions can help reduce greenhouse gas emissions by capturing carbon dioxide from power plants and industrial
sources before it is released into the atmosphere. By investing in carbon capture research and development, the United States can significantly progress in reducing its carbon footprint and meeting its climate commitments.
Mackler strongly advocates carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) technologies. "CCUS is an essential tool in the global effort to combat climate change, and the United States has an opportunity to be a leader in this field," he said. "By investing in research, development, and deployment of these technologies, we can create new jobs, foster economic growth, and protect our environment."
Another vital issue the Energy Program addresses is the need to modernize the U.S. energy infrastructure. Aging power grids and transmission systems are susceptible to failures and need to be more efficient in delivering clean energy from renewable sources. Mackler believes that targeted investments in these areas can improve the reliability of the nation's energy supply while reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
"Modernizing our energy infrastructure is crucial to ensuring that we can integrate more clean energy resources and enhance the resiliency of our power systems," Mackler stated. "This includes investments in grid modernization, energy storage, and advanced transmission technologies."
Mackler also emphasizes the importance of investing in clean energy research and development. By supporting cutting-edge technologies, the United States can maintain its position as a global leader in energy innovation while fostering economic growth and job creation. "Investing in clean energy R&D is not just good for the environment; it's also good for our economy," Mackler explained. "By supporting the development of new technologies, we can create high-quality jobs and maintain our competitive edge in the global marketplace."
MODERNIZING OUR ENERGY INFRASTRUCTURE IS CRUCIAL TO ENSURING THAT WE CAN INTEGRATE MORE CLEAN ENERGY RESOURCES AND ENHANCE THE RESILIENCY OF OUR POWER SYSTEMSSasha Mackler, Executive Director of the Energy Program at the Bipartisan Policy Center (BPC).
However, Mackler acknowledges that achieving the Energy Program's goals will require overcoming significant political and economic hurdles. In particular, he highlights the need for bipartisan support to enact meaningful policy changes. "The challenges we face are too great for any single party to tackle alone," he said. "It's essential that we work together to find common ground and advance solutions that will benefit all Americans."
By bringing together diverse perspectives and fostering constructive dialogue, the BPC aims to develop pragmatic policy recommendations that can garner support from both sides of the aisle.
The BPC's process emphasizes rigorous analysis, fact-based decision-making, and robust debate to promote informed, bipartisan consensus. The BPC focuses on various policy areas, including energy, health, immigration, infrastructure, and national security. In each area, the think tank assembles task forces or working groups comprising experts and policymakers from both parties. These groups collaborate to identify common ground and develop actionable policy proposals.
One of the BPC's most notable achievements is the development of the Domenici-Rivlin Debt Reduction Task Force. Named after former Senator Pete Domenici and former Office of Management and Budget Director Alice Rivlin, the task force was formed in response to the mounting federal debt crisis. In 2010, the task force released comprehensive policy
recommendations to reduce the federal deficit by $6 trillion over a decade. The proposal garnered significant bipartisan support and informed subsequent deficit-reduction efforts, such as the Simpson-Bowles Commission.
Another key initiative of the BPC is the Energy Program, which seeks to advance clean energy technologies and policies in the United States. The Energy Program aims to develop innovative solutions that address climate change while ensuring energy security and economic growth by fostering collaboration between industry experts, environmental advocates, and policymakers. Led by Executive Director Sasha Mackler, the Energy Program focuses
on areas such as carbon capture and storage, grid modernization, and renewable energy integration.
The BPC also tackles pressing health policy issues through its Health Program, which focuses on payment and delivery system reform, long-term care, and prevention of chronic diseases. By engaging stakeholders
from across the healthcare spectrum, the BPC aims to develop consensus-driven solutions that improve the quality and affordability of healthcare in the United States.
MACKLER STRONGLY ADVOCATES CARBON CAPTURE, UTILIZATION, AND STORAGE (CCUS) TECHNOLOGIES. CCUS IS AN ESSENTIAL TOOL IN THE GLOBAL EFFORT TO COMBAT CLIMATE CHANGE, AND THE UNITED STATES HAS AN OPPORTUNITY TO BE A LEADER IN THIS FIELD.
In a time when political divisions often stifle progress, the Bipartisan Policy Center's commitment to fostering dialogue and cooperation is refreshing and essential. By bridging the divide between Republicans and Democrats, the BPC is helping to create a more effective and responsive government capable of addressing the nation's most pressing challenges.
Carbon
Capture, Utilization, and Storage (CCUS) projectsPipelines that carry CO2 need to be carefully designed to transport highly corrosive CO2 because CO2 can react with the metal in the pipeline and cause corrosion, which can weaken the pipeline and lead to leaks or failures. This is particularly true for pipelines carrying CO2 in a liquid form, as the liquid can penetrate into the metal and cause localized corrosion. Therefore, materials with high resistance to corrosion, such as stainless steel or carbon steel coated with special coatings, are often used for constructing CO2 pipelines.
CO2 is usually transported via pipeline in a supercritical state, which is a state in which CO2 has properties of both a gas and a liquid. In this state, CO2 has a higher density and can be transported more efficiently compared to gas.
CO2 is mildly corrosive when transported in a pipeline, but its corrosiveness can increase if there are impurities or other substances present in the pipeline. The level of corrosion can also depend on the pressure, temperature, and pH of the CO2. Therefore, it is important to carefully monitor and maintain the pipeline to prevent corrosion and ensure safe transportation of CO2
Leak detection is critical in large-scale Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage (CCUS) projects for several reasons:
Safety: Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a colorless and odorless gas that can be hazardous to human health if inhaled in high concentrations. In large-scale CCUS projects, large amounts of CO2 are transported and stored, making leak detection essential to ensure the safety of workers and nearby communities.
Environmental impact: The leakage of CO2 into the atmosphere can contribute to climate change and other negative environmental impacts. Leak detection
is, therefore, necessary to minimize the environmental impact of CCUS projects and ensure that the captured CO2 remains securely stored underground.
Operational efficiency: Leak detection can help identify and address leaks early, preventing the loss of captured CO2 and ensuring the efficient operation of CCUS projects.
Regulatory compliance: Many countries have regulations requiring leak detection and monitoring in CCUS projects. Compliance with these regulations is essential to avoid penalties and ensure the long-term viability of CCUS projects.
In summary, leak detection is critical in large-scale CCUS projects to ensure safety, minimize environmental impact, maintain operational efficiency, and comply with regulatory requirements.
The use of CO2 pipelines for carbon capture and storage (CCS) is still in its early stages in Southeast Asia.
However, there are some ongoing CCS projects in Southeast Asia that may involve the use of CO 2 pipelines. For example, in Malaysia, Petronas is developing a CCS project called the Pengerang Integrated Complex (PIC), which
CO2 IS USUALLY TRANSPORTED VIA PIPELINE IN A SUPERCRITICAL STATE, WHICH IS A STATE IN WHICH CO2 HAS PROPERTIES OF BOTH A GAS AND A LIQUID.
aims to capture and store up to 2.7 million tonnes of CO2 per year. The project includes a pipeline that will transport the captured CO2 from the PIC to a nearby storage site.
In addition, the Brunei Shell Petroleum Company has been conducting a feasibility study on the potential use of CO2 pipelines for CCS in Brunei.
It's worth noting that the development and use of CO2 pipelines for CCS is still a relatively new technology and is subject to regulatory and environmental considerations. Therefore, the number and location of CO2 pipelines in Southeast Asia are likely to change over time as the technology continues to evolve and new CCS projects are developed.
The most common and cost-effective way to cool CO2 to a cryogenic state for transportation in a pipeline is by using the process of refrigeration. This involves compressing the gas to a high pressure and then cooling it with a refrigerant, which causes it to condense into a liquid form. This liquid CO2 can then be transported in insulated pipelines at low temperatures.
IT IS IMPORTANT TO CAREFULLY MONITOR AND MAINTAIN THE PIPELINE TO PREVENT CORROSION AND ENSURE SAFE TRANSPORTATION OF CO
There are several methods of refrigeration that can be used for cooling CO2, including mechanical refrigeration and cryogenic refrigeration. Mechanical refrigeration involves compressing the gas and cooling it with a refrigerant, while cryogenic refrigeration uses a cryogenic fluid such as liquid nitrogen or argon to cool the gas. The relative costs of these methods depend on several factors, including the size of the pipeline, the distance of the transportation, and the required flow rate. Generally, cryogenic refrigeration is more expensive than mechanical refrigeration due to the additional cost of the cryogenic fluid and the specialized equipment required for its use. However, cryogenic refrigeration
may be more efficient in some cases, particularly for long-distance transportation or when a high flow rate is required.
It is important to note that the safe handling of cryogenic CO2 requires specialized knowledge and equipment due to the extreme low temperatures involved. Proper safety precautions must be taken to avoid risks such as frostbite or asphyxiation, and pipelines must be designed and constructed to withstand the low temperatures and pressures of cryogenic CO2
Cryogenic refrigeration for CO2 transport is a field that is continuously evolving, and new technologies are being developed to improve
the efficiency and safety of CO2 transportation. Here are some of the recent developments in this field:
Cryogenic Cooling Systems: Cryogenic cooling systems are being developed that use liquid nitrogen to cool CO2 during transportation. These systems use a cryogenic refrigeration cycle that uses a combination of Joule-Thomson expansion and the Brayton cycle to achieve low temperatures.
Cryogenic Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS): Cryogenic CCS is a technology that captures CO2 from industrial processes and stores it in a cryogenic state. This technology uses cryogenic refrigeration to convert CO2 into a liquid state, which can be easily transported and stored.
High-Pressure Storage: High-pressure storage is another technology that is being developed to transport CO2. This technology involves compressing CO2 to high pressures, which increases its density and reduces the need for refrigeration during transportation.
Hybrid Cryogenic Refrigeration: Hybrid cryogenic refrigeration systems are being developed that combine traditional cryogenic
refrigeration with other cooling technologies. These systems use a combination of cryogenic refrigeration and adsorption cooling to achieve low temperatures.
Overall, these developments in cryogenic refrigeration for CO2 transport are aimed at improving the efficiency and safety of CO2 transportation and reducing itsenvironmental impact.
There are several companies that offer cryogenic cooling services for transporting CO2, including:
Air Liquide: is a global leader in the production and distribution of industrial gases, including CO 2. The company offers cryogenic cooling solutions for transporting CO2, which involves cooling the gas to extremely low temperatures (-109°F or -78.5°C) to facilitate transportation and storage.
Praxair: is another leading industrial gas company that provides cryogenic cooling services for CO2 transportation. The company uses its proprietary technology to liquefy CO2 and transport it in specially designed cryogenic tanks.
Messer: is a global industrial gas company that provides cryogenic cooling solutions for CO2 transportation. The company uses its proprietary technology to liquefy CO2 and transport it in cryogenic tanks that maintain the gas at a temperature of -109°F (-78.5°C).
Linde: is a multinational industrial gas company that offers cryogenic cooling services for transporting CO2. The company uses its proprietary technology to cool
CRYOGENIC REFRIGERATION FOR CO2 TRANSPORT IS A FIELD THAT IS CONTINUOUSLY EVOLVING, AND NEW TECHNOLOGIES ARE BEING DEVELOPED TO IMPROVE THE EFFICIENCY AND SAFETY OF CO 2 TRANSPORTATION.
CO 2 to -109°F (-78.5°C) and transport it in specialized cryogenic tanks.
Air Products: is a global provider of industrial gases and related equipment and services. The company offers cryogenic cooling solutions for CO2 transportation, which involves cooling the gas to extremely low temperatures using specialized equipment and technology.
Overall, these companies use similar technologies to cryogenically cool CO2 for transportation, with some proprietary differences in their equipment and processes. The primary goal is to cool the gas to a liquid state for easier transportation and storage.
The investment in carbon capture, storage, and utilization (CCUS) has created a surge in demand for ways to treat and transport CO2 so that it can be injected into subsurface reservoirs. The corrosive nature of CO2 and the need for thermodynamic transformation make the operation fraught with risk. To mitigate risk, a leak detection and corrosion abatement / control program should be instituted, and extremely sensitive monitors and data gathering and processing systems need to be in place.
According to an article posted by Ph.D. Meltem Urgun-Demirtas of the Argonne National Laboratory's Energy Systems division, Scientists from multiple national labs are working on finding ways to repurpose carbon dioxide (CO 2), which fuels global warming. The annual rate of CO 2 emissions has increased about 100 times faster over the past 60 years than previous natural releases, primarily due to human-driven activities.
To help reduce emissions, a collaborative team of scientists from the U.S. Department of Energy Bioenergy Technologies Office-funded Argonne National Laboratory (ANL) and National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) is examining how to make better use of CO2 generated by industry, transportation, and agriculture by turning it into sustainable aviation fuel and other valuable products.
The project is led by Ksenia Glusac, a professor of chemistry at the University of Illinois, Chicago, and a member of ANL's chemical sciences and engineering team, with colleagues Deborah Myers and Peter Zapol of ANL and Wilson Smith of NREL.
The team uses a two-step approach to find new uses for carbon dioxide. In the first step, they use electrochemical methods to convert carbon dioxide into methanol. Then, other researchers at the national laboratories upgrade the methanol into fuels by feeding it to microorganisms and algae. The goal is to identify catalysts that can efficiently and selectively produce beneficial products, such as aviation fuel.
One of the major hurdles associated with reductive CO2 utilization is in the initial step of carbon activation, as it's difficult to lower the oxidation state of the carbon atom. BETO and partners are working to develop technologies that efficiently convert reduced forms of carbon into affordable biofuels and bioproducts. The novelty of the research lies in the Glusac team's design of catalysts with molecular electrodes that exhibit high selectivity toward methanol.
Methanol has rich potential for uses that contribute to lower greenhouse gas emissions and help in the fight against climate change. It can generate electricity when used for fuel cells. It can be used as a heating fuel for boilers or as a sustainable or blended fuel for road, marine, or (potentially) aviation applications. Additionally, methanol is a chemical industry feedstock to synthesize formaldehyde, acetic acid, and other health and life sciences products. While there are carbon emissions from producing methanol from CO2 can be significantly lower than those associated with fossil fuels when renewable electricity is used during the process.
With atmospheric carbon dioxide levels rising, innovative research that finds ways to transform CO2 in the atmosphere into something positive is more important than ever. This research's long-term challenge will be scaling scientific findings into commercial applications. BETO Director Dr. Valerie Sarisky-Reed stated that "making renewable methanol from CO2 and electricity provides an innovative route to a host of fuels and products" that will expand the resource pool of renewable carbon that can be leveraged to meet the world's needs for carbon-based fuels and chemicals.
METHANOL HAS RICH POTENTIAL FOR USES THAT CONTRIBUTE TO LOWER GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS AND HELP IN THE FIGHT AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE.
New prize to advance marine energy and hydropower technologies and workforce.
On World Water Day, the Department of Energy (DOE) unveiled initiatives promoting water power as a crucial clean energy source. These include collegiate contests, fellowships, and a new prize to advance marine energy and hydropower technologies and workforce.
The DOE supported constructing a low-temperature electrolysis system that uses the power plant's existing hydrogen storage system to enable clean hydrogen production. Constellation's new Hydrogen Generation System splits water into hydrogen and oxygen using electricity generated by the plant without producing emissions. The system began producing clean hydrogen in February, replacing trucked-in deliveries of hydrogen made from fossil fuels to supply plant operations.
The DOE marked World Water Day by launching a $2.3 million prize for innovative ocean wave power technologies and inviting applications for the next hydropower and marine energy collegiate competitions. Additionally, they announced the selection of five students for fellowships in marine energy research.
As flexible and dependable renewable energy sources, marine energy and hydropower are essential for achieving the Biden administration's target of a carbon-free electricity sector by 2035 and a net-zero-emissions economy by 2050.
MARINE ENERGY, WHICH LEVERAGES THE NATURAL ENERGY OF MOVING WATER TO GENERATE RENEWABLE POWER, HAS THE POTENTIAL TO CONTRIBUTE TO THE COUNTRY'S ENERGY NEEDS SIGNIFICANTLY.
The DOE funds research, development, and workforce training initiatives to harness these resources to foster a future clean energy workforce.
The DOE's recent announcements include the following:
1. The Innovating Distributed Embedded Energy Prize (InDEEP) promotes innovative technologies for capturing and converting ocean wave power. This three-phase prize encourages the
development of distributed embedded energy converter technologies (DEECTec), integrating many small energy converters into a single, larger ocean wave energy converter. InDEEP aims to support preliminary DEEC-Tec research, paving the way for their eventual deployment at various scales, including grid integration.
2. Applications are now open for the second annual Hydropower Collegiate Competition and the fifth annual Marine Energy Collegiate Competition. These contests allow undergraduate and graduate students to create innovative solutions for advancing these technologies, preparing them for careers in hydropower, marine energy, and related industries.
3. Five Ph.D. and master's students were chosen for the Marine Energy Graduate Student Research Program, enabling them to research marine energy resources in collaboration with DOE's national laboratories, the Department of Defense, and other governmental and industry partners.
Marine energy, which leverages the natural energy of moving water to generate renewable power, has the potential to contribute to the country's energy needs significantly. It is estimated that the power contained in oceans and rivers could meet nearly 60% of the U.S.'s total electricity needs in 2019. Hydropower, on the other hand, is an established and significant renewable energy source. In 2021, it made up 31.5% of U.S. renewable electricity generation. Pumped storage hydropower is
the leading contributor to U.S. energy storage, representing about 93% of the country's total commercial storage capacity.
The United States possesses an untapped, vast, and renewable energy resource in its surrounding oceans and rivers, with marine energy presenting enormous potential for sustainable power generation. According to the U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE) Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), the nation's marine energy resources could provide up to 50% of its annual electricity demand, roughly equivalent to 1,740 terawatthours (TWh) per year.
Harnessing this energy resource can significantly contribute to the nation's clean energy objectives, reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and promote energy independence. The DOE has identified five primary forms of marine energy: wave, tidal, current, ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC), and salinity gradient. Each of these technologies has unique characteristics that make them ideal for different applications, environments, and regions in the United States.
Wave energy is generated from the movement of waves on the ocean surface, while tidal energy comes from the ebb and flow of tides caused by the moon's and the sun's gravitational pull. The current power is derived from the steady water flow in rivers and oceans. At the same time, OTEC takes advantage of the temperature differences between deep cold ocean water and warm surface water to generate electricity. Lastly, salinity gradient energy comes from the difference in salt concentration between freshwater and saltwater.
The U.S. Department of Energy has actively supported research, development, and demonstration of marine energy technologies through various initiatives and funding programs. In 2020 alone, the DOE's Water Power Technologies Office (WPTO) invested over $45 million in marine energy projects. The DOE is also focusing on reducing the levelized cost of energy (LCOE) for marine energy technologies and increasing their competitiveness in the energy market.
One of the critical challenges in developing marine energy technologies is the need for robust, reliable, and efficient devices that can withstand harsh ocean environments. To address this, the DOE has established the Pacific Marine Energy Center (PMEC) as a testing facility to evaluate marine energy devices' performance, durability, and environmental impact. The PMEC has three test sites, which are crucial for advancing the development and deployment of marine energy technologies.
AS FLEXIBLE AND DEPENDABLE RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES, MARINE ENERGY AND HYDROPOWER ARE ESSENTIAL FOR ACHIEVING
THE BIDEN ADMINISTRATION'S TARGET OF A CARBON-FREE ELECTRICITY SECTOR BY 2035 AND A NET-ZERO-EMISSIONS ECONOMY BY 2050.
In addition to the technological challenges, marine energy projects face various regulatory and permitting obstacles that need to be streamlined to facilitate faster deployment. To this end, the DOE works with federal and state agencies, such as the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM) and the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC), to create a more efficient and transparent regulatory process.
The marine energy sector has the potential to generate significant economic benefits, including the creation of new jobs, local economic development, and investment in coastal communities. Moreover, marine energy can provide stable, reliable power to remote communities and military bases, enhancing energy security and resilience.
As the United States works to achieve its clean energy goals, the marine energy sector is emerging as a significant contributor to a sustainable, low-carbon future. Through continued investment, research, and collaboration among stakeholders, the nation can unlock the full potential of its vast marine energy resources and become a global leader in this burgeoning industry.
IN ADDITION TO THE TECHNOLOGICAL CHALLENGES, MARINE ENERGY PROJECTS FACE VARIOUS REGULATORY AND PERMITTING OBSTACLES THAT NEED TO BE STREAMLINED TO FACILITATE FASTER DEPLOYMENT.
In today's fast-paced digital world, the energy industry is no exception to the wave of digital transformation. As the need for efficiency and sustainability increases, companies are turning to data-driven solutions to optimize their operations. Rubi Alvarado, Energy Capital News' general manager at CERAWeek, interviewed John Markus, Co-founder of Cognite, a leading company specializing in solving the industrial data problem in the energy sector.
businesses can optimize how the industry operates. They began in the energy sector by helping oil, gas, and hydropower companies manage their assets more efficiently. Over time, they moved on to more advanced use cases like energy trading.
Cognite was founded in 2016 to digitalize the energy industry to make it more efficient and sustainable. While many companies focused on advanced technologies like AI and augmented reality, Markus and his team realized that the fundamental problem to solve was the industrial data problem. "Without data, it's impossible to understand what's going on and through that start to optimize and use AI over time to optimize industry," said Markus.
The company focuses on taking data from industrial operational systems and IT systems and fusing it so
Markus shared an early digital transformation story with Aker BP, a joint venture between Aker and BP, now the second-largest oil and gas producer on the Norwegian continental shelf. Cognite helped Aker BP optimize operations on their topside platforms, and over the last few years, they have transformed to include drilling, well, and subsurface operations. Aker BP is now also electrifying its assets to reduce its carbon footprint.
Another example Markus shared was their work with ExxonMobil, helping them optimize maintenance planning and inspection on some of their largest assets in Canada.
When asked about the importance of
attending the world's most important energy event, the CERAWeek, Markus explained that it offers a global perspective on the industry and the opportunity to connect with existing clients and form new alliances.
Cognite's solutions break data silos and make data available in a unified way, from simple dashboards to advanced workflow applications. This enables better decision-making and the application of advanced analytics to optimize operations, whether in oil and gas, wind, or solar power plants.
Offshore wind power is a growth area that requires even more efficiency to deliver low-cost energy. Cognite works with companies like Equinor in Norway, which operates offshore oil and gas and offshore wind assets, to optimize their operations.
Discussing the global energy economy, Markus touched on the energy trilemma: increasing energy availability, lowering emissions, and producing energy affordably. The
key to addressing these challenges is digitalization, which begins with solving the data problem.
In conclusion, the energy industry's future lies in digital transformation and data-driven optimization. Companies like Cognite are at the forefront of this change, paving the way for a more efficient and sustainable world.
Dr. Markus is a prominent figure in digitalization and industrial data optimization. As the Co-Founder and Chief Executive Officer of Cognite, a global leader in industrial data contextualization, Lervik is committed to transforming energy and other asset-intensive industries through data-driven insights and innovative solutions.
Having co-founded Cognite in 2016, Dr. Lervik has played a crucial role in establishing the company as a data contextualization and optimization pioneer. With his exceptional leadership and vision, Cognite has successfully aided companies across the globe in optimizing their assets, improving efficiency, and achieving sustainability goals.
"DR. JOHN MARKUS LERVIK: A VISIONARY LEADER IN DIGITALIZATION AND INDUSTRIAL DATA OPTIMIZATION"
UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF VISIONARY LEADERS LIKE DR. JOHN MARKUS LERVIK, COGNITE HAS QUICKLY ESTABLISHED ITSELF AS AN INDUSTRY FRONTRUNNER.
Dr. Lervik's extensive experience and expertise in information technology and digitalization are not limited to Cognite alone. Before co-founding Cognite, he was the CEO of Fast Search & Transfer (FAST), a leading provider of search technologies and solutions that Microsoft eventually acquired in 2008. Following the acquisition, Dr. Lervik held the position of Corporate Vice President of Enterprise Search at Microsoft, further solidifying his reputation as a thought leader.
In addition to his accomplishments in the corporate world, Dr. Lervik has an impressive academic
WITH A STRONG FOCUS ON RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT, COGNITE IS CONTINUOUSLY ENHANCING ITS OFFERINGS AND PIONEERING NEW WAYS TO HARNESS THE POWER OF DATA IN THE DIGITAL AGE.
background. He holds a Ph.D. in Physics from the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), showcasing his dedication to research and innovation.
Under Dr. Lervik's leadership, Cognite has developed its flagship product, Cognite Data Fusion (CDF), a software solution that enables companies to break down data silos and provide unified access to data from both operational technology (OT) and information technology (IT) systems. CDF has transformed how asset-intensive industries
utilize data, leading to improved decision-making, reduced costs, and enhanced sustainability.
Dr. John Markus Lervik's vision and expertise have propelled Cognite to new heights. As a trailblazer in his field, Dr. Lervik's leadership and passion for innovation have positioned him as a force to be reckoned with in the world of digital transformation. His unwavering commitment to digitalization and industrial data optimization continues to shape the future of the energy industry and beyond.
Cognite, a leading global provider of industrial data contextualization, is a trailblazer in the digital transformation of asset-intensive industries. Founded in 2016, the company is committed to unlocking the full potential of data-driven operations to optimize assets, enhance efficiency, and achieve sustainability goals.
By leveraging cutting-edge technology and innovative solutions, Cognite empowers industries such as energy, manufacturing, and shipping to make data-driven decisions and transform operations.
At the core of Cognite's offerings is Cognite Data Fusion (CDF), a software solution designed to break down data silos and provide unified access to operational technology (OT) and information technology (IT) systems. By integrating vast amounts of data from disparate sources, CDF enables companies to gain valuable insights, streamline processes, and make informed decisions, ultimately reducing costs and improving sustainability.
Cognite's dedication to fostering collaboration across industries demonstrates its support for open standards and open-source projects. The company aims to facilitate innovation and contribute to developing the broader digital ecosystem by promoting interoperability and data sharing.
In pursuing sustainable and clean energy solutions, industrial companies increasingly use geothermal energy to power their operations. Ann Robertson-Tait, president of GeothermEx, a global leader in geothermal resource evaluation and development, explained the company's breadth of solutions to the industrial sector. She also shared about her role as Global Chair of Women in Geothermal.
GeothermEx specializes in harnessing the Earth's natural heat for various industrial processes. According to Robertson-Tait, the company can tap into this clean energy source from shallow wells for modest temperature needs or drill deeper to access hotter systems for more intensive industrial applications. This replaces the need to burn fossil fuels, benefiting any company and the environment.
Ann also highlighted the versatility of geothermal energy, citing its use for heating and cooling purposes. She shared an interesting example of a gelato factory in Naples, Italy that sought GeothermEx's expertise to explore the potential of using geothermal heat to supply chillers for their gelato production.
Resource management and monitoring are essential to maximizing the benefits of geothermal energy for
the industrial sector. She emphasized the importance of understanding how geothermal resources behave over time, which involves monitoring downhole pressure, studying the system's enthalpy, and assessing the effectiveness of injection systems.
Ann Robertson-Tait acknowledges that managing geothermal resources involves analyzing large amounts of data. Still, this data is crucial for accurately predicting and maintaining the performance of a geothermal resource over time. GeothermEx uses tracer testing to monitor fluid movement underground and ensure that cooler water is not returning too quickly to the production zone, which could reduce efficiency.
The importance of monitoring and surveillance systems in managing geothermal resources cannot be understated. Ann stressed the need for robust monitoring to understand how geothermal resources evolve. Unlike static oil and gas reservoirs, geothermal resources are dynamic, requiring constant attention to pressure and temperature changes to optimize their output.
When discussing the future of geothermal energy in the United States, Ann reflected on the country's long history with this renewable resource. Since 1960, the U.S. has been harnessing geothermal power, beginning with the Geysers field in Northern California. The nation has explored various geologic domains, including volcanic areas with high temperatures and regions with tectonic extension, where the Earth's crust is thinner and hotter. Additionally, the U.S. has been utilizing direct-use geothermal energy for heating and cooling and enhanced geothermal systems to improve resource efficiency.
Ann highlighted the significant impact of recent government initiatives, such as tax credits introduced in the Inflation Reduction Act, on the future of geothermal energy in the U.S. These tax credits, which she notes are incentives rather than subsidies,
encourage geothermal developers to accept more risk by offering financial rewards at the end of the project development stage. Developers can also trade or sell these credits to other taxpayers, further incentivizing the growth of the geothermal industry.
The future of geothermal energy in the United States appears promising, thanks partly to progressive government initiatives and the nation's established history in the sector. The expertise of industry leaders like Ann Robertson-Tait and her company, GeothermEx, will continue to be crucial in shaping a cleaner, more sustainable energy landscape.
Ann acknowledges that the situation regarding geothermal energy support in countries like Mexico differs significantly from that in the United States. In Mexico, renewable energy sources are often selected based on their capital costs. Due to decades of research, investment, and lowered prices, solar energy is typically the preferred choice.
Geothermal energy has faced challenges competing in Mexico's energy auctions, which prioritize the lowest bidders. However, Robertson-Tait pointed out that the Mexican government has recently introduced a particular auction for geothermal energy
to help incentivize its development amidst the current climate crisis.
Ann Robertson-Tait suggested that it is more effective to encourage and support appropriate renewable energy sources rather than penalize companies for not doing so. The contrasting approaches of the United States and Mexico towards developing and adopting geothermal energy underscore the need for effective government policies and incentives to drive growth in the renewable energy sector. As the global community continues to grapple with the climate crisis, the insights of industry leaders like Ann Robertson-Tait remain critical in guiding the pursuit of clean and sustainable energy solutions. She emphasized the numerous advantages of geothermal energy in the global energy system. Geothermal energy offers a consistent supply of clean, baseload power, providing stability to power grids, particularly in regions with prevalent intermittent solar energy. Ann explains that geothermal energy's 24/7 production makes it an excellent complement to other renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind, ensuring a continuous electricity supply.
Furthermore, GeothermEx is partnering with companies and governments to explore the
geothermal potential in non-traditional regions, such as Oman in the Middle East. This collaboration aims to determine the viability of deep basin geothermal energy in these areas, offering countries with significant oil and gas production a chance to transition to clean energy.
Robertson-Tait also highlighted the importance of working with regulators to improve their understanding of geothermal energy and streamline the permitting process. The geothermal industry can contribute more effectively to global decarbonization efforts by reducing regulatory barriers and accelerating project development.
In addition to heating and cooling applications, geothermal energy has the potential to contribute to the production of critical minerals, such as lithium, manganese, and zinc, which are dissolved in geothermal fluids. Geothermal heat can also enhance the efficiency of direct air capture units used for carbon capture and storage.
Ann envisions a future where geothermal energy is combined with other renewable sources like solar and wind, optimizing power production and providing consistent, clean energy. By leveraging the unique benefits of geothermal energy, the industry can significantly contribute to the global energy system and the ongoing fight against climate change.
MANAGING GEOTHERMAL RESOURCES INVOLVES ANALYZING LARGE AMOUNTS OF DATA. STILL, THIS DATA IS CRUCIAL FOR ACCURATELY PREDICTING AND MAINTAINING THE PERFORMANCE OF A GEOTHERMAL RESOURCE OVER TIME.
Ann Robertson-Tait, president of GeothermEx, discusses her role as the Global Chair of Women in Geothermal (WING) and the organization's mission to promote gender equality in the geothermal sector. WING is an international group with chapters in many countries. Its goal is to empower women and help them rise into leadership positions, ensuring they are not held back by gender discrimination.
In 2021, GeothermEx partnered with WING for an event focused on women in the geothermal industry. Ann emphasized that the organization seeks to create a model for gender equality in other sectors, and as
such, WING's membership includes "Wingmen" who support the cause. Currently, 30% of WING's members are men, and the goal is to reach a 50-50 gender balance.
Ann shared that her experience growing up in New York and witnessing gender discrimination motivated her to join WING and eventually become its Global Chair. The organization offers training to help members recognize and address their biases, fostering more inclusive environments within the industry.
WING supports members who may face discrimination or unequal treatment,
WHEN DISCUSSING THE FUTURE OF GEOTHERMAL ENERGY IN THE UNITED STATES, ANN REFLECTED ON THE COUNTRY'S LONG HISTORY WITH THIS RENEWABLE RESOURCE. SINCE 1960, THE U.S. HAS BEEN HARNESSING GEOTHERMAL POWER, BEGINNING WITH THE GEYSERS FIELD IN NORTHERN CALIFORNIA.
promoting open conversations and encouraging members to speak up when they witness inequality. WING aims to create a more diverse and equitable geothermal industry by working together, paving the way for other sectors to follow suit.
Ann Robertson-Tait has worked in the industry for 38 years and takes pride in her company's 50-year legacy. In her journey into the geothermal sector, she pursued a master's degree in New Zealand, known for its pioneering work in geothermal energy, after being awarded a Fulbright scholarship.
Her passion for the energy topic and search for alternatives to oil and gas led her to involve with geothermal energy, which resonated with her.
When asked about advice for women seeking to build a career in the geothermal sector, Robertson-Tait emphasizes the importance of being bold and advocating for oneself. She believes that women should be willing to be seen and heard to make an impact in their chosen field. Additionally, she encourages women to seek support from organizations like Women in Geothermal (WING) if they encounter challenges.
Ann highlighted the importance of maintaining a gender balance in the industry, with GeothermEx currently employing around 40% of women. She stresses that quality and competence should be the primary factors in hiring decisions, regardless of gender. For those interested in a career in the geothermal industry, she assures that it offers an attractive, varied, and globally connected career with plenty of opportunities for travel and learning.
Ann emphasized encouraging women to grow within the energy and industrial sectors. She asserted that a more diverse workforce, including more women, benefits morale and business. Ann explained that organizations like Women in Geothermal (WING) promote diversity, particularly women, who comprise about half the world's population.
She agrees that women should be given opportunities based on their capabilities rather than to meet diversity numbers. Finally, Robertson-Tait emphasizes the importance of having a mix of people on panels and conference stages to honor diversity and avoid gender discrimination. Through her work with WING, she advocates for a more inclusive representation of women in the energy sector, contributing to a more diverse and thriving industry.
March 1 – 3, 2023 IPTC, the International Petroleum Technology Conference, returned to Bangkok, Thailand, where the national oil company, PTTEP, was the host. The organizers hoped for a total attendance of 3,500. The final number far exceeded it, with more than 4,400 registrants to the conference and even more to the short courses and special activities.
The event is a blend of technical presentations, panels, plenaries, and a burgeoning exhibit hall floor with booths and exhibits principally by national oil companies (NOCs), independent oil companies (IOCs), service companies, and other organizations The host company was PTTEP. In 2024, it will be Saudi Aramco, and the location will be Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
PTTEP (PTT Exploration and Production Public Company Limited) is a Thai national petroleum exploration and production company. Their stated energy strategy is to operate their business sustainably, intending to balance economic, environmental, and social factors.
Their strategy involves investing in technology and innovation to optimize their exploration and production processes, reduce their environmental impact, and increase efficiency. They aim to develop new energy sources and technologies that are cleaner and more efficient, such as renewable energy and carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology.
PTTEP also strongly emphasizes corporate social responsibility (CSR) and community development. They aim to work collaboratively with local communities and stakeholders to ensure that their operations are conducted in a manner that is respectful of human rights, safe, and environmentally responsible.
Overall, PTTEP's energy strategy reflects its commitment to sustainability, innovation, and
responsible business practices, as they seek to provide energy solutions that are reliable, affordable, and environmentally responsible.
IPTC is an international event, but the main focus is Asia Pacific, which means that the demographic realities differ from those in Europe or North America.
Countries in the Asia Pacific assert that they cannot ignore their people and that access to affordable, clean energy is vital because it is a necessity to provide clean water, electricity, infrastructure, and other foundational basics. To descend into energy poverty would trigger social and political instability. The challenge
is achieving affordable supply in a sustainable, clean way. Hence, the "Trilemma."
The Trilemma is a concept developed by the World Energy Council (WEC) that describes the three dimensions of energy policy that need to be balanced to achieve sustainable energy systems. The Trilemma comprises the following three dimensions:
Energy security: This refers to the availability and reliability of energy supply. Energy security is essential to ensure a continuous and adequate supply of energy to meet the needs of society.
Energy equity: This refers to the accessibility and affordability of energy supply. Energy equity is critical to ensure that all segments of society have access to energy, regardless of their income or location.
Environmental sustainability: This refers to the impact of energy production and consumption on the environment. Environmental sustainability is vital to ensure that energy use does not contribute to climate change or other negative environmental impacts.
The Trilemma expresses the viewpoint that these three dimensions are interdependent and that policies designed to address one dimension may have unintended consequences on the others. For example, policies designed to increase energy security by increasing the use of fossil fuels may have negative environmental consequences. Similarly, policies designed to promote environmental sustainability by reducing the use of fossil fuels may negatively impact energy security and equity. Therefore, the challenge for policymakers is to find a balance between these three dimensions to achieve a sustainable energy system that meets the needs of society.
The IPTC focused on bringing in world leaders for the sustainability piece of the Trilemma. Sustainability is not only essential to protect the environment and reduce emissions, but it has also become a necessity because obtaining capital is often impossible without a verifiable sustainability plan.
One manner of tackling the sustainability requirement is to invest in CCUS. The world's largest Independent Oil Companies (IOCs) are leading the way. Here is a review of their activities:
Several companies around the world have invested heavily in CCUS. Here are some of the top investors: ExxonMobil: The company has invested over $10 billion in CCUS research and development over the past 20 years.
Shell: Shell has invested around $2 billion in CCUS technologies and projects, including its Quest project in Canada, which captures and stores one million tonnes of carbon dioxide annually.
Chevron: Chevron has invested in several CCUS projects, including the Gorgon project in Australia, which captures and stores up to four million tonnes of carbon dioxide annually.
GEOSPATIAL PLATFORMS USE DATA FROM A RANGE OF SOURCES, INCLUDING SATELLITE IMAGERY, GPS DATA, AND OTHER SENSOR DATA, TO CREATE DETAILED MAPS AND VISUALIZATIONS OF PHYSICAL FEATURES AND INFRASTRUCTURE.
TotalEnergies: TotalEnergies has committed to investing $10 billion in low-carbon initiatives by 2030, including CCUS projects.
BP: BP has invested in several CCUS projects, including the Net Zero Teesside project in the UK, which aims to capture and store up to 10 million tonnes of carbon dioxide annually.
Other companies investing in CCUS include Equinor, Occidental Petroleum, and Air Products.
Critics of Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage (CCUS) have raised several concerns about its feasibility, effectiveness, and potential drawbacks. Some of the main criticisms are:
Cost: The high cost of CCUS technology is one of the main concerns. Critics argue that the technology is too expensive, and the costs of implementing it will be passed on to consumers, making energy more expensive.
Energy requirements: Critics also argue that capturing and storing carbon requires significant
energy, which could offset any environmental benefits of CCUS.
Environmental risks: Some concerns about storing carbon underground could have environmental risks, such as the potential for leakage and contamination of water sources. There are also concerns that largescale deployment of CCUS could lead to the displacement of communities and the destruction of ecosystems.
Delaying the transition to renewable energy: Critics argue that CCUS is a distraction from the urgent need to transition to renewable energy sources and that the focus on CCUS could slow down this transition.
Moral hazard: There are concerns that CCUS could be used as an excuse to continue using fossil fuels rather than as a temporary solution while transitioning to renewable energy sources.
Lack of political will: Critics argue that CCUS is being promoted as a solution to climate change by politicians unwilling to take the more difficult and unpopular steps necessary to address the root causes of climate change, such as reducing fossil fuel consumption and investing in renewable energy.
Although Southeast Asia consists of many countries and a vast territory, we'll focus on just three major oil-producing countries in Southeast Asia: Malaysia, Thailand, and Indonesia. Vietnam, Myanmar, Brunei, and the Philippines are also oil and gas producers, but we'll just look at the three mentioned before for brevity. Malaysia. According to the United Nations, the population of Malaysia is projected to reach 38.4 million by 2050, up from the current estimated
population of 32.9 million in 2021. This represents an increase of approximately 17% over the next three decades.
In terms of energy consumption, Malaysia's demand for energy is expected to continue to rise in line with its economic growth and urbanization. According to the International Energy Agency, Malaysia's primary energy demand is projected to increase by an average of 2.3% annually from 2019 to 2040. This growth is driven by the country's expanding industrial sector, rising household incomes and consumption, and increasing reliance on air conditioning and electronic appliances.
To meet this growing energy demand, Malaysia is expanding its renewable energy sector, particularly solar and wind power, and continuing to use its abundant fossil fuel resources. The Malaysian government has set a target to achieve 20% renewable energy in its power mix by 2025 and aims for 31% by 2025, 40% by 2035, and 50% by 2050.
Thailand: According to the United Nations, Thailand's population is projected to reach approximately 69 million by 2050, up from an estimated 63 million in 2021. This represents a relatively modest increase in the population of roughly 2%.
In terms of energy consumption, Thailand has been experiencing steady growth in recent years due to rising economic activity and increased access to electricity. According to the International Energy Agency (IEA), Thailand's primary energy consumption is projected to increase by around 40% between 2020 and 2040. This growth will be driven by increasing demand for electricity, particularly in the transportation and industrial sectors. The IEA notes that the government of Thailand has set a goal of increasing the share of renewable energy in the country's electricity mix to 30%
by 2037, which could help to mitigate the growth in non-renewable energy consumption.
Indonesia: According to the United Nations, the population of Indonesia is projected to increase from approximately 273 million in 2020 to around 309 million by 2050 and then gradually decline to about 294 million by 2100.
In terms of energy consumption, the International Energy Agency (IEA) projects that Indonesia's energy demand will more than double from 276 million tonnes of oil equivalent (Mtoe) in 2019 to 574 Mtoe in 2040. The IEA also expects that Indonesia's share of renewable energy in the country's total primary energy supply will increase from 9% in 2019 to 23% in 2040, while the share of fossil fuels will decrease from 91% in 2019 to 77% in 2040.
PACIFIC ASSERT THAT THEY CANNOT IGNORE THEIR PEOPLE AND THAT ACCESS TO AFFORDABLE, CLEAN ENERGY IS VITAL BECAUSE IT IS A NECESSITY TO PROVIDE CLEAN WATER, ELECTRICITY, INFRASTRUCTURE, AND OTHER FOUNDATIONAL BASICS.
It's worth noting that projections can be subject to significant uncertainties and that a range of factors, including economic development, technological advancements, government policies, and social and cultural factors, may influence actual population growth and energy consumption.
To determine how much energy will need to be added from all sources, it's often convenient to look at existing oil and gas reserves and projected declines based on production, assuming no new discoveries or breakthrough technologies that would help recover more of the stranded or "left behind" oil. Then, energy consumption rates can be calculated per capita by looking at historical per capita consumption and then calculating additional needs based on new uses and an improved standard of living. The results are indisputable.
Thailand, Indonesia, and Malaysia have significant offshore oil and gas operations. Here's an overview of the offshore operations in these countries:
Offshore oil and gas operations in Thailand are primarily located in the Gulf of Thailand. The main producing formations are the Tertiary Khorat and Bongkot formations. Some of the major fields in Thailand include:
Bongkot Field: located in the Gulf of Thailand, approximately 650 kilometers south of Bangkok. It is one of the largest fields in Thailand and produces natural gas. The water depth in this field is around 70 meters.
Sirikit Field: located in the Gulf of Thailand, approximately 350 kilometers south of Bangkok. This field produces crude oil and natural gas. The water depth in this field is around 80 meters.
Arthit Field: located in the Gulf of Thailand, approximately 230 kilometers north of Bangkok. This
field produces natural gas. The water depth in this field is around 60 meters.
Indonesia:
Indonesia has several offshore oil and gas operations in the Java Sea, the Makassar Strait, and the Natuna Sea. The main producing formations include the Miocene, Pliocene, and Pleistocene formations. Some of the major fields in Indonesia include:
Natuna Field: located in the Natuna Sea, approximately 1200 kilometers north of Jakarta. This field produces natural gas. The water depth in this field is around 70 meters.
Mahakam Field: located in the Makassar Strait, off the coast of East Kalimantan. This field produces natural gas and crude oil. The water depth in this field ranges from 20 to 60 meters.
Cepu Field: located in the Java Sea, approximately 70 kilometers northeast of Semarang. This field produces crude oil. The water depth in this field is around 70 meters.
Malaysia:
Offshore oil and gas operations in Malaysia are primarily located in the South China Sea, off the coast of Sarawak and Sabah. The main producing formations include the Miocene and Oligocene formations. Some of the major fields in Malaysia include:
Baram Field: This field produces crude oil off the coast of Sarawak. The water depth in this field ranges from 50 to 100 meters.
Kikeh Field: This field produces crude oil off the coast of Sabah. The water depth in this field is around 1,300 meters.
Gumusut-Kakap Field: This field produces crude oil off the coast of Sabah. The water depth in this field is around 1,200 meters.