Anna Sans Orriols_Constructing the in-between metropolitan landscapes

Constructing the in-between metropolitan landscapes An open space strategy for the Barcelona Metropolitan Region

[E.M.U_European Postgraduate Master in Urbanism] dh ĞůŌͬ<h>ĞƵǀĞŶ Anna Sans Orriols

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ƚŚĞƐŝƐ ƟƚůĞ͗

Constructing the in-between metropolitan landscapes.

An open space strategy for the Barcelona Metropolitan Region Acknowledgements ƐƚƵĚĞŶƚ͗ ŶŶĂ ^ĂŶƐ KƌƌŝŽůƐ annasans @ gmail.com ŵĞŶƚŽƌƐ͗ ^ƚĞƉŚĞŶ ZĞĂĚ͕ dƵ ĞůŌ ĂĂŶ ĂŶĚďĞůƚ͕ dƵ ĞůŌ Antonio Font, UPC Barcelona ƌĞĂĚĞƌƐ͗ ĞƌŶĂƌĚŽ ^ĞĐĐŚŝ͕ /h s sĞŶŝĐĞ Antonio Font, UPC Barcelona

>ĞƵǀĞŶ͕ :ƵŶĞ ϮϬϭϬ 2

Thanks to family and friends who supported me in the process of the European Postgraduate Masters, ĂŶĚ ĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůLJ ĚƵƌŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ĨŽƌŵƵůĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ dŚĞƐŝƐ͘ ^ƉĞĐŝĂů ƚŚĂŶŬƐ ƚŽ <ĞǀŝŶ ĨŽƌ ďĞŝŶŐ ƐŽ ƉĂƟĞŶƚ͘ ůƐŽ ƚŽ María and Carlos for their constant support. dŚĂŶŬƐ ĂůƐŽ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ĞŶƚŚƵƐŝĂƐƟĐ ĂŶĚ ŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞĂďůĞ ƐƚĂī ŽĨ dh ĞůŌ ĂŶĚ <h >ĞƵǀĞŶ ĨƌŽŵ ǁŚŽŵ / ŚĂǀĞ enormously learned during these two years of hard work. / ƐƚƌŽŶŐůLJ ĂƉƉƌĞĐŝĂƚĞĚ ƚŚĞ ĞīŽƌƚ ŽĨ ŵLJ ŵĞŶƚŽƌƐ ^ƚĞphen Read, Daan Zandbelt and Antonio Font for their ŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ ĂŶĚ ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟǀĞ ĐŽŵŵĞŶƚƐ͘

[Table of content] [1. Introduction] 4

[7. Concept_Systems interface: urban/open spaces] 58

ͲdĞƌƌŝƚŽƌŝĞƐ ŽĨ ĚŝƐƉĞƌƐŝŽŶ ĂŶĚ ĨƌĂŐŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶ

[8. El Vallès Plain _(dis)connected territories] ϲϬ

[2. The research program] 6

[9. Strategy_Connecting territories] ϳϬ

[3. Studies on dispersion] 8

- Connect open space - Connect urban systems - Connect urban-rural interface

-Metropolitan form and open space project -The open space as part of the metropolitan project

[4. BMR. Regional conditions] 12

[10. Test. Anchor park design] 86

Ͳ^ŝƚƵĂƟŽŶ Ͳ ĐŝƚLJ ŽĨ ĐŝƟĞƐ ͲdŚĞ ĂĚŵŝŶŝƐƚƌĂƟǀĞ ƌĞŐŝŽŶ ͲEĂƚƵƌĂů ĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐ͖ ƚŽƉŽŐƌĂƉŚLJ ĂŶĚ ǁĂƚĞƌ ƐLJƐƚĞŵ

-Design tools -Design diagrams -Design components -Design

[5. Metropolitan expansion] ϮϬ ͲϭϴϱϬDzƐͲϭϵϱϬǭƐ &ŝƌƐƚ ŵŽĚĞƌŶ ŝŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĂůŝnjĂƟŽŶ ͲϭϵϱϬǭƐͲϭϵϳϬ͛Ɛ ĐŽŶŽŵŝĐĂů ŵ ĂŶĚ ƐƵďƵƌďĂŶ ĞdžƉĂŶƐŝŽŶ ͲϭϵϳϬ͛ƐͲϮϬϭϬ &ƌĂŐŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶ͖ ĚĞĐĞŶƚƌĂůŝnjĂƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ ƉŽůĂƌŝnjĂƟŽŶ ͲWĂƩĞƌŶƐ ŽĨ ŐƌŽǁƚŚ Ͳ DĞƚƌŽƉŽůŝƚĂŶ ůĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞƐ ŽĨ ĞdžƉĂŶƐŝŽŶͬƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞ

[11. Conclusions] ϭϮϬ [12. References] 122

[6. Hypothesis] 44 Ͳ ŐƌŽǁŝŶŐ ŵĞƚƌŽƉŽůŝƐͺWŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶ ƐĐĞŶĂƌŝŽƐ Ͳ ƵŝůƚͬŽƉĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞͺtŚŝĐŚ ŝƐ ƚŚĞ ĨƵƚƵƌĞ ƌĞůĂƟŽŶ -The open space as a system -Models of metropolitan growth -BMR regional formula

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[1. Introduction]

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ƐŽƵƌĐĞ͖ ŝŶƚĞƌŶĞƚ ĂŶĚ ; ͘ &ŽŶƚ͕ ͘ >ůŽƉ͕ :͘ D͘ sŝůĂŶŽǀĂ͕ ϭϵϵϵͿ͘

Territories of dispersion and fragmentation

The prolonged use of the metropolitan territory has ƉƌŽŐƌĞƐƐŝǀĞůLJ ƐŚĂƉĞĚ ƚŚĞ ĐŝƚLJ ŽǀĞƌ Ă ǀĂƐƚ ŐĞŽŐƌĂƉŚŝĐĂů ĂƌĞĂ͕ ŐŝǀŝŶŐ ƌŝƐĞ ƚŽ Ă ŚŝŐŚůLJ ĂŶƚŚƌŽƉŝƐĞĚ ƚĞƌƌŝƚŽƌŝĂů ŐĞŽŐƌĂƉŚLJ͕ ĂŶĚ Ă ƐLJƐƚĞŵ ŽĨ ĐŝƟĞƐ ƚŚĂƚ ĂƌĞ ŝŶĐƌĞĂƐŝŶŐůLJ ĐůŽƐĞƌ ĂŶĚ ŵŽƌĞ ƵƌďĂŶŝƐĞĚ ;>ůŽƉ͕ ϮϬϬϴͿ͘ dŚĞ ƵƌďĂŶ ĞdžƉĂŶƐŝŽŶ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ŵĞƚƌŽƉŽůŝƚĂŶ ƚĞƌƌŝƚŽƌLJ͕ ƚŚĞ ŽǀĞƌ ŽĐĐƵƉĂƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ĨƌĂŐŵĞŶƚĞĚ ǁĂLJƐ ŽĨ ŽĐĐƵƉLJŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ƚĞƌƌŝƚŽƌLJ ƌĞƐƵůƚĞĚ ŝŶ Ă ŵƵůƟƚƵĚĞ ŽĨ ĚŝƐĐŽŶnected and banal in-between landscapes in which ƚŚĞ ŝŶƚĞŐƌŝƚLJ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƚĞƌƌŝƚŽƌLJ ŶŽ ůŽŶŐĞƌ ĞdžŝƐƚƐ͘ ŽŶĐĞƉƚƵĂů ďŽƵŶĚĂƌŝĞƐ ŚĂǀĞ ďĞĞŶ ďůƵƌƌĞĚ ĂƐ ĚŝƐƟŶĐƟŽŶƐ ďĞƚǁĞĞŶ ƵƌďĂŶ ĂŶĚ ƌƵƌĂů͕ ĐŝƚLJ ĂŶĚ ĐŽƵŶƚƌLJƐŝĚĞ͕ ďĞĐŽŵĞ ůĞƐƐ ƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ĚŝƐĐƵƐƐŝŽŶ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĐŽŶtemporary city. The landscapes of dispersion are inŚĂďŝƚĞĚ ŝŶ ƚŚĞŝƌ ĞŶƟƌĞƚLJ ĂŶĚ ĐƌĞĂƚĞ ĂƌĞĂƐ ƚŚĂƚ ĂƌĞ ĚŝĨĮĐƵůƚ ƚŽ ĐůĂƐƐŝĨLJ ĂƐ ƵƌďĂŶ Žƌ ƌƵƌĂů͕ ĂƌĞĂƐ ŝŶͲďĞƚǁĞĞŶ the countryside and the city, in-between countryside and countryside, and in-between city and city, in ŵƵůƟƉůĞ ƐŝƚƵĂƟŽŶƐ ƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐ ŽŶ ĐŽŶƚĞŵƉŽƌĂƌLJ ƌĞĂůŝƟĞƐ͗ ĐŽŵŵĞƌĐŝĂů ƐƚƌŝƉƐ͕ ůŽǁ ĚĞŶƐŝƚLJ ƌĞƐŝĚĞŶƟĂů ĂƌĞĂƐ͕ ŝŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĂů ůĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞƐ͕ ďƌŽǁŶ ĮĞůĚƐ͕ ǁĂƐƚĞůĂŶĚƐ͕ major areas occupied by industry, transport and mobility hubs, and marginal landscapes.

The main area of research is the Barcelona Metropolitan Region, with a closer approach to the highly ƵƌďĂŶŝnjĞĚ sĂůůğƐ ƉůĂŝŶ ͘ ƵƌŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ůĂƐƚ ƚŚƌĞĞ ĚĞĐĂĚĞƐ͕ the region has been transformed by a big process of urban dispersion which can be understood, among other reasons, as the result of the lack of supra-municipal instruments on land use planning. This is ilůƵƐƚƌĂƚĞĚ ďLJ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ ŝŶ ƚŽƚĂů ƵƌďĂŶ ůĂŶĚ͕ ǁŚŝĐŚ ŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞĚ ĨƌŽŵ ĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƚĞůLJ Ϯϯ͘ϬϬϬ ŚĂ ƚŽ ϱϲ͘ϬϬϬ ŚĂ ďĞƚǁĞĞŶ ϭϵϳϮ ĂŶĚ ϮϬϬϰ͘ ƵƌŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ƐĂŵĞ ƉĞƌŝŽĚ͕

ƚŚĞ ƉŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ƚŚŝƐ ƌĞŐŝŽŶ ŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞĚ ĨƌŽŵ ϯ͘ϲ ƚŽ ϰ͘ϲϳ ŵŝůůŝŽŶ ;/ĚĞƐĐĂƚ͕ ϮϬϬϰͿ͘ The metropolitan landscape of dispersion needs new instruments and strategies to deal with its future deǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ͘ dŽ ĨĂĐĞ ƚŚŝƐ ƌĞĂůŝƚLJ͕ ƚŚŝƐ ƚŚĞƐŝƐ ĞdžƉůŽƌĞƐ ƚŚĞ ƉŽƚĞŶƟĂů ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ŽƉĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ͕ ƚŚĞ ƵŶͲďƵŝůƚ͕ ƚŽ ƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞ ĂŶĚ ŐƵŝĚĞ ƚŚĞ ĨƵƚƵƌĞ ƵƌďĂŶ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚƐ͘ dŚĞ ŽƉĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ ŚĂǀĞ ƚŚĞ ƉŽƚĞŶƟĂů ƚŽ ďĞĐŽŵĞ ŵƵĐŚ more than the remaining spaces in between urbanŝnjĂƟŽŶ Žƌ ƚŚŽƐĞ ůĂŶĚƐ ǁĂŝƟŶŐ ƚŽ ďĞ ƵƌďĂŶŝnjĞĚ͘ The open space becomes part of the metropolitan projĞĐƚ ĂŶĚ ŶĞĞĚƐ ƚŽ ŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƚĞ ŶĞǁ ĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐ ĂŶĚ ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶƐ ǁŚŝĐŚ ĐŽƌƌĞƐƉŽŶĚ ƚŽ ŝƚƐ ŶĞǁ ŵĞƚƌŽƉŽůŝƚĂŶ ĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶ. The regional territory is understood from its ŐĞŽŐƌĂƉŚLJ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ĐŽŵƉůĞdž ŝŶƚĞƌǁĞĂǀŝŶŐ ŽĨ ŶĂƚƵƌĂů ecologies with the social, cultural and infrastructural ůĂLJĞƌƐ͘ dŚĞ ƵƌďĂŶŝnjĂƟŽŶ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐ ŚĂǀĞ ĚŝƐƉĞƌƐĞĚ ĂŶĚ ĐĂŵŽƵŇĂŐĞĚ ƚŚĞ ŶĂƚƵƌĂů ƐƵďƐƚƌĂƚĞ ŽĨ ƚŚĞŝƌ ƐŝƚĞƐ ĂŶĚ fractured the boundaries between urban fabric and open space and nature. dŚĞ ƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ ĨŽĐƵƐĞƐ ŵĂŝŶůLJ ŽŶ ƚŚĞ ƉŽƚĞŶƟĂů ŽĨ ƌĞstructuring the fragmented open spaces in order to ĂƐƐƵƌĞ ƚŚĞ ĐŽŶŶĞĐƟǀŝƚLJ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƚĞƌƌŝƚŽƌLJ͘ hŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ƚĞƌƌŝƚŽƌŝĂů ĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶ ĨƌŽŵ ŝƚƐ ŐĞŽŐƌĂƉŚLJ and from an ecological approach, the idea of territoƌŝĂů ŵŽƐĂŝĐ ŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƚĞƐ ƚŚĞ ƉĂƩĞƌŶ ŽĨ ƉĂƚĐŚĞƐ͕ ĐŽƌƌŝĚŽƌƐ ĂŶĚ ŵĂƚƌŝdž ƚŚĂƚ ĨŽƌŵ Ă ůĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞ ŝŶ ŝƚƐ ĞŶƟƌĞƚLJ͘ ;&ŽƌŵĂŶ͕ Z͘d͘d ϮϬϬϴͿ The project design focuses on the urban and open space system interface. The in-between open metropolitan landscapes are understood as an opportunity ƚŽ ĐƌĞĂƚĞ ŶĞǁ ŝŶƚĞƌĨĂĐĞƐ ǁŚŝĐŚ ƉƌŽĮƚ ĨƌŽŵ ƚŚĞ ƵƌďĂŶ ƉƌŽdžŝŵŝƚLJ ĂŶĚ ĐƌĞĂƚĞ ŶĞǁ ŵĞƚƌŽƉŽůŝƚĂŶ ĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐ͘

tŚŝĐŚ ĂƌĞ ƚŚĞ ƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ŽƉĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ ƚŽ ŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞ ŶĞǁ ƐƉĂƟĂů ƋƵĂůŝƟĞƐ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ĨƌĂŐŵĞŶƚĞĚ ůĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞƐ ƚŽ ĂƐƐƵƌĞ ƚŚĞ ůŝǀŝŶŐ ĂŶĚ ĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂů ĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƚĞƌƌŝƚŽƌLJ͍ Can we think in a territorial planning approach which ƉƌŽŵŽƚĞƐ ŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƚĞĚ ĂŶĚ ƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďůĞ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ ŝŶ ǁŚŝĐŚ ƚŚĞ ƋƵĂůŝƚLJ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ ĂŶĚ ŝƚƐ ĞĐŽůŽŐLJ ƚĂŬĞƐ ŽǀĞƌ ƚŚĞ ŵĂƌŬĞƚ ŐƵŝĚĞĚ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ͍ /Ɛ ŝƚ ƉŽƐƐŝďůĞ ƚŽ ŝŵĂŐŝŶĞ ĂŶ ŝŶƚĞƌĨĂĐĞ ďĞƚǁĞĞŶ ƵƌďĂŶ ĂŶĚ ƌƵƌĂů ŽƉĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ ŝŶ ǁŚŝĐŚ ŝƚƐ ƉƌŽdžŝŵŝƚLJ ŝŶ Ă ŵĞƚƌŽƉŽůŝƚĂŶ ĐŽŶƚĞdžƚ ďĞĐŽŵĞƐ ĂŶ ĂĚǀĂŶƚĂŐĞ͍ /Ɛ ŝƚ ƉŽƐƐŝďůĞ ƚŽ ĚĞĮŶĞ Ă ƐƚƌĂƚĞŐLJ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ŽƉĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ ƚŽ ŐƵŝĚĞ ƚŚĞ ĨƵƚƵƌĞ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚƐ͍ tŚŝĐŚ ŝƐ ƚŚĞ ĨŽƌŵ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĨƵƚƵƌĞ ƵƌďĂŶ ŐƌŽǁƚŚ͍

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[2. The research program] The thesis attempts to understand the processes of ŵĞƚƌŽƉŽůŝnjĂƟŽŶ ŽĐĐƵƌƌĞĚ ĚƵƌŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ůĂƐƚ ĚĞĐĂĚĞƐ in the Barcelona Metropolitan Region in terms of ĐŚĂŶŐĞ ŽĨ ƐĐĂůĞ͕ ŶĞǁ ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶƐ ĂŶĚ ƉŚLJƐŝĐĂů ƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƵƌďĂŶ ůĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞ͘ dŚĞ ĚŝƐƉĞƌƐĞĚ ĂŶĚ ĨƌĂŐŵĞŶƚĞĚ ůĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞƐ ŽĨ ĞdžƉĂŶƐŝŽŶ ĂƌĞ ĂŶĂůLJnjĞĚ ƚŽ ƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚ ǁŚŝĐŚ ĂƌĞ ƚŚĞ ĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ ŽĨ ĐŽŶŇŝĐƚ ĂŶĚ ĚŝƐĐƵƐƐŝŽŶ ŝŶ ŽƌĚĞƌ ƚŽ ĚĞĮŶĞ ŶĞǁ ƉŽƐƐŝďůĞ ĨƵƚƵƌĞƐ for the region. dŚĞ ŵĂŝŶ ŽďũĞĐƟǀĞ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƚŚĞƐŝƐ ŝƐ ƚŽ ƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚ how the fragmented in-between metropolitan landƐĐĂƉĞƐ ŚĂǀĞ ďĞĞŶ ĐƌĞĂƚĞĚ͕ ƚŽ ĂŶĂůLJƐĞ ƚŚĞ ƉĂƩĞƌŶƐ ŽĨ ŽĐĐƵƉĂƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ ƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ ƚŽ ŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƚĞ ƚŚĞ ƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ ƚŚĞLJ ŚĂǀĞ ƚŽ ďĞ ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƚĞĚ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ future in a much more integrated and sustainable way.

The methodology of the regional analysis carried ŽƵƚ ŐŽĞƐ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ ƚŚĞ ŚŝƐƚŽƌŝĐĂů ĞǀŽůƵƟŽŶ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƌĞŐŝŽŶ ĨŽĐƵƐŝŶŐ ŽŶ ƚŚĞ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐ ŽĨ ƵƌďĂŶŝnjĂƟŽŶ͕ ŝŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĂůŝnjĂƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ ŽĨ ŝŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐ͘ dŚĞ ƐƚƵĚLJ ƐŚŽǁƐ ŚŽǁ ĂůŽŶŐ ƚŚĞ ĚĞĮŶĞĚ ƐƚĂŐĞƐ͕ ƚŚĞ ƌĞůĂƟŽŶ ďĞƚǁĞĞŶ ĐŝƚLJ ĂŶĚ ŶĂƚƵƌĞ ŚĂƐ ĞǀŽůǀĞĚ ƵŶƟů ƚŚĞ ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚ ƐŝƚƵĂƟŽŶ ǁŚĞƌĞ ŝƚƐ ďŽƵŶĚĂƌŝĞƐ ĂƌĞ ĨƌĂŐmented and blurred. dŚĞ ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ƉĂƩĞƌŶƐ ŽĨ ŐƌŽǁƚŚ ĂŶĚ ŝƚƐ ĞdžƚƌĂƉŽůĂƟŽŶ ĂůůŽǁƐ ƚŽ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ƉŽƐƐŝďůĞ ŵŽĚĞůƐ ŽĨ ŐƌŽǁƚŚ͘ ĐůŽƐĞƌ ƵƉ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ sĂůůğƐ WůĂŝŶ ĂƌĞĂ ĂůůŽǁƐ ƚŚĞ ĚĞĮŶŝƟŽŶ ŽĨ ƐƉĞĐŝĮĐ ƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĞƐ ĂůŝŐŶĞĚ ǁŝƚŚ ƚŚĞ ƌĞŐŝŽŶĂů ĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞĚ ƐĐĞŶĂƌŝŽ͘ /Ŷ ŽƌĚĞƌ ƚŽ ƐŚŝŌ ĨƌŽŵ ůĂƌŐĞ ƐĐĂůĞ ĚŝĂŐƌĂŵƐ ĂŶĚ ƐĐĞŶĂƌŝŽƐ ƚŽ Ă closer approach on reality, an area is designed as a ƚĞƐƚ ŽĨ ŝƚƐ ƐƉĂƟĂů ƋƵĂůŝƚLJ͘ 6

dŚĞ ƉƌŽƉŽƐĞĚ ĚĞƐŝŐŶ ĂƩĞŵƉƚƐ ƚŽ ĂƉƉůLJ Ăƚ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ scales, from the regional to the smaller scale of deƐŝŐŶ͕ ƚŚĞ ĚĞĮŶĞĚ ƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐ ŽĨ ůĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞ ĞĐŽůŽŐLJ͘ dŚĞ ƚŚĞƐŝƐ ƉƌŽũĞĐƚ ĐŽŵďŝŶĞƐ ƚŚĞ ƚŚĞŽƌLJ ĂĐƋƵŝƌĞĚ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ ƌĞĂĚŝŶŐ ůŝƚĞƌĂƚƵƌĞ͕ ǁŝƚŚ ŵĂƉƉŝŶŐ͕ ĮĞůĚ ƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ ĂŶĚ more applied strategies and designs.

My main approach is based on the geography and ecology of the territory by understanding the importance of the remaining open spaces and territorial ƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐ ƵŶĚĞƌ ƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞ ŽĨ ƵƌďĂŶŝnjĂƟŽŶ͘ dŚĞ ŽƉĞŶ space is understood as a system responding to the ŵĂŝŶ ůĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞ ĞĐŽůŽŐLJ ƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐ ŽĨ ĐŽŶŶĞĐƟǀŝƚLJ which guides the future regional growth. Urban and ŽƉĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ ĂƌĞ ƵŶĚĞƌƐƚŽŽĚ ĂƐ ŽǀĞƌůĂƉƉŝŶŐ ƐLJƐƚĞŵƐ ĂŶĚ ƐƉĞĐŝĂů ĞŵƉŚĂƐŝƐ ŝƐ ƉĂŝĚ ŽŶ ƚŚĞ ĚĞĮŶŝƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ design of its interfaces. dŚĞ ƉŚĞŶŽŵĞŶĂ ŽĨ ĚŝƐƉĞƌƐŝŽŶ͕ ĚĞĐĞŶƚƌĂůŝnjĂƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ ĨƌĂŐŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶ ĂƌĞ ĚĞƐĐƌŝďĞĚ ďLJ ŵĂŶLJ ĂĐĂĚĞŵŝĐƐ as a common feature, together with the process ŽĨ ŵĞƚƌŽƉŽůŝnjĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ĐŽŶƚĞŵƉŽƌĂƌLJ ƵƌďĂŶŝƚLJ͘ /ŶĐƌĞĂƐĞĚ ĂƩĞŶƟŽŶ ƚŽ ƚŚĞƐĞ ĨƌĂŐŵĞŶƚƐ ĂůůŽǁƐ ƚŚĞƐĞ ƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐ ƚŽ ŚĂǀĞ Ă ŶĞǁ ƌŽůĞ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ European city and ĚŝƐĐŽǀĞƌ ƚŚĞ ƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ ŽĨ ŝƚƐ ƉĞƌĞŶŶŝĂů ĚŝƐĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐ ĂŶĚ ĨƌĂŐŵĞŶƚĂƌLJ ĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌ ;^ĞĐĐŚŝ͕ ͕ ϮϬϬϯ Ϳ ďƌŝĞĨ ĐŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶ ďLJ ƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚŝŶŐ ŽŶ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ƵƌŽƉĞĂŶ ĐŝƟĞƐ ŚĂƐ ďĞĞŶ ĐĂƌƌŝĞĚ ŽƵƚ ǁŝƚŚ Ă ƐƉĞĐŝĂů ĂƩĞŶƟŽŶ ŽŶ ƚŚĞ ƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĞƐ ƚŚĞLJ ĂƌĞ ŝŵƉůĞŵĞŶƟŶŐ ƚŽ ĨĂĐĞ ŝƚƐ ĨƵƚƵƌĞ ƚĞƌƌŝƚŽƌŝĂů ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ͘

PROBLEM FIELD

METHODOLOGY

EVALUATION

LITERATURE PROBLEM FIELD & RESEARCH QUESTIONS -Territorial dispersion and fragmentaƟon -UrbanizaƟon and ecology/nature relaƟon

CONCEPTS - In-between metropolitan landscapes - Open space as a system - Systems’ interface

- Territorial dispersion - Landscape ecology - Networked city regions - BMR_MetropolizaƟon process

SCENARIOS - PopulaƟon growth - Models of metropolitan expansion

SITE ANALYSIS - Mapping - Interviews - Field work - Photography REFERENCES/COMPARISON - Comparison Cases study - Randstad Milan Ruhrgebiet

TOOLS AND STRATEGIES

DESIGN

CONCLUSIONS

ϳ

[3.Studies on dispersion] the landscapes of dispersion are inhabited in their entirety; the contemporary European city and its project are facing a new urban form and new relations are being established with the traditional forms of town and city. ;sŝŐĂŶž͕ W ϮϬϬϭͿ

BMR

8

Studies on dispersion / The open space as part of the metropolitan project TŚĞƌĞ ŝƐ ŝŶ ĂŶ ŝŶĐƌĞĂƐŝŶŐ ĐŽŶĐĞƌŶ ŝŶ ƵƌŽƉĞ ƚŽ ĮŶĚ Ă new meaning for open metropolitan spaces which ĂůůŽǁƐ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ĨƵƚƵƌĞ ĐŝƟĞƐ͘ tĞ ĂƌĞ ŶŽ ůŽŶŐĞƌ ĚĞĂůŝŶŐ ǁŝƚŚ ƚŚĞ ƚƌĂĚŝƟŽŶĂů ĐŽŵƉĂĐƚ ĐŝƚLJ ĂŶĚ ŝƚƐ ƐƚƌĞĞƚƐ͕ ƐƋƵĂƌĞƐ ĂǀĞŶƵĞƐ ĂŶĚ ƉĂƌŬƐ͕ ďƵƚ ƌĂƚŚĞƌ Ă ŶĞǁ ǀŝƐŝŽŶ ǁŚĞƌĞ ƚŚĞ ŶĞǁ ŽƉĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ ĐĂŶ ŚĂǀĞ Ă ŶĞǁ ƌŽůĞ͕ ĂĐƚ ĂƐ Ă ĐŽŚĞƐŝǀĞ ĨĂĐƚŽƌ͕ ďĞĐŽŵĞ ĂĐĐĞƐƐŝďůĞ ĂŶĚ ďĞĐŽŵĞ ƚŚĞ ŶĞǁ ƐƚƌĂƚĞŐLJ ǁŚŝĐŚ ĚĞĮŶĞƐ ƚŚĞ ƐŚĂƉĞ ŽĨ the future metropolitan regions. ůŽŶŐ ƚŚĞ ůĂƐƚ ĐĞŶƚƵƌLJ Ă ŶĞǁ ƌĞůĂƟŽŶ ďĞƚǁĞĞŶ ƵƌďĂŶͲ ƌƵƌĂů ůĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞ ŚĂƐ ƌĂŝƐĞĚ ĂƐ Ă ŶĞǁ ĨŽƌŵ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĐŝƚLJ͖ an increasingly fractured form of the boundaries beƚǁĞĞŶ ƵƌďĂŶ ĨĂďƌŝĐ ĂŶĚ ŽƉĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞ ĂŶĚ ŶĂƚƵƌĞ͖ ƚŚĞ ŐƌĂĚƵĂů ĚŝƐĂƉƉĞĂƌĂŶĐĞ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƚƌĂĚŝƟŽŶĂů ŚŝĞƌĂƌĐŚŝĐĂů ƉĂƩĞƌŶ͕ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ŵƵƚƵĂů ƉĞŶĞƚƌĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ďƵŝůƚ ĨŽƌŵƐ ĂŶĚ ůĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞƐ͘ ;^ŝĞǀĞƌƚƐ͕ d ϭϵϵϳͿ The most common form of urban planning in CataůŽŶŝĂ ŚĂƐ ďĞĞŶ ƚŽ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉ ƌĞůĂƟǀĞůLJ ƐŵĂůů ƐĞĐƚŽƌƐ ĂĐcording to an urban model which tackles problems ƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂůůLJ ůŝŶŬĞĚ ƚŽ ƚŚĂƚ ƐƉŽƚ ĂĐĐŽƌĚŝŶŐ ƚŽ ƉƌĞǀŝously established parameters and guidelines. dŚĞ ƚLJƉŝĐĂů ůĂŶĚ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐ ĨŽĐƵƐĞƐ ŽŶ ƚŚĞ ďĞƐƚ ƉƌŽƉĞƌƚLJ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ ŽƉƟŽŶ͖ ƚŚĞƌĞĨŽƌĞ͕ ŵĂŬŝŶŐ ŽƉĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ ĂŶĚ ĨĂĐŝůŝƟĞƐ ƚĂŬŝŶŐ Ă ǀĞƌLJ ƐĞĐondary and fragmented role within this logic (Batlle, ϮϬϬϴͿ ͘ dŚĞ ŵŽĚĞůƐ ŽĨ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐ ĂƵƚŽŶŽŵŽƵƐ ƉŝĞĐĞƐ ŽĨ ůĂŶĚ ŚĂǀĞ ƌĞŐƵůĂƌůLJ ůĞŌ ŽƵƚ ƚŚĞ ƐƵƌƌŽƵŶĚŝŶŐƐ ƌĞũĞĐƟŶŐ ƚŚĞ ƉŽƐƐŝďŝůŝƟĞƐ ŽĨ ŽƉĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ ĂƐ ŝŶƚĞƌĨĂĐĞƐ ďĞƚǁĞĞŶ ĚĞŶƐĞůLJ ƉŽƉƵůĂƚĞĚ ĐŝƟĞƐ ǁŚŝĐŚ ŶĞĞĚĞĚ ŐƌĞĞŶ njŽŶĞƐ͘ ƚ ƚŚĞ ƐĂŵĞ ƟŵĞ͕ ŶĞĂƌďLJ ŶĂƚƵral or agricultural landscapes are losing their meanŝŶŐ ĂŶĚ ǀĂůƵĞ͘ A more sustainable urban planning model should ϭϬ

treat the open spaces of an area in a much more inƚĞŐƌĂƚĞĚ ǁĂLJ͕ ŝƚ ƐŚŽƵůĚ ƉƌŽŵŽƚĞ ƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶ Žƌ ĐŚĂŶŐĞ between the already-built city and the nearby landƐĐĂƉĞ͕ ŝƚ ƐŚŽƵůĚ ƚĂŬĞ ĂĚǀĂŶƚĂŐĞ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĞdžŝƐƟŶŐ ŐĞŽgraphical or landscape features as generators of new open spaces, and it should try to connect these ƐƉĂĐĞƐ ƚŽ ƉŽƚĞŶƟĂů ĞĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂů ĐŽƌƌŝĚŽƌƐ ǁŚŝĐŚ ǁŽƵůĚ ůŝŶŬ ƚŚĞ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ ŽĨ ŶĂƚƵƌĂů ŝŶƚĞƌĞƐƚ ǁŝƚŚ ƚŚĞ ďƵŝůƚ ŵĞƚƌŽƉŽůŝƐ ; ĂƚůůĞ͕ ϮϬϬϴͿ tĞ ŶĞĞĚ ƚŽ ƚŚŝŶŬ ŽŶ ƚŚĞ ĐƌĞĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ŶĞǁ ůĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞƐ͕ ďƵƚ ŶŽƚ ŽŶůLJ ƚŚŽƐĞ ǁŚŝĐŚ ƌĞƐƵůƚ ŝŶ ĂƌƟĮĐŝĂůůLJ ƉƌĞƐĞƌǀŝŶŐ ƐŽŵĞ ĨŽƌŵ ŽĨ ŶĂƚƵƌĞ Žƌ ƐŽŵĞ ƌĞůĂƟǀĞ ŚŝƐƚŽƌŝĐĂů ƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ĂŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĞ͘ tĞ ŶĞĞĚ ƚŽ ƚŚŝŶŬ about the cultural landscape suited to our society, ďĞĐĂƵƐĞ ŝƚ ǁŝůů ŚĂǀĞ ƚŽ ďĞ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ĨƌŽŵ ƚŚĞ ŽůĚ ĐƵůtural landscape for which we are so nostalgic. This cultural landscape will be an urbanised landscape in the urban regions, a landscape between culture and ŶĂƚƵƌĞ͘ ;^ŝĞǀĞƌƚƐ͕ d ϭϵϵϳͿ dŚĞ ŶĞǁ ĐƵůƚƵƌĂů ůĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞ ŚĂƐ ƚŚĞ ƉŽƚĞŶƟĂů ƚŽ ďĞĐŽŵĞ Ă ƐƉĂĐĞ ŽĨ ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ ŽĨ ĨŽŽĚ͕ Ă ƐƉĂĐĞ ĨŽƌ ƌĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ ĞĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂů ďĂůĂŶĐĞ ǁŚŝĐŚ ĨŽƌŵƐ Ă ŶĞǁ unity between the built-up and the open areas. dŚŝƐ ƐĞĂƌĐŚ ĨŽƌ Ă ƌĞƐŽůƵƟŽŶ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ƵŶĚĞƌůLJŝŶŐ ƉĂƌĂĚŽdž ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶ ďĞƚǁĞĞŶ ƵƌďĂŶ ĐĞŶƚƌĂůŝƚLJ and contact with the countryside was also shared by early socialists Owen and Fourier, by the reformers ĞƌĚă ĂŶĚ ,ŽǁĂƌĚ ĂŶĚ ďLJ ƚŚĞ ǀŝƐŝŽŶĂƌLJ ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƐ &ƌĂŶŬ >ůŽLJĚ tƌŝŐŚƚ ĂŶĚ ,ŝůďĞƌƐĞŝŵĞƌ͘ /ƚ ŝƐ ĂůƐŽ ƐƟůů ďĞŝŶŐ ƉƵƌƐƵĞĚ ďLJ ŝŶŶƵŵĞƌĂďůĞ ŚŽŵĞ ĂŶĚ ůĂŶĚ ŽǁŶĞƌƐ ĂŶĚ ŝƐ ůĞĂĚŝŶŐ ƚŽ Ă ŵĂdžŝŵŝƐĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ŝŶƚĞƌĨĂĐĞ ďĞƚǁĞĞŶ ďƵŝůƚͲƵƉ ĂƌĞĂ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ

countryside. /Ŷ ƵƌŽƉĞ ƚŚĞƌĞ ĂƌĞ ŐƌŽǁŝŶŐ ĐŽŶĐĞƌŶƐ ƚŽ ƉƌĞƐĞƌǀĞ ĂŶĚ ĐƌĞĂƚĞ ƚLJƉŝĐĂů ƵƌŽƉĞĂŶ ĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƐ ŶŽƚ ŽŶůLJ for the city but also in the urbanised landscape or landscaped city. There is an increasing transformaƟŽŶ ŽĨ ƚŚŝƐ ƵƌďĂŶ ůĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞ ŝŶƚŽ ͞ƌĞŐŝŽŶĂů ƉĂƌŬƐ͕͟ ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐ ĂŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĞ͕ ǁŚŝĐŚ ŐŝǀĞƐ ƚŚĞ ƌĞŵĂŝŶŝŶŐ ŽƉĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞ Ă ĚŝƐƟŶĐƚ ĨŽƌŵ ĂŶĚ ĐŽŵƉůĞdž ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ ĐƌĞĂƚĞƐ ƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞ ƚŽ ĨƵƌƚŚĞƌ ƐƉƌĂǁů͘ WŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶ ĚĞŶƐŝƟĞƐ ĂƌĞ ĞƐƚĂďůŝƐŚĞĚ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ĐŽƌƌŝĚŽƌƐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ďƵŝůƚͲƵƉ ĂƌĞĂƐ͕ ǀŝĂďůLJ ƐĞƌǀĞĚ ďLJ ƉƵďůŝĐ ƚƌĂŶƐƉŽƌƚ͕ ĂƐ ŝƚ ŝƐ ƚŚĞ ĐĂƐĞ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƌĞŐŝŽŶĂů ͞&ŝŶŐĞƌ WůĂŶ͟ ĨŽƌ ƚŚĞ ƌĞŐŝŽŶ ŽĨ ŽƉĞŶŚĂŐĞ͘ dŚĞ ĮǀĞ ĮŶŐĞƌƐ ǁĞƌĞ ŝŶƚĞŶĚĞĚ ƚŽ ĐŽŶƚĂŝŶ ĂŶĚ ďƵīĞƌ ŶĞǁ ƐĞƩůĞŵĞŶƚƐ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ŶĞĐĞƐƐĂƌLJ infrastructure in the form of roads and railways. The ůĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞ ďĞƚǁĞĞŶ ƚŚĞ ĮŶŐĞƌƐ ǁŽƵůĚ ƌĞŵĂŝŶ ŽƉĞŶ͕ ƐƵƉƉŽƌƟŶŐ ĂŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĞ͕ ƌĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ ĂŵĞŶŝƚLJ ƉƵƌƉŽƐĞƐ͘ 'ƌĞĞŶ ǁĞĚŐĞƐ ƉƌŽƚĞĐƚĞĚ ĨƌŽŵ ƵƌďĂŶ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ Įůů ƚŚĞ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ ďĞƚǁĞĞŶ ƚŚĞ ƵƌďĂŶ ĐŽƌƌŝĚŽƌƐ͘ hƌďĂŶ ĂƌĞĂƐ ĂƌĞ ĐŽŶĮŶĞĚ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ůŝŶĞĂƌ ĐŽƌƌŝĚŽƌƐ͘ dŚŝƐ ƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐ ĞĸĐŝĞŶƚ ƚƌĂŶƐƉŽƌƚ ƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐ ƚŚŽƵŐŚ ƚŚĞ ĮŶŐĞƌƐ ĂŶĚ ĂƐƐĞƐƐĂďůĞ ůĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞ ĐůŽƐĞ ƚŽ ŵŽƐƚ people. /ƚ ŝƐ ĂůƐŽ ƚŚĞ ĐĂƐĞ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƚŚĞ ƵƚĐŚ ZĂŶĚƐƚĂĚ͕ ǁŚĞƌĞ ŵƐƚĞƌĚĂŵ͕ hƚƌĞĐŚƚ͕ ZŽƩĞƌĚĂŵ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ,ĂŐƵĞ ƚŽŐĞƚŚĞƌ ǁŝƚŚ ƚŚĞŝƌ ƐĂƚĞůůŝƚĞ ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƟĞƐ ƚŽĚĂLJ ĨƌŽŵ ĂŶ ƵƌďĂŶŝnjĞĚ ƌŝŶŐ ĂƌŽƵŶĚ Ă ůĞƐƐͲĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞĚ ͞ 'ƌĞĞŶͲ ,ĞĂƌƚ͟ ƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐ ŝŶ Ă ĐƵƌŝŽƵƐ ŝŶǀĞƌƐŝŽŶ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ >ŽŶĚŽŶ model of central core surrounded by greenbelt. tĞ ĐĂŶ ĮŶĚ ĞdžĂŵƉůĞƐ ŽĨ ƌĞŐŝŽŶĂů ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ŝŶ ǁŚŝĐŚ ƚŚĞ ŽƉĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞ ƚĂŬĞƐ Ă ŶĞǁ ƌŽůĞ͘ dŚĞ /ŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂů ƵŝůĚŝŶŐ džŚŝďŝƟŽŶ ŵƐĐŚĞƌ WĂƌŬ ŚĂƐ ůĂŝĚ ƚŚĞ ĨŽƵŶ-

ĚĂƟŽŶ ĨŽƌ Ă ŶĞǁ ĨŽƌŵ ŽĨ ƌĞŐŝŽŶĂů ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ǁŚŝĐŚ ŝƐ no longer oriented towards growth, but to a recyĐůŝŶŐ ĞĐŽŶŽŵLJ ĂŶĚ ŝŶŶĞƌ ƋƵĂůŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ĨŽƌŵ ŽĨ ƵŶĐĞĂƐŝŶŐ ŝŶƚĞƌŶĂů ƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ͘ dŚĞ ĐŽůůĂďŽƌĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ĞĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂůůLJ ŽƌŝĞŶƚĞĚ ŽƉĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ŚĂƐ ůĞĚ ƚŽ Ă ƉŽƐŝƟǀĞ ƌĞŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ŽůĚ ŝŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĂů ĨĂĐŝůŝƟĞƐ͘ ƌĞŐŝŽŶĂů ƐĐĂůĞ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ƌĞĂůŝnjĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƉĂƌŬ͕ Ă ŐƌĞĞŶ ĐŽƌƌŝĚŽƌ ĐŽŶŶĞĐƟŶŐ ƚŚĞ ϭϳ ĐŝƟĞƐ ĂůŽŶŐ ƚŚĞ ĞĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂůůLJ ƌĞĐŽǀĞƌĞĚ ŵƐĐŚĞƌ ZŝǀĞƌ ĂŶĚ ŝƚƐ ϯϱϬ ŬŝůŽŵĞƚƌĞƐ͘ dŚĞ WĂƌŬ ŶŽƚ ŽŶůLJ ůŝŶŬƐ Ă ƉƌĞǀŝŽƵƐůLJ ĨƌĂŐŵĞŶƚĞĚ ůĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞ͕ ďƵƚ ĂůƐŽ ŝĚĞŶƟĮĞƐ ĂŶĚ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉƐ ƌĞŐŝŽŶĂůůLJ ƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĐ ƐŝƚĞƐ ĨŽƌ ŶĞǁ ĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐ ĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐ͘ ŶŽƚŚĞƌ ŝŶƚĞƌĞƐƟŶŐ ĞdžĂŵƉůĞ ŝƐ ƚŚĞ ͚ ŵĞƌĂůĚ EĞĐŬůĂĐĞ͛ ŝŶ ŽƐƚŽŶ ďLJ KůŵƐƚĞĚ͘ ,Ğ ĞŶǀŝƐŝŽŶĞĚ ŚŝƐ ƉĂƌŬƐ ĂŶĚ ƉĂƌŬǁĂLJ ƐLJƐƚĞŵƐ ĂƐ ŵĞĂŶƐ ŽĨ ĞdžƚĞŶĚŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ƌƵƌĂů character of the countryside into the city. His work ŝƐ ǀŝĞǁĞĚ ĂƐ ƚŚĞ ƉƌĞĐƵƌƐŽƌ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ŵŽĚĞƌŶ ĐŽŶĐĞƉƚ ŽĨ ŐƌĞĞŶǁĂLJƐ͖ ƚŚĞ ƐƉĂƟĂů ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ĐŽŶĐĞƉƚ ǁŚĞƌĞ Ă string of green areas are connected into a system of ƉƌŽƚĞĐƚĞĚ ůĂŶĚƐ͕ ŵĂŶĂŐĞĚ ĨŽƌ ŵƵůƟƉůĞ ƵƐĞƐ ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐ ŶĂƚƵƌĞ ĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶ Žƌ ƌĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶ͘ The proposal for the Barcelona Metropolitan region ŽĨ ǁŽƌŬŝŶŐ ŽŶ ŶĞǁ ŐƌĞĞŶ ƐLJƐƚĞŵƐ ƌĞƋƵŝƌĞƐ ĞƐƚĂďůŝƐŚŝŶŐ ŵƵůƟƉůĞ ĐŽŶŶĞĐƟŽŶƐ Žƌ ŐƌĞĞŶ ůŝŶŬƐ ďĞƚǁĞĞŶ ƚŚĞ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ĂƌĞĂƐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĐŝƚLJ͕ ƚŚĞ ƌĞŐŝŽŶ ĂŶĚ ďĞƚǁĞĞŶ ƚŚĞ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ĞdžŝƐƟŶŐ ŽƉĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ͘ 'ƌĞĞŶ ůŝŶŬƐ ĂƌĞ Ă ŵŽĚĞƌŶ ǀĞƌƐŝŽŶ ŽĨ KůŵƐƚĞĂĚ͛Ɛ ƐLJƐƚĞŵƐ ŽĨ ƉĂƌŬƐ Žƌ ŝŶƚĞƌĐŽŶŶĞĐƟŶŐ ƉĂƌŬǁĂLJƐ͘ dŚĞLJ ĞŶĐŽƵƌĂŐĞ ǁĂůŬƐ͕ engender a great deal of interest in the metropolis ďĞĐĂƵƐĞ ƚŚĞLJ ĂůůŽǁ ĐŝƟnjĞŶƐ ƚŽ ŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƚ ǁŝƚŚ Ăůů ƚŚĞ ŽƉĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ͕ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞLJ ĂƌĞ ƚŚĞ ĨŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐ ŽĨ Ă ŶĞƚ-

ǁŽƌŬ ǁŚŝĐŚ ŽīĞƌƐ ƚŚĞ ƉŽƐƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ ŽĨ ďĞŝŶŐ ĂďůĞ ƚŽ choose and creates new routes. ŝƚLJ ĂŶĚ ĐŽƵŶƚƌLJƐŝĚĞ ǁŝůů ŚĂǀĞ ƚŽ ďĞ ŝŶǀŽůǀĞĚ ŝŶ Ă ŶĞǁ ƐLJŵďŝŽƐŝƐ͘ ^ŝĞǀĞƌƚƐ͕ ƐƵŐŐĞƐƚƐ ƚŚĂƚ ƚŚĞ ĐŝƚLJ ŽĨ ƚŽŵŽƌƌŽǁ ǁŝůů ĐŽŶƐŝƐƚ ŽĨ Ă ĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ĐŽŵƉĂĐƚ ƐĞƩůĞŵĞŶƚƐ ƐƵƌƌŽƵŶĚĞĚ ĂŶĚ ƐƵƌƌŽƵŶĚŝŶŐ ĐŽƵŶƚƌLJƐŝĚĞ͕ ǁŚŝĐŚ ŵĞĞƚƐ ƐƉĞĐŝĮĐ ĐŝƚLJ ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶƐ͘ KƉĞŶ ůĂŶĚ ĂƐ ĂŶ ŝŶƚĞƌŶĂů ƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĐŝƚLJ ŚĂƐ ƚŚĞ ƉŽƚĞŶƟĂů ĨŽƌ ǁĂƚĞƌ ĂŶĚ ŵĂƚĞƌŝĂů ĐLJĐůĞƐ͘ dŚĞƐĞ ŶĞǁ ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂů ƉĞƌƐƉĞĐƟǀĞƐ ŚĂǀĞ ƌĞƚƌŽĂĐƟǀĞ ĞīĞĐƚƐ ŽŶ ĐŽŵŵĞƌĐŝĂů ĂŶĚ ƌĞƐŝĚĞŶƟĂů ƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐ ĂŶĚ ŽŶ ƚŚĞ ƉƌŽĮůĞ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ůĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞ ĂƐ ĂŶ ĂƐƉĞĐƚ ŽĨ ƌĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶ͘ dŚĞ ŝĚĞŶƟƚLJ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĐŝƚLJ ŝƐ ĚĞƌŝǀĞĚ ŶŽƚ ŽŶůLJ ĨƌŽŵ ƚŚĞ ĚĞƐŝŐŶ ĂŶĚ ŵŽĚĞ ŽĨ ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶŝŶŐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ďƵŝůƚͲƵƉ ĂƌĞĂ͕ ďƵƚ ĂůƐŽ from the un-built areas.

‘Emerald Necklace’ in Boston by Olmsted, 1878

Greater Copenhaguen “Finger Plan” 1947

11

[4. BMR Regional conditions]

12

ĂůĚĞƐ ƐƚƌĞĂŵ͕ >Ă dŽƌƌĞ ĚĞů ZĞĐƚŽƌ͕ ^ƚĂ͘WĞƌƉğƚƵĂ ĚĞ ůĂ DŽŐŽĚĂ ƉŚŽƚŽ͖ ďLJ ƚŚĞ ĂƵƚŚŽƌ

16

Natural conditions: topography and water system dŚĞ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ DĞƚƌŽƉŽůŝƚĂŶ ZĞŐŝŽŶ ŽĨ ĂƌĐĞůŽŶĂ ŚĂƐ ďĞĞŶ ŶŽƚĂďůLJ ĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶĞĚ ďLJ ŝƚƐ ƉŚLJƐŝĐĂů ĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐ͕ ŐŝǀĞŶ ŝƚƐ ƉƌŽŶŽƵŶĐĞĚ ƌĞůŝĞĨ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ĚŝƐƉŽƐŝƟŽŶ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ŵĂŝŶ ĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ ǁŚŝĐŚ ŐŝǀĞ ŝƚƐ ƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞ͘ dŚĞƐĞ ĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐ ŚĂǀĞ ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞĚ ƚŚĞ ƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŝŶŐ ŽĨ ŝƚƐ ĐĞŶƚƌĞ͕ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ŵŽƌƉŚŽůŽŐLJ ŽĨ ŝƚƐ ĞdžƉĂŶƐŝŽŶ͘

dŚĞ ĐŽĂƐƚĂů ƉůĂŝŶ ŝƐ ĂůƐŽ ĐƌŽƐƐĞĚ ďLJ ƐŵĂůů ƌŝǀers and creeks, which are more abundant and abrupt in the Maresme and are shorter than the ones found in the Prelitoral depression. Their ŇŽǁ ŝƐ ĞdžƚƌĞŵĞůLJ ŝƌƌĞŐƵůĂƌ ŐŝǀĞŶ ƚŚĞ ƐƵĚĚĞŶ ƚŽƌƌĞŶƟĂů ƌĂŝŶ ĨĂůůƐ ǁŚŝĐŚ ĂƌĞ ĐŽŵŵŽŶ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ĂƌĞĂ͘

The main structuring element of the metropoliƚĂŶ ƌĞůŝĞĨ ŝƐ ĐŽŶƐƟƚƵƚĞĚ ďLJ ƚǁŽ ŵŽƵŶƚĂŝŶ ƌĂŶŐĞƐ͕ ǁŚŝĐŚ ĂƌĞ ƐŝƚƵĂƚĞĚ ƉĂƌĂůůĞů ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ĐŽĂƐƚ͗ ƚŚĞ ^ĞƌƌĂůĂĚĂ >ŝƚŽƌĂů ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ^ĞƌƌĂůĂĚĂ WƌĞůŝƚŽƌĂů͘ The Serralada Prelitoral is higher with peaks beƚǁĞĞŶ ϭ͘ϭϬϬŵ ĂŶĚ ϭ͘ϳϬϬŵ͕ ĂŶĚ ŝƐ ƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚ ďLJ ƚŚƌĞĞ ŵŽƵŶƚĂŝŶƐ ŽĨ ǀĞƌLJ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ŶĂƚƵƌĞƐ͗ ƚŚĞ DŽŶƚƐĞŶLJ͕ ^ĂŶƚ >ůŽƌĞŶĕ ĚĞů DƵŶƚ ĂŶĚ DŽŶƚƐĞƌƌĂƚ͘ dŚĞ ^ĞƌƌĂůĂĚĂ >ŝƚŽƌĂů͕ ǁŝƚŚ ŵĂdžŝŵƵŵ ŚĞŝŐŚƚƐ ŽĨ ϱϬϬ ĂŶĚ ϳϬϬŵ͕ ĂůƐŽ ŚĂƐ ƚŚƌĞĞ ĚŝƐƟŶŐƵŝƐŚĞĚ ĞůĞments which include the mountain range between Montnegre to Sant Mateu, the Collserola mountain range and the Garraf massif which interrupts the coastal plain reaching abruptly the coast.

tŝƚŚŝŶ ƚŚŝƐ ĨƌĂŵĞǁƌŽŬ ĂƌĞ ƚǁŽ ŵĂũŽƌ ƌŝǀĞƌƐ͕ ƚŚĞ >ůŽďƌĞŐĂƚ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ŽŶŐŽƐƚͲ ĞƐžƐ͕ which link the inner areas of Catalonia, with the Prelitoral depression and the coastal plain.

The high percentage of the territory on slopes ŚŝŐŚĞƌ ƚŚĂŶ ϮϬй͕ ƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƟŶŐ ϰϭй ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƚŚĞ region, has reduced the spaces suitable for ƵƌďĂŶŝnjĂƟŽŶ͕ ĂŶĚ ŚĂƐ ĨŽƌĐĞĚ ŝŶƚĞŶƐŝǀĞůLJ ŚƵŵĂŶ ĂĐƟǀŝƚLJ ĂŶĚ ƐĞƩůĞŵĞŶƚƐ ŽŶ ŝƚƐ ƉůĂŝŶƐ͕ ĂŶĚ ĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůLJ ŽŶ ƚŚĞ ĞdžŝƐƟŶŐ ŶĂƚƵƌĂů ĐŽƌƌŝĚŽƌƐ͘

Between both mountain chains, two natural corridors ĞdžƚĞŶĚ͗ ƚŚĞ WƌĞůŝƚŽƌĂů ĚĞƉƌĞƐƐŝŽŶ͕ ǁŚŝĐŚ ŝŶĐůƵĚĞƐ ƚŚĞ WĞŶĞĚğƐ ĂƌĞĂ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ sĂůůğƐ ƉůĂŝŶ͕ ƐĞƉĂƌĂƚĞĚ ďLJ Ă ƐŵĂůů ĞůĞǀĂƟŽŶ ŽŶ ƚŚĞ ůĞŌ ƐŝĚĞ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ >ůŽďƌĞŐĂƚ͘ tŚŝůĞ ŵŽƐƚ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƌŝǀĞƌƐ ŇŽǁ ĂůŽŶŐ ƚŚĞ ĚŝƌĞĐƟŽŶ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ WƌĞůŝƚŽƌĂů ĚĞƉƌĞƐŝŽŶ ;ĨƌŽŵ ŶŽŝĂ ƚŽ WĞŶĞĚğƐ͕ ƚŚĞ dŽƌĚĞƌĂ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ DŽŐĞŶƚ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ sĂůůğƐͿ͕ ƚŚĞ ĐĞŶtral part of the plain is crossed by other secondĂƌLJ ƌŝǀĞƌƐ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ŶŽƌƚŚͲƐŽƵƚŚ ĚŝƌĞĐƟŽŶ ; ŽŶŐŽƐƚ͕ Tenes, ƌŝĞƌĂ ĚĞ ĂůĚĞƐ͕ ZŝƉŽůů͕ ƌŝĞƌĂ ĚĞ ZƵďş͕ >ůŽďƌĞŐĂƚͿ͕ ĐƌĞĂƟŶŐ Ă ƐĞƌŝĞƐ ŽĨ ƚƌĂŶƐǀĞƌƐĂů ƐƵďĐŽƌƌŝĚŽƌƐ͘ ϭϳ

[5. Metropolitan expansion] DŽƐƚ ůĂƌŐĞ ĐŽŶƚĞŵƉŽƌĂƌLJ ŵĞƚƌŽƉŽůŝƐĞƐ ĂƌĞ ĂīĞĐƚĞĚ ďLJ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐ ŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ƐƉƌĞĂĚ ŽĨ ƚŚĞŝƌ ƵƌďĂŶ ƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐ ŝŶƚŽ ƚŚĞ ƐƵƌƌŽƵŶĚŝŶŐ ƚĞƌƌŝƚŽƌLJ͘ /Ŷ ƚŚĞ ĐĂƐĞ of the Barcelona Metropolitan Region these processĞƐ ŐŝǀĞ ƌŝƐĞ ƚŽ ĚŝǀĞƌƐĞ ƚLJƉĞƐ ŽĨ ŐƌŽǁƚŚ͘

ĚĞĐůŝŶŝŶŐ ĂƐ ƉŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶ ĚĞŶƐŝƟĞƐ ĨĂůů ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ŚŝƐƚŽƌŝĐ ĐŽƌĞ ĂŶĚ ƌŝƐĞ ŝŶ ƐŽŵĞ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ŵŽƌĞ ĨĂƌͲŇƵŶŐ ƉĂƌƚƐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƵƌďĂŶ ĂƌĞĂƐ͕ ƉĂƌƟĐƵůĂƌůLJ ĂůŽŶŐ ƚŚĞ WͲϳ ŚŝŐŚǁĂLJ ĐŽƌƌŝĚŽƌ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ sĂůůğƐ WůĂŝŶ ŽǀĞƌ ƚŚĞ ŚŝůůƐ ĨƌŽŵ ƚŚĞ ĐŝƚLJ of Barcelona.

dŚĞ ŚŝƐƚŽƌŝĐĂů ĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶ ŽĨ ƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞ ŽĨ Ă ƉŽǁĞƌĨƵů ŶĞƚǁŽƌŬ ŽĨ ĞdžŝƐƟŶŐ ƐĞƩůĞŵĞŶƚƐ ŚĂƐ ŐŝǀĞŶ ƌŝƐĞ ƚŽ ƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶƚ ƉĞĐƵůŝĂƌŝƟĞƐ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ Ăƌcelona metropolis.

The region has emerged as a polynuclear metropolis ŝŶ ǁŚŝĐŚ ĂƌĐĞůŽŶĂ ĐŝƚLJ ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶƐ ĂƐ ŵĂŝŶ ĐĞŶƚƌĂůŝƚLJ͘ ,ŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ ŝŶ ĂĚĚŝƟŽŶ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ĐĞŶƚƌĂů ĐŝƚLJ ĂŶĚ ŝƚƐ ĂĚũĂĐĞŶƚ ŵƵŶŝĐŝƉĂůŝƟĞƐ͕ ŽƚŚĞƌ ƵƌďĂŶ ĂƌĞĂƐ ĂƌĞ ƉůĂLJŝŶŐ Ă ďŝŐ ĐĞŶƚƌĂů ƌŽůĞ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ĐŽŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƌĞŐŝŽŶ ƐƵĐŚ ĂƐ ^ĂďĂĚĞůů͕ dĞƌƌĂƐƐĂ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ sĂůůğƐ ƉůĂŝŶ͕ Žƌ DĂtaró in the Maresme.

The process of urban dispersion has been described ďLJ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ĂƵƚŚŽƌƐ ĂƐ ŝƚ ŝƐ Ă ĐŽŵŵŽŶ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐ ƚŚĂƚ took place in a similar way in most of the European metropolitan regions.

dŚĞ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƵƌďĂŶŝƐĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĂƌĐĞůŽŶĂ Metropolitan Region, in which rural inhabitants ŵŽǀĞ ƚŽǁĂƌĚƐ ƵƌďĂŶ ĐĞŶƚƌĞƐ ǁŚŝůĞ ĐŝƟĞƐ ĐŽůŽŶŝnjĞ ƚŚĞƐĞ ƌƵƌĂů ĂƌĞĂƐ͕ ŚĂƐ ďĞĞŶ ǀĞƌLJ ƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶƚ ƐŝŶĐĞ ŵŽĚĞƌŶ ŝŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶ ƐƚĂƌƚĞĚ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ďĞŐŝŶŶŝŶŐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ϮϬƚŚ ĐĞŶƚƵƌLJ͘ >ĞĨĞďǀƌĞ ĞdžƉůĂŝŶƐ ŚŽǁ ƚŚĞ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐ ŽĨ ƵƌďĂŶŝnjĂƟŽŶ ĂƌĞ ĐůŽƐĞůLJ ůŝŶŬĞĚ ƚŽ ŝŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĂůŝnjĂƟŽŶ͘ dŚĞ ŝŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĂů ƌĞǀŽůƵƟŽŶ ŝŶŝƟĂƚĞĚ Ă ůŽŶŐ͕ ƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĞĚ ŵŝŐƌĂƟŽŶ ĨƌŽŵ ƚŚĞ ĐŽƵŶƚƌLJ ŝŶƚŽ ƚŚĞ ĐŝƟĞƐ ƚŚĂƚ ĐĂƵƐĞĚ ƵƌďĂŶ ĂƌĞĂƐ ƚŽ ƐƉƌĞĂĚ͘ >ĞĨĞďǀƌĞ ƐĞĞƐ ƵƌďĂŶŝnjĂƟŽŶ ĂƐ ĂŶ ƵƌďĂŶ ĨĂďƌŝĐ ƚŚĂƚ ŝƐ ƌĞƐŚĂƉŝŶŐ ĂŶĚ ĐŽůŽŶŝnjŝŶŐ ƌƵƌĂů ĂƌĞĂƐ͘ /Ŷ ƚŚĞ ĐĂƐĞ ŽĨ ĂƌĐĞůŽŶĂ͕ ƚŚĞ ĐŝƚLJ ĐŽŶƚĂŝŶƐ ůĞƐƐ ƚŚĂŶ ŚĂůĨ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƉŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƌĞŐŝŽŶ ĂŶ ŝƚƐ ƐŚĂƌĞ ŝƐ ϮϬ

dŚĞ ĚĞĐĞŶƚƌĂůŝnjĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĐŝƚLJ ǁĂƐ ƉƌŝŵĂƌŝůLJ ƚŚĞ ƌĞƐƵůƚ ŽĨ ĨĂŵŝůŝĞƐ ŇĞĞŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ĐŝƚLJ͕ ŝŶ ĨĂĐƚ ŝƚ ǁĂƐ ŽŌĞŶ ƚŚĞ ĐĂƐĞ ƚŚĂƚ ƚŚĞ ũŽďƐ͕ ƉĂƌƟĐƵůĂƌůLJ ŝŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĂů ũŽďƐ͕ ǁĞŶƚ ĮƌƐƚ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ƉĞŽƉůĞ ĨŽůůŽǁĞĚ͘ ůƚŚŽƵŐŚ ƚŚĞƐĞ ĨĂŵŝůŝĞƐ ĐŽƵůĚ ŶŽƚ ĞdžƉĞĐƚ ƚŚĞ ƐĂŵĞ ŵƵŶŝĐŝƉĂů ƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ͕ ĨŽƌ ŵĂŶLJ ŽĨ ƚŚĞŵ͕ ƚŚĞ ĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ůŽǁ ůĂŶĚ ƉƌŝĐĞƐ ĂůůŽǁĞĚ ƚŚĞŵ ƚŽ ďĞĐŽŵĞ ŚŽŵĞŽǁŶĞƌƐ͘ ; ƌƵĞŐŵĂŶŶ͕ y ϮϬϬϱͿ dŚĞ ŶŽƚĂďůĞ ĞdžƉĂŶƐŝŽŶ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ŝŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞ ǁĂƐ one of the factors that made all of this growth and ŵŽǀĞŵĞŶƚ ƉŽƐƐŝďůĞ͘ ůŽŶŐ ǁŝƚŚ ƚŚĞ ƌĞƐŝĚĞŶƟĂů ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚƐ ŚĂǀĞ ĂƉƉĞĂƌĞĚ ŶĞǁ ƐŚŽƉƉŝŶŐ ĐĞŶƚĞƌƐ͕ ďƵƐŝŶĞƐƐ ƉĂƌŬƐ͕ ŽĸĐĞ ƉĂƌŬƐ͕ Ăůů ĐŽŶŶĞĐƚĞĚ ǁŝƚŚ ĨƌĞĞways. /Ŷ ŽŶĞ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ŵŽƐƚ ŝŶƚĞƌĞƐƟŶŐ ǁŽƌŬƐ ŽŶ ƵƌďĂŶ ĚŝƐpersal, the German architect and planner Thomas ^ŝĞǀĞƌƚƐ͕ ůŽŽŬŝŶŐ ƉƌŝŵĂƌŝůLJ Ăƚ 'ĞƌŵĂŶ ĐŝƟĞƐ͕ ŚĂƐ ĐĂůůĞĚ ƚŚŝƐ ƚŚĞ ǁŝƐĐŚĞŶƐƚĂĚƚ͕ Ă ƚĞƌŵ ƚŚĂƚ ŵĞĂŶƐ ͞ŝŶƚĞƌŵĞĚŝĂƚĞ͟ Žƌ ͞ŝŶͲďĞƚǁĞĞŶ͟ ĐŝƚLJ͘ ĐĐŽƌĚŝŶŐ ƚŽ ^ŝĞǀĞƌƚƐ͕ the old image of the European city that many planŶĞƌƐ ĂŶĚ ŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůƐ ĐůĂŝŵ ŚĂƐ ĂĐƚƵĂůůLJ ďĞĞŶ ůĂƌŐĞůLJ

ƐƵƉĞƌƐĞĚĞĚ ďLJ Ă ŶĞǁ ƉĂƩĞƌŶ ƚŚĂƚ ŽĐĐƵƉŝĞƐ ƚŚĞ ůĂŶĚ between the old core and the countryside and that ŚĞ ĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝnjĞƐ ĂƐ ƚŚĞ ͞ƵƌďĂŶŝnjĞĚ ůĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞ Žƌ ƚŚĞ ůĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞĚ ĐŝƚLJ͘͟ >ĞĨĞďǀƌĞ ;ϭϵϳϬͿ ƐƚĂƚĞƐ ƚŚĂƚ ƚŚĞ ǁŚŽůĞ ǁŽƌůĚ ŝƐ ĐĂƵŐŚƚ ƵƉ ŝŶ Ă ĐŽŵƉƌĞŚĞŶƐŝǀĞ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐ ŽĨ ƵƌďĂŶŝnjĂƟŽŶ͘ dŽĚĂLJ͛Ɛ ƌĞĂůŝƚLJ ĐĂŶ ŶŽ ůŽŶŐĞƌ ďĞ ŐƌĂƐƉĞĚ ƵƐŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ĐĂƚĞŐŽƌŝĞƐ ͞ĐŝƚLJ͟ ĂŶĚ ͞ĐŽƵŶƚƌLJ͟ ďƵƚ ŵƵƐƚ ďĞ ĂŶĂůLJnjĞĚ using the concepts of urban society.

There are important reasons to think that the recent ŵĞƚƌŽƉŽůŝƚĂŶ ĞdžƉĂŶƐŝŽŶ ŝƐ Ă ůŽŐŝĐĂů ƌĞƐƵůƚ ŽĨ ĐĂƉŝƚĂůŝƐŵ ĂƐ ƚŚĞ ŵĂƌŬĞƚ ƌƵůĞƐ ŚĂǀĞ ďĞĞŶ ŐƵŝĚŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ůŽĐĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐ͘ &Žƌ ůŽƚƐ ŽĨ ŵƵŶŝĐŝƉĂůŝƟĞƐ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ĂƌĐĞůŽŶĂ DĞƚƌŽƉŽůŝƚĂŶ ZĞŐŝŽŶ͕ ƚŚĞ ŽƉĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ ŚĂǀĞ ďĞĐŽŵĞ ƉŽƚĞŶƟĂů ĂƌĞĂƐ ƚŽ ďĞ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞĚ ǁŝƚŚ ďŝŐ ǀĂůue in the real estate market. The open land has not been understood as part of the metropolitan project ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ŽƉĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ ŚĂǀĞ ďĞĐŽŵĞ ŵŽƌĞ ĂŶĚ ŵŽƌĞ fragmented. The open space as a structure of the ŵĞƚƌŽƉŽůŝƚĂŶ ƌĞŐŝŽŶ ŚĂƐ ƚŚĞ ƉŽƚĞŶƟĂů ĨŽƌ ƌĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶ͕ agriculture, but it is also of ecological importance. /Ŷ ƚŚĞ ŶĞdžƚ ĐŚĂƉƚĞƌ Ă ĚĞƐĐƌŝƉƟŽŶ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ŵĂŝŶ ƐƚĂŐĞƐ ŽĨ ŵĞƚƌŽƉŽůŝƚĂŶ ĞdžƉĂŶƐŝŽŶ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĂƌĐĞůŽŶĂ ZĞŐŝŽŶ ĂƌĞ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞĚ ĞdžƉůĂŝŶŝŶŐ ŚŽǁ ƚŚĞ ƌĞůĂƟŽŶ ďĞƚǁĞĞŶ ĐŝƚLJ ͕ ĐŽƵŶƚƌLJƐŝĚĞ ĂŶĚ ŶĂƚƵƌĞ ŚĂƐ ďĞĞŶ ĐŚĂŶŐŝŶŐ ŽǀĞƌ ƟŵĞ͘

ϭϴϴϬ

ϭϵϳϮ

ϭϵϮϬ

ϭϵϴϲ

ϭϵϱϲ

ϮϬϬϵ

21

1850-1950’s First modern industralization

22

^ŽƵƌĐĞ͗ ĂƌĐĞůŽŶĂ ϮϮΛ

The area of the plain of Barcelona as a whole was ŽƌŐĂŶŝnjĞĚ ĚƵƌŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ĮƌƐƚ ŚĂůĨ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ϭϵƚŚ ĐĞŶƚƵƌLJ ŝŶ accordance with the arrangement of infrastructure ďĂƐĞĚ ŽŶ Ğdžŝƚ ƌŽƵƚĞƐ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ ŶĂƚƵƌĂů ŐĞŽŐƌĂƉŚŝĐĂů ƉĂƐƐĞƐ ĂŶĚ ǁŝƚŚ ƚŚĞ ůĂƌŐĞůLJ ĂŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂů ĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ĂƌĞĂƐ ĂƌŽƵŶĚ ƚŚĞŵ͘ ; ͘ &ŽŶƚ͕ ͘ >ůŽƉ͕ :͘ D͘ sŝůĂŶŽǀĂ͕ ϭϵϵϵͿ͘ At the end of 1854 work had begun to knock down ƚŚĞ ǁĂůůƐ͘ /Ŷ ƚŚĞ ƉĞƌŝŽĚ ďĞƚǁĞĞŶ ƚŚĞ ŬŶŽĐŬŝŶŐ ĚŽǁŶ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ǁĂůůƐ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ĂŶŶĞdžŝŶŐ ŽĨ ŵŽƐƚ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ŵƵŶŝĐŝƉĂůŝƟĞƐ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ĂƌĐĞůŽŶĂ ƉůĂŝŶ ;ϭϴϵϳͿ͕ ƚŚĞ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ ĂŶĚ ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ŝdžĂŵƉůĞ ŝŶ ĂĐĐŽƌĚĂŶĐĞ ǁŝƚŚ /ůĚĞĨŽŶƐ ĞƌĚă͛Ɛ ƉůĂŶ ďĞŐĂŶ ƚŽ ďĞ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞĚ͘ dŚĞ ŝŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĂůŝnjĂƟŽŶ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐ ƐĞƩůĞƐ ĂƌŽƵŶĚ ĂƌĐĞůŽŶĂ ŵĂŝŶůLJ ŝŶ ĂŐŐƌĞŐĂƟŽŶ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ďŝŐŐĞƐƚ ĐŝƟĞƐ͘ Sabadell, Terrassa, Badalona and Mataró, were important manufacturing centres. There was a clear ƐƉĞĐŝĂůŝnjĂƟŽŶ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ŵĞƚĂů ĂŶĚ ƚĞdžƟůĞ ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ ƐĞĐƚŽƌƐ͘ /Ŷ ĂƌĐĞůŽŶĂ͕ ƚŚĞ ƚĞdžƟůĞ ŝŶĚƵƐƚƌLJ ǁĂƐ ŽĨ ůĞƐƐĞƌ ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞƌĞ ǁĂƐ Ă ŐƌĞĂƚĞƌ ĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ĮĞůĚƐ ŽĨ ƉƵďůŝƐŚŝŶŐ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ŐƌĂƉŚŝĐ ĂƌƚƐ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ĐŚĞŵŝĐĂů ŝŶĚƵƐƚƌLJ͘ dŚĞ ŝŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĂůŝnjĂƟŽŶ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐ ƐŝŐŶŝĮĞƐ ƚŚĞ ĮƌƐƚ ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚ ŵŝŐƌĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ƉĞŽƉůĞ ĨƌŽŵ the rural to urban areas. ƵƌŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ϭϵƚŚ ĐĞŶƚƵƌLJ ƚŚĞ ƌĂŝůǁĂLJ ŝŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐ ĂƌĞ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞĚ ďĞŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ĂƌĐĞůŽŶĂͲDĂƚĂƌſ ;ϭϴϰϴͿ ůŝŶĞ ƚŚĞ ĮƌƐƚ ŽŶĞ ƚŽ ďĞ ƌĞĂůŝnjĞĚ͘

ĞƌĚă͛Ɛ ĂƌĐĞůŽŶĂ ĞdžƉĂŶƐŝŽŶ WůĂŶ͕ ϭϴϱϳ͘ dŚĞ ŐƌĞĞŶ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ĐŝƚLJ͘

ĞƌĚă͛Ɛ ĂƌĐĞůŽŶĂ ĞdžƉĂŶƐŝŽŶ WůĂŶ͕ ϭϴϱϳ

dŚĞ ƌŵLJ DĂƉ ^ĞƌǀŝĐĞ ; ^ Ϳ͕ ϭϵϱϯͲϭϵϱϰ

^ĂďĂĚĞůů ĂŶĚ dĞƌƌĂƐƐĂů ĞdžƉĂŶƐŝŽŶ ƉůĂŶƐ y/yƚŚ

23

The idealization of nature hŶƟů ƚŚĞ ůĂƚĞ ŶŝŶĞƚĞĞŶƚŚ ĐĞŶƚƵƌLJ ƚŚĞ ĐŽŶĐĞƉƚ ŽĨ ĐŝƚLJ ǁĂƐ ĐŽŶĐĞŝǀĞĚ ŝŶ ŽƉƉŽƐŝƟŽŶ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ĐŽƵŶƚƌLJƐŝĚĞ͗ ƚŚĞ countryside was situated between the city and naƚƵƌĞ͘ >ĞĨĞďǀƌĞ ĞdžƉůĂŝŶƐ ŚŽǁ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ϮϬƚŚ ĐĞŶƚƵƌLJ ƚŚŝƐ ŽƉƉŽƐŝƟŽŶ ǁĂƐ ƌĞǀĞƌƐĞĚ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ĐŽƵŶƚƌLJ ŝƐ ĨƌŽŵ ƚŚĞŶ ƐĞĞŶ ĂŶĚ ĐŽŶĐĞŝǀĞĚ ŝŶ ƌĞůĂƟŽŶ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ĐŝƚLJ͘ dŚĞ ƐŚŝŌ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ƌĞůĂƟǀĞ ƉŽƐŝƟŽŶ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƚŽǁŶ ŽǀĞƌ ƚŚĞ ĐŽƵŶƚƌLJ ŝƐ ůŽĐĂƚĞĚ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ƌŝƐĞ ŽĨ ŝŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĂůŝnjĂƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ĂĚǀĂŶĐĞ ŽĨ ƚĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐLJ͘ Naturalizing the city ƵƌŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ŝŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĂůŝnjĂƟŽŶ ƚŚĞ ĐŝƚLJ ŝƐ ƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĞĚ and new social and urban problems appear. The ƐŽĐŝĞƚLJ ĐůĂŝŵƐ ĨŽƌ ŶĞǁ ƵƌďĂŶ ͟ŶĂƚƵƌĂů͟ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ ĂƐ Ă ƐŽůƵƟŽŶ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ĚĞŐƌĂĚĞĚ ĐŝƚLJ ƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐ ĨƌŽŵ ŝŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĂůŝnjĂƟŽŶ͘ /Ŷ ƚŚĞ ĐŽŶƚĞdžƚ ŽĨ ŝŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĂůŝnjĂƟŽŶ͕ ͞ŶĂƚƵƌĞ͟ ĂĐƋƵŝƌĞƐ ĂŶ ŝĚĞĂůŝnjĞĚ ŵĞĂŶŝŶŐ͕ ŶŽƚ ŽŶůLJ ĂƐ ƐƉĂĐĞ ĨŽƌ ƌĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶ͕ ďƵƚ ĂůƐŽ ĂŶ ĂĞƐƚŚĞƟĐ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞƌĂƉĞƵƟĐ ǀĂůƵĞ͘ dŚĞ ĐƌĞĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ƉĂƌŬƐ͕ ĂǀĞŶƵĞƐ͕ ŐĂƌĚĞŶƐ ŝƐ ƵŶĚĞƌƐƚŽŽĚ ĂƐ ĂŶ ƵƌďĂŶŝnjĞĚ ŶĂƚƵƌĞ Žƌ ƚŚĞ ŶĂƚƵƌĂůŝnjĞĚ ĐŝƚLJ͘ /ƚ ŝƐ ĚƵƌŝŶŐ ƚŚŝƐ ƟŵĞ ƚŚĂƚ ƚŚĞ ŝƵƚĂĚĞůůĂ WĂƌŬ ŝƐ created.

Cerdà with his urban plan for the city of Barcelona inƚĞŶƟŽŶĞĚ ƚŽ ͞ƵƌďĂŶŝnjĞ ƚŚĞ ĐŽƵŶƚƌLJƐŝĚĞ͟ ĂŶĚ ͞ƌƵƌĂůŝnjĞ ƚŚĞ ƵƌďĂŶ͟ ďLJ ĐƌĞĂƟŶŐ Ă ŶĞƚǁŽƌŬ ŽĨ ŐƌĞĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ ŝŶƚĞƌǁŽǀĞŶ ǁŝƚŚ ƚŚĞ ƵƌďĂŶ ŐƌŝĚ͘ dŚĞ ƐŝŐŶƐ ŽĨ ͞ŶĂƚƵƌĞ͟ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ĐŝƚLJ ƉƌŽůŝĨĞƌĂƚĞ ŝŶ ĨŽƌŵ ŽĨ ƌĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ ŽĨ ŶĂƚƵƌĞ͘

The Ciutadella Park

dŚĞ dŝďŝĚĂďŽ ƌĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶĂů ƉĂƌŬ

Living in the nature

ůŝƐŚ ŐĂƌĚĞŶͲĐŝƟĞƐ͘

/Ŷ ƚŚĞ ďĞŐŝŶŶŝŶŐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ϮϬƚŚ ĐĞŶƚƵƌLJ ƚŚĞ ĮƌƐƚ ƚƌĂŵways linking the central city with the surrounding hills were created. The increase of accessibility enĐŽƵƌĂŐĞĚ ƚŚĞ ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĮƌƐƚ ŚŽƵƐĞƐ ŽŶ ƚŚĞ hills and Collserola, following the models of the Eng-

Nature as recreation As the city grew outwards , the natural areas on the ŽƵƚƐŬŝƌƚƐ ǁĞƌĞ ĂĐƋƵŝƌŝŶŐ Ă ŚŝŐŚ ǀĂůƵĞ ĨŽƌ ŝƚƐ ƉŽƚĞŶƟĂů ƚŽ ŽīĞƌ ŶĞǁ ůŝǀŝŶŐ ĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚƐ ƐƵƌƌŽƵŶĚĞĚ ďLJ

The Park Güell by Gaudí.

The tramway to the Tibidabo

͞ŶĂƚƵƌĞ͟ ĂŶĚ ĂůƐŽ ĂƐ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ ĨŽƌ ƌĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶ͘ KŶ ϭϵϬϲ͕ the opening of the tramway line to the Tibidabo Hill ; ŽůůƐĞƌŽůĂͿ ŵĂĚĞ ƉŽƐƐŝďůĞ ƚŚĞ ĐƌĞĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ZĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶ WĂƌŬ ŽŶ ƚŚĞ ŵŽƵŶƚĂŝŶ͕ ƚŚĞ ƉůĂĐĞ ǁŚĞƌĞ ĂƌĐĞůŽŶĂ ĐŝƟnjĞŶƐ ŵĞƚ ǁŝƚŚ ŶĂƚƵƌĞ͘

25

1950’s-1970’s Economical boom and suburban expansion

26

Singlerin neighbourhood, Sta. coloma de Gramenet ƉŚŽƚŽ͖ ŇŝĐŬƌ

ŌĞƌ ƚŚĞ ƉĞƌŝŽĚ ĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ Đŝǀŝů ǁĂƌ͕ ƚŚĞ ŝŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĐŽƵŶƚƌLJ ƚŽŽŬ ƉůĂĐĞ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ůĂƌŐĞ ĐŝƟĞƐ ďƌŝŶŐŝŶŐ ǁŝƚŚ ŝƚ ĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĂďůĞ ŵŝŐƌĂƚŽƌLJ ŇŽǁ ĂŶĚ Ăůů kinds of urban demands.

Housing needs and industrial growth itself created ĂŶ ĞŶŽƌŵŽƵƐ ƉƌŽƉĞƌƚLJ ŵ͘ dŚŝƐ ĐĂƵƐĞĚ ƚŚĞ ĮƌƐƚ ƉĞƌŝƉŚĞƌĂů ĞdžƉĂŶƐŝŽŶ͘ ,ŝŐŚ ĚĞŶƐŝƚLJ ƌĞƐŝĚĞŶƟĂů ďƵŝůĚŝŶŐƐ͕ ĂƌĞĂƐ ŽĨ ŵĂƌŐŝŶĂů ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ ĂŶĚ ƐŽĐŝĂů housing created a new urban peripheral landscape ǁŝƚŚ ƉƌĞĐĂƌŝŽƵƐ ŽƉĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞ͕ ƐĐĂƌĐĞ ĨĂĐŝůŝƟĞƐ͕ ŝŶĨƌĂstructure and transport. ƵƌŝŶŐ ƚŚŝƐ ƉĞƌŝŽĚ ƚŚĞ ĐŝƟĞƐ ŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞĚ ŝŶ ƉŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶ͕ ƐƉĞĐŝĂůůLJ ƚŚĞ ŝŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĂůŝnjĞĚ ŽŶĞƐ͘ KŶ ƚŚĞ ŽƚŚĞƌ ŚĂŶĚ͕ ƚŚĞ ƉŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶ ŝŶ ĂƌĞĂƐ based on agriculture decreased. ů ĂƌĐĞůŽŶğƐ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ĂƌĐĞůŽŶĂͲdĞƌƌĂƐƐĂ ĂdžŝƐ ĂůŽŶŐ ƚŚĞ ĐŽƵƌƐĞƐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĞƐſƐ ĂŶĚ ZŝƉŽůů ƌŝǀĞƌƐ ƌĞĐŽƌĚĞĚ ƚŚĞ ůĂƌŐĞƐƚ ŝŶŇƵdžĞƐ ŽĨ ŝŵŵŝŐƌĂŶƚƐ͘ dŚĞ ĞdžƉůŽƐŝŽŶ ŽĨ ĚŝƐƉĞƌƐĞĚ ŐƌŽǁƚŚ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚ ƚŚĞ ƌĞŐŝŽŶ ǁĂƐ ďĂƐĞĚ ŽŶ ƚŚĞ ƵƌďĂŶ ĞdžƉůŽŝƚĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ƉůŽƚƐ of rural land, and on the growing importance of priǀĂƚĞ ƚƌĂŶƐƉŽƌƚ ĂŶĚ ƐĞĐŽŶĚ ŚŽŵĞƐ ŝŶ ĐŽĂƐƚĂů ĂƌĞĂƐ ĂŶĚ ŝŶ ĐŽƵŶƚƌLJ ƐŝĚĞ ĂƌĞĂƐ ƐƟůů ƐĞĞŶ ĂƐ ͞ŶĂƚƵƌĂů͘͟ &ƌŽŵ ƚŚĞ ϳϬ͛Ɛ͕ ƐĞĐƟŽŶƐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĂƌƚĞƌŝĂů ƌŽƵƚĞ ŶĞƚǁŽƌŬ were gradually built and thus there was an increase ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƵƐĞ ŽĨ ƉƌŝǀĂƚĞ ƚƌĂŶƐƉŽƌƚĂƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ĐŽŶƐĞƋƵĞŶƚ ƵƌďĂŶ ĞdžƉĂŶƐŝŽŶ͘

ĞůůǀŝƚŐĞ

ĞůůǀŝƚŐĞ

Ϯϳ

The urbanization of “nature” ƵƌŝŶŐ ƚŚŝƐ ƉĞƌŝŽĚ͕ ƚŚĞ ƵƌďĂŶŝnjĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ŶĂƚƵƌĂů ůĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞ ƚĂŬĞƐ ƉůĂĐĞ ŝŶ Ă ǀĞƌLJ ƌĂĚŝĐĂů ĂŶĚ ŶŽŶͲƌĞƐƉĞĐƞƵů ǁĂLJ͘ dŚĞ ďŝŐ ŚŽƵƐŝŶŐ ďůŽĐŬƐ Ăƚ ƚŚĞ ƉĞƌŝƉŚĞƌŝĞƐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĐŝƟĞƐ ĂƌĞ ƐĞƩůĞĚ ŽŶ ƚŚĞ ŵŽƵŶƚĂŝŶƐ ǁŝƚŚŽƵƚ ĂŶLJ ĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĂƟŽŶ ƚŽǁĂƌĚƐ ƚŚĞ ƐƵƌƌŽƵŶĚŝŶŐ ůĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞ ĂŶĚ ŝƚƐ ƚŽƉŽŐƌĂƉŚŝĐĂů ĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐ͘ /ƚ ŝƐ ĂůƐŽ ĚƵƌŝŶŐ ƚŚŝƐ ƟŵĞ ƚŚĂƚ ƉĞŽƉůĞ ůŝǀŝŶŐ ŝŶ ŝŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĂůŝƐĞĚ ĐŝƟĞƐ ďĞŐĂŶ ƚŽ ǀĂůƵĞ ƚŚĞŝƌ ŶĂƚƵƌĂů ƐƵƌƌŽƵŶĚings and became aware of the constant threat on ƚŚĞ ĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂů ĂŶĚ ƌĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶĂů ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶƐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƌƵƌĂů ĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ͘ tĞ ĐĂŶ ĮŶĚ ƚŚĞ ĮƌƐƚ ƚŚĂƵŐŚƚƐ ŽŶ ƚŚĞ ŽƉĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ ŽĨ the metropolitan region in the plans of N.M. Rubió ŝ dƵĚƵƌş ŽŶ ƚŚĞ ͞ ĂƌĐĞůŽŶĂ ĨƵƚƵƌĂ͟ ŝŶ ϭϵϮϵ͕ ǁŚĞƌĞ͕ ĨŽƌ ƚŚĞ ĮƌƐƚ ƟŵĞ͕ ƚŚĞ ĂƌĞĂ ǁŚŝĐŚ ǁŽƵůĚ ƚŚĞŶ ďĞĐŽŵĞ the Àrea Metropolitana de Barcelona was drawn. /Ŷ ƚŚŽƐĞ ƐĐŚĞŵĞƐ ǁĞ ĐĂŶ ĮŶĚ ďŽƚŚ ƚŚĞ ĚĞůƚĂ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ >ůŽďƌĞŐĂƚ ĂƐ ǁĞůů ĂƐ ƚŚĞ ŽůůƐĞƌŽůĂ ŵĂƐƐŝĨ͕ ǁŚŝĐŚ ǁĂƐ ƋƵĂůŝĮĞĚ ĂƐ Ă ŝŐ ĞŶƚƌĂů WĂƌŬ͘ dŚĞ ŽŵĂƌĐĂ WůĂŶ ĨŽƌ ĂƌĐĞůŽŶĂ ŝŶ ϭϵϱϯ ƉŝĐŬĞĚ ƵƉ ŽŶ ƚŚĞƐĞ ƉƌĞůŝŵŝŶĂƌLJ ƉƌŽƉŽƐĂůƐ ǁŝƚŚ Ă ŶŽƌŵĂƟǀĞ ĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌ ĂŶĚ͕ ďĞƐŝĚĞƐ its unfortunate management, these two areas will ƌĞƐƵůƚ ŝŶ ƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚ ĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ ŽĨ ĨƵƌƚŚĞƌ ƉůĂŶƐ ĨŽƌ ƚŚĞ ƌĞŐŝŽŶ͘ ,ŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ ƚŚĞ ŝĚĞĂ ŽĨ ŶĂƚƵƌĂů ŝƐůĂŶĚƐ ŝƐ ŶŽǁ ƵŶĚĞƌƐƚŽŽĚ ĂƐ ŽďƐŽůĞƚĞ͕ ĂŶĚ Ă ŵŽƌĞ ĐŽŵƉůĞdž ƌĞĂĚŝŶŐ of the landscape is taking place, considering that all the natural areas should be connected and related.

dŚĞ ŽŵĂƌĐĂ WůĂŶ ĨŽƌ ĂƌĐĞůŽŶĂ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ϭϵϱϯ Rubió i Tudurí

Ciutat Meridiana at Collserola mountain

>Žǁ ĚĞŶƐŝƚLJ ĚŝƐƉĞƌƐĞ ƌĞƐŝĚĞŶƟĂů ƵƌďĂŶ ĂƌĞĂƐ ǁŚŝĐŚ ĂƉƉĞĂƌ ĂƐ ƐĞĐŽŶĚ ŚŽŵĞƐ͘ dŚĞLJ ŽĐĐƵƉLJ ƚŚĞ ŚŝŐŚĞƌ ƉĂƌƚƐ ŽĨ ŽůůƐĞƌŽůĂ ŵŽƵŶƚĂŝŶ ĞŶŚĂŶĐĞĚ ďLJ ƚŚĞ ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ &ĞƌƌŽĐĂƌƌŝů ŽĨ ƚŚĞ 'ĞŶĞƌĂůŝƚĂƚ ;ŵĞƚƌŽƉŽůŝƚĂŶ ƌĂŝůǁĂLJͿ Ăƚ ƚŚĞ ďĞŐŝŶŶŝŶŐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ϮϬ ƚŚ ĐĞŶƚƵƌLJ͘ dŚĞ ŝŶĐƌĞĂƐŝŶŐ ǁĞůĨĂƌĞ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ǁŝůůŝŶŐŶĞƐƐ ƚŽ ůŝǀĞ ƐƵƌƌŽƵŶĚĞĚ ďLJ Ă ŶĂƚƵƌĂů ĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ ǁĞƌĞ ƚŚĞ ŵĂũŽƌ ƌĞĂƐŽŶƐ ĨŽƌ ƐƵĐŚ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚƐ͘

Ϯϵ

1970’s - 2010 Fragmentation: decentralisation and polarisation

ϯϬ

dŚĞ ĚĞĐĞŶƚƌĂůŝnjĂƟŽŶ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐ ƵŶĚĞƌƐƚŽŽĚ ĂƐ ƚŚĞ ĞƐƚĂďůŝƐŚŵĞŶƚ ŽĨ ĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐ ŽƵƚ ŽĨ ƚŽǁŶ ĐĞŶƚƌĞƐ ƚĂŬĞƐ ƉůĂĐĞ ĂƌŽƵŶĚ ŚŝŐŚůLJ ĂĐĐĞƐƐŝďůĞ Žƌ ǀŝƐƵĂůůLJ ŽďǀŝŽƵƐ sites along the main highways and road infrastrucƚƵƌĞƐ͘ >ĂƌŐĞ ƐŚŽƉƉŝŶŐ ŵĂůůƐ͕ ŵĂŶƵĨĂĐƚƵƌŝŶŐ ĐŽŵƉĂŶŝĞƐ͕ ůŽŐŝƐƟĐƐ͕ ŚŽƐƉŝƚĂůƐ͕ ƵŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƟĞƐ ǁĞƌĞ Ăůů ƐŝƚƵĂƚĞĚ ŝŶ ĐůŽƐĞ ƌĞůĂƟŽŶ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ŵĞƚƌŽƉŽůŝƚĂŶ ŵŽƚŽƌǁĂLJ ŶĞƚǁŽƌŬ͕ ǁŝƚŚ ƚŚĞ ĞdžƚĞŶƐŝŽŶƐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ >ůŽďƌĞŐĂƚ ĂŶĚ ZŝƉŽůů ŚŝŐŚǁĂLJƐ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ͲϯϬ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ sĂůůğƐ ĐŽƌƌŝĚŽƌ ůŝŶŬŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ Ͳϳ ŵŽƚŽƌǁĂLJ͘ ŶĞǁ ůĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞ ŝƐ ďĞŝŶŐ ĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĞĚ ĂůŽŶŐ ƚŚĞ ŵĂŝŶ ŝŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐ͖ ůĂƌŐĞ ĨĂĐƚŽƌŝĞƐ͕ ůŽŐŝƐƟĐ ĂŶĚ ƐƚŽƌĂŐĞ ďƵŝůĚŝŶŐƐ ůŽĐĂƚĞ ŽŶ ǀĂĐĂŶƚ ƉůŽƚƐ Žƌ ŝŶ ŝƐŽůĂƟŽŶ ŝŶ rural areas, as well as specialised polarised clusters ŽĨ ůĂƌŐĞ ƐŚŽƉƉŝŶŐ ĐĞŶƚƌĞƐ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞŵĂƟĐ ƉĂƌŬƐ ;ƌĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶĂů ƉĂƌŬƐ͕ ďƵƐŝŶĞƐƐ ƉĂƌŬƐ͕ ƚĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐŝĐĂů ƉĂƌŬƐ͕ ĞƚĐͿ͘ dŚĞ ĚĞĐĞŶƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟǀĞ ĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐ͕ ƚŚĞ change of accessibility models, and the fragmented ĂŶĚ ƐĐĂƩĞƌĞĚ ƵƌďĂŶ ŐƌŽǁƚŚ ĂƌĞ ƚŚĞ ŵĂŝŶ ĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌ-

ŝƐƟĐƐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĞdžŝƐƟŶŐ ŵĞƚƌŽƉŽůŝƚĂŶ ƌĞŐŝŽŶ͘ (&ŽŶƚ͕ ͕͘ >ůŽƉ͕ ͕͘ Θ sŝůĂŶŽǀĂ͕͘ :͘ D͘ ϭϵϵϵͿ dŚĞ ƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJ ƌĞƐŝĚĞŶĐĞƐ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚƐ ĐŽŶƟŶƵĞĚ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞLJ ǁŽƵůĚ ƉƌŽŐƌĞƐƐŝǀĞůLJ ďĞ ƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĞĚ ŝŶƚŽ ƉĞƌŵĂŶĞŶƚ ƌĞƐŝĚĞŶĐĞƐ ƉƌŽĮƟŶŐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ŐƌŽǁŝŶŐ ƉƌŽdžŝŵŝƚLJ ŽĨ ĚĞĐĞŶƚƌĂůŝƐĞĚ ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟǀĞ ĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐ͘ ŌĞƌ ƚŚĞ ƌĞƐƚŽƌĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ĚĞŵŽĐƌĂĐLJ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ĐŽƵŶƚƌLJ ͕ ĚĞŵŽĐƌĂƟĐ ƚŽǁŶ ĐŽƵŶĐŝůƐ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ŵĞƚƌŽƉŽůŝƚĂŶ ƌĞŐŝŽŶ ďĞŐĂŶ ƚŽ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉ ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚ ƵƌďĂŶ ƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƐ ŵĂŝŶůLJ ĨŽĐƵƐĞĚ ŽŶ ƉƵďůŝĐ ƐƉĂĐĞ ĂŶĚ ƉƵďůŝĐ ĞƋƵŝƉŵĞŶƚƐ͘ dŚĞ ϭϵϴϲ KůLJŵƉŝĐ ŶŽŵŝŶĂƟŽŶ ǁĂƐ ĂŶ ŽĐĐĂƐŝŽŶ ƚŽ ƐƚƌĞŶŐƚŚĞŶ ƚŚĞ ƌŽůĞ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĐŝƚLJ ƉƌŽǀŝĚŝŶŐ ƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ŵĞƚƌŽƉŽůŝƚĂŶ ƚĞƌƌŝƚŽƌLJ͘ dŚĞ ĂĐĐĞƐƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ ŵŽĚĞů ǁŽƵůĚ ĂůƐŽ ĐŚĂŶŐĞ ĂƐ ĂƌĐĞůŽŶĂ͛Ɛ ƌŝŶŐ ƌŽĂĚƐ were constructed, bringing the territory together ĂŶĚ ƌĞŝŶĨŽƌĐŝŶŐ ŝŶƚƌĂͲ ŵƵŶŝĐŝƉĂů ŵŽǀĞŵĞŶƚƐ͘

WͲϳ ŵŽƚŽƌǁĂLJ͕ ƚŚĞ sĂůůğƐ ƉůĂŝŶ͘

>Žǁ ƌĞƐŝĚĞŶƟĂů ƵƌďĂŶŝnjĂƟŽŶͺ ^ĂŶƚ YƵŝƌnjĞ WĂƌĐ

'ĞŶĞƌĂů DĞƚƌŽƉŽůŝƚĂŶ WůĂŶ ϭϵϳϲ

^ƉĞĐŝĂůŝnjĞĚ ůŽŐŝƐƟĐƐ ĐůƵƐƚĞƌ

31

dŚĞ ŵŽƐƚ ƌĞĐĞŶƚ ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚ ƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ ŝŶ some European urban areas is the rise and proŐƌĞƐƐŝǀĞ ĐŽŶƐŽůŝĚĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ŶĞǁ ƉĂƩĞƌŶƐ ĨŽƌ ƚŚĞ ůŽĐĂůŝnjĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ ĐŽŶƐƵŵƉƟŽŶ ĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐ͕ ŵĂŝŶůLJ ďĂƐĞĚ ŽŶ ƚŚĞ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ ŽĨ mobility and the arterial transport infrastructures. /Ŷ ƚŚĞ ǁŽƌŬ ŽĨ ŶƚŽŶŝŽ &ŽŶƚ ĂŶĚ >ŽƌĞŶĂ sĞĐƐůŝƌ ;ϮϬϬϴͿ ŽŶ ƚŚĞ ĂƌĐĞůŽŶĂ DĞƚƌŽƉŽůŝƚĂŶ ZĞŐŝŽŶ͕ ƚŚĞLJ ĞdžƉůĂŝŶ ŚŽǁ ƚŚĞ ŶĞǁ ƉĂƩĞƌŶƐ ŽĨ ĚĞĐĞŶƚƌĂůŝnjĂƟŽŶ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ƌĞŐŝŽŶ ĐŽŶƐŝƐƚ ŽŶ ŶĞǁ ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ ĐŽŶƐƵŵƉƟŽŶ ĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐ͕ ǁŚŝĐŚ ĂƌĞ ďƵŝůƚ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ nodes or along the main roads and motorways ůŽŽŬŝŶŐ ĨŽƌ ŶĞǁ ĂĐĐĞƐƐ ƉŽŝŶƚƐ͕ ǀŝƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ͕ ĐŚĞĂƉĞƌ ůĂŶĚ ƉƌŝĐĞ ĂŶĚ ƐLJŶĞƌŐLJ ǁŝƚŚ ŽƚŚĞƌ ĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐ͘ dŚĞ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ ŽĨ ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ ŝŶĐůƵĚĞ Ăůů ŬŝŶĚ ŽĨ ŝŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĂů ĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐ ;ĨƌŽŵ ƚŚĞ ŝƐŽůĂƚĞĚ ŝŶĚƵƐƚƌLJ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ŝŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĂů ĐůƵƐƚĞƌƐ Žƌ ŝŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĂů ƉĂƌŬƐͿ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ƚĞƌƟĂƌLJ ĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐ ƌĞůĂƚĞĚ ǁŝƚŚ ƚƌĂŶƐƉŽƌƚĂƟŽŶ͕ ůŽŐŝƐƟĐƐ ĂŶĚ ƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ ƚŽ ďƵƐŝŶĞƐƐ ĂŶĚ ŽĸĐĞƐ͘ dŚĞ ŐƌŽǁŝŶŐ ƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐ ďĞƚǁĞĞŶ ƚŚĞ ƚĞƌƟĂƌLJ ĂŶĚ ŝŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĂů ĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐ͕ ĂƐ ǁĞůů ĂƐ ƚŚĞ ƌĞŐŝŽŶĂůŝnjĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ ĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐ ĂƌĞ ƐŽŵĞ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚ ƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ŶĞǁ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ ŽĨ ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ͘

ƟǀŝƟĞƐ ŝŶ ŶĞǁ ƐŚŽƉƉŝŶŐ ŵĂůůƐ Žƌ ƚŚĞŵĂƟĐ ƉĂƌŬƐ͘ dŚĞ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐ ŽĨ ĚĞĐĞŶƚƌĂůŝnjĂƟŽŶ ŝƐ ƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵŝŶŐ the metropolitan landscapes a product of global ĂŶĚ ůŽĐĂů ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐ ǁŚŝĐŚ ŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƚ ĂŶĚ ŽŌĞŶ ĐŽŶŇŝĐƚ ŽŶ ƚŚĞ ƐĂŵĞ ƉŝĞĐĞ ŽĨ ůĂŶĚ͘ dŚŝƐ ŝƐ ƐĞĞŶ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ĨƌĂŐŵĞŶƚĂƌLJ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚƐ ǁŚŝĐŚ ŚĂǀĞ ĐŚĂŶŐĞĚ ĐŽŵƉůĞƚĞůLJ ƚŚĞ ƐƉĂƟĂů ĂŶĚ ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂů ůĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƌĞŐŝŽŶ ĂŶĚ ŚĂǀĞŶDzƚ ŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƚĞĚ ǁŝƚŚ ƚŚĞŝƌ ĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ Žƌ ƚŚĞ ƐLJƐƚĞŵ ŽĨ ƌĞŐŝŽŶĂů ŽƉĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ͘ dŚĞƐĞ ƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƐ ŚĂǀĞ ƚĂŬĞŶ ƉůĂĐĞ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ Ă ďŽƩŽŵ ƵƉ ƐĞůĨͲŽƌŐĂŶŝnjĞĚ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐ ƌƵůĞĚ ďLJ ƚŚĞ ŵĂƌŬĞƚ ůĂǁƐ͕ ŽŌĞŶ ƉƌŽĮƟŶŐ ŽĨ ǁĞĂŬ ƵƌďĂŶ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ ĂŶĚ ƌĞŐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ͘ /ƚ ŝƐ ĂůƐŽ ǁŽƌƚŚ ƚŽ ŵĞŶƟŽŶ ƚŚĂƚ ƐŽŵĞ ƌĞĐĞŶƚ ƚƌĞŶĚƐ ŽĨ ĐĞŶƚƌĂůŝnjĂƟŽŶ ŚĂǀĞ ďĞĞŶ ƚĂŬŝŶŐ ƉůĂĐĞ ďĂƐĞĚ ŽŶ ƚŚĞ ŝŶƚĞƌŶĂů ƵƌďĂŶ ƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƐ ŽĨ ƵƌďĂŶ ƚƌĂĚŝƟŽŶĂů ŶƵĐůĞƵƐ ŝŶƚŽ ŶĞǁ ĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐĂů ĂƌĞĂƐ ŐŝǀŝŶŐ ĨŽƌŵ ƚŽ ŶĞǁ ƵƌďĂŶ ĂdžĞƐ ;^ĂŐƌĞƌĂ ŝŶ ĂƌĐĞůŽŶĂ͕ ŝdž DĂĐŝă ŝŶ ^ĂďĂĚĞůůͿ͕ ƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ďƌŽǁŶĮĞůĚƐ͕ ĂƌĞĂƐ ŽĨ ƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ ;ϮϮΛͿ ĂŶĚ ƉƵŶĐƚƵĂů ŝŶƚĞƌǀĞŶƟŽŶƐ ;EĞǁ WůĂĕĂ ƵƌŽƉĂ ŝŶ ,ŽƐƉŝƚĂůĞƚ ĚĞ >ůŽďƌĞŐĂƚ͕ ͞/ůůĂ ŝĂŐŽŶĂů͟ ŝŶ ĂƌĐĞůŽŶĂͿ͘

dŚĞ ĐŽŶƐƵŵƉƟŽŶ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ ŝŶĐŽƌƉŽƌĂƚĞ ƚŚĞ ĐŽŵŵĞƌĐŝĂů ĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐ ;ƐŚŽƉƉŝŶŐ ŵĂůůƐ͕ ĐŽŵŵĞƌĐŝĂů ŚƵďƐ͙Ϳ͕ ƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ͕ ŚŽƚĞůƐ͕ ƌĞƐƚĂƵƌĂŶƚƐ ĂŶĚ ůĞŝƐƵƌĞ ĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐ ;ƐƉŽƌƚƐ͕ ƌĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶ͕ ĐƵůƚƵƌĞ͙Ϳ͘ dŚĞ ƉƌŝǀĂƚĞ ŝŶƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƐ ĂŶĚ ƐŽŵĞ ĞƋƵŝƉŵĞŶƚƐ ĂƌĞ ĂůƐŽ ŝŶĐůƵĚĞĚ ŝŶ ƚŚŝƐ ĐĂƚĞŐŽƌLJ͘ dŚĞƐĞ ŶĞǁ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ ŽĨ ĐŽŶƐƵŵƉƟŽŶ ƚĞŶĚ ƚŽ ůŽĐĂƚĞ ŽŶ ƚŚĞ ƌŽĂĚ ŶŽĚĞƐ ĂƐ Ă ƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĐ ůŽĐĂƟŽŶ on the entrance towards the urban fragments or ŶƵĐůĞƵƐ͘ dŚĞƐĞ ŶĞǁ ͞ŶŽĚĞƐ ŽĨ ĐĞŶƚƌĂůŝƟĞƐ͟ ďĞĐŽŵĞ places which combine commercial and leisure ac35

Towards a complete urbanization? ^ŝŶĐĞ ƚŚĞ ƐŝdžƟĞƐ͕ ŚƵŐĞ ůĂŶĚ ŽĐĐƵƉĂƟŽŶ ŚĂƐ ƚĂŬĞŶ place in the Region, occupying open areas in a manner of dispersed growth. These territorial dynamics ŚĂǀĞ ůĞĂĚ ƚŽ Ă ƉƌŽŐƌĞƐƐŝǀĞ ƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶ͕ ĨƌĂŐŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ ĚĞŐƌĂĚĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ŽƉĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ͘ /Ŷ ŵĂŶLJ areas, the peri-urban phenomenon has blurred the boundaries between urban and rural areas and has ŽĐĐƵƉŝĞĚ ǀĂƐƚ ĂƌĞĂƐ ǁŚŝĐŚ ŚĂǀĞ ƐĞĞŶ ŝƚƐ ĚĞĐůŝŶĞ ŽĨ ŶĂƚƵƌĂů͕ ƌƵƌĂů ĂŶĚ ĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐ ǀĂůƵĞƐ͘ >ĞĨĞďǀƌĞ ĞdžƉůĂŝŶƐ ŚŽǁ ǁĞ ĂƌĞ ŝŶ Ă ƐƚĂŐĞ ŝŶ ǁŚŝĐŚ ƵƌďĂŶŝnjĂƟŽŶ ŝƐ ƌĞƐŚĂƉŝŶŐ ĂŶĚ ĐŽůŽŶŝnjŝŶŐ ƌƵƌĂů Ăƌeas. This phrase refers to the dominance of the city ŽǀĞƌ ƚŚĞ ĐŽƵŶƚƌLJ͘ ƐĞĐŽŶĚ ŚŽŵĞ͕ Ă ĨƌĞĞǁĂLJ Žƌ Ă supermarket is part of the urban fabric. The big city ŝƐ ĞdžƉůŽĚŝŶŐ͕ ƐĐĂƩĞƌŝŶŐ ĐŽƵŶƚůĞƐƐ ƵƌďĂŶ ĨƌĂŐŵĞŶƚƐ throughout its surroundings. A rural area begins ƚŚĞ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐ ŽĨ ƵƌďĂŶŝnjĂƟŽŶ ǁŚĞŶ ŝƚƐ ďŽƵŶĚĂƌŝĞƐ lose their status. dŚĞ ƚĞŶĚĂŶĐĞ ƚŽǁĂƌĚƐ Ă ĐŽŵƉůĞƚĞ ƵƌďĂŶŝnjĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ the region has created a growing awareness of the need for a project of the open spaces and has moƟǀĂƚĞĚ ƚŚĞ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ ŽĨ ƉƌŽƚĞĐƟŽŶ ƉŽůŝĐŝĞƐ͕ Ăƚ Ă ƐĞĐƚŽƌŝĂů ĂŶĚ ƚĞƌƌŝƚŽƌŝĂů ůĞǀĞů͘ Ɛ Ă ĐŽŶƐĞƋƵĞŶĐĞ͕ ŶŽǁ ƚŚĞƌĞ ŝƐ Ă ŐƌŽǁŝŶŐ ĐŽŶĐĞƌŶ ĨŽƌ ƚŚĞ ĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ŶĂƚƵƌĂů ĂŶĚ ƌƵƌĂů ĂƌĞĂƐ͘ Newly-gained access to the territory and the posiƟǀĞ ƉĞƌĐĞƉƟŽŶ ŽĨ ŶĂƚƵƌĂů ĂƌĞĂƐ ƉĞƌŵŝƚƐ ƚŽ ĐŽŶǀĞƌƚĞĚ ƚŚĞŵ ŝŶƚŽ ŶĂƚƵƌĂů ĂƌĞĂƐ ƉƌŽǀŝĚŝŶŐ ŶĞǁ ůĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞƐ͕ ǁĂƚĞƌ ĂŶĚ ĨƌĞƐŚ Ăŝƌ ĨŽƌ ĂŶ ƵƌďĂŶ ƉŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶ which is seeking closer contact with nature.

tŚĂƚ ŝƐ ƚŚĞ ĨƵƚƵƌĞ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĨƌĂŐŵĞŶƚĞĚ ŝŶͲďĞƚǁĞĞŶ ŵĞƚƌŽƉŽůŝƚĂŶ ůĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞƐ͍ ϯϳ

Patterns of growth Concerning the Barcelona regional growth it is ƉŽƐƐŝďůĞ ƚŽ ŝĚĞŶƟĨLJ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ƉĂƩĞƌŶƐ ŽĨ ŐƌŽǁƚŚ ǁŝƚŚ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ŝŵƉĂĐƚƐ Ăƚ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ƐƚĂŐĞƐ͕ ŵŽƐƚ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƟŵĞƐ ĐŽĞdžŝƐƚĂŶƚ͘ dŚĞ ƉĂƩĞƌŶƐ ŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚ ďLJ ŶƚŽŶŝŽ &ŽŶƚ ŝŶ ŚŝƐ ĂƌƟĐůĞ ͞ ŶĂƚŽŵLJ ŽĨ Ă ĚŝƐĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐ ŵĞƚƌŽƉŽůŝƐ͟ ;ϭϵϵϳͿ ĂƌĞ͗ ŶŽĚĂů ŐƌŽǁƚŚ͕ ŐƌŽǁƚŚ ďLJ ƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶ͕ ďLJ ƉŽůĂƌŝƐĂƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ ĚŝƐƉĞƌƐŝŽŶ͘ / ŝŶĐůƵĚĞ ƚŚĞ ůŝŶĞĂů ŐƌŽǁƚŚ ĂƐ Ă ĮŌŚ ƉĂƩĞƌŶ͘ dŚĞ ƌĞƐƵůƚ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĂŐŐƌĞŐĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ƚŚĞƐĞ ƉĂƩĞƌŶƐ ŝƐ Ă ĐŽŵƉůĞdž ĚŝƐĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐ ŵĞƚƌŽƉŽůŝƐ ŝŶ ǁŚŝĐŚ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ůŽŐŝĐƐ ŽĨ ƵƌďĂŶŝnjĂƟŽŶ ĐƌĞĂƚĞ ƚŚĞ ǁŚŽůĞ ƵƌďĂŶ ŵŽƐĂŝĐ͘ 1. Nodal growth dŚŝƐ ŝƐ ƚŚĞ ŐƌŽǁƚŚ ďLJ ĂŐŐƌĞŐĂƟŽŶ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ĐĞŶƚƌĂů ĂŶĚ ŚŝƐƚŽƌŝĐĂů ŶƵĐůĞƵƐ͘ DŽƐƚ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƟŵĞƐ ŝƚ ŝŵƉůŝĞƐ ƚŚĞ ĞdžƚĞŶƐŝŽŶ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ŝŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐ ĂŶĚ ŵĂŝŶ ƐƚƌĞĞƚƐ ĨŽůůŽǁĞĚ ďLJ ƚŚĞ ĚĞŶƐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ŶĞǁ ŐƌŝĚƐ ǁŝƚŚ ŵƵůƟƉůĞ ĂŶĚ ŵŝdž ƵƐĞƐ͘ dŚŝƐ ƚLJƉĞ ŽĨ ŐƌŽǁƚŚ ƌĞƐƵůƚƐ ŝŶ Ă ĐŽŵƉĂĐƚ ƵƌďĂŶ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ ǁŚŝĐŚ ĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝnjĞƐ ƚŚĞ ƐŽƵƚŚĞƌŶ ƵƌŽƉĞĂŶ ĐŝƟĞƐ͘ 2.Substitution dŚĞ ƵƌďĂŶ ƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƐ ďLJ ƐƵďƐƟƚƵŝƟŽŶ ƌĞĨĞƌ ƚŽ ƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ĞdžŝƐƟŶŐ ŽůĚ ƵƌďĂŶ ĂƌĞĂƐ͕ ŽůĚ ƌĞƐŝĚĞŶƟĂů ĐĞŶƚƌĞƐ Žƌ ĂƌĞĂƐ ƐƵĐŚ ĂƐ ďƌŽǁŶ ĮĞůĚƐ Žƌ ĞdžŝƐƟŶŐ ƵƌďĂŶ ǀŽŝĚƐ͘ dŚŝƐ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐ ŝƐ ŵĂŝŶůLJ ƚĂŬing place in Barcelona but also to some of the other main nucleus of the metropolitan region.

3.Polarisation dŚĞ ĞdžƉĂŶƐŝŽŶ ďLJ ƉŽůĂƌŝnjĂƟŽŶ ŝƐ ƚŚĞ ŐƌŽǁƚŚ ŝŶ ǁŚŝĐŚ ƐƉĞĐŝĂůŝnjĞĚ ĐůƵƐƚĞƌƐ ĂƌĞ ůŽĐĂƚĞĚ ĂůŽŶŐ ƚŚĞ ŵĂŝŶ road infrastructures and public transport. Big shopƉŝŶŐ ŵĂůůƐ͕ ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ ĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐ͕ ƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ͕ ďƵƐŝŶĞƐƐ ƉĂƌŬƐ͕ ŚŽƐƉŝƚĂůƐ͕ ƵŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƟĞƐ͘ dŚŝƐ ŬŝŶĚ ŽĨ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ ĐƌĞĂƚĞƐ ŝƐůĂŶĚƐ͕ ĐůƵƐƚĞƌƐ ǁŚŝĐŚ ƉƌŽĮƚ ĨƌŽŵ ƚŚĞ 38

ŝŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞ ŝŶ ƚĞƌŵƐ ŽĨ ĂĐĐĞƐƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ ĂŶĚ ǀŝƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ͘

1. Nodal Cerda expansion

4. Linear >ŝŶĞĂƌ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ ǁŚŝĐŚ ĞdžƉĂŶĚƐ ĂůŽŶŐ Ă ůŝŶĞĂƌ ŝŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞ Žƌ ĨĂĐŝŶŐ Ă ŶĂƚƵƌĂů ĨƌŽŶƚ͘ /ƚ ŝƐ ůŽĐĂƚĞĚ ŵĂŝŶůLJ ĂůŽŶŐ ƚŚĞ ĐŽĂƐƚ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ŵĂŝŶ ƌŝǀĞƌƐ͘ 5.Dispersion The phenomena of dispersion in the Barcelona MetƌŽƉŽůŝƚĂŶ ZĞŐŝŽŶ ƐƚĂƌƚĞĚ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ďĞŐŝŶŶŝŶŐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ϮϬƚŚ ĐĞŶƚƵƌLJ ŵĂŝŶůLJ ĂƐ ƐĞĐŽŶĚ ŚŽŵĞƐ ǁŚŝĐŚ ŽĐĐƵƉŝĞĚ ĞdžƚĞŶƐŝǀĞ ůĂŶĚ ŽǀĞƌ ƚŚĞ ŚŝůůƐ ĂŶĚ ǁŚŝĐŚ ůĂƚĞƌ ŽŶ ďĞĐĂŵĞ ĮƌƐƚ ƌĞƐŝĚĞŶƟĂů ŚŽŵĞƐ͘ dŚĞLJ ĂƌĞ ŵĂŝŶůLJ ůŽĐĂƚĞĚ ŝŶ ƉůĂĐĞƐ ǁŚĞƌĞ ƚŚĞ ƚŽƉŽŐƌĂƉŚLJ ŝƐ ƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚ͕ ůŽŽŬŝŶŐ ĨŽƌ ŶŝĐĞ ůŽĐĂƟŽŶƐ ǁŝƚŚ ǀŝĞǁƐ͕ ĨƌĞƐŚ Ăŝƌ ĂŶĚ Ă ŶĂƚƵƌĂů ĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ͘ /Ŷ ŽůůƐĞƌŽůĂ ;>ĞƐ WůĂŶĞƐ͕ sĂůůĚŽƌĞŝdž͕ DŝƌĂͲ ƐŽůͿ ƚŚĞ ƐůŽƉĞ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ 'ĂƌƌĂĨ ŵĂƐƐŝĨ ĨĂĐŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ >ůŽďƌĞŐĂƚ ; ŽƌďĞƌĂ ĚĞ >ůŽďƌĞŐĂƚ͕ WĂůůĞũă͕ sĂůůŝƌĂŶĂ͕ĞƚĐͿ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ƐƚƌŝƉ ĂůŽŶŐ ƚŚĞ sŝůĂĨƌĂŶĐĂ ĚĞů WĞŶĞĚğƐ ŚŝŐŚǁĂLJ ; ĂŶLJĞůůĞƐ͕ KůŝǀĞůůĂ͕ ĞƚĐͿ͘ dŚĞ ĚŝƐƉĞƌƐĞ ĂƌĞĂƐ ĐĂŶ ďĞ ƉƵŶĐƚƵĂů ŽĐĐƵƉĂƟŽŶƐ Žƌ ĐůƵƐƚĞƌƐ ǁŚŝĐŚ ĐŽŶƐŝƐƚ ŽŶ ůŽǁ ĚĞŶƐŝƚLJ ƌĞƐŝĚĞŶƟĂů Žƌ ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟǀĞ ĐůƵƐƚĞƌƐ ĨĂƌ ĂǁĂLJ ĨƌŽŵ ƚŚĞ ƵƌďĂŶ ĐĞŶƚƌĞƐ͘ tĞ ĮŶĚ ƚŚĞŵ ŝŶ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ĂƌĞĂƐ͖ DĂƌĞƐŵĞ͕ Ăŝdž >ůŽďƌĞŐĂƚ͕ 'ĂƌƌĂĨ͕ sĂůůğƐ ĞŶƚƌĂů͘

2. Substitution Poble Nou 22 @

3. Polarisation AP-7

4. Linear Maresme Coast

5. Dispersion Vallvidrera

Metropolitan Urban Landscapes

COMPACT Z ^/ Ed/ >

23,3 й

+36,5%

of urbanized land from 1977-2000

>Kt E^/dz Z ^/ Ed/ > 44,3 й

ƉŚŽƚŽ͗ ďLJ ƚŚĞ ĂƵƚŚŽƌ

22.000

new houses/year between 1987 and 2001 /E h^dZ/ > ϭϴ͕ϵ й

31,3% ϰϬ

ƉŚŽƚŽ͗ ŝŶƚĞƌŶĞƚ

Yh/WD Ed^ E d Zd/ Zz 13,5 й

of total houses built were single familiy houses between 1987 and 2001

Ƶŝůƚ ƚLJƉŽůŽŐŝĞƐ >ĂŶĚ hƐĞ ϮϬϬϬ ^ŽƵƌĐĞ͗ WůĂ dĞƌƌŝƚŽƌŝĂů DĞƚƌŽƉŽůŝƚă ĚĞ ĂƌĐĞůŽŶĂ͕ ϮϬϬϵͲ &ŽŶƚ͕ ͘ ϮϬϬϲ

Metropolitan Opentypologies Landscapes Urban landscapes

hZ E h/>T ϭϵ͕ϭϯй /E&Z ^dZh dhZ ϯ͕ϰϭй

Wh >/ W Z<^ Ϯ͕ϯй

'Z/ h>TURE Ϯϭ͕ϰϯй

^D >> s GETAd/KE AND BUSHES ϭϴ͕ϳϭй

FOREST ϯϰ͕ϱϮй

>ĂŶĚ hƐĞ ϮϬϬϮ

^ƚĂ͘ WĞƌƉğƚƵĂ ĚĞ ůĂ DŽŐƵĚĂͲďĞƐŝĚĞ WͲϳ ŵŽƚŽƌǁĂLJ 42ƉŚŽƚŽ͗ ďLJ ƚŚĞ ĂƵƚŚŽƌ

^ŽƵƌĐĞ͗ ^ŝdžƚĞůů

[6. Hypothesis] The Barcelona Metropolitan Region is a growing ŵĞƚƌŽƉŽůŝƐ͘ dŚĞ ŝŶƚĞƌŵĞĚŝĂƚĞ ƉŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶ ƐĐĞŶĂƌŝŽƐ ĞƐƟŵĂƚĞ Ă ĨƵƚƵƌĞ ƉŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ϱ͕Ϯϱ ŵŝůůŝŽŶ ŝŶŚĂďŝƚĂŶƚƐ ĨŽƌ ƚŚĞ LJĞĂƌ ϮϬϮϲ͕ ǁŝƚŚ ŝƚƐ ĐŽƌresponding demand of new houses and jobs. dŚĞ ŵŝŐƌĂƟŽŶ ƉŚĞŶŽŵĞŶŽŶ ƚŚĂƚ ŚĂƐ ďĞĞŶ ƚĂŬing place in the region during the last decades ĐĂŶ ďĞ ĞdžƉůĂŝŶĞĚ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ ƚŚƌĞĞ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐ͘ dŚĞƌĞ ŝƐ ĂŶ ŽŶͲŐŽŝŶŐ ƌĞĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶ ŽĨ ŝŶŚĂďŝƚĂŶƚƐ ŵŽǀŝŶŐ ĨƌŽŵ ƚŚĞ ĐĞŶƚĞƌ ƚŽǁĂƌĚƐ ŵŽƌĞ ƉĞƌŝƉŚĞƌĂů ĐŝƟĞƐ ĐŽŶƟŶƵŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ŝŶƚĞƌŶĂů ŵŝŐƌĂƟŽŶ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐ ƚŚĂƚ ƐƚĂƌƚĞĚ ĂƌŽƵŶĚ ƚŚĞ ϳϬ͛Ɛ͘ The metropolitan growth that has taken place ĚƵƌŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ůĂƐƚ LJĞĂƌƐ ŝƐ ŵĂŝŶůLJ Ă ĐŽŶƐĞƋƵĞŶĐĞ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĂƌƌŝǀĂů ŽĨ ŶĞǁ ŶŽŶͲ ƵƌŽƉĞĂŶ ĐŝƟnjĞŶƐ͘ dŚĞƌĞ ŝƐ Ă ƚŚŝƌĚ ŵŝŐƌĂƟŽŶ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐ͕ ĐŽŶƐŝƐƟŶŐ ŽŶ Ă ĐĞƌƚĂŝŶ ĂŵŽƵŶƚ ŽĨ ŵĞƚƌŽƉŽůŝƚĂŶ ĐŝƟnjĞŶƐ ǁŚŽ ŵŽǀĞ ŽƵƚ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƌĞŐŝŽŶ ƚŽǁĂƌĚƐ ƚŚĞ ŶĞŝŐŚďŽƌŝŶŐ ĐŽƵŶƟĞƐ͘ ;WdD ͕ ϮϬϭϬͿ ,ŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ ŝƚ ŝƐ ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚ ƚŽ ŽƵƚƐƚĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ŶƵŵĞƌŽƵƐ ĐŝƟĞƐ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ sĂůůğƐ ƉůĂŝŶ ; ĞƌĚĂŶLJŽůĂ͕ ZƵďş͕ DŽŶƚĐĂĚĂ ŝ ZĞŝdžĂĐ͕ DŽůůĞƚ ĚĞů sĂůůğƐͿ ĂŶĚ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ Ăŝdž >ůŽďƌĞŐĂƚ ; ĂƐƚĞůůďŝƐďĂů͕ ďƌĞƌĂ͕ DŽůŝŶƐ ĚĞ ZĞŝ͕ Ğů WĂƉŝŽůͿ ŽĨ ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚ ƐŝnjĞ ĂŶĚ ǁŚŝĐŚ absorbed big part of the metropolitan growth ĂůŽŶŐ ƚŚĞ ůĂƐƚ ĚĞĐĂĚĞƐ͘ dŚĞƐĞ ĂƌĞ ƐƟůů ŐƌŽǁŝŶŐ ĐŝƟĞƐ ƚŚĂƚ ďĞŶĞĮƚ ĨƌŽŵ ŐŽŽĚ ĂĐĐĞƐƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ͕ ŐŽŽĚ ĐŽŶŶĞĐƟŽŶƐ ƚŽ ĂƌĐĞůŽŶĂ ĐŝƚLJ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞŝƌ ĐůŽƐĞ ƌĞůĂƟŽŶ ƚŽ ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚ ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟǀĞ ĂŶĚ ƚĞƌƟĂƌLJ ĂƌĞĂƐ ĐƵƌƌĞŶƚůLJ ďĞŝŶŐ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞĚ͘

A growing metropolis_Population Scenarios

ϮϬϮϲ

2026

5.250.000 in

ϮϬϬϴ

2008

4.863.161 in

BMR 2026 BMR 2026

ϱ͕Ϯϱ ŵŝůŝŽŶƐ ŝŶŚĂďŝƚĂŶƚƐ н ϰϴϲ͘ϰϴϲ ŶĞǁ ŚŽƵƐĞƐ ŶĞĞĚĞĚ н ϰϳϲ͘ϬϮϯ ũŽďƐ Extreme scenario

ϱ͘ϱϬϬ͘ϬϬϬ ŝŶ

džƚƌĞŵĞ ^ĐĞŶĂƌŝŽ Ͳ ϱ͘ϱϬϬ͘ϬϬϬ ŝŶŚĂď Intermediate scenario ϱ͘ϮϱϬ͘ϬϬϬ ŝŶ Intermediate Scenario- 5.250.000 inhab Low scenario ϱ͘ϬϬϬ͘ϬϬϬ ŝŶ

6.000.000

>Žǁ ^ĐĞŶĂƌŝŽͲ ϱ͘ϬϬϬ͘ϬϬϬ ŝŶŚĂď

5.000.000

4.000.000

3.000.000

2.000.000

1.000.000

1950

44

1960

1970

1981

1986

1991

1996

2001

2006

2008

2020

2026

^ŽƵƌĐĞ͗ WůĂ dĞƌƌŝƚŽƌŝĂů DĞƚƌŽƉŽůŝƚă ĚĞ ĂƌĐĞůŽŶĂ͕ ϮϬϬϵ

Built/Open space_ Which is the future relation?

BMR surface 323.966 ha

͍

dŚĞ ĂƌĐĞůŽŶĂ DĞƚƌŽƉŽůŝƚĂŶ ZĞŐŝŽŶ ŝƐ ƌĞŇĞĐƟŶŐ on which form will its future metropolitan growth ǁŝůů ŚĂǀĞ͘ dŚĞ ŵĞƚƌŽƉŽůŝƚĂŶ ƐĐĂůĞ ŝƐ ĂůƌĞĂĚLJ Ă ƌĞĂůŝƚLJ ƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĞĚ ďLJ ƚŚĞ ĚĞĐĞŶƚƌĂůŝnjĂƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ ƚĞƌƌŝƚŽƌŝĂů ĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟǀĞ ĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ĚŝƐĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐ ĂŶĚ ĚŝƐƉĞƌƐĞ ƵƌďĂŶ ŐƌŽǁƚŚ͘ dŚĞ ŵĞƚƌŽƉŽůŝnjĂƟŽŶ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐ ŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐ ŶĞǁ ůŝĨĞƐƚLJůĞƐ ĂŶĚ ŶĞǁ ƐƉĂƟĂů ŽƌŐĂŶŝnjĂƟŽŶƐ͘ The new metropolitan scale opens the debate about ǁŚŝĐŚ ŝƐ ƚŚĞ ŵŽƐƚ ƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďůĞ ƚĞƌƌŝƚŽƌŝĂů ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ ĐŽŶĐĞƌŶŝŶŐ ƐŽĐŝĂů͕ ĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂů ĂŶĚ ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂů ĂƐƉĞĐƚƐ͘ dŚĞ ƌĞŇĞĐƟŽŶ ŝƐ ŵĂŝŶůLJ ĂďŽƵƚ ƚŚĞ ƋƵĞƐƟŽŶ ǁŚĞƚŚĞƌ Ă ĐŽŵƉĂĐƚ Žƌ Ă ĚŝƐƉĞƌƐĞ ŵŽĚĞů is more sustainable. These are important aspects ǁŚŝĐŚ ĐŽŶĐĞƌŶ ƌĞŇĞĐƟŽŶƐ ŽŶ ƚŚĞ ĐŽŶĐĞƉƚ ŽĨ ĐŝƚLJ͕ Ƶƌbanity and new modes of life. dŚĞ ƚƌĂĚŝƟŽŶĂů ĐŽŵƉĂĐƚ ĐŝƚLJ ŝƐ ŝŶ ĐŽŶŇŝĐƚ ǁŝƚŚ ƚŚĞ ĞŵĞƌŐĞŶĐĞ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ŶĞǁ ƐƉĞĐŝĂůŝnjĞĚ ĨƌĂŐŵĞŶƚƐ͕ ǁŚŝĐŚ ďƌŝŶŐ ŶĞǁ ŵŽƌƉŚŽůŽŐŝĞƐ ĂŶĚ ůĂĐŬ ƚŚĞ ǀŝƚĂůŝƚLJ͕ ŝŶƚĞŶƐŝƚLJ͕ ĚĞŶƐŝƚLJ ĂŶĚ ĐŽŶƟŶƵŝƚLJ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĐŽŵƉĂĐƚ ĐŝƟĞƐ͘ dŚĞ ŵƵůƟƉůĞ ĞdžŝƐƟŶŐ ƌĞĂůŝƟĞƐ ĂƌĞ ƚŚĞ ƌĞƐƵůƚ ŽĨ ĚŝĨĨĞƌĞŶƚ ƉŽůŝƟĐƐ ĂŶĚ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ǀĂůƵĞƐ͕ ƌĞƐƉŽŶĚŝŶŐ ƚŽ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ƐŽĐŝĂů͕ ĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐĂů ĂŶĚ ĐƵůƚƵƌĂů ĨĂĐƚŽƌƐ͘ dŚĞ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ƐĐĞŶĂƌŝŽƐ ŚĂǀĞ ŝƚƐ ƉŽƐŝƟǀĞ ĂŶĚ ŶĞŐĂƟǀĞ ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶƐ͘ dŚĞ ĚĞĨĞŶĚĞƌƐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĐŽŵƉĂĐƚ ĐŝƚLJ read the new fragments as the result of the weak ƚĞƌƌŝƚŽƌŝĂů ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ͕ ƚŚĞ ŝŵƉŽƐŝƟŽŶ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ŵĂƌŬĞƚ ůĂǁƐ ĂŶĚ ƌĞĂů ĞƐƚĂƚĞ ƐƉĞĐƵůĂƟŽŶ ŽǀĞƌ ƚŚĞ ĂŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂů ůĂŶĚ͕ ĂƐ ǁĞůů ĂƐ ƚŚĞ ŝŶĂĚĞƋƵĂƚĞ ƵƐĞ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ůĂŶĚ ĂŶĚ the natural resources. They also see in this model ƚŚĞ ĞŶĐŽƵƌĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ ŽĨ ĂŶ ŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůŝnjĞĚ ůŝĨĞƐƚLJůĞ ƉƌŽŵŽƟŶŐ ƐŽĐŝĂů ƐĞŐƌĞŐĂƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞ ŽĨ ƉƌŝǀĂƚĞ ŵŽďŝůŝƚLJ͘ dŚĞ ĚĞĨĞŶĚĞƌƐ ŽĨ ĚŝƐƉĞƌƐŝŽŶ ƉƌŝŽƌŝƟnjĞ ƚŚĞ ůŝĨĞƐƚLJůĞ ǁŚŝĐŚ ĨĂĐŝůŝƚĂƚĞƐ ƚŚĞ ƌĞůĂƟŽŶ ǁŝƚŚ ŶĂƚƵƌĞ

ĂŶĚ ŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůŝnjĂƟŽŶ͕ ƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚŝŶŐ ŝƚ ĂƐ Ă ƉƌŝŵĞ ǀĂůƵĞ ƚŽŐŚĞƚŚĞƌ ǁŝƚŚ ƉƌŝǀĂĐLJ ĂŶĚ ĚĞŵŽĐƌĂƟnjĂƟŽŶ͘ /ƚ ŝƐ ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚ ƚŽ ĐůĂƌŝĨLJ ƚŚĞ ĚŝƐƟŶĐƟŽŶ ďĞƚǁĞĞŶ ͞ĚŝƐƉĞƌƐĞ͟ ĂŶĚ ͞ĚŝīƵƐĞ͟ ĐŝƚLJ͘ ŝƐƉĞƌƐŝŽŶ ƌĞĨĞƌƐ ƚŽ Ă ƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĂů ƐƉĂƟĂů ĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶ͕ ǁŚŝůĞ ĚŝīƵƐŝŽŶ ƌĞĨĞƌƐ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ƚĞƌƌŝƚŽƌŝĂů ĞdžƉĂŶƐŝŽŶ ŽĨ ƐƉĞĐŝĮĐ ƵƌďĂŶ ǀĂůƵĞƐ͘ ;&ŽŶƚ͕ ϮϬϬϳͿ dŚĞ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ƉŽƐƐŝďůĞ ƐĐĞŶĂƌŝŽƐ ĨƌŽŵ ĚŝƐƉĞƌƐĞ ĂŶĚ ĚŝīƵƐĞĚ ƵƌďĂŶŝnjĂƟŽŶ ƚŽ ĐŽŵƉĂĐƚ ĐŝƟĞƐ ĂƌĞ ĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝnjĞĚ ďLJ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ůĞǀĞůƐ ŽĨ ƵƌďĂŶŝnjĂƟŽŶ ǁŝƚŚ ĚŝĨĨĞƌĞŶƚ ŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂů ĞdžƉĞƌŝĞŶĐĞƐ ĂŶĚ ŝŵƉĂĐƚƐ ŽǀĞƌ ƚŚĞ ƚĞƌƌŝƚŽƌLJ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ůĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞ͘ ;/ŶĚŽǀŝŶĂ͕ & ϮϬϬϳͿ dŚĞ ĚŝƐĐƵƐƐŝŽŶ ǁŝůů ďĞ ƚĂŬĞŶ ĨƵƌƚŚĞƌ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ŶĞdžƚ ƐƚĞƉƐ by an understanding of the open spaces as being ƉĂƌƚ ŽĨ Ă ƐLJƐƚĞŵ͕ ǁŝƚŚ ƌĞŇĞĐƟŽŶƐ ŽŶ ŝƚƐ ŶĞǁ ƌŽůĞ ĂƐ an ecological network guiding the future territorial ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ͘ The hypothesis of the open space as a system concerning landscape ecological principals of connecƟǀŝƚLJ ǁŝůů ďĞ ƵƐĞĚ ƚŽ ŵĂŶĂŐĞ Ă ĐŽůůĞĐƟǀĞ ƚĞƌƌŝƚŽƌŝĂů ǀŝƐŝŽŶ ďĂƐĞĚ ŽŶ ĐŽŶƚƌŽůůŝŶŐ ĚŝƐƉĞƌƐŝŽŶ ĂŶĚ ĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƚŝŶŐ ƵƌďĂŶ ǀĂůƵĞƐ ŽĨ ĐĞƌƚĂŝŶ ŵŝdžŝƚLJ͕ ƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ ƉƌŽǀŝƐŝŽŶ͕ public transport and a moderate compacity promotŝŶŐ ƐŽĐŝĂů ŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶ͘

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Hypothesis_The open spaces as a system Ecological prinicipals

ƐƵƌƌŽƵŶĚŝŶŐ ĂŶĚ ĐĂŶ ŚĂǀĞ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ƐŚĂƉĞƐ͕ ƐŝnjĞƐ͙

The open spaces are understood as a system where ƚŚĞ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ ĂƌĞ ƉĂƌƚ ŽĨ Ă ǁŚŽůĞ͘ Ɛ Ă ƐLJƐƚĞŵ͕ ƚŚĞ ŽƉĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ ĐĂŶ ŚĂǀĞ Ă ďŝŐŐĞƌ ĞĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂů ƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶĐĞ ĞŶŚĂŶĐŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ƚĞƌƌŝƚŽƌŝĂů ƉĞƌŵĞĂďŝůŝƚLJ ĂŶĚ ĐŽŶŶĞĐƟǀŝƚLJ͘ WĞƌŵĞĂďŝůŝƚLJ ĂƐ Ă ĐŽŶĐĞƉƚ ŝƐ ƵƐĞĚ ŝŶ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ĮĞůĚƐ͘ From the discipline of transport planning, permeability ŝƐ ƵŶĚĞƌƐƚŽŽĚ ĂƐ ĐŽŶŶĞĐƟǀŝƚLJ ĂŶĚ ĂĐĐĞƐƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ͕ ƚŚĞ ĞdžƚĞŶƚ ƚŽ ǁŚŝĐŚ ƚŚĞ ƵƌďĂŶ ĨŽƌŵƐ ĞŶĂďůĞƐ ƉĞŽƉůĞ Žƌ ǀĞŚŝĐůĞƐ ƚŽ ŵŽǀĞ ŝŶ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ĚŝƌĞĐƟŽŶƐ͘ dŚĞ ŝŵƉƌŽǀĞŵĞŶƚ ŽĨ ƉĞĚĞƐƚƌŝĂŶ͕ ďŝĐLJĐůĞ ƉĂƚŚƐ ĂŶĚ public transport in a city or a region encourages the permeability and accessibility of people. The most ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚ ĂƐƉĞĐƚ ŽĨ ƚŚŝƐ ƋƵĂůŝƚLJ ŝƐ ƚŚĞ ĐĂƉĂĐŝƚLJ ƚŽ Ăůlow freedom of choice and to be able to select alƚĞƌŶĂƟǀĞ ĐŝƌĐƵůĂƟŽŶ ƌŽƵƚĞƐ ĂŶĚ ŵŽĚĞƐ͕ ůĞĂĚŝŶŐ ƚŽ Ă ƐƉĂƟĂů ĚĞŵŽĐƌĂƟnjĂƟŽŶ͘

Corridors- >ŝŶĞĂů ĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ ǁŚŝĐŚ ĚŝīĞƌ ĨƌŽŵ ŝƚƐ ƐƵƌrounding and connect patches or interconnect with one another to form networks, enclosing other landƐĐĂƉĞ ĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ͘ EĞƚǁŽƌŬƐ ŝŶ ƚƵƌŶ ĞdžŚŝďŝƚ ĐŽŶŶĞĐƟǀŝƚLJ ĂŶĚ ĞŵƉŚĂƐŝnjĞ ƚŚĞ ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶŝŶŐ ŽĨ ůĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞƐ ĂŶĚ ŵĂLJ ďĞ ƵƐĞĚ ƚŽ ĨĂĐŝůŝƚĂƚĞ Žƌ ŝŶŚŝďŝƚ ŇŽǁƐ ĂŶĚ ŵŽǀĞŵĞŶƚƐ ĂĐƌŽƐƐ Ă ŵŽƐĂŝĐ͘ ^ƚƌĞĂŵ Žƌ ƌŝǀĞƌ ĐŽƌƌŝĚŽƌƐ ĂƌĞ important ecological features of a landscape and ĚĞŵĂŶĚ ĂƩĞŶƟŽŶ͘ EƵŵĞƌŽƵƐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ŵĂŶͲŵĂĚĞ ĐŽƌridors in the landscape (roads, railroads, powerlines, ĐĂŶĂůƐ͕ ĞƚĐ͘​͘​͘Ϳ ĐĂŶ ǁŽƌŬ ĂƐ ďĂƌƌŝĞƌƐ Žƌ ĮůƚĞƌƐ ƚŽ ĐŽŶŶĞĐƟǀŝƚLJ͘

Landscape connectivity ŚĂƐ ďĞĞŶ ĚĞĮŶĞĚ ĂƐ ƚŚĞ degree to which the landscape facilitates or impedes ŵŽǀĞŵĞŶƚ ĂŵŽŶŐ ƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞ ƉĂƚĐŚĞƐ͘ /ƚ ŝƐ ĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĞĚ Ă ŬĞLJ ŝƐƐƵĞ ĨŽƌ ďŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ ĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ ĨŽƌ the maintenance of natural ecosystems stability and integrity. &Žƌ ƚŚĞ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƐLJƐƚĞŵ ŝƚ ŝƐ ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚ ƚŽ ƌĞĐŽŐŶŝnjĞ ƚŚĞ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ƌĞůĂƟŽŶ they establish amongst them and with its immediate ƐƵƌƌŽƵŶĚŝŶŐ͘ &ŽƌŵĂŶ ;ϮϬϬϴͿ ĞdžƉůĂŝŶƐ ŚŽǁ ƚŚĞ ĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƟŽŶ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ŽƉĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ͕ ĂƐ Ă ƚĞƌƌŝƚŽƌŝĂů ŵŽƐĂŝĐ͕ ŝƐ ĐƌĞĂƚĞĚ ďLJ ƉĂƚĐŚĞƐ͕ ĐŽƌƌŝĚŽƌƐ͕ ŵĂƚƌŝdž ĂŶĚ ĞĚŐĞƐ͘

Patches- &ƌĂŐŵĞŶƚƐ͕ ŝĚĞŶƟĮĂďůĞ ƉŝĞĐĞƐ ŽĨ Ă ŵŽƐĂŝĐ ǁŚŝĐŚ ŚĂǀĞ ƐŝŵŝůĂƌ ĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƐ ƚŚĂƚ ĚŝīĞƌ ĨƌŽŵ ŝƚƐ 46

ĐƵƌƐ ŝƐ ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚ ǁŚĞŶ ŝĚĞŶƟĨLJŝŶŐ ƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĞƐ ƚŽ cope with new projects and designs. The model ŽĨ ƉĂƚĐŚͲĐŽƌƌŝĚŽƌͲŵĂƚƌŝdž ŝƐ ĂƉƉůŝĂďůĞ ƚŽ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ƐĐĂůĞƐ͘ >ĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞ ĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƟŽŶ ŵƵƐƚ ďĞ ĂĚĚƌĞƐƐĞĚ ĂĐƌŽƐƐ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ƐĐĂůĞƐ͘ The landscape ecology principles for the biodiǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ ƉĂƩĞƌŶƐ ĂŶĚ ŶĂƚƵƌĂů ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐ ĂƌĞ ĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶƐ ǁŚŝĐŚ ĐĂŶ ďĞ ĂƉƉůŝĞĚ ƚŽ ƵƌďĂŶ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚƐ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶ ďĞƚǁĞĞŶ ƵƌďĂŶ ĂƌĞĂƐ͕ ĂƌƟĮĐŝĂů ůĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞƐ ĂŶĚ ŶĂƚƵƌĞ͘ dŚĞLJ ǁŝůů ďĞ ƵƐĞĚ ĂƐ ƚŽŽůƐ ĨŽƌ ĚĞƐŝŐŶ Ăƚ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ƐĐĂůĞƐ͖ ĨƌŽŵ ĚĞĮŶŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ŵĞƚƌŽƉŽůŝƚĂŶ ĨŽƌŵ ŽĨ ĞdžƉĂŶsion to the more detailed design of the interfaces between urban areas and open spaces.

Edges and boundaries- dŚĞ ŽƵƚĞƌ ƉŽƌƟŽŶ ŽĨ Ă ƉĂƚĐŚ ǁŚĞƌĞ ƚŚĞ ĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ ĚŝīĞƌƐ ƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶƚůLJ ĨƌŽŵ ƚŚĞ ŝŶƚĞƌŝŽƌ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƉĂƚĐŚ͘ tŚĞƚŚĞƌ Ă ďŽƵŶĚĂƌLJ ďĞƚǁĞĞŶ ƵƌďĂŶ ĂŶĚ ŶĂƚƵƌĞ ŝƐ ĐƵƌǀŝůŝŶĞĂƌ Žƌ ƐƚƌĂŝŐŚƚ ŝŶŇƵĞŶĐĞ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶƐ ďĞƚǁĞĞŶ ŚƵŵĂŶͲŵĂĚĞ and natural habitats.

ZŝĐŚ ŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐ ĞdžŝƐƚ ƚŽ ƵƐĞ ƚŚŝƐ ŬĞLJ ĞĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂů ƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶ njŽŶĞ ďĞƚǁĞĞŶ ƚǁŽ ƚLJƉĞƐ ŽĨ ŚĂďŝƚĂƚ ŝŶ designs.

EĞƚǁŽƌŬ ĐŽŶŶĞĐƟǀŝƚLJ and circuitry

ĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂůůLJ ͞ŽƉƟŵƵŵ͟ patch shape

Mosaic- dŚĞ ŽǀĞƌĂůů ƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞ ŽĨ ĂŶ ĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵ ĂŶĚ ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂů ŝŶƚĞŐƌŝƚLJ ŽĨ Ă ůĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞ ĐƌĞĂƚĞĚ ďLJ ƉĂƚĐŚes and corridors.

Corridors interconnect with one another, forming networks, and enclose landscape elements. NetǁŽƌŬƐ ĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƚĞ ƚŚĞ ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶŝŶŐ ŽĨ ůĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞƐ ĂŶĚ ĐĂŶ ďĞ ŵĂŶŝƉƵůĂƚĞĚ ƚŽ ĨĂĐŝůŝƚĂƚĞ Žƌ ŝŶŚŝďŝƚ ŇŽǁƐ ĂŶĚ ŵŽǀĞŵĞŶƚƐ ĂĐƌŽƐƐ Ă ůĂŶĚ ŵŽƐĂŝĐ͘

Scale- dŚĞ ƐƉĂƟĂů ƐĐĂůĞ Ăƚ ǁŚŝĐŚ ĨƌĂŐŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶ ŽĐ-

^ƚƌĂŝŐŚƚ ĂŶĚ ĐƵƌǀŝůŝŶŝĂƌ boundaries

/ŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶ ǁŝƚŚ surroundings

Patches

Corridors

Boundaries - Interface The open spaces are understood as a system where ƚŚĞ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ ĂƌĞ ƉĂƌƚ ŽĨ Ă ǁŚŽůĞ͘ Ɛ Ă ƐLJƐƚĞŵ͕ ƚŚĞ ŽƉĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ ĐĂŶ ŚĂǀĞ Ă ďŝŐŐĞƌ ĞĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂů ƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶĐĞ ĞŶŚĂŶĐŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ƚĞƌƌŝƚŽƌŝĂů ƉĞƌŵĞĂďŝůŝƚLJ ĂŶĚ ĐŽŶŶĞĐƟǀŝƚLJ͘ WĞƌŵĞĂďŝůŝƚLJ ĂƐ Ă ĐŽŶĐĞƉƚ ŝƐ ƵƐĞĚ ŝŶ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ĮĞůĚƐ͘ &ƌŽŵ ƚŚĞ ĚŝƐĐŝƉůŝŶĞ ŽĨ ƐƉĂƟĂů ĂŶĚ ƚƌĂŶƐƉŽƌƚ ƉůĂŶning, permeability ŝƐ ƵŶĚĞƌƐƚŽŽĚ ĂƐ ĐŽŶŶĞĐƟǀŝƚLJ ĂŶĚ ĂĐĐĞƐƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ͕ ƚŚĞ ĞdžƚĞŶƚ ƚŽ ǁŚŝĐŚ ƚŚĞ ůĂLJŽƵƚ ŽĨ ƵƌďĂŶ ĨŽƌŵƐ ĞŶĂďůĞƐ ƉĞŽƉůĞ Žƌ ǀĞŚŝĐůĞƐ ƚŽ ŵŽǀĞ ŝŶ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ĚŝƌĞĐƟŽŶƐ͘ dŚĞ ŝŵƉƌŽǀĞŵĞŶƚ ŽĨ ƉĞĚĞƐƚƌŝĂŶ͕ bicycle paths and public transport in a city or a region encourages the permeability and accessibility ŽĨ ƉĞŽƉůĞ͘ dŚĞ ŵŽƐƚ ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚ ĂƐƉĞĐƚ ŽĨ ƚŚŝƐ ƋƵĂůŝƚLJ is the capacity to allow freedom of choice and seůĞĐƟŽŶ ŽĨ ĂůƚĞƌŶĂƟǀĞ ĐŝƌĐƵůĂƟŽŶ ƌŽƵƚĞƐ ĂŶĚ ŵŽĚĞƐ͕ ĚĞĂůŝŶŐ ƚŽ ƐƉĂƟĂů ĚĞŵŽĐƌĂƟnjĂƟŽŶ͘

Landscape connectivity ŚĂƐ ďĞĞŶ ĚĞĮŶĞĚ ĂƐ ƚŚĞ

Connectivity - permeability

degree to which the landscape facilitates or impedes ŵŽǀĞŵĞŶƚ ĂŵŽŶŐ ƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞ ƉĂƚĐŚĞƐ͘ /ƚ ŝƐ ĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĞĚ Ă ŬĞLJ ŝƐƐƵĞ ĨŽƌ ďŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ ĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ ĨŽƌ the maintenance of natural ecosystems stability and integrity. &Žƌ ƚŚĞ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƐLJƐƚĞŵ ŝƚ ŝƐ ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚ ƚŽ ƌĞĐŽŐŶŝnjĞ ƚŚĞ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ƌĞůĂƟŽŶ they establish among them and with its immediate ƐƵƌƌŽƵŶĚŝŶŐ͘ &ŽƌŵĂŶ ;ϮϬϬϴͿ ĞdžƉůĂŝŶƐ ŚŽǁ ƚŚĞ ĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƟŽŶ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ŽƉĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ͕ ĂƐ Ă ƚĞƌƌŝƚŽƌŝĂů ŵŽƐĂŝĐ͕ ŝƐ ĐƌĞĂƚĞĚ ďLJ ƉĂƚĐŚĞƐ͕ ĐŽƌƌŝĚŽƌƐ͕ ŵĂƚƌŝdž ĂŶĚ ĞĚŐĞƐ͘

Patches- &ƌĂŐŵĞŶƚƐ͕ ŝĚĞŶƟĮĂďůĞ ƉŝĞĐĞƐ ŽĨ Ă ŵŽƐĂŝĐ ǁŚŝĐŚ ŚĂǀĞ ƐŝŵŝůĂƌ ĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƐ ƚŚĂƚ ĚŝīĞƌ ĨƌŽŵ ŝƚƐ ƐƵƌƌŽƵŶĚŝŶŐ ĂŶĚ ĐĂŶ ŚĂǀĞ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ƐŚĂƉĞƐ͕ ƐŝnjĞƐ͙ ϰϳ

[8. El Vallès Plain _(dis)connected territories]

ϲϬ

El Vallès Plain_ (dis)connected territories ĂƌĐĞůŽŶĂ DĞƚƌŽƉŽůŝƚĂŶ ZĞŐŝŽŶ ŝƐ ƌĞůŽĐĂƟŶŐ ŝƚƐ ƉŽƐŝƟŽŶ ŽŶ ƚŚĞ ǁŽƌůĚ ĞĐŽŶŽŵLJ͘ dŚĞ ŐůŽďĂů ĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐĂů ĐŚĂŶŐĞƐ ŝŶŇƵĞŶĐĞ ƚŚĞ ǁĂLJ ƚŚĂƚ ĐŝƟĞƐ ĂƌĞ ĐŽŵƉĞƟŶŐ in a global sphere. Barcelona region is one of the ŵŽƐƚ ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚ ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟǀĞ ƌĞŐŝŽŶƐ ŝŶ ^ƉĂŝŶ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ sĂůůğƐ ƉůĂŝŶ ĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚĞƐ ŵŽƐƚ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ŝŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĂů ĂŶĚ ƚĞƌƟĂƌLJ ĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƌĞŐŝŽŶ͘ dŚĞ ŶĞǁ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ ŽĨ ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ ĐŽŶƐƵŵƉƟŽŶ ĂƌĞ ƌƵůĞĚ ďLJ ƚŚĞ ůŽŐŝĐƐ of the global market as well as by the regional logics ŽĨ ĂĐĐĞƐƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ͕ ůĂŶĚ ĂǀĂŝůĂďŝůŝƚLJ ĂŶĚ ǀĂůƵĞ͘ dŚĞ sĂůůğƐ ƉůĂŝŶ ŝƐ ŽŶĞ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ŵĂŝŶ ĐŽƌƌŝĚŽƌƐ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ƌĞŐŝŽŶ ŽĨ ƚĞƌƟĂƌLJ ĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐ͕ ǁŚŝĐŚ ĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚĞ ĂůŽŶŐ ƚŚĞ WͲϳ ŶƵŵĞƌŽƵƐ ĐŽŵŵĞƌĐŝĂů ŚƵďƐ͕ ďƵƐŝŶĞƐƐ ƉĂƌŬƐ and technological parks. dŚĞ ŶĞǁ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ ŽĨ ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ ƚĞŶĚ ƚŽ ĐƌĞĂƚĞ ƐƉĞĐŝĂůŝnjĞĚ ĨƌŽŶƚƐ Žƌ ĐůƵƐƚĞƌƐ ĂůŽŶŐ ƚŚĞ ŵĂŝŶ ĂƌƚĞƌŝĞƐ͕ ĂƐ ǁĞ ŽďƐĞƌǀĞ ŝƚ ŚĂƉƉĞŶŝŶŐ ĂůŽŶŐ ƚŚĞ WͲϳͬ ͲϯϬ͘ ůƐŽ ĞƋƵŝƉŵĞŶƚƐ ƐĞƌǀŝŶŐ Ăƚ Ă ŵĞƚƌŽƉŽůŝƚĂŶ ƐĐĂůĞ ƐƵĐŚ ĂƐ ƵŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƟĞƐ͕ ŚŽƐƉŝƚĂůƐ͕ ďŝŐ ƐƉŽƌƚ ĞƋƵŝƉŵĞŶƚƐ͕ ĨŽůůŽǁ ƐŝŵŝůĂƌ ŝƐŽůĂƚĞĚ ůŽĐĂƟŽŶ ƉĂƩĞƌŶƐ ǁŚŝĐŚ ĂƌĞ ĐŽŶŶĞĐƚed to the infrastructure. dŚĞ ƌŽĂĚ ŶĞƚǁŽƌŬ ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶƐ ĂƐ ƚŚĞ ŵĂŝŶ ĂƌƚĞƌLJ ĂƌƟĐƵůĂƟŶŐ ƚŚĞ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ĨƌĂŐŵĞŶƚƐ͘ dŚĞ ĨƌĂŐŵĞŶƚĞĚ ĨŽƌŵ ŽĨ ƚŚĞƐĞ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚƐ ŝƐ ŽŌĞŶ ƚŚĞ ƌĞƐƵůƚ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ǁĞĂŬ ƌĞŐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ ǁŚŝĐŚ ĂƌĞ ŶŽƚ ĂůǁĂLJƐ ƐƵŝƚĂďůĞ ƚŽ the local surrounding territory and the demands of ƉĞŽƉůĞ ůŝǀŝŶŐ Žƌ ǁŽƌŬŝŶŐ ƚŚĞƌĞ͘ dŚĞ ŶĞǁ ůŽĐĂůŝnjĂƟŽŶ ƉĂƩĞƌŶƐ ŽĨ ĐŽŶƐƵŵƉƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ ĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐ ŶĞĞĚ ƚŽ ƐĂƟƐĨLJ ƌĞƋƵŝƌĞŵĞŶƚƐ ŽĨ ŝŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶ Ăƚ Ă ĚŽƵďůĞ ƐĐĂůĞ͖ ůŽĐĂů ĂŶĚ ƌĞŐŝŽŶĂů͘ dŚĞ ŵĞƚƌŽƉŽůŝƚĂŶ ůŽŐŝĐƐ ŽĨ ŝŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶ ďĂƐĞĚ ŽŶ ĂĐĐĞƐƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ ĂŶĚ ǀŝƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ ƐŚŽƵůĚ ďĞ ĂůƐŽ ƐĞŶƐŝďůĞ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ůŽĐĂů ƐƵƌƌŽƵŶĚŝŶŐƐ ŝŶ ǁŚŝĐŚ ƚŚĞLJ ĂƌĞ ƐĞƩůĞĚ͘ dŚĞ ŵĞƚƌŽƉŽůŝƚĂŶ ůŽŐŝĐƐ ŽĨ ŽƉĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞ ĐŽŶŶĞĐƟǀŝƚLJ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ĚĞĮŶĞĚ ĞĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂů ĐŽƌƌŝĚŽƌƐ ŶĞĞĚƐ ƚŽ ďĞ ƌĞƐƉĞĐƚ66

ĞĚ ĂŶĚ ƐŚŽƵůĚ ŐƵŝĚĞ ĨƵƚƵƌĞ ƵƌďĂŶ ĞdžƉĂŶƐŝŽŶƐ͘ ƚ Ă ůŽĐĂů ƐĐĂůĞ͕ ƚŚĞƐĞ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚƐ ƐŚŽƵůĚ ƌĞƐƉŽŶĚ ƚŽ ƚŚĞŝƌ ƐƵƌƌŽƵŶĚŝŶŐƐ ďLJ ƐŽůǀŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶƐ ďĞƚǁĞĞŶ ƚŚĞ ƉƵďůŝĐ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ƉƌŝǀĂƚĞ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ͕ ƚŚĞ ĐŽŶƟnuity of the open space network and the interface between the urban and rural spaces.

Baricentro_ shopping mall_isolated fragment

isolated fragment

^ĂůǀĂƚĞůĂͺďƵƐŝŶĞƐƐ ƉĂƌŬͺƐƉĞĐŝĂůŝnjĞĚ ĐůƵƐƚĞƌ ƐƉĞĐŝĂůŝnjĞĚ ĐůƵƐƚĞƌ

ƐƉĞĐŝĂůŝnjĞĚ ůŝŶĞĂƌ cluster /DͺŝŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĂů ƉĂƌŬͺƐƉĞĐŝĂůŝnjĞĚ ůŝŶĞĂƌ ĐůƵƐƚĞƌ

El Vallès Plain_ (dis)connected territories Protection of agricultural landscapes? dŚĞ ĂŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂů ƐƵƌĨĂĐĞ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ sĂůůğƐ ƉůĂŝŶ ŚĂƐ been reduced during the last decades. The acĐĞůĞƌĂƚĞĚ ƵƌďĂŶŝnjĂƟŽŶ ĐĂƵƐĞĚ ƚŚĞ ĨƌĂŐŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĂŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂů ůĂŶĚ ŝŶ ƐŵĂůů ĮĞůĚƐ͕ ĐĂƵƐŝŶŐ ĂŶ ƵŶĐĞƌƚĂŝŶ ƐŝƚƵĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐĂů ǀŝĂďŝůŝƚLJ ŽĨ ƚŚŝƐ ĂĐƟǀŝƚLJ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ĚĞĐƌĞĂƐĞ ŽĨ ŝŶǀĞƐƚŵĞŶƚ ĨŽƌ ŝƚƐ ŵŽĚĞƌŶŝnjĂƟŽŶ͘ /ŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐ ĂŶĚ ƌŽĂĚƐ ƐƵĐŚ ĂƐ ƚŚĞ WͲϳ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ sĂůůğƐ ƉůĂŝŶ ŚĂǀĞ ďĞĞŶ ĐƵƫŶŐ ƌƵƌĂů ƉĂƚŚƐ ĂŶĚ ƐƚƌĞĂŵ ĐŽŶŶĞĐƟŽŶƐ͘ ƚ ƚŚĞ ƐĂŵĞ ƟŵĞ͕ ƚŚĞ ĂŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂů ĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ ŝƐ ƌĞĚƵĐŝŶŐ ƚŽǁĂƌĚƐ ŵŽŶŽͲĐƌŽƉ ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶƐ ĂŶĚ ƉŽůŝĐŝĞƐ ĂƌĞ ŶŽƚ ƐƵĸĐŝĞŶƚůLJ ƐƵƉƉŽƌƟŶŐ ƚŚĞ ǀŝĂďŝůŝƚLJ ŽĨ ŽƚŚĞƌ ĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐ ŝŶ ƚŚĞƐĞ ĂƌĞĂƐ͘ dŚĞ ƉƌŽƚĞĐƟŽŶ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĂŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂů ƐƉĂĐĞƐ ŝƐ ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚ ĂƐ ŝƚ ĐĂŶ ƌĞƐƵůƚ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ƉƌĞƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĐƵůƚƵƌĂů ůĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞ͕ ƚŚĞ ƉƌĞƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ďŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ ĂŶĚ ƉĞƌŵĂŶĞŶĐĞ ŽĨ ĂƌĞĂƐ ŽĨ ĨŽŽĚ ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ ĐůŽƐĞ ƚŽ ƵƌďĂŶ ĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚƐ͘ The agricultural landscapes are also of ecological importance and are part of the open space sysƚĞŵ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƚĞƌƌŝƚŽƌŝĂů ŵŽƐĂŝĐ͘ WƌŽƚĞĐƟŶŐ ŝƐ ŶĞĐĞƐsary for those ecologically important areas. The ƌĞŝŶǀĞŶƟŽŶ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĂŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂů ůĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞƐ ĐĂŶ ĐƌĞĂƚĞ ŶĞǁ ĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐ͕ ĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĞƐ ĂŶĚ ĞŶǀŝƌŽŶments related to a new constructed open space.

Strict policies are necessary to protect speĐŝĮĐ ĂƌĞĂƐ ĂŶĚ ŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞ ŶĞǁ ƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐ͘ ^ĞďĂƐƟĞŶ DĂƌŽƚ ŚĂƐ ǁƌŝƩĞŶ ŽŶ ƚŚĞ ĐŚĂŶŐŝŶŐ ƌŽůĞ ĂŶĚ ƌĞǀŝǀĂů ŽĨ ůĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞ͕ ĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůLJ ŝŶ &ƌĂŶĐĞ͘

dŚĞ ĐŽƵŶƚƌLJ͛Ɛ ĚĞĐĞŶƚƌĂůŝnjĂƟŽŶ ŚĂƐ ůĞĚ ƚŽ Ă ƉƌŽůŝĨĞƌĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ŶĞǁ ƉƵďůŝĐ ĐŽŵŵŝƐƐŝŽŶƐ ĂŶĚ ƌĞŐŝŽŶƐ ŚĂǀĞ ďĞŐƵŶ ƚŽ ǀŝĞǁ ƚŚĞ ƋƵĂůŝƟĞƐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞŝƌ ůĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞ ĂƐ ŶŽƚ ŽŶůLJ ŵĂƌŬĞƚĂďůĞ ĞŶƟƟĞƐ͕ ďƵƚ ĂůƐŽ ƌĞƐĞƌǀĞƐ ŽĨ ƉƵďůŝĐ ƐƉĂĐĞ͘ ;^ŚĂŶŶŽŶ͕ < ϮϬϬϰͿ KŶĞ ƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶƚ ĞdžĂŵƉůĞ ŝƐ ƚŚĞ WĂƌĐŽ ĂŐƌŝĐŽůŽ ^ƵĚ Milano which forms a half-circle around Milan. The WĂƌŬ ĂŝŵƐ Ăƚ ƐĂĨĞŐƵĂƌĚŝŶŐ ĂŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂů ĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐ͕ ĐƵůƟǀĂƚĞĚ ĮĞůĚƐ͕ ĂŶĚ ǁŽŽĚůĂŶĚƐ͕ ƉƌŽƚĞĐƟŶŐ ŶĂƚƵƌĂů places, enhancing the historical and architectural ŚĞƌŝƚĂŐĞ͕ ƌĞĐŽǀĞƌŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ ĂŶĚ ůĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞ ŝŶ ĚĞŐƌĂĚĞĚ ĂƌĞĂƐ ĂŶĚ ŝŶĨŽƌŵ ĂŶĚ ůĞĂĚ ǀŝƐŝƚŽƌƐ ƚŽ Ă ƌĞƐƉĞĐƞƵů ƵƐĞ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂů ƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐ͘ ŶŽƚŚĞƌ ůŽĐĂů ĞdžĂŵƉůĞ ŝƐ ƚŚĞ Ăŝdž >ůŽďƌĞŐĂƚ ĂŐƌŝcultural park in Barcelona. The high pressure from ƵƌďĂŶ ĂŶĚ ŝŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĂů ĞdžƉĂŶƐŝŽŶ ŝŶ ĂƌĐĞůŽŶĂ ĚĞŵĂŶĚĞĚ ĂŶĚ ĞĸĐŝĞŶƚ ƐŽůƵƟŽŶ ĨŽƌ ƚŚĞ ƉƌĞƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶ͕ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ ĂŶĚ ŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ ŽĨ ƚŚŝƐ ĂŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂů ĂƌĞĂ͘ dŚĞ ĂŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂů ƉĂƌŬ ůĂLJƐ ƚŚĞ ĨŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ĂŶ instrument for managing agricultural areas that are ƐƵďũĞĐƚĞĚ ƚŽ ŐƌĞĂƚ ƵƌďĂŶ ƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞ͘ dŚĞ ƐƉĞĐŝĮĐ Ăŝŵ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ Ăŝdž >ůŽďƌĞŐĂƚ ŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂů WĂƌŬ ŝƐ ƚŽ ĐŽŶƐŽůŝĚĂƚĞ ĂŶĚ ŵĂŶĂŐĞ ϮϵϬϬ ŚĞĐƚĂƌĞƐ ŽĨ ŚŝŐŚ ƋƵĂůŝƚLJ ĨƌƵŝƚ ĂŶĚ ǀĞŐĞƚĂďůĞ ĐƌŽƉƐ ;ŽƉĞŶ Ăŝƌ ĂŶĚ ŐƌĞĞŶŚŽƵƐĞƐͿ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ >ůŽďƌĞŐĂƚ ĚĞůƚĂ ŶĞĂƌ ĂƌĐĞůŽŶĂ ĂŶĚ ƚŽ ƉƌŽŵŽƚĞ ƉƌŽĨĞƐƐŝŽŶĂů ĂŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂů ĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐ ŝŶ ƚŚŝƐ ĂƌĞĂ͘

ůƐ ͞'ĂůůĞĐƐ͟ ƉƌŽƚĞĐƚĞĚ ŐƌŽͲWĂƌŬ͘ DŽůůĞƚ ĚĞů sĂůůğƐ

>Ă ^ĂůƵƚ͘ ^ĂďĂĚĞůů

>ůŝŶĂƌƐ ĚĞů sĂůůğƐ ^ĂďĂĚĞůů

68 Polinya.

[9. Strategy_Connecting territories]

ϳϏ

El Vallès plain _Connecting territories

Strategy 1- Connect_Open Space

Strategy 2- Connect_Urban systems

Stratgy 3- Connect_ Urban-Rural Interface

ϳϭ

Strategy 1- Connect_Open Space

Sequence of anchor patches along the AP-7 motorway.

The project proposes a series of protected anchor ƉĂƌŬƐ ĂƌŽƵŶĚ ƚŚĞ WͲϳ ŵŽƚŽƌǁĂLJ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ĞdžŝƐƟŶŐ ƌĂŝůǁĂLJ ůŝŶĞ ;WĂƉŝŽůͲDŽůůĞƚͿ ǁŚŝĐŚ ǁŝůů ƌĞƋƵĂůŝĨLJ ƚŚĞ ĂŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂů ĮĞůĚƐ͕ ŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞ ŶĞǁ ůĞŝƐƵƌĞ ĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐ͕ ƉƵďůŝĐ ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶƐ ĂŶĚ ŶĞǁ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚƐ ŽŶ ƚŚĞ ŝŶƚĞƌĨĂĐĞƐ ƵƌďĂŶͲƌƵƌĂů͕ ƚŚĞƐĞ ǁŝůů ďƌŝŶŐ ŶĞǁ ƋƵĂůŝƟĞƐ to the in-between landscapes. dŚĞ ƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJ ĂŶĐŚŽƌ ƉĂƌŬƐ ĂƌĞ ƉƌŽƚĞĐƚĞĚ ƚŽ ĂǀŽŝĚ ƚŚĞ ŵŽƚŽƌǁĂLJ ďĞĐŽŵŵŝŶŐ Ă ĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐ ůŝŶĞĂƌ ďƵŝůƚ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ͘ dŚĞ ƉĂƌŬƐ ǁŝůů ďĞ ƉĞƌĐĞŝǀĞĚ ĨƌŽŵ ƚŚĞ motorway as open rooms and with accessible gates leading to the open territorial landscape. dŚĞƐĞ ƉĂƌŬƐ ǁŝůů ƐĂƟƐĨLJ ƐŽĐŝĂů͕ ĞĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂů ĂŶĚ ƐĐĞŶĂƌLJ purposes ŽĨ ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞ Ăƚ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ƐĐĂůĞƐ͘ ZĞŐŝŽŶĂůůLJ͕ ƚŚĞLJ ĞƐƚĂďůŝƐŚ ŶĞǁ ĞĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂů ƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐ ĂƐƐƵƌŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ĐŽŶŶĞĐƟǀŝƚLJ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƚĞƌƌŝƚŽƌŝĂů ŵŽƐĂŝĐ ĂĐƌŽƐƐ ƚŚĞ infrastructure. dŚĞLJ ĂƌĞ ƵƐĞĚ ƚŽ ĂǀŽŝĚ ƵŶĚŝīĞƌĞŶƟĂƚĞĚ ƵƌďĂŶ ĐŽŶƟŶƵƵŵƐ ǁŚŝĐŚ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ůŽŶŐ ƌƵŶ ǁŽƵůĚ ŵĂŬĞ ŝŵƉŽƐƐŝďůĞ ƚŚĞ ĐŽŶŶĞĐƟŽŶ ŽĨ ŶĂƚƵƌĂů ĂƌĞĂƐ with the network of open metropolitan spaces. hŶĚĞƌƉĂƐƐĞƐ ĂŶĚ ŽǀĞƌƉĂƐƐĞƐ ĞŶĐŽƵƌĂŐĞ ƚŚĞ ĐŽŶƟŶƵŝƚLJ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƌƵƌĂů ƉĂƚŚƐ ĂŶĚ ƐƚƌĞĂŵƐ ĂůůŽǁŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ƉĞƌŵĞĂďŝůŝƚLJ ŽĨ ŇŽǁƐ ;ĂŶŝŵĂůƐ͕ ƉĞĚĞƐƚƌŝĂŶ͕ ĐLJĐůŝƐƚƐ͘​͘Ϳ

ϳϰ

across the territory.

The infrastructure integrates new cycling paths and becomes a landscaped motorway linking the new park system.

The secondary anchor parks are surrounded by urban areas. They can be connected by public transƉŽƌƚ ĂŶĚ ďŝĐLJĐůĞ ŶĞƚǁŽƌŬƐ ĐŽŶǀĞƌƟŶŐ ƚŚĞŵ ŝŶƚŽ ƉŽƚĞŶƟĂů ƉĂƌŬƐ ĂůƐŽ ďLJ ŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐŝŶŐ ƉƵďůŝĐ ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶƐ ĂŶĚ working at both a local and a metropolitan scale. ŵŽŶŐƐƚ ƚŚĞ ŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚ ƉŽƚĞŶƟĂů ƉĂƚĐŚĞƐ ĂƌŽƵŶĚ ƚŚĞ ŵŽƚŽƌǁĂLJ ǁĞ ĮŶĚ ƚŚĞ ƌĞĐĞŶƚůLJ ƉƌŽƚĞĐƚĞĚ ĂŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂů ĂƌĞĂ ŽĨ ͞ ůƐ 'ĂůůĞĐƐ͟ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ƉƌŽũĞĐƚĞĚ ůďĂ Park in Cerdanyola. They are both integrated in the ƐLJƐƚĞŵ ŽĨ ƉĂƌŬƐ ǁŚŝĐŚ ďƌŝŶŐ ŶĞǁ ƋƵĂůŝƟĞƐ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ƐƵƌƌŽƵŶĚŝŶŐ ƵƌďĂŶ ĂƌĞĂƐ ĂŶĚ ĐŽŶǀĞƌƚ ƚŚĞ ŵŽƚŽƌǁĂLJ into a parkway.

What creates open space fragmentation?

Anchor

Anchor

Infrastructure

Urban settlements

Ecological Corridor

Anchor

1. Infrastructure 2. Urban settlements

Fragmented Ecological Corridor

Anchor

Strategy 1- Connect_Open Space

L- Metropolitan Agro-Parks

M- Intermunicipal Parks

Rubí Stream Park 120 ha

ϳϲ

Alba Park 140 ha

Pla de Reixac Park 840 ha

Metropolitan secondary anchor parks _patches

Els Gallecs 740 ha

Mogent River Parkk 610 ha

rk Bell-lloc Park 1210 ha

ϳϳ

Strategy 3 - Connect Urban-Rural Interface The design of the interface is understood as the blurring of boundaries- urban and rural- which implies Ă ŐƌĞĂƚĞƌ ĐŽŶŶĞĐƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ ĐŽŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚĂƌŝƚLJ ďĞƚǁĞĞŶ ƚŚĞ ǀĂƌŝŽƵƐ ƉĂƌƚƐ ŽĨ Ă ŐŝǀĞŶ ƚĞƌƌŝƚŽƌLJ͘

ǀĞƐƚŵĞŶƚ ĐŽƐƚ͕ ŽƌŐĂŶŝnjĂƟŽŶĂů ƐŝŵƉůŝĐŝƚLJ͕ ŚŝŐŚ ĂĚĂƉƚĂďŝůŝƚLJ ƚŽ Ă ƉĂƌƟĐƵůĂƌ ƐŽĐŝĂů Žƌ ĐƵůƚƵƌĂů ĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ͕ ƐƉĂƌŝŶŐ ƵƐĞ ŽĨ ŶĂƚƵƌĂů ƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐ ĂŶĚ ŚŝŐŚ ƉŽƚĞŶƟĂů for employment.

The rural and agricultural landscapes in the meƚƌŽƉŽůŝƐ ŽīĞƌ ƚŚĞ ƉŽƚĞŶƟĂů ƚŽ ƚƵƌŶ ƵƌďĂŶ ƉƌŽdžŝŵŝƚLJ ĨƌŽŵ ĚŝƐĂĚǀĂŶƚĂŐĞ ƚŽ ĂŶ ĂĚǀĂŶƚĂŐĞ͘ /ƚ ŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐ ŶĞǁ ůŝǀŝŶŐ ĂŶĚ ǁŽƌŬŝŶŐ ĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚƐ ǁŚŝĐŚ ďĞŶĞĮƚ ĨƌŽŵ ďŽƚŚ ƵƌďĂŶ ƉƌŽdžŝŵŝƚLJ ĂŶĚ ŽƉĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞ ĂŶĚ ĂŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂů ůĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞƐ ŝŶ Ă ƐLJŵďŝŽƟĐ ƌĞůĂƟŽŶ ;ĨŽŽĚ͕ ǁŽŽĚƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ͕ ůĞŝƐƵƌĞ ĂŶĚ ƌĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶͿ͘ Z Forman ;ϮϬϬϴͿ ĞdžƉůĂŝŶƐ ŚŽǁ ƉƌŽdžŝŵŝƚLJ ŝƐ ĂŶ ĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐ ǀĂůƵĞ͖ a market ŶĞĂƌďLJ ƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐ ĨƌĞƐŚ ǀĞŐĞƚĂďůĞƐ ĂŶĚ ĨƌƵŝƚƐ for local markets.

ŶƌŝĐ ĂƚůůĞ ĞdžƉůĂŝŶƐ ƚŚĂƚ Ă ƉĂƌƟĐƵůĂƌ ĐĂƐĞ ŽĨ ƵƌďĂŶ agriculture are the allotments located in public land in periurban areas. Although they are considered as marginal in areas such as the Barcelona metroƉŽůŝƚĂŶ ƌĞŐŝŽŶ͕ ƚŚŝƐ ŝƐ ŽŶĞ ĂĐƟǀŝƚLJ ǁŚŝĐŚ͕ ŝĨ ĐĂƌĞĨƵůůLJ ƌĞŐƵůĂƚĞĚ ĂŶĚ ĞǀĞŶ ƐƵŝƚĂďůLJ ƉƌŽŵŽƚĞĚ͕ ĐĂŶ ĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƚĞ ƚŽ ƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌŝŶŐ ƉĞƌŝͲƵƌďĂŶ ĂƌĞĂƐ͕ ŐĞŶĞƌĂƟŶŐ ŝŶŶŽǀĂƟǀĞ ůĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞƐ ĂŶĚ ƐĂƟƐĨLJŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ŶĞĞĚƐ ŽĨ ŵĂŶLJ people.

dŚĞ ƵƌďĂŶͲƌƵƌĂů ƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶ ŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐ ŶĞǁ ǁĂLJƐ ŽĨ producing food closer to and within an urban conƚĞdžƚ͘ dŚĞ ůŽĐĂů ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ ŝƐ ĚƌŝǀĞŶ ďLJ Ă ƐĞƚ ŽĨ connected, self standing projects on the interface urban-rural which promote a sustainable use of local resources. TŚĞ ŐůŽďĂů ƚƌĂŶƐƉŽƌƚĂƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ ĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶ ŽĨ ĨŽŽĚ ŝƐ ďĞŝŶŐ ƐƵƉƉůĞŵĞŶƚĞĚ ďLJ ůŽĐĂů ĐƌŽƉƐ͕ ƚŚŝƐ ƉŚĞŶŽŵĞŶŽŶ ŝƐ ĞǀŝĚĞŶƚ ǁŝƚŚ ƚŚĞ ĨĂƌŵĞƌ͛Ɛ ŵĂƌŬĞƚƐ ƚĂŬŝŶŐ ƉůĂĐĞ ŝŶ ŵĂŶLJ ĐŝƟĞƐ͘ ^ŝŵŝůĂƌůLJ ƚŽ ƌĂŶnjŝ͛Ɛ ƉƌŽƉŽƐĞĚ ĂĚĂƉƟǀĞ ƵƌďĂŶŝƐŵ͕ Ă key feature of this type of urbanism is its capacity to ďĞ ƌĞǀĞƌƐŝďůĞ͕ ĞǀŽůǀŝŶŐ ĂŶĚ ƉƌŽǀŝƐŽƌLJ͘ dŚĞƐĞ ƋƵĂůŝƟĞƐ are necessary in response to the changing needs of a ƐŽĐŝĞƚLJ ŝŶ Ă ƐƚĂƚĞ ŽĨ ĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚ ƌĞŽƌŐĂŶŝnjĂƟŽŶ͘ hƌďĂŶ ĂŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĞ͕ ŚŽƌƟĐƵůƚƵƌĞ͕ ŽƌĐŚĂƌĚƐ͕ ƉůĂLJŐƌŽƵŶĚƐ ĂŶĚ ŽƚŚĞƌ ŇĞdžŝďůĞ ĂĐƟǀŝƚĞƐ ƌĞƋƵŝƌĞ ůŽǁ ŝŶ84

WƌŝǀĂƚĞ ĂůůŽƚŵĞŶƚƐ ĂƌĞ ĐŽŵƉĂƟďůĞ ǁŝƚŚ ƚƌĂĚŝƟŽŶĂů open spaces or incorporated into new metropolitan ŽƉĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ͘ DĂŶLJ ƵƌŽƉĞĂŶ ĐŝƟĞƐ ĂƌĞ ŐŽŝŶŐ ďĂĐŬ to the policy of including allotments in public parks, ƚŚƵƐ ƌĞĐůĂŝŵŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ƚƌĂĚŝƟŽŶ ďĞŐƵŶ ŝŶ 'ĞƌŵĂŶLJ Ăƚ ƚŚĞ ĞŶĚ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ϭϵƚŚ ĐĞŶƚƵƌLJ͘ Diferent prototype interfaces will be tested with deƐŝŐŶ ƌĞŇĞĐƟŶŐ ƚŚĞ ĂĐƚƵĂů ĞĚŐĞ ĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐ ;ĐŽŵƉĂĐƚ ƵƌďĂŶ͕ ůŽǁ ĚĞŶƐŝƚLJ ƌĞƐŝĚĞŶƟĂů͕ ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ ĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐ͕ ĂŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĞ͕ ĨŽƌĞƐƚ͘​͘​͘Ϳ͘

/ůůĞŐĂů ĂůůŽƚŵĞŶƚƐ͕ ZŝƉŽůůĞƚ

[10. Test_Anchor park design]

86

Pla de Reixac Agro-park

njŽŽŵĞĚ ŝŶ ƚŽ ŽŶĞ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ŶĐŚŽƌ WĂƚĐŚĞƐ ǁŝůů ĂůŽǁ ƚŽ ƚĞƐƚ ǁŚŝĐŚ ĂƌĞ ƚŚĞ ƐƉĂƟĂů ƋƵĂůŝƟĞƐ ƚŚĂƚ ƚŚĞ ƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĞƐ ĐĂŶ ŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞ ƚŽ Ă ƐƉĞĐŝĮĐ ƉůĂĐĞ͘ /Ŷ ƚŚŝƐ ĐĂƐĞ ƚŚĞ ĚĞƐŝŐŶ ŐŝǀĞƐ ƐŽůƵƟŽŶƐ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ĚĞĮŶŝƟŽŶ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJ ĂŶĐŚŽƌ ƉĂƌŬ ŽĐĐƵƉLJŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ WůĂŶƐ ĚĞ ZĞŝdžĂĐ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ŽƉĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞ ƐƵƌƌŽƵŶĚŝŶŐ ^ĂŶƚĂ WĞƌƉğƚƵĂ ĚĞ ůĂ DŽŐŽĚĂ͘ dŚĞ ƐƉĂƟĂů ƋƵĂůŝƟĞƐ͕ ŽƉĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞ ƉƌŝŶĐŝƉĂůƐ ĂŶĚ ŝŶƚĞƌĨĂĐĞ ĚĞƐŝŐŶ ƐŚŽǁŶ ŝŶ ƚŚŝƐ ĐŚĂƉƚĞƌ ĂƌĞ ĂŶ ĞdžĂŵƉůĞ ŽĨ ĂŶ ŝŶƚĞƌǀĞŶƟŽŶ ƚŚĂƚ ĐŽƵůĚ ďĞ ĚŽŶĞ ŝŶ Ă ƐŝŵŝůĂƌ ǁĂLJ ŝŶ ŽƚŚĞƌ ŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚ ĂŶĐŚŽƌ ƉĂƌŬƐ͘

dŚĞ ƐƚƌĂƚĞŐLJ ŽĨ ƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJ ĂŶĐŚŽƌ ƉĂƌŬƐ ĐŽŶǀĞƌƚƐ ƚŚĞ patch into a protected space for its ecological interĞƐƚ͕ ŝƚƐ ƉŽƚĞŶƟĂů ĨŽƌ ĨŽŽĚ ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ ƚŽ ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶ ĂƐ ŶĞǁ ƐƉĂĐĞ ĨŽƌ ŵĞƚƌŽƉŽůŝƚĂŶ ůĞŝƐƵƌĞ ĂŶĚ ƌĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶ transforming the abandoned plots used for military ĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐ͘ The open space is ecologically not only important at the local or intermunicipal scale. As shown before, the patch is also part of the territorial ecological corƌŝĚŽƌ͕ ƚŚĂƚ ƚŽŐĞƚŚĞƌ ǁŝƚŚ ƚŚĞ ŇƵǀŝĂů ĐŽƌƌŝĚŽƌƐ ŽĨ ZŝƉŽůů ƌŝǀĞƌ ĂŶĚ ĂůĚĞƐ ƐƚƌĞĂŵ ĂƌĞ ĐŽŶŶĞĐƟŶŐ ƚŚĞ ůŝƚŽƌĂů mountains with Collserola and Serralada Marina.

dŚĞ ZĞŝdžĂĐ ƉůĂŝŶ ŝƐ ŽŶĞ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ďŝŐ ƌĞŵĂŝŶŝŶŐ ƌƵƌĂů ƐƉĂĐĞƐ ŝŶ ƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ sĂůůğƐ ƉůĂŝŶ ƐƵďŵŝƩĞĚ ƚŽ ƐƉĞĐƵůĂƟǀĞ ƵƌďĂŶŝnjŝŶŐ ƚƌĞŶĚƐ͘ /ƚ ƉƌĞƐĞƌǀĞƐ ĂŶ ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚ ĂŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂů ĂŶĚ ŶĂƚƵƌĂů ůĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞ͘ /ƚ ĐŽŶƚĂŝŶƐ ĂŶ ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚ ĞĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂů ŵŽƐĂŝĐ ĐƌĞĂƚĞĚ ďLJ ďŝŐ ĞdžƚĞŶsions of meadows, dry-farmed crops and agriculture ĮĞůĚƐ͕ ƌŝǀĞƌƐŝĚĞ ůŝŶĞĂů ǀĞŐĞƚĂƟŽŶ͕ ƉŝŶĞ ĨŽƌĞƐƚƐ ĂŶĚ streams. /ƚ ŝƐ ƐƵƌƌŽƵŶĚĞĚ ďLJ ƐĞǀĞƌĂů ŵƵŶŝĐŝƉĂůŝƟĞƐ͕ƐƵĐŚ ĂƐ ZŝƉŽůůĞƚ͕ >Ă >ůĂŐŽƐƚĂ͕ Ğů DĂƐƌĂŵƉŝŶLJŽ͕ ZĞŝdžĂĐ͕ ^ĂŶƚĂ WĞƌƉğƚƵĂ͘​͘​͘ /ƚƐ ƐƵƌƌŽƵŶĚŝŶŐƐ ĐŽŶƐŝƐƚ ŽĨ ƵƌďĂŶ ĂƌĞĂƐ ŽĨ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ŶĂƚƵƌĞƐ ;ĐŽŵƉĂĐƚ ƵƌďĂŶ͕ ůŽǁ ĚĞŶƐŝƚLJ ƌĞƐŝĚĞŶƟĂů͘​͘​͘Ϳ ĂŶĚ ĨƌĂŐŵĞŶƚƐ ŽĨ ƐƉĞĐŝĂůŝnjĞĚ ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ ĂƌĞĂƐ͘

ϴϳ

Design tools

dŚĞ ůĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞ ĞĐŽůŽŐLJ ƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐ ĚĞĮŶĞĚ ďLJ Z͘d͘d &ŽƌŵĂŶ ;ϭϵϵϲͿ ĂƌĞ ĂĚĂƉƚĞĚ ĂŶĚ ĂƉƉůŝĞĚ ƚŽ ƵƌďĂŶ ĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚƐ ƚŽ ĚĞĮŶĞ ƚŚĞ ŽƉĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞ ƉƌŝŶĐŝƉĞůƐ ŽĨ ĐŽŶŶĞĐƟǀŝƚLJ ĂŶĚ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ŝŶƚĞƌĨĂĐĞ ĚĞƐŝŐŶ͘

1. Green connectors

2. Interface (Urban-Rural)

The green connectors are linear open spaces which ŐƵĂƌĂŶƚĞĞ ƚŚĞ ůŝŶŬ ďĞƚǁĞĞŶ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ŽƉĞŶ ƉĂƚĐŚĞƐ ĂƐƐƵƌŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ƉƵďůŝĐ ĐŽŶŶĞĐƟǀŝƚLJ ĂŶĚ ƉĞƌŵĞĂďŝůŝƚLJ amongst the accessible open spaces.

The green connectors create a network of green ůŝŶŬƐ͕ ƉĂƌŬǁĂLJƐ ĂŶĚ ƌŝǀĞƌͬƐƚƌĞĂŵ ĐŽƌƌŝĚŽƌƐ ĂƌƟĐƵůĂƚŝŶŐ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ƉƵďůŝĐ ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶƐ͘ The green connectors use the remaining un-built ŽƉĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ ĂŶĚ ĞƐƚĂďůŝƐŚ ŶĞǁ ĐŽŶŶĞĐƟŽŶƐ ďĞtween open spaces fragmented by infrastructures ;ƚŚŽƌŽƵŐŚ ŶĞǁ ƵŶĚĞƌƉĂƐƐĞƐ Žƌ ŽǀĞƌƉĂƐƐĞƐͿ ĂƐ ǁĞůů ĂƐ ĚĞƵƌďĂŶŝnjŝŶŐ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ ĞdžŝƐƟŶŐ ďƵŝůƚ ŽďƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶƐ͘

dŚĞ ĚĞĮŶŝƟŽŶ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ŝŶƚĞƌĨĂĐĞ ƚĂŬĞƐ ƚŚĞ ĨŽƌŵ ŽĨ Ă permeable boundary which protects the open space ƉĂƚĐŚ ĨƌŽŵ ĨƵƚƵƌĞ ƵƌďĂŶ ŽĐĐƵƉĂƟŽŶƐ͘ dŚĞ ŝŶƚĞƌĨĂĐĞ ŝƐ ĚĞƐŝŐŶĞĚ ĂƐ Ă ĐŽŵƉĂĐƚͲŵŝdžĞĚ ĚĞǀĞůopment which introduces new models of accessible ŚŽƵƐŝŶŐ ;ŚŽƵƐŝŶŐ ĐŽŽƉĞƌĂƟǀĞƐͿ͕ ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟǀĞ ĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐ ůŝŶŬĞĚ ƚŽ ĨŽŽĚ ŵĂŶƵĨĂĐƚƵƌŝŶŐ ĂŶĚ ƉƵďůŝĐ ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶƐ ;ƐƉŽƌƚ͕ ĐƵůƚƵƌĂů͕ ůĞŝƐƵƌĞ͙Ϳ The new threshold area between city and countryside becomes a hybrid territory. The urban agriculƚƵƌĞ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ƚĞŵƉŽƌĂƌLJ ĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐ ĂůůŽǁ ĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐ ŽĨ ŇĞdžŝďŝůŝƚLJ͕ ĂůůŽǁŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ƵƐĞ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƐƉĂĐĞ ĨĂĐŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ uncertain speed of the process of ƵƌďĂŶŝnjĂƟŽŶ͘ Interface design_principals

Green connectors design_principals s

L

s XL

XL s L M XL

ϵϮ

XL

ϭ͘ EĞƚǁŽƌŬ ĐŽŶŶĞĐƟǀŝƚLJ Ϯ͘ >ŽŽƉƐ ĂŶĚ ĂůƚĞƌŶĂƟǀĞƐ and circuitry.

The open space funcThe big patches are con- ƟŽŶƐ ĂƐ Ă ŶĞƚǁŽƌŬ ǁŝƚŚ nected to local public ŵƵůƟƉůĞ ĂůƚĞƌŶĂƟǀĞ linkspace system and be- ages. Green connectors come part of it. integrate bicycle, pedesƚƌŝĂŶ ƌŽƵƚĞƐ ĂŶĚ ĂƌƟĐƵůĂƚĞ ƉƵďůŝĐ ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶƐ ĂŶĚ ŶĞǁ ĐĞŶƚƌĂůŝƟĞƐ͘

1. Gradient from urban to rural-natural. >ĞƐƐ ĞĚŐĞ ĂďƌƵƉƚŶĞƐƐ ĨĂǀŽƌƐ ŵŽǀĞŵĞŶƚ ĂĐƌŽƐƐ the edge. ,LJďƌŝĚŝƚLJ͕ ĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ ŽĨ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ͕ ĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐ ĂŶĚ inhabitants.

2. Gradient from urban ŐƌŝĚ ƚŽ ĐƵƌǀŝůŝŶĞĂƌ ƌƵƌĂů structures.

3. Mobility The open patch, the interface and the green connecƚŽƌƐ ŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞ ŶĞǁ ĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐ͘ ƐĞƚ ŽĨ ƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĐ ƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐ ǁŚŝĐŚ ĞŶĐŽƵƌĂŐĞ ƵƌďĂŶͲƌƵƌĂů ŝŶƚĞƌƌĞůĂƟŽŶ͘ 1. Urban agriculture Ϯ͘ KƌĐŚĂƌĚƐͬ,ŽƌƟĐƵůƚƵƌĞ ϯ͘ >ŽĐĂů ŝŶƚĞŶƐŝǀĞ ĂŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĞ ĂŶĚ ĐŽŽƉĞƌĂƟǀĞ ĨŽŽĚ markets ϰ͘ ^ƉŽƌƚ ĨĂĐŝůŝƟĞƐ ϱ͘ ƵůƚƵƌĂů ůĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞ ŝƟŶĞƌĂƌŝĞƐ ϲ͘ >ĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞ ŽďƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶ ϳ͘ >ĞŝƐƵƌĞ ;ďĂƌƐ͕ ƌĞƐƚĂƵƌĂŶƚƐ͕ ĐĂŵƉŝŶŐ͙Ϳ

Pedestrian and bycicle mobility The pedestrian and cycling paths network introduce sustainable mobiliy systems and are used as a tool to ĐŽŶŶĞĐƚ ƚŚĞ ƉƵďůŝĐ ŽƉĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ ĂŶĚ ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶƐ͘ They also make possible the intra-municpal trips by bycicle.

Public Transport as a driver for development The new light rail lines will be used as the catalyst ĨŽƌ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ ƚŽ ĚĞŶƐŝĨLJ ĂŶĚ ƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵ ĞdžŝƐƟŶŐ ůŽǁ ĚĞŶƐŝƚLJ ƵƌďĂŶ ĂƌĞĂƐ ĂŶĚ ĚĞŶƐŝĨLJͬĞdžƉĂŶĚ ŽŶ ƚŚĞ edges with the open space. dŚĞLJ ƉƌŽǀŝĚĞ ĂĐĐĞƐƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ŵĂŝŶ ŵĞƚƌŽƉŽůŝƚĂŶ parks at the regional scale.

hƌďĂŶ ĞdžƉĂŶƐŝŽŶ ĂŶĚ ĚĞŶƐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ ŽŶ ƚŚĞ ĞĚŐĞͬŝŶƚĞƌface

3. Gradient from small public open spaces to bigger public patches.

Gradient from local to intermunicipal and reŐŝŽŶĂů ĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐ ƌĞůĂƚĞĚ ƚŽ ƉƵďůŝĐ ƐƉĂĐĞ ƐŝnjĞ͘

ϰ͘ DĂdžŝŵŝnjĞ ŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶ between the limits of the built-open space. dŚĞ ŵŽƌĞ ĐŽŶǀŽůƵƚĞĚ ƚŚĞ shape of a patch the more ŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶ ǁŝƚŚ ƚŚĞ ƐƵƌrounding. This principal is applied to all scales (plot, ďůŽĐŬ͕ ďƵŝůĚŝŶŐ͕ ĨĂĕĂĚĞ͘​͘​͘Ϳ The edge encourages the links with the landscape.

ϭ͘ ŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶ ŽĨ ƉƵďůŝĐ ĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐ ĂůŽŶŐ ƚŚĞ ŝŶterface

/ŶƚĞŶƐŝĨLJ ĞdžŝƐƟŶŐ urban areas.

/ŶƚĞŶƐŝĨLJ ƐƉĞĐŝĂůŝnjĞĚ ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟǀĞ clusters. ϵϯ

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ϭϭϵ

[11. Conclusions] The Barcelona Metropolitan Region is going in a diƌĞĐƟŽŶ ŽĨ Ă ĐŽŵƉůĞƚĞ ƵƌďĂŶŝnjĂƟŽŶ͘ dŚĞ ŵĞƚƌŽƉŽůŝnjĂƟŽŶ ĚLJŶĂŵŝĐƐ ĂƌĞ ƐƉƌĞĂĚŝŶŐ ƵƌďĂŶ ĨƌĂŐŵĞŶƚƐ͕ ƌĞĚƵĐŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ĚŝƐƟŶĐƟŽŶ ďĞƚǁĞĞŶ ĐŝƚLJ ĂŶĚ ĐŽƵŶƚƌLJƐŝĚĞ ŝŶ Ă ĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐ ƵƌďĂŶ ƐƉĂĐĞ ŐĞŶĞƌĂƚĞĚ ďLJ ƵƌďĂŶ ƉƌĂĐƟĐĞƐ ŽǀĞƌ ƚŚĞ ƚĞƌƌŝƚŽƌLJ͘ dŚĞ ƉƌŽũĞĐƚ ƉĂLJƐ ƐƉĞĐŝĂů ĂƩĞŶƟŽŶ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ůŽĐĂů ƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƌĞŐŝŽŶ ŝŶ Ă ŐůŽďĂů ĐŽŶƚĞdžƚ ǁŚĞƌĞ ƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐ ĂƌĞ ďĞĐŽŵŝŶŐ ƐĐĂƌĐĞ ĂŶĚ ǀĂůƵĂďůĞ͘ >ŽĐĂů ƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůŝƟĞƐ ĂƌĞ ƵƐĞĚ ĂƐ Ă ƚŽŽů ƚŽ ƉƌĞƐĞƌǀĞ ĂŶĚ ƉƌŽŵŽƚĞ ĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ ŽĨ ƵƌďĂŶ ůĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞƐ͖ ĂŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂů ůĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞƐ͕ ƚƌĂĚŝƟŽŶĂů ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶƐ͕ ĨŽƌĞƐƚƐ͕ ƌŝǀĞƌƐ ĂƌĞ ƐĞĞŶ ĂƐ ŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐ ƚŽ ĐƌĞĂƚĞ ĂŶ ĂƩƌĂĐƟǀĞ ĂŶĚ ĚŝǀĞƌƐĞ ŽīĞƌ ŽĨ ƵƌďĂŶ ĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚƐ͘ dŚĞ ŵĂŝŶ ĂƩĞŶƟŽŶ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƉƌŽũĞĐƚ ŝƐ ŽŶ ƚŚĞ ŽƉĞŶ space as a system. The open space is not an empty ůĂŶĚ ǁĂŝƟŶŐ ĨŽƌ ƵƌďĂŶŝnjĂƟŽŶ͕ Žƌ ŶĞŝƚŚĞƌ ŽŶůLJ Ă ƉƌŽtected land to stop it. The open space is the element ƐƵƌƌŽƵŶĚŝŶŐ ĂŶĚ ŝŶĮůƚƌĂƟŶŐ ƵƌďĂŶŝnjĂƟŽŶ͕ ƉƌŽǀŝĚŝŶŐ ŵĂƚĞƌŝĂů ƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐ͕ ƉƵďůŝĐ ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶƐ͕ ƉĞĚĞƐƚƌŝĂŶ ĂŶĚ ďŝĐLJĐůĞ ŵŽďŝůŝƚLJ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ƚŽŽů ƚŽ ĂƌƟĐƵůĂƚĞ ƚŚĞ ĞdžŝƐƟŶŐ ƵƌďĂŶ ďŽƌĚĞƌƐ ƚŽǁĂƌĚƐ ŶĞǁ ƐLJŶĞƌŐĞƟĐ ŝŶƚĞƌĨĂĐĞƐ͘ dŚĞ ŽƉĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƌĞŐŝŽŶ ĂƌĞ ƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟnjĞĚ ŝŶ ŽƌĚĞƌ ƚŽ ŐƵŝĚĞ ƚŚĞ ĨƵƚƵƌĞ ŐƌŽǁƚŚ ĂŶĚ ŽǀĞƌĐŽŵĞ ƚŚĞ ƵŶĚĞƐŝƌĂďůĞ ĞdžƉĂŶƐŝŽŶƐ͘ ƐĞƚ ŽĨ ĚŝǀĞƌƐĞ ŽƉĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ ĨƌŽŵ ŶĂƚƵƌĂů ƋƵŝĞƚ ĨŽƌĞƐƚƐ͕ ĂŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂů ůĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞƐ ƚŽ ŵŽƌĞ ĂĐĐĞƐƐŝďůĞ ƉƵďůŝĐ ƉĂƌŬƐ ƉƌŽǀŝĚĞ ƚŚĞ ǁŚŽůĞ region with public programs, and become new cenƚƌĂůŝƟĞƐ ǁŚŝĐŚ ƐĂƟƐĨLJ ƚŚĞ ĨƵƚƵƌĞ ƌĞƋƵŝƌĞŵĞŶƚƐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ polycentric region. dŚĞ ƉƌŽũĞĐƚ ƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚƐ Ă ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ Ă ƉƌŽƉŽƐĂů ƚŽ change the legacy of the local municipal planning culture. The most common form of urban planning ϭϮϬ

ŝƐ ďĂƐĞĚ ŽŶ njŽŶŝŶŐ ĂŶĚ ůĂŶĚ ƵƐĞ ƉůĂŶƐ ǁŚŝĐŚ ƚĞŶĚ ƚŽ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉ ƌĞůĂƟǀĞůLJ ƐŵĂůů ƐĞĐƚŽƌƐ ŽĨ ůĂŶĚ ĂŶĚ ƚĂĐŬůŝŶŐ ƉƌŽďůĞŵƐ ǁŚŝĐŚ ĂƌĞ ŽŶůLJ ůŝŶŬĞĚ ƚŽ ƚŚĂƚ ƐƉĞĐŝĮĐ ƐƉŽƚ͘ dŚĞ ŽƉĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ ŶŽǁ ŚĂǀĞ Ă ŶĞǁ ŵĂŝŶ ƌŽůĞ͕ ĚĞĮŶŝŶŐ ƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐ ǁŚŝĐŚ ĂůůŽǁ ƚŚĞ ŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ƵƌďĂŶ ĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ ĂŶĚ ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶƐ͘ Planning instruments need to bring together the ďĞŶĞĮƚƐ ŽĨ ďŽƚŚ ďŽƩŽŵͲƵƉ ĂŶĚ ƚŽƉͲĚŽǁŶ ĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚĞƐ ŝŶ ǁŚŝĐŚ ƚŚĞ ĐŽŶĐĞƉƚƵĂůŝnjĂƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ ĚĞĮŶŝƟŽŶ ŽĨ the open spaces becomes a metropolitan and intramunicipal project. The actual municipal borders ŶĞĞĚ ƚŽ ďĞ ĐŽŶƚƌĂƐƚĞĚ ǁŝƚŚ ƚŚĞ ŶĂƚƵƌĂů ĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƚĞƌƌŝƚŽƌLJ͘ EĂƚƵƌĂů ĨĞĂƚƵƌĞƐ ƐƵĐŚ ĂƐ ƌŝǀĞƌƐ Žƌ ĨŽƌĞƐƚƐ ĐĂŶŶŽƚ ďĞ Ă ĚŝǀŝĚĞƌ͕ ďƵƚ ĐŽŶŶĞĐƚŽƌƐ ƚŚĂƚ ĂƌĞ managed at a bigger scale. The stability of the terriƚŽƌLJ ĂŶĚ ŝƚƐ ĞĐŽůŽŐLJ ŐŽ ďĞLJŽŶĚ ƚŚĞ ƐŽůƵƟŽŶ Žƌ ƚŚĞ design of a single disconnected spot. Understanding ƚŚĞ ŽƉĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞ ĂƐ Ă ƐLJƐƚĞŵ ŶĞĞĚƐ ĂŶĚ ĞīŽƌƚ ĨƌŽŵ ƚŚĞ ŐŽǀĞƌŶĂŶĐĞ ƐŝĚĞ ĂŶĚ ĐŽŽƉĞƌĂƟŽŶ ĂŵŽŶŐƐƚ ƚŚĞ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ŵƵŶŝĐŝƉĂůŝƟĞƐ ŝŶǀŽůǀĞĚ͘ dŚĞ ŝŶͲďĞƚǁĞĞŶ ůĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞƐ ŽĨ ĨƌĂŐŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶ ĂƐ ƌĞƐƵůƚ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƉƌŝǀĂƟnjĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ŶĂƚƵƌĂů ƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐ ƵŶĚĞƌ ƚŚĞ ƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞ ŽĨ ŵĂƌŬĞƚ ĨŽƌĐĞƐ ĐĂŶ ƐŚŝŌ ƚŽǁĂƌĚƐ Ă ŶĞǁ ƉĂƌĂĚŝŐŵ͘ dŚĞ ĚĞƐŝƌĞ ŽĨ ůŝǀŝŶŐ ĂŶĚ ǁŽƌŬŝŶŐ ŝŶ ƌĞůĂƟŽŶ ǁŝƚŚ ŶĂƚƵƌĞ ŶĞĞĚƐ Ă ƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďůĞ ĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚ ƚŽ ƵƌďĂŶ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ ǁŚŝĐŚ ĞŶĐŽƵƌĂŐĞƐ ĚĞŶƐĞƌ͕ ŵŽƌĞ ĐŽŵƉĂĐƚ ĂŶĚ ŵŝdžĞĚ ƵƌďĂŶ ĂƌĞĂƐ ĂŶĚ ĐƌĞĂƚĞƐ ŶĞǁ types of public spaces linked to urban areas which ďĞŶĞĮƚ ĨƌŽŵ ƚŚĞ ŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐ ŽīĞƌĞĚ ďLJ ƚŚĞ ĞdžŝƐƚing territory.

A new approach is possible where new urbanization will no longer colonise nature but be in partnership with it.

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[12. References] ϭ͘

WůĂ ƚĞƌƌŝƚŽƌŝĂů ŵĞƚƌŽƉŽůŝƚă ĚĞ ĂƌĐĞůŽŶĂ͘ ϮϬϬϵ͗ ŽŵŝƐƐŝſ Ě͛KƌĚĞŶĂĐŝſ dĞƌƌŝƚŽƌŝĂů DĞƚƌŽƉŽůŝƚĂŶĂ ĚĞ ĂƌĐĞůŽŶĂ͘

Ϯ͘

ĂƚůůĞ͕ ͕͘ >Ă ƌĞŶŽǀĂĐŝſ ĚĞů ƉĂŝƐĂƚŐŝƐŵĞ ĞŶ ĞůƐ ŶŽƵƐ ƉĂƌĐƐ ŵĞƚƌŽƉŽůŝƚĂŶƐ͘ sŽů͘ WĂƉĞƌƐ ϰϳ͕ /ŶƐƟƚƵƚ Ě͛ ƐƚƵĚŝƐ ZĞŐŝŽŶĂůƐ ŝ DĞƚƌŽƉŽůŝƚĂŶƐ ĚĞ ĂƌĐĞůŽŶĂ͕ ϮϬϬϴ͘

ϯ͘

ŽĞƌŝ͕ ^͕͘ &ŝǀĞ ŽůŽŐŝĐĂů ŚĂůůĞŶŐĞƐ ĨŽƌ ƚŚĞ ŽŶƚĞŵƉŽƌĂƌLJ ŝƚLJ͘ /Ŷ ͞ ĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂů hƌďĂŶŝƐŵ͟ ĞĚ͘ ďLJ DŽŚƐĞŶ DŽƐƚĂĨĂǀŝ ĂŶĚ 'ĂƌĞƚŚ ŽŚĞƌƚLJ͘ ϮϬϭϬ͕ DĂƐƐĂĐŚƵƐ ƐĞƚƐ͗ >ĂƌƐ DƵůůĞƌ WƵďůŝƐŚĞƌƐ͘ ,ĂƌǀĂƌĚ hŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ 'ƌĂĚƵĂƚĞ ^ĐŚŽŽů ŽĨ ĞƐŝŐŶ͕

ϰ͘ ƌĂŶnjŝ͕ ͕͘ &Žƌ Ă WŽƐƚͲ ŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂůŝƐŵ͗ ƐĞǀĞŶ ƐƵŐŐĞƐƟŽŶƐ ĨŽƌ Ă EĞǁ ƚŚĞŶƐ ŚĂƌƚĞƌ͘ /Ŷ ͞ ĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂů hƌďĂŶŝƐŵ͟ ĞĚ͘ ďLJ DŽŚƐĞŶ DŽƐƚĂĨĂǀŝ ĂŶĚ 'ĂƌĞƚŚ ŽŚĞƌƚLJ͘ ϮϬϭϬ͕ DĂƐƐĂĐŚƵƐƐĞƚƐ͗ >ĂƌƐ DƵůůĞƌ WƵďůŝƐŚĞƌƐ͘ ,ĂƌǀĂƌĚ hŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ 'ƌĂĚƵĂƚĞ ^ĐŚŽŽů ŽĨ ĞƐŝŐŶ͕ ϱ͘

ƌƵĞŐŵĂŶŶ͕ Z͕͘ ^ƉƌĂǁů ͗ Ă ĐŽŵƉĂĐƚ ŚŝƐƚŽƌLJ͘ ϮϬϬϱ ͘ ŚŝĐĂŐŽ͗ hŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ ŽĨ ŚŝĐĂŐŽ WƌĞƐƐ͘

ϲ͘

ŽƌŶĞƌ͕ :͕͘ ZĞĐŽǀĞƌŝŶŐ ůĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞ ĞƐƐĂLJƐ ŝŶ ĐŽŶƚĞŵƉŽƌĂƌLJ ůĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞ ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĞ͘ ϭϵϵϵ͕ EĞǁ zŽƌŬ͗ WƌŝŶĐĞƚŽŶ ƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĂů WƌĞƐƐ͘

ϳ͘

&ŽŶƚ͕ ͘ ĂŶĚ Ğ͘ ĂůͿ͕ dƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂĐŝŽŶ ƵƌďĂŶŝƚnjĂĚŽƌĞƐ ϭϵϳϳͲϮϬϬϬ͘ ƌĞĂ ŵĞƚƌŽƉŽůŝƚĂŶĂ ŝ ƌĞŐŝſ ƵƌďĂŶĂ ĚĞ ĂƌĐĞůŽŶĂ͘ hKd ăƚĞĚƌĂ Ě͛hƌďĂŶşƐŝƟĐĂ ĚĞ ů͛ ƐĐŽůĂ dğĐŶŝĐĂ ^ƵƉĞƌŝŽƌ Ě͛ ƌƋƵŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĂ ĚĞů sĂůůğƐ͘ hW ͘ ϮϬϬϱ͕ ĂƌĐĞůŽŶĂ͗ ƌĞĂ DĞƚƌŽƉŽůŝƚĂŶĂ ĚĞ ĂƌĐĞůŽŶĂ͘

ϴ͘

&ŽŶƚ͕ ͕͘ &͘ /ŶĚŽǀŝŶĂ͕ ĂŶĚ E͘ WŽƌƚĂƐ͕ >Ă ĞdžƉůŽƐŝſŶ ĚĞ ůĂ ĐŝƵĚĂĚ͗ ƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂĐŝŽŶĞƐ ƚĞƌƌŝƚŽƌŝĂůĞƐ ƌĞĐŝĞŶƚĞƐ ĞŶ ůĂƐ ƌĞŐŝŽŶĞƐ ƵƌďĂŶĂƐ ĚĞ ůĂ ƵƌŽƉĂ DĞƌŝĚŝŽŶĂů͘ ϮϬϬϲ͕ DĂĚƌŝĚ͗ DŝŶŝƐƚĞƌŝŽ ĚĞ ůĂ sŝǀŝĞŶĚĂ͘

ϵ͘

&ŽŶƚ͕ ͕͘ ͘ >ůŽƉ͕ ĂŶĚ :͘D͘ sŝůĂŶŽǀĂ͕͘ >Ă ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐĐŝſ ĚĞů ƚĞƌƌŝƚŽƌŝ ŵĞƚƌŽƉŽůŝƚă͘ ϭϵϵϵ͗ ƌĞĂ DĞƚƌŽƉŽůŝƚĂŶĂ ĚĞ ĂƌĐĞůŽŶĂ͘

ϭϬ͘

&ŽŶƚ͕ ͘ ĂŶĚ >͘s͘ WĞƌŝ͕ EƵĞǀĂƐ ŐĞŽŐƌĂİĂƐ ĚĞ ůĂ ƉƌŽĚƵĐĐŝſŶ LJ Ğů ĐŽŶƐƵŵŽ ĞŶ ůĂ ƌĞŐŝſŶ ŵĞƚƌŽƉŽůŝƚĂŶĂ ĚĞ ĂƌĐĞůŽŶĂ͘ ͘ ^ĐƌŝƉƚĂ EŽǀĂ ϮϬϬϴ͕ ĂƌĐĞůŽŶĂ͗ d^ s͕ UPC.

ϭϭ͘

&ŽŶƚ͕͘ ͕͘ ĂƌĐĞůŽŶĂ͗ ŶĂƚŽŵŝĂ Ě͛ƵŶĂ DĞƚƌŽƉŽůŝƐ ŝƐĐŽŶƟŶƵĂ͘ sŽů͘ Ϯϲ͘ ϭϵϵϳ͗ WĂƉĞƌƐ͕ ZĞŐŝŽ DĞƚƌŽƉŽůŝƚĂŶĂ ĚĞ ĂƌĐĞůŽŶĂ͘ ϵͲϭϵ͘

ϭϮ͘

&ŽƌŵĂŶ͕ Z͘ ĂŶĚ :͘ KůƐŽŶ͕ >ĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞ ĞĐŽůŽŐLJ ƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐ ŝŶ >ĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞĞ͘ ƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĞ ĂŶĚ >ĂŶĚͲƵƐĞ WůĂŶŶŝŶŐ͘ ϭϵϵϲ͕ tĂƐŚŝŶŐƚŽŶ͗ ,ĂƌǀĂƌĚ hŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ 'ƌĂĚƵĂƚĞ ^ĐŚŽŽů ŽĨ ĞƐŝŐŶ͘ /ƐůĂŶĚ ƉƌĞƐƐ ĂŶ ƚŚĞ ĂŵĞƌŝĐĂŵ ƐŽĐŝĞƚLJ ŽĨ ůĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞ ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƐ͘

ϭϯ͘

&ŽƌŵĂŶ͕ Z͘d͘d͕͘ DŽƐĂŝĐŽ ƚĞƌƌŝƚŽƌŝĂů ƉĂƌĂ ůĂ ƌĞŐŝſŶ ŵĞƚƌŽƉŽůŝƚĂŶĂ ĚĞ ĂƌĐĞůŽŶĂ͘ ϮϬϬϰ͕ ĂƌĐĞůŽŶĂ͗ ĚŝƚŽƌŝĂů 'ƵƐƚĂǀŽ 'ŝůŝ͘ ĂƌĐĞůŽŶĂ ZĞŐŝŽŶĂů͘

ϭϰ͘

&ŽƌŵĂŶ͕ Z͘d͘d͕͘ hƌďĂŶ ZĞŐŝŽŶƐ͘ ĐŽůŽŐLJ ĂŶĚ WůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ĞLJŽŶĚ ƚŚĞ ŝƚLJ͘ ϮϬϬϴ͗ ĂŵďƌŝĚŐĞ hŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ WƌĞƐƐ͘

ϭϱ͘

/ŶĚŽǀŝŶĂ;Ăů͘Ϳ͕ &͕͘ >Ă ĐŝƵĚĂĚ ĚĞ ďĂũĂ ĚĞŶƐŝĚĂĚ͘ >ſŐŝĐĂƐ͕ ŐĞƐƟſŶ LJ ĐŽŶƚĞŶĐŝſŶ͘ ŝƉƵƚĂĐŝŽ ĚĞ ĂƌĐĞůŽŶĂ͕ ĞĚ͘ ŽůĞĐĐŝſŶͺ ƐƚƵĚŝŽƐ͘ ϮϬϬϳ͘

ϭϲ͘ 122

:ŽƌŶĞƚ͕ ^͕͘ >Ă ŐĞƐƟſŶ ĚĞ ůŽƐ ĞƐƉĂĐŝŽƐ ƌƵƌĂůĞƐ ĞŶ ƚƌĂŶƐŝĐŝſŶ͗ ůŽƐ ĞũĞŵƉůŽƐ ĚĞ 'ĂůůĞĐƐ LJ >ĞƐ ĐŝŶĐ ^ğŶŝĞƐ͘ /Ŷ ͞ ů ƉĂŝƐĂũĞ LJ ůĂ ŐĞƐƟſŶ ĚĞů ƚĞƌƌŝƚŽƌŝŽ͟ ZĂĨĂĞů DĂƚĂ ĂŶĚ ůĞdž dŽƌƌŽũĂ͘ ϮϬϬϲ͕ ĂƌĐĞůŽŶĂ͗ ŝƉƵƚĂĐŝſ ĚĞ ĂƌĐĞůŽŶĂ͘

ϭϳ͘

>ĞĨĞďǀƌĞ͕ ,͕͘ dŚĞ hƌďĂŶ ZĞǀŽůƵƟŽŶ͘ ϭϵϳϬ͘

ϭϴ͘

>>ŽƉ͕ ͕͘ DĞƚƌŽƉŽůŝƚĂŶ >ĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞƐ͖ ƉŽůLJĐĞŶƚƌŝƐŵ͕ ĞdžƉĂŶƐŝŽŶ͕ ŵƵůƟͲƉĞƌŝƉŚĞƌŝĞƐ ĂŶĚ ŵŝĐƌŽͲƉĞƌŝƉŚĞƌŝĞƐ͘ &ƌŽŵ ƚŚĞ ĐŝƚLJ ĐůŝĐŚĠ ůĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ŬĂůĞŝĚŽƐĐŽƉĞ͘ ϮϬϬϴ͕ ĂƌĐĞůŽŶĂ͗ WĂƉĞƌƐ͘ ŶǑ ϰϳ͘

ϭϵ͘

>>ŽƉ͕ ͕͘ WĂŝƐĂƚŐĞƐ DĞƚƌŽƉŽůŝƚĂŶƐ͗ ƉŽůŝĐĞŶƚƌŝƐŵĞ͕ ĚŝůĂƚĂĐŝŽŶƐ͕ ŵƵůƟƉĞƌŝĨğƌŝĞƐ ŝ ŵŝĐƌŽƉĞƌŝĨğƌŝĞƐ͘ Ğů ƉĂŝƐĂƚŐĞ ĐůŝdžĠ Ăů ƉĂŝƐĂƚŐĞ ĐĂůŝĚŽƐĐŽƉŝ sŽů͘ WĂƉĞƌƐ ϰϳ͕ / ŶƐƟƚƵƚ Ě͛ ƐƚƵĚŝƐ ZĞŐŝŽŶĂůƐ ŝ DĞƚƌŽƉŽůŝƚĂŶƐ ĚĞ ĂƌĐĞůŽŶĂ͕ϮϬϬϴ͘

ϮϬ͘

DƵŹŽnj͕ &͕͘ DŽďŝůƚLJ ůĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞƐ͖ ĨƌŽŵ ŵƵůƟƉůĞdž ĐĞŶƚĞƌƐ ƚŽ ůŽǁͲĐŽƐƚ ĂŝƌƉŽƌƚƐ͘ ϮϬϬϴ͗ WĂƉĞƌƐ ϰϳ͕ /ŶƐƟƚƵƚ Ě͛ ƐƚƵĚŝƐ ZĞŐŝŽŶĂůƐ ŝ DĞƚƌŽƉŽůŝƚĂŶƐ ĚĞ ĂƌĐĞůŽŶĂ͘

Ϯϭ͘

Z ŝĞŶĞƌ͕ :͘,͕͘ d, ^ƚƵĚŝŽ ĂƐĞů ŽŶƚĞŵƉŽƌĂƌLJ ŝƚLJ /ŶƐƟƚƵƚĞ͕ ^ǁŝƚnjĞƌůĂŶĚ Ŷ hƌďĂŶ ƉŽƌƚƌĂŝƚ͘ ϮϬϬϲ͘

ϮϮ͘

ZĞĂĚ͕ ^͘ ĂŶĚ ͘ WŝŶŝůůĂ͕ sŝƐƵĂůŝnjŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ŝŶǀŝƐŝďůĞ͖ ƚŽǁĂƌĚƐ ĂŶ ƵƌďĂŶ ƐƉĂĐĞ͘ ϮϬϬϲ ŵƐƚĞƌĚĂŵ͗ dĞĐŚŶĞ WƌĞƐƐ͘

Ϯϯ͘

^ĞĐĐŚŝ͕ ͕ ŝĂƌLJ ŽĨ Ă ƉůĂŶŶĞƌ͘ ϮϬϬϯ ŚƩƉ͗ͬ​ͬǁǁǁ͘ ƉůĂŶƵŵ͘ŶĞƚͬƚŽƉŝĐƐͬƐĞĐĐŚŝͲĚŝĂƌLJ͘Śƚŵů

Ϯϰ͘

^ŚĂŶŶŽŶ͕ <͕͘ ŚĂƉƚĞƌ ϯ͘ >ĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞ hƌďĂŶŝƐŵ͕ ZŚĞƚŽƌŝĐƐ ĂŶĚ ZĞĂůŝƟĞƐ ŝŶ ĚƌĞƐƐŝŶŐ >ĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞ hƌďĂŶŝƐŵ͕ dŚƌĞĞ ĐŝƟĞƐ ŝŶ sŝĞƚďŶĂŵ ;<h>ĞƵǀĞŶ ŽĐƚŽƌĂƚĞͿ͘ ϮϬϬϰ͗ <h >ĞƵǀĞŶ͘

Ϯϱ͘

^ŝĞǀĞƌƚƐ͕ d͕͘ ŝƟĞƐ ǁŝƚŚŽƵƚ ŝƟĞƐ͗ Ŷ ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ǁŝƐĐŚĞŶƐƚĂĚƚ͘ ϭϵϵϳ͘

Ϯϲ͘

dĂƌĚŝŶ͕ Z͕͘ ƐƉĂĕŽƐ >ŝǀƌĞƐ͗ ^ŝƐƚĞŵĂ Ğ WƌŽũĞƚŽ dĞƌƌŝƚŽƌŝĂů͘ ϮϬϬϴ͕ ZŝŽ ĚĞ :ĂŶĞŝƌŽ͘

Ϯϳ͘

sŝŐĂŶž͕ W͘ dĞƌƌŝƚŽƌŝ ĚĞůůĂ ŶƵŽǀĂ ŵŽĚĞƌŶŝƚă͕ ϮϬϬϭ͕ WƌŽǀŝŶĐŝĂ Ěŝ >ĞĐĐĞ͕ ƐƐĞƐƐŽƌĂƚŽ ĂůůĂ ŐĞƐƟŽŶĞ ƚĞƌƌŝƚŽƌŝĂůĞ͗ WŝĂŶŽ ƚĞƌƌŝƚŽƌŝĂůĞ Ěŝ ĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂŵĞŶƚŽ ͘dĞƌƌŝƚŽƌŝĞƐ ŽĨ Ă ŶĞǁ ŵŽĚĞƌŶŝƚLJ͕ EĂƉŽůŝ͕ ůĞĐƚĂ

Ϯϴ͘

sĞĐƐůŝƌ͕ >͕͘ WĂŝƐĂũĞƐ ĚĞ ůĂ ŶƵĞǀĂ ĐĞŶƚƌĂůŝĚĂĚ͘ hƌďĂŶ ϭϮ͘ ϮϬϬϳ͘

Ϯϵ͘

tĂůĚŚĞŝŵ͕ ͕͘ dŚĞ ůĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞ ƵƌďĂŶŝƐŵ ƌĞĂĚĞƌ͕ ĞĚ͘ W͘Ă͘ ƉƌĞƐƐ͘ ϮϬϬϲ͘

ϯϬ͘

tĂůĚŚĞŝŵ͕ ͕͘ ŶĚƌĞĂ ƌĂŶnjŝ͛Ɛ tĞĂŬ DĞƚƌŽƉŽůŝƐ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ WƌŽũĞĐƟǀĞ WŽƚĞŶƟĂů ŽĨ ĂŶ ĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂů hƌďĂŶŝƐŵ͘ ͘ /Ŷ ͞ ĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂů hƌďĂŶŝƐŵ͟ ĞĚ͘ ďLJ DŽŚƐĞŶ DŽƐƚĂ ĨĂǀŝ ĂŶĚ 'ĂƌĞƚŚ ŽŚĞƌƚLJ͘ ϮϬϭϬ͕ DĂƐƐĂĐŚƵƐĞƩƐ͗ ͗ >ĂƌƐ DƵůůĞƌ WƵďůŝƐŚĞƌƐ͘ ,ĂƌǀĂƌĚ hŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ 'ƌĂĚƵĂƚĞ ^ĐŚŽŽů ŽĨ ĞƐŝŐŶ͕͘

ϯϭ͘

tĂŶĚů͕ ͕͘ ͚dĞƌƌŝƚŽƌŝĞƐ ŝŶͲďĞƚǁĞĞŶ͛ ĐŽŵƉĂƌĂƟǀĞ ƉĞƌŵĞĂďŝůŝƚLJ ƐƚƵĚLJ ŽĨ ƚǁŽ ƵƌŽƉĞĂŶ ƌĞŐŝŽŶƐ ďĞƚǁĞĞŶ ƵƌďĂŶ ĂŶĚ ƌƵƌĂů Ͳ ůŽĐĂů ĂŶĚ ŐůŽďĂů͘ Dh dŚĞƐŝƐ͘ ϮϬϭϬ͕ ĞůŌ͘

ϯϮ͘

ŚĂŶŐ͕ Y͕͘ &ĂƌŵŝŶ WĂƌŝƐ ϮϬϯϬ͘ Dh dŚĞƐŝƐ͘ ϮϬϬϵ͕ ĞůŌ͘ 123