Jaime Sarmiento_After the Earthquake, Spatial alternatives for the city of Pisco

AFTER THE EARTHQUAKE: SPATIAL ALTERNATIVES FOR THE CITY OF PISCO

TUDELFT. EMU. THESIS FINAL PROJECT. FALL SEMESTER 2008 PROMOTORS: ERIC LUITEN, FRANCISCO COLOMBO (TUDELFT. DELFT), JOAQUIN SABATE (UPC. BARCELONA) JAIME SARMIENTO

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AFTER THE EARTHQUAKE: SPATIAL ALTERNATIVES FOR THE CITY OF PISCO

TUDELFT. EMU. THESIS FINAL PROJECT. FALL SEMESTER 2008 PROMOTORS: ERIC LUITEN, FRANCISCO COLOMBO (TUDELFT. DELFT), JOAQUIN SABATE (UPC. BARCELONA) JAIME SARMIENTO

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ACCIDENTS, DISASTERS, CRISI BECOME TEMPORAILY CONSC FORCE AND POWER OF DESI GENERATES. EVERY ACCIDENT OF AWARENESS OF REAL LIFE ING, AND OUR DEPENDENCE O OF DESIGN.

IS. WHEN SYSTEMS FAILS WE CIOUS OF THE EXTRAORDINARY IGN, AND THE EFFECTS THAT IT T PROVIDES A BRIEF MOMENT E, WHAT IS ACTUALLY HAPPENON THE UNDERLYING SYSTEMS

BRUCE MAU MASSIVE CHANGE.

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I. INDEX 01. WHAT HAPPENED IN AUGUST 2007 ?

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01.1 PROBLEM STATEMENT 01.2 METHODOLOGICAL ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

02. A RESTLESS TERRITORY

02.1 TERRITORIAL VALUES VS. GEOGRAPICAL CONSTRAINTS

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03. THE INTERNATIONAL FARM

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04. FINDING social resources: POST DISASTER RESILIENCE

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05. TRACING NEW RESILIENT DIECTIONS

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06. VISIONS OF OCCUPATION

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07. ABOUT ADDAPTATION

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02.2 NEW OCCUPATIONAL TRAJECTORIES

03.1 REGIONAL CHARACTERIZATION 03.2 THE BILINEAR STRUCTURE 03.3 WHERE DOES THE URBAN MEET THE RURAL

04.1 VICIOUS CYCLE OF DISASTER 04.2 IDP IN PROGRESS

05.1 ECOLOGICAL INTENSIFICATION 05.2 COASTAL CORRESPONDENCE 05.3 ENERGY DESCENTRALIZATION 05.4 SOCIAL CODIFICATION 05.5 SEDUCING THE NATURAL CONDITION OF THE PLACE

06.1 THE PRICKLY CITY 06.2 THE SAND POCKETS

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01.1 WHAT HAPPENED IN AUGUST 2007 ?

Pisco’s earthquake was a wound.

Unlike ‘disaster’, which connotes a purely natural occurrence, the term ‘wound’ is more suitable since it concerns human agency and its capability to prevent natural misfortunes. Nonetheless, their consequences vary according to the level of comprehension that cities have achieved on them. Comprehension is traduced in mitigation which is the basic tool to confront vulnerability: the main catalyst for any disaster’s event.

Being located along the most earthquake-prone zone of Peru, the historical report of more than 5 major events during the last 50 years –as seen in Timeline 1- highlights the statement that rather than temporal “risks”, earthquakes are permanent “weaknesses” for the spatial development of Pisco. Indeed, the last earthquake occurred in August 15th 2007 reported that almost 40% of the entire regional population became homeless whilst it created one of the most severe shortages of basic services.

In spite of this condition, natural disasters are still neglected from the political agenda. Instead of providing organized strategies, policies rather confront them through improvised, isolated tactics incapable to generate more resilient frameworks. Either by providing aid for housing reconstruction or resolving problems through architectural scale approaches, they always provide temporal solutions scratching and scrolling again as cosmetic urbanism. Not only have tactics not become part of the solution, they have increased the problem.

As a consequence of that, Pisco has had to bear in the last 50 years a social cost of 2.0 billion dollars (almost 2% of the annual national GDP) in aid and provisional housing. The last event has added another 400 million dollars to the endless budget of disaster without proposing any further resistance to overcome the situation.

Being the city located in a restless territory, a critical position towards its placement and organization must be taken in order to diminish its physical vulnerability. This investigation states that by reflecting on the territorial capacities, a new possible evolution throughout time could emerge. .9

+++ [PROBLEM STATEMENT] “ PISCO must be reconstructed on the same site, protecting its heritage values and the further living conditions of their inhabitUS$ 400 000 000.00 ants �

ALAN GARCIA, FORMER PRESIDENT OF PERU EL COMERCIO, SEPTEMBER 2007

$ HOUSING

18%

SERVICES

32%

US$

400 000 000.00

30% 20%

INFRASTRUCTURE

EQUIPMENT

RECONSTRUCTION BUDGET

SOURCE: MUNICIPALIDAD DE ICA. NOV 07

$ HOUSING

18% The search, understanding, and production32% of resilience throughout scales are some of the most important ingredients to develop further spatial potentialities. Then, new spatial alternatives capable to support 30% new living conditions might emerge.

SERVICES

20%

INFRASTRUCTURE

EQUIPMENT

Thus, acting resilient should always lean in the specific channels that actually maintain the regional dynamics alive. Being Ica a region economically sustained by agricultural exports, the need for protecting the mobility of goods and trade centers results critical. Ironically, despite being the most important city for this economic activity, Pisco was the most stricken by the last event. Working in that direction would allow the appearance of new alternatives for systems to undergo different stages of disaster and still retain the same controls on function and structure throughout them.

In the end, suitable solutions will only appear when and if Pisco becomes aware of the physical constraints of its environment. If they are known properly, such constraints might be channelled to strengthen the qualities of each particular place. Qualities then become opportunities beneath the earthquake And risk can be treated as an action promoter.

but....

10 =

RECONSTRUCTION BUDGET EVERY TEN YEARS

$

8-10 6-8 4-6 2-4

0-2

1911

1955

2007

TIMELINE - INTENSITY OF TELURIC EVENTS

$

+

$

+

$

+

$

+

$

= 50 - 100 (5 x 10)

YEARS

*... Timeline shows the appearance of major telluric events each 10 years. What if, instead of

creating a budget on several reconstuction process (that finally are overlapped to each other due to political delays) a more feasible strategy reflecting on Pisco emplacement could be raise? By thinking in that direction, which are the territorial’s occupation strategies for a prone earthquake site - such as PISCO - in the long term ?

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01.2 Methodological Acknowledgements

In order to propose the actions that will lead the further investigation, the analysis has been structured in three main questions, each one of them engaging the scales of analysis with the current problematic of the post disaster condition.

At first, the understanding of the territorial characterization - through the analysis of the regional dimension - in terms of geological values and constraints in order to trace resilient directions. Second, the study of its territorial organization and economical representation. Third, the analysis of the post disaster conditions after the earthquake and the further social resilience shown over the place. The interventions develop accordingly but focus mainly in the layering of local interests and the changing capacities of territorial and architectural devices.

By means of that, this investigation will also produce a graphical documentation of Ica. The severe lack of information concerning regional and district conditions required the personal arrangement of the entire graphical documentation and maps for this thesis.

Likewise, this project requires special gratitude towards Eric Luiten , Francisco Colombo, and Joaquin Sabate. Their sharpness, clarity and patience through the entire processes of analysis compilation and project development have been elemental to increase the knowledge gained through the entire master.

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PACIFIC RING OF FIRE

CONTINENTAL PLATES

NAZCA’S TECTONIC PLATE

GEOLOGICAL LOCATION

Source: www.ing.gob.pe. INSTITUTO GEOFISICO NACIONAL (PERU)

+UNDERSTANDING THE GEOGRAPHICAL COMPONENTS

20 KM

*

. NAZCA’S SISMIC LAGOON

1 CHINCHA

40%

2 PISCO

50%

3 ICA

28%

4 NAZCA 8%

*

. DORSAL OF NAZCA’S TECTONIC PLATE

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02.1 A RESTLESS TERRITORY

Among the regions defining the littoral coast of Peru, Ica is the only one that has been developed along the conversion of the South American Plate and the Nazca tectonic fault. Moving towards each other on a rate of 1cm per year, the consequences of their trust falling have varied in a wide range of seisms and earthquakes throughout time.

Since it is located in one the most earthquake-prone zones of the Pacific Ocean, the chances for implementing safer settlements in Pisco are essentially conditioned to the load-bearing’s capacity of the soil. In other words, if the territory provides superficial bedrock formations, seismic amplifications tend to reduce, diminishing the soil’s liquefaction that occurs when any seismic event happens.

Nonetheless, both the ancient alluvial cone of Pisco’s watershed and the aeolian type drawn by the deposition of clay and sand - which shape the coastal and continental dunes of the majority of the landscape – merge precisely in the specific place of interest: Pisco. As expressed by Julio Kuroiwa in his Reduction of Disasters [1], the territory in which the urban area of Pisco is emplaced has always behaved as a “geological blind field”: a geological spot that operates as a transition space between two types of soils with very high degrees of instability. The conversion of alluvial, aeolian and maritime deposits throughout Ica’s coastal plain has determined a range of 0.5 to 2.0 kg/km2 that clearly remarks the insignificant, low degree of soil’s compression.

KUROIWA, julio Reduction of Disasters (pg. 27 PNUD, ONU.1997)

1

Geological instability thus comes about in vulnerability when unpredictable urban growth starts to spread over hazardous zones. For that on, and due to these uncertain conditions, the necessity to highlight the existing potentialities and weakness – in terms of spatial constraints and territorial values – over the given area might show the needed hints to canalize further population whilst enhancing the physical resilience on site. Then, natural boundaries might be legible to guide urbanity and protect further processes of accommodation.

In this regard, and according to the existing geological documentation, this part of the analysis traces new optimal directions.

ALLUVIAL AEOLIAN ELLUVIAL VOLCANIC THE ANDES FORMATION

VOLCANIC 2` PRE CAMBRIC ROCKS VOLCANIC JURRASICS

COASTAL FORMATION

PARACAS SAND BANKS FORMATIONS

PISCO CITY LOCATION

+ GEOLOGICAL CONVERSION The city is emplaced in the junction of an antagonist geological condition: from east to west, the spongy alluvial cone of Pisco’s river; and, from south to north, the mutable coastal sand banks configured by Paraca’s winds. As a blind field, or geo transitional spot, these two types of soil have very high ranges of liquefaction tending to increase any seismic amplification. Vulnerability is enhanced by the proximity of the groundwater level over the area that speeds up the process of erosion.

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+ COASTAL PLATFORM Known as the coastal platform in which 95% of the population of Ica actually lives. Although its soft inclination does not present any type of risk for soil displacements (having less than 5% of slope), the defenseless condition of the littoral when tsunamis strike after any seismic event, tends to drastically damage coastal settlements.

+ BEDROCK FORMATION Although soil resistance is seemingly low, the increasing presence of bedrock foundation becomes more visible towards the littoral and in the up skirts of the mountain range. . Load-bering capacity of the soil ranges from 0.5 kg/cm2 to 2 kg/cm2. In most of the cases, sand deposits present a depth of about 25 meters, enhancing the chances of liquefaction and further instability for population to settle.

+ ECOLOGICAL BUFFERS Once Paracas bay area was recognized as a natural hub of resting and feeding for more than 300 different species of migratory birds and old sea dogs, national policies raised its category as a national reserve in 1975. Related to the Program of Wetlands for America - raised by UNESCO in 1991 – the new ecological status of the site, brought several spatial considerations (in terms of permanent programmatic uses) defining a gradient of buffers from north to south that aimed to protect the natural landscape from any future urban pressures. The establishments of non permanent activities - such as recreational facilities and productive landscapes – acted also as containments for the further urban expansion of Pisco.

PARACAS NATURAL RESERVE

2

ECOLOGICAL VALUES

4

8

FLOODING RISK

PISCO’S BASIN

CAPACITY BEDROCK FORMATION

2.00 KG/M2 1.25 KG/M2 HYDROLOGICAL VALUES

SOIL LIQUEFACTION 0.75 KG/M2

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02.3 NEW OCCUPATIONAL TRAJECTORIES

Either by the hazard implications or the ecologic and productive values that geological features bring abroad, the spatial values and constraints of the territorial features become a sort of spatial guideline through which new considerations must be taken into account.

Firstly, the recognition of Pisco’s main urban zone as one of the safest spots over the given territory. Secondly, the necessity to take advantage of the scarce resilience shown over the soft landscape towards the southern part of the region for further processes of urbanization.

However, moving the city towards a more limited, scarce scenario through which the desert is unveiled should engage the social features and mechanisms that represent society nowadays. As Ian Mc Harg’s points out, the method to remedy deficiencies consists of identifying both natural and social processes as values. [2] If the further processes of reorganization that Pisco might suffer engage and seduce the social apparatus that nowadays maintains Pisco, then future opportunities meeting economical and social behaviors might appear in order to switch the present constraints into future opportunities in terms of adaptability and evolution. The question now relies on how the new territorial accommodation engages the existing organizational structure of Pisco.

MC HARG, Ian Designing with Nature (pg. 31)

PACIFIC OCEAN

2

INTERPRETATIVE SECTION

TABLAZO ICA (10- 30 K

PISCO BASIN

DUNES PARACAS

THE ANDES

KM WIDTH)

(X < 5% slope) (5 < Y < 25 mt. depth) COASTAL BANKS

BEDROCK FORMATIONS

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++ TERRITORIAL ORGANIZATION

*. ICAâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;S TERRITORIAL PHYSIOGNOMY

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03.1 AN INTERNATIONAL FARM

Rooted in the interaction of social and economic forces related to agricultural production, the region of Ica has been regarded - through all its different processes of organization - as a developing system defined by its primary economies. The reason that supported its colonization was the strategic connection with some mining fields in Huancavelica, a former town located in the higher grounds of Los Andes. Since the 17th century, Ica has behaved as a hub for mineral and agricultural trading.

In the last 25 years, the scope for agricultural production has increased dramatically. The productive network has shifted from being a conventional national provider to the paradigm of agricultural exportation throughout Peru. As an international farm, Ica nowadays provides more than 60% of what the country exports, whilst employees, both indirectly and directly, almost 95 % of the regional labor force.

The organization resulting from this economical structure - passing through a vertical (Andes mountain range - littoral) to a more horizontal organization mainly guided by the Pan American highway, has defined a system of clusters inserted between the junctions of the national - regional connections and the main systems of production. From north to south, Chincha, Pisco, Ica, Palpa and Nazca are organized through a linear system in which the first two cities are the main providers of agricultural production. Ica stands as the political head of the region whilst Nazca is mainly sustained by the iron resources of Marconaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s mine.

Working as a complementary system in which spatial hierarchy is established by accessibility, the need for protecting the daily commuting of people and goods is essential to keep their regional dynamics alive.

Unfortunately, Pisco -the most important device for the regional mechanism- was the most stricken by the last event.

TO LIMA

20 KM

CHINCHA BASIN

HUANCAVELICA

PISCO AIRPORT

PISCO BASIN TAMBO DE MORA

SAN MARTIN’S PORT PARACA’S BAY

CHINCHA

PISCO

ICA BASIN (OCUCAJE)

PALPA

PARACAS

MARCONA MINE

ICA

MARCONA’S PORT

PANAM HIGHWAY

NAZCA

TO LIMA PALPA

FUNCTIONAL SCHEME LOCAL CONNECTIONS REGIONAL MOTORWAYS

NAZCA

PANAMERICAN HIGHWAY URBAN CORES

AGRICULTIRAL NETWORKS

AIRPORT MARCONA

PORT FACILITIES TO AREQUIPA

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03.2 THE (BI)LINEAR STRUCTURE

Nowadays, Pisco is a system composed by multiple nodes, each one of them with inherited characteristics from its place of origin. In this regard, Pisco, Tupac Amaru and San Clemente have become the spine of a structure that articulates theÂŹÂŹ economical organization over the territory, with Independencia as the urban enclave through the valley connecting the regional motorway, and Paracas as the touristic facilities which operates as the gate of the existing national reserve.

In this regard, the articulation that they represent between beach (recreation) and valley (production) establishes a type of bilinear structure: one exclusively dependent to the ancient littoral motorway connecting Paracas with Pisco and the main logistics infrastructures (such as the International Airport and Port); the other one structured by the contemporary Pan-American Highway engaging Tupac Amaru and San Clemente.

Despite their dissimilar processes throughout time, they have stood as guidelines for all the processes of urbanization that have been produced. They also behave as frameworks giving coherence to the economical and social forces throughout time. The need to highlight their inherited characteristics is essential to further strengthen the viability of the system.

TO LIMA

SAN CLEMENTE INDEPENDENCIA

PISCO TUPAC AMARU

SAN ANDRES

SAN MARTIN URBANIZED LAND

PARACAS

SAN ANDRES

TO ICA

PANAMERICAN HIGHWAY REGIONAL MOTORWAY LOCAL CONNECTIONS

5

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*. AS URBAN ENCLAVES OVER THE VALLEY, SAN CLEMENTE AND INDEPENDENCIA OPERATE AS INTERFACES FOR THE REGION. SOME EXTERNAL WINDSHIELD INDUSTRY (X) TAKE PART OF THE AGRICULTURAL NETWORK.

TRADITIONAL GRID

x

x

x

SAN CLEMENTE

x PISCO

x

INDEPENDENCIA

AGRICULTURAL ENCLAVE

x

TUPAC AMARU

AIRPORT JEFFERSON GRID

SAN MARTIN

SANTA CRUZ

35% EAP AGRICULTURE

5 KM

*. CONSTELLATION OF RECREATIONAL FACILITIES. THE ANCIENT EXISTENCE OF A BOULEVARD IN PISCO TOWN STRENGTH THE TOURISTICAL VALUE OF THE LITTORAL.

SAN CLEMENTE INDEPENDENCIA

PISCO LITTORAL BOULEVARD 1

TUPAC AMARU

GATE

SAN ANDRES PORT

1

AIRPORT LOBERIA BEACH 2

SAN MARTIN

2

PARACAS FACILITIES 3

PARACAS

SANTA CRUZ

BAY AREA

3

NATURAL RESERVE. PARACAS

5% EAP TOURISM 5 KM

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*. THE GREAT MARKET OF PISCO TOWN IS THE MOTHERSHIPS FOR THE ENTIRE TRADING NETWORK. EVERY GOOD THAT PASSES THROUGH PISCO SHOULD BE LINKED WITH IT. SAN CLEMENTE

AGRICULTURAL HINGE

INDEPENDENCIA

PISCO

MAIN MARKET 1

TUPAC AMARU TRANSPORT HUB

SAN ANDRES

1

FISH PORT FACILITY 2

SAN MARTIN

2

PARACAS

SANTA CRUZ

FOOD STRIP 3

3

50% EAP

TRADING

5 KM

*. INDUSTRIAL BAGS ARE HANGED AROUND THE EXISTING SYSTEM PRODUCING A SORT OF RING THAT STRENGTH THE ENGAGEMENT OF THIS DUAL NETWORK.

SAN CLEMENTE INDEPENDENCIA

PISCO 4

TUPAC AMARU

1

AIRPORT

1 3

SAN MARTIN

INTERNATIONAL PORT

2

PARACAS

L TRIA

2

G

RIN

US

IND

SANTA CRUZ

3

10% EAP

INDUSTRY

5 KM

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03.3 WHERE DOES THE URBAN MEET THE RURAL ?

Neither as places for living nor as recreation, rural areas have always performed the role of production.

The rural meets the urban through channels of commerce, trading, and mobility of people and goods. The high index of urbanization in Ica, in which almost 90% of the entire population lives in urban areas, is the reflection of this condition and the consequence of the society gathering into concentrated networks in order to mantain economical and social entropy alive.

Being part of the range of mid-size towns where almost 50 % of the national population lives, Pisco distributes its density in relation to different stages of evolution. As soon as a neighborhood is born, it goes through a complex adolescence full of changes and modifications until it reaches the status of consolidation. Multi programmatic adoptions are tested by the diversification of the place in regard of the functional adoptions that the residential units allow, or what it is known as the META house, which will be EXPLAIN AFTERWARDS.

PERU 75 % URBAN 25 % RURAL

PERU 75 % URBAN 25 % RURAL

ICA 90 % URBAN 10% RURAL TERRITORIAL 35 INH/KM2

PISCO 3 957.00 km2 110 000 INH 28 INH/KM2 88% URBAN 12% RURAL

TERRITORIAL 35 INH/KM2

URBAN 1240 INH /KM2

URBAN 1400 INH/KM2

21 317.00 KM2 720 000 INH

ICA 90 % URBAN 10% RURAL

INEI. 2006 National Institute of Statistics and Informatics Annual Report)

URBAN 1400 INH/KM2

28% <1000

60 INH /HA

15% 500-1000

140 INH /HA 32%

21 317.00 KM2 720 000 INH

INEI. 2006 National Institute of Statistics and Informatics Annual Report)

220 INH /HA

100-500

3 25% 0-100

POPULATION DISTRIBUTION (in thousands)

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+++ FINDING SOCIAL RESOUCES: POST DISASTER RESILIENCE

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04.1 THE VICIOUS CYCLE OF DISASTER Although earthquakes did not condition the emplacement of Pisco, they might have taken part in the way the urban structure evolved. Since its foundation, the main structures - such as the littoral settlement and Pisco town - have been spatial manifestations of this complex relationship between society and natural disasters.

Untimely late, studies such as the Seismic microzonification for Pisco [3] revealed that nearly 65% of the city has been overlapped in hazardous zones. Likewise, the study defined a gradient of occupancy in relation to the existing capacity of the soil. Passing from permanent uses in the areas with moderate resistance, to recreational uses in the zones in which the geological foundation presents high degrees of instability and risk such as in the coast.

However, the unplanned growth of the last 30 years blurred the hazardous lines and placed the structure inside the resilient space the city should have maintained for more compatible uses. The spatial incompatibility is more visible through the amnesiac littoral which is incapable of remembering the spatial relationship the city once had with the coast. Without any programmatic character, the scattered distribution of random dwellings along the coast presents the lowest density inside the realm.

In this regard, the search to constitute a more resilient framework for the city has been frozen by the serious constraints that lack of land tenancy and formalization generate to overcome the problem. In order to understand the scope of this condition, and the existing gap between formality and informality, it is necessary to review the further political responses that were established after the disaster.

INDECI Civil Defense Institute (PNUD, ONU.1997)

3

On the one hand, people who had their plots in safety zones were able to access to a reconstruction aid fund of 2000.00 US dollars, either to start the foundations of their dwelling or to use it as an advance payment for a new apartment in some proposed residential complexes. On the other hand, “informal occupants” – both if they lived in safe or unsafe zones - had to find their own alternatives for being resettled.

Without any aid assistance, the continuous migration during the last 12 months has been transferring the exiting living intensity of the main city to the less consolidated settlements along the highway. The city has entered into a process of osmosis, in which the main core’s density is diluted into other less secure areas (mainly Tupac Amaru and San Clemente), somehow balancing the population throughout the system.

10

HA

+

10

+ HA

+

MICROZONIFICATION STUDY ADMISABLE CONSTRUCTIVE CONDITIONS UNFAVORABLE CONSTRUCTIVE CONDITIONS HIGH RISK CONDITIONS

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gain over the same surface, the city of Pisco has of different meaning hthrough time. ragile system that struggles to build a physical the historical grid, restoring memories by “recopy-

?

ility for Pisco to be an historical city. Instead, its h anything is possible. Is the apotheosis of the hances together - creating different meanings - by ween them. (see Generic City, pg.26)If that is so, the

hat the city lives – clear consequence of their post ust with the city by the apathy of their inhabitants

+ PERIPHERAL INFORMALITY SORROUNDING THE NOWADAYS HISTORICAL VOID.

+ NEW URBAN NOMADS ATTACHED MAINLY TO TUPAC AMARU AND SAN CLEMENTE

POST DISASTER CONDITIONS Level of damage

?

A BLIND FIELD THAT LACKS OF ANY FUNCTIONAL AND MORPHOLOGICAL RELATION WITH THE CITY

FORMAL MIGRATION INFORMAL

2

+ CITY CENTER AND MAIN BUILD HERITAGE COLLAPSED

+ COASTAL SETTLEMENTS BLURRED

+ SAFEST POPULATION : ALONG THE HIGHWAY

POST DISASTER CONDITIONS

15 000 SEVERE DAMAGED DWELLINGS 4.1 INH per Dwelling 46 dwelling per Ha (60 000 hab) DAMAGE LEVEL LOW

SEVERE

2

.39

Firstly, the city is not only being reorganized throughout this situation, but it passes through a series of confrontations that further diminish land value and extend the problem towards other more unsafe areas.

Secondly, all this social recycling has become the catalyst for new social codifications that have put into question the existing functional structure of Pisco. If we still think inside the box, the unfortunate situation will be no other than a vicious cycle of disaster. If not, the actual situation could bring forward emergent configurations that might understand the existing constraints as catalysts.

IDP IN PROGRESS

IDP refers to the transfer of refugees from a state in which they have initially sought protection to a third state that has agreed to admit them with permanent-residence status.

KENNEDY, James Structures for Displaced

TUDELFT, 2008

4

Either by migrating or being reorganized is in the constitution of this new inner displaced population [4] where mechanisms of post disaster raise in regard of the expression of human resources expressed to overcome the problem . IDP has thus become the flagship of social resilience by revealing tactics and mechanisms which need to be taken into account for further responses.

IDP in Reorganization

On the other hand, new clusters start to be spread in the main plazas and public areas revealing all the basic requirements â&#x20AC;&#x201C; in terms of energetic demands, self sufficient economies and dwelling facilities- that inhabitants require and find the way to access to them. The interesting condition in these small bytes of intense accumulation, as Jane Jacobs refers to them [5], is the production of a constellation of temporal, movable social infrastructures throughout the city.

IDP in migration

JACOBS, Jane Dead and Life of Great American Cities (pg.27)

5

New settlers slowly start to emerge through particular evolving stages that go from the establishment of cellular boundaries (using participatory actions), to the subdivision of particular plots for any given occupant (singular development). In this evolutionary process, improvements are extremely susceptible to the economic condition of the households. Not only in terms of growth but also in terms of programmatic alternatives constitute new incomes for the family. The house â&#x20AC;&#x153;beyond the houseâ&#x20AC;?, stands as the paradigm of progress and economic improvement.

Likewise, their agglomeration also reveals the strong belief in the grid for structuring the new social networks and for the constitution of the communal icon: the neighborhood.

US$

0.00

US$

2000.00

WITHOUT IT...

US$

US$

0.00

2000.00

US$

2000.00

WITH LAND TITLE

US$

US$

0.00

2000.00

US$

US$

0.00

0.00

.41

1 MORE THAN 15 000 THOU-

SANDS ARE REQUIRED. EMERGENCY RESPONSES HAVE DEALT WITH TEMPORAL SOLUTIONS SUCH AS TENTS

2 PUBLIC SPACE

THE RATE OF GREEN AREA PER INHABITANT IS 0.25 M2. THE OMS DEMANDS 6M2 PER INHABITANT.

$ 3 ECONOMY

BEING 50% OF THE ENTIRE POPULATION WORKS RELATED TO LOCAL MERCHANDISE AND TRADING. DISPLACED POPULATION SEARCHES FOR SELF SERVED ECONOMY TO BE MANTAINED.

*. IDP IN REORGANIZATION. PLAZA CONCORDIA. PISCO 200408

5

2 4

6

1

3

4 SELF ORGANIZATION

ANY VOID BECOMES THE SUPPORT FOR ANY DISPLACED FAMILY.

5 ENERGY

AS A ENERGETIC DEPENDENT CITY, INFORMAL MECHANISMS TO ACCESS BASIC SERVICES BECAME ELEMENTAL TO EXCEED DISASTER.

6 AID SUPPLY

EMERGENCY SERVICES ARE ADDED TO THE EXISTING INFORMAL SITUATION.

.43

160907

040508

160907

220208

160907

140308

“THE SENSE OF PERMANENCE , IS A PRODUCT OF EVOLUTION, NOT A PRODUCT OF FATALITY”

*. IDP IN MIGRATION

URBAN form

MATERIAL evolution

CELLULAR organization

TIMELINE

1 INVASION

ESTABLISHMENT OF BOUNDARIES

2 SUBDIVISION

DEFINITION OF PLOTS

3 DEFINITION

PHUSICAL SUBDIVISION

.45

++++ TRACING NEW RESILIENT DIRECTIONS

.47

05. TRACING NEW RESILIENT DIRECTIONS

Somehow, disaster has exceeded the potentiality of Pisco to make it adaptable on time. The spatial alternatives that should react against scarcity and insufficiency to diminish the impact of the disaster are major constraints for the city to evolve. The city is running out of responses.

Notwithstanding, the city presents optimal conditions to be extended towards the south. However, the dissimilar conditions between the valley and the desert require new spatial considerations in order to find logical alternatives to host a new population.

The search for a “new” context thus opens the possibility of a major diversity. Diversity ¬¬could thus enhance the flexibility of the existing place and increase its versatility in order to get a better reception of social needs when their housing request increases.

LIVING BIOLOGY

www.resiliencescience.org

6

CAMAPANELLA, Thomas The Resilient City

(pg.55)

7

As in living processes, biological diverse crossovers generate “hybrid vigor” instead of degenerative endogamy. [6] The heterogeneous conversion of new actors with the traditional ones could derivate in the creation of new species. New actors enhance entropy as the agglomeration and interaction of multiple entities becomes richer throughout time. As in resilience biology, diversity brings functional redundancy [7], maybe the most important condition to increase the resistance capacity of a system to be modified by drastic forces.

Briefly, diversity generates spatial considerations such as correspondence, heterogeneity, autonomy, and interaction; increasing the repertoire of variants to exceed the given constraints of a restless territory.

In this respect, future actions should not be merely seen as processes of modification - passing from one livable stage to another - but rather as alternatives for adding new values to the existing ones. All of this in order to empower the city of Pisco towards a “no risk” space. These relationships can generate new opportunities from which spatial, functional and qualitative diversities can emerge.

C

A

SED

PO PRO

NEW

AXIS

B

A. ECOLOGICAL INTENSIFICATION. NATURALIZING THE DESERT

B. FRAMING THE COAST. FINDING PHYSICAL RESILENT

C. ENERGETICAL DECENTRALIZATION. FROM AN HYDROELECTRIC DEPENDENCY TO AN AEOLIAN ONE.

D. CODIFYING NEW SOCIAL NETWORKS. [META] CASA

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BAMBOO

ASPARRAGUS

GRAPES

+

COTTON

TRADITIONAL

NOGAL

JOJOBA

ALTENATIVE

05.1 ECOLOGICAL INTENSIFICATION

Gabrielle Paparo, a former Italian researcher settled in Buenos Aires, exposed in the last ALC-EU summit the necessity to enhance bio productivity for the increasing diet demand in the deserted landscapes of South America.

For Papparo, Peru – which is located at the foot of the Andes – has the “intrinsic potentiality to produce feasible plantations – in terms of irrigation systems and climate conditions - such as tuna, chumbera, and nopal which are feasible crops to take advantage for improving the desert”. [8] For him, the scarce, limited condition of the desert could be enhanced by the manipulation and intensification of water surfaces coming from existing groundwater table deposits. The integral lecture of this water constellation could derive in an ecological backbone capable to host a new range of plantations using the existing 180 x 180 Jefferson’s grid.

“Deserts for the Peruvian Coast might be used for alternative agriculture”.

In El Comercio, 14 May 2008

8

From bamboo – that might add a new construction material into Pisco – to a more sophisticated and industrial resource such as Jojoba, the extension of the existing agricultural network is proposed to incentivize the diversification of the regional production and the mechanization they use to add value to it.

Later, the seduction that this new productive network might induce in multiple species could derive in an integral “new nature” through which new spatial alternatives can start to appear. Groundwater table and existing well units could appear as new centers of gravity; new development frames for both agricultural and housing cycles (as in Scheme 1).

WATER TREATMENT

CITY STRUCTURE

GREEN BUFFER

PUMP

GROUND WATER AFFLORATION

AGRICULTURE

1.1

EXISTING PUMPS

CENTRALIZED WATER NETWORK

GROUNDWATER TABLE CYCLE

1.1

TREATMENT FACILITIES EXISTING PUMPS - WELLS ALTERNATIVE CROPS

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.50

1 KM

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05.2 COASTAL CORRESPONDENCE

Once considered the engine of economic productivity, the littoral has been progressively fragmented, through all its stages of disaster, into a mosaic of isolated elements. The existence of main logistics equipments - such as the airport and the main maritime terminal - and some remaining recreational facilities are still weaknesses of this famish dialogue.

In this regard, the continuous threat of tsunamis requires an integral response to the problem. The constitution of an entity in which common spatial lectures and possible complementarities could be achieved to enhance physical resilience – that could further diminish social vulnerability – is essential.

Framing the coast thus might be a strategy in which related activities to the endless condition of risk could coexist and dwell. Stationary housing, parks, and complementary recreational facilities could [re]start the relationship, both programmatically and morphologically, with the sea by adding non-permanent program responses to the existing diminished zones and generating new versatility coast wide.

In the same way that the recognition of the existing universe of ports could help to recover the idea of unity, some intensive nodes could appear, establishing interactive relationships with the existing touristical features of Paracas. Specifically, the “sand pockets” along Pisco’s coastal line could re identify the green status the city once had before.

The result aims to generate a “habitable cushion”, seeking for the existing potentiality beneath the debris.

PISCO

SAN ANDRES PORT 120’

30’

10’

10.00 KM

PARACAS 240’

60’

20’

20.00 KM

.25

.50

1 KM

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FROM EAST TO WEST Hidrological dependency on Mantaro PROPOSING THE NEW EOLIC PARKS Setting Pisco and Marcona as main points using the existing installed capacity on site.

SETTING MANTARO AS AN AUXILIARY NETWORK EAST. MANTARIO

AUXILIARY NETOWRK

CHINCHA PISCO

PISCO

INDEPENDENCIA

ICA MARCONA

MARCONA

NAZCA

05.3 DECENTRALIZED ENERGY

The energetic constraints that Pisco suffers nowadays are consequences of the mono-functional dependency in Mantaro: the hydro electrical facility that supplies 75% of the electrical national demand.

In this regard, increasing decentralization by means of other sources of passive energy, such as Aeolian and solar, has been a matter of discussion during the last 5 years nationwide, which lately has realized the hidden potentiality of the coast for Aeolian power.

More precisely in Ica, the constitution of new energy wind farms – due to the average power of 9 m/s throughout the year - is being materialized on two ongoing projects: Laguna Grande (Pisco) and San Juan de Marcona (Nazca). Both will be able to provide an average installed capacity of 240 MW that would be sufficient to sustain the existing demand of more than 80 000 families.* Conversely, solar power presents several constraints to be a feasible option. The permanent sand storms of the area hinder solar reception whilst diminishing the performance of photovoltaic cells. [9] “Lima will suffer from electric shortage in 2011”.

In El Comercio, 25 July 2008

9

From a linear disposure towards an energetic ring, Pisco can operate as the head of this new electrical matrix and the inherited substation - operating from Independencia – feeding the electrical demand of the region.

The combination of these installations with the existing system of wells along the highway should be able to arrange a “cyclic battery” throughout the desert.

The range of electric supply could increase making Ica not only a wireless region but also reach the status of energy provider throughout the coast, and the first hub of green energy among the littoral regions of Peru. *. THE POPULATION OF ICA IS ESTABLISHED IN 210 000 FAMILIES

GAS NETWORK

EOLIC FARM NETWORK

PISCO MAIN SUBSTATION

WELLS NETOWRK

GAS LIQUEFACTION FACILITY WELLâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;S NETWORK

DRAINAGE NETWORK

WELLS NETWORK

ELECTRICAL SUBSTATION

NE. * 9 M/S AVERAGE WIND VELOCITY

.25

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1 KM

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05.4 SOCIAL CODIFICATION

As post disaster consequences disrupted the entire social networks of the site, either by trespassing the intensity to the outer cores along the highway or by being grinded deep inside, Pisco lacks now of the essence of social participation and the intricacies of daily life. Somehow, the city has passed through a lobotomy, losing the center of gravity constituted by its agglomeration of neighborhoods. Whether this condition could be solved by urbanity or not, the need to build mechanisms that will provide habitable responses to dwellers, both individual and communal, is essential.

Existing interpretations of these concerns have been guided mainly by BAAD principles, or Low Altitude and High Density settlements, used firstly in Denmark to react against the misfits of high rise building, and at the same time, as social cooperation and natural contact could be achieved. Charles Correa, and his manifest for self evolving settlements such as The New Landscape (1985), which highlight the richness of irregular settlements in lower altitudes, states that the â&#x20AC;&#x153;vigorous range of semiprivate spaces enhances participatory actions whilst reduces the cost of building technologyâ&#x20AC;?. [10] CORREA, Charles In The New Landscape (pg 37, 1985)

10

The explosion of migration and urban growth that took place in Lima during the 70â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s, confronted the capacity of urbanism to deal within these circumstances: the organization of a self evolving society, the relation between privacy and community, the supply and accessibility of basic services among other things.

Two main prototypes were delivered during this process which was capable of achieving some responses for these self organized conditions. On the one hand, Villa El Salvador, as a self evolving district, organically created trough participatory planning in 1971, and PREVI, maybe the only case study in which the architectural elite met the social housing dilemma.

The cases exposed thus put into question how do ideals of privacy and community merge in order to enhance participatory actions, and secondly, where the city is produced from the bottom up, believing more in the part than in the whole, certainly a gestalt antithesis. Out of rhetoric, rather than seeing the city as the conformation of a single entity, it is the production and arrangement of multiple pieces.

WORKSHOP

STORAGE

LIGHT INDUSTRY

PARKING

EDUCATION

RETAIL

*. PISCO REQUESTS 15 000 DWELLINGS LIKE THIS

.57

3 HA 3 HA

COMMUNITY CELL 16 BLOCKS 384 PLOTS 24 PL PER BLOCK PLOT < 150.00 M2 GREEN AREA 10.00 M2 x INH

During the 70â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s, Villa El Salvador (VES) became the flagship of participatory planning when rural migration exploded in Lima. In contrast to the common political lethargy that could not react adequately to the problem of informal occupancy, the proactive actions led by local authorities helped to structure the spatial guidelines for further development.

PLOT x 4 INH.

BLOCK x 96 INH.

Within the first month of invasion, community cells were developed in groups of 50 families represented by a social head. This syndicalist head took part of the organizational brain called (CUA)VEs . Through this social-political structure, the strategy allowed inhabitants to choose the installation and organization of their equipments, infrastructure, and public areas. As a repetitive cell, the main body of the district defined a holistic approach between plot, block, cell and neighborhood.

CELL x 1500 INH.

3 HA

Giving the community the power to decide has even enhanced social conditions that are completely absent in other more subordinated spaces. The district enjoys an enviable 10 m2 green area per person - OMS suggests 8 m2 per inhabitant â&#x20AC;&#x201C; and their garbage collection and public facilities have recently won awards due to their sustainable characterization. VES has become a paradigm of self organizing districts through participatory planning.

2

1 HA

3 HA

NEIGHBORHOOD x 100 000 INH.

2

1 HA

However, the lack of building technology advisors in its ongoing process of densification has led to an inadequate application of constructive methods, creating several constraints for people to adapt their plots for further uses.

VILLA EL SALVADOR: PARTICIPATORY PLANNING 1971. LIMA, PERU

+

400 000 INH.

Conceived as an “open” urban design, PREVI dealt, through the idealization of “low altitude high density” prototypes, the ways to make cities in a context of low economic resources and emergent urbanization.

The master plan designed by Peter Lang, decided the entire utilization of every prototype conceived by each invited architect. As projects were obliged to involve innovative construction techniques and further possibilities to self evolve on time, the result brought an endless arrangement of permutations, modifying completely the initial projects throughout time. Somehow, the DIVERSITY OF THE TYPOLOGICAL ADOPTIONS proposed by the strategy has been responsible of the physical versatility represented in PREVI. As Supersudaca’s team refers in the “Return of PREVI” [11], diversity brought variety vigor extending the range of flexibility. As one of the most elemental requirements for low income inhabitants, a flexible house derives in a mutable space. The house goes beyond its main function and is hence capable of hosting a universe of programmatic variables that further enhances the chances to overcome poverty. As John Turner explained, the house of PREVI was conceived as a platform for transformations, the foundation in which the city is superimposed. [12]

PREVI: TYPOLOGICAL ADOPTIONS DIVERSITY 1969. CALLAO, PERU

+

455.00 DWE.

In this regard, their accumulation and arrangement as a neighborhood was not idealized as an accumulation of houses; it was rather an association of public activities with dwellings creating a joyful and livable space for people to settle. The neighborhood thus became the city.

previ. ONGOING STUDY www.supersudaca.org 2009

11

TURNER, John

www.blogsprevi.org 2009

12

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[META]CASA PROPERTY AS CATALYST OF ECONOMICAL IMPROVEMENT

BAMBOO

!

€ 1500.00 *. GIVEN THE HIGH DEGREE OF SOIL LICUEFACTION, THE PLOT MUST BE RISEN FROM THE FLOOR FOR MAXIMUM STABILITY. *. MAXIMUM ENVELOPE : UP TO 3 FLOORS

ADOBE

€ 2000.00 MASONRY

ORGANIC € 2000.00 € 3000.00 € 5500.00

€ 3500.00 1

AVERAGE COST FOR A 50 M2 DWELLING

NEIGHBORHOOD

CELL

DWELLING

PATERNALISTIC € 1750.00 € 2750.00 € 4000.00

CITY

NEIGHBORHHOOD

CELL

2

THE LABORATORY OF THE CITY IS THE NEIHGBORHOOD (Teddy Cruz, 2007) FLEXIBLE

NEIGHBORHOODS ARE THE ESSENTIAL ACTIVE AGENTS THAT CONSTITUTE THE CITY. (Constallis and Vitale, 2005) NEIHBORHOODS SHOULD BE UNDERSTOOD AS SUBCULTURE CELLS. (Christopher Alexander, 1969)

€ 1500.00 € 2000.00 € 3500.00

3

C

6 =

33

*. POSSIBLE COMBINATIONS

3

... THE MULTIPROGRAMMATIC RESEARCH SHOULD BE RELATED TO THE CELL... IF THE CELL IS DIVERSE, NEIGHBORHOODS WILL ACHIEVE PARTICULAR IDENTITIES AND DISTINCTIONS BETWEEN THEM ALL

TYPOLOGICAL ADOPTIONS CLAUSTRO

MEGA BLOCK

DIFERENTIAL

BOULEVARD

QUINTA

MICROBLOCKS

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05.5 SEDUCING THE NATURAL CONDITION OF THE PLACE

Interests can emerge in places where economic and social reasons find intricacies to be solved and opportunities to be taken. In the case of Pisco, the ideal of a “hiper-agricultural” space, and the desire of a “zero danger” region stand as icons of progress and crisis. Regardless of their qualitative conditions, they both concern the foundational reasons of the region and their confrontation could provide sustainable solutions in the long term. Therefore, the project stands in between these two frameworks trying to organize them into an integral solution.

The intensification of the new green spine towards the desert and the diversification of energy supply should be able to start a new natural core whilst making it capable to host new productive spaces. Later, pioneers could establish and new intricacies can appear, taking in consideration that it is only when inhabitants find mechanisms to generate and mix new social networks that a livelihood appears and the occupational capacity of these spatial settings acquires power.

Increasing accessibility over the coast and the constitution of a more resilient littoral might accelerate the process of organization whilst bringing programmatic differentiation towards the region. That means that the face of disaster along the coast could be a catalyst to redefine the spatial relationship – both morphological and functional - that the city maintains with the sea.

As it was explained before, the search for complexity and heterogeneity in the natural phenomenon might increase the level of diversification, sustainability and robustness for a timeline of 50 or 100 years. In the end, and, as time passes by and ecosystems remain famished, it is imperative to always look for the missing link which closes the cycle.

N?

TIO IZA

AL

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U

IND

N

IO AT BIT

HA

ER

EN GY

N

IO

CT

DU

O PR N

IO AT

IFIC

S TEN

IN

RE AL

M

CORE

S

NT

ME

TLE

SET

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06. VISIONS OF DEVELOPMENT

Whilst disaster induced displacement happens, evolutionary spaces start to raise. As conditions to seduce migration and territorial reorganization have been already established, new visions of development could be taken into account considering the new habitable conditions of the region.

Firstly, the search for non permanent host activities along the coast could redefine the spatial resilience of the littoral, and, at the same time,. test its capability to function as an habitable framework. Secondly, the development of new livelihoods abroad the desert, where intensified zones and productive reasons could merge, tests the capacity of the city to be extended towards unfamiliar places, raising the meaning of this isolated landscape as a paradigm for further civilizations.

.1 NON PERMANENT CAPACITIES

x.1 .2 PERMANENT CAPACITIES

x

.2

.25

.50

1 KM

.65

*. THE PRICKLY CITY

.67

NEIGHBORHOODS X

PUMPS

.1 FRAMING

.2 ADDING

.3 DENSIFYING

PERMANENT CAPACITIES

06.2 THE PRICLKY CITY For a neighborhood to be a city, spatial terms such as accessibility, density, landscape, privacy and community, confluence, flexibility, and visual labyrinth are essential ingredients to host a possible social entropy.

Holding thEse concepts, the prickly city aims to establish permanent capacities for people to settle in less hazardOUS places. By using the existing water networks as spatial guidelines, it behaves as an interface between the intensified landscape and the desert.

Likewise, new social codifications can emerge and private and communal conditions might be arrangeD by using the catalogue of typological neighborhoods - constructed by the agglomeration of [Meta] houses that WOULD BE multiplied by the incremental actions undertaken on A DAILY basis by THE inhabitants themselves. Platform housing is THUS superimposed over the agricultural grid and articulated by mobility nodes which might behave as new centers of gravity throughout the neighborhoods.

The height diversity among neighborhoods could create shadow zones able tO HOST other living conditions, engaging the changing demands of a changing environment.

PANAMERICAN HIGHWAY

2

1

4

7

6

5 1 3

GROUNDWATER TABLE

CACTACEA

SAND

TEXTURE RECOGNITION

1

WATER

2

4

BAMBOO

HERB

GRASS

HEATH

3

500.00 M

200

100

5

6

7 .69

*. the SAND POCKETS

.71

X

NODES

POCKETS

.1 RECOGNIZING

.2 CONNECTING

.3 MERGING

NON PERMANENT CAPACITIES

06.3 SAND BAGS

Using the dissimilar landscape features, the sand pockets aim to generate a topological frame where recreational uses and productive purposes could coexist and blend. From that point ON, the dichotomy of the valley and the desert is used to establish differentiation in terms OF passive and active occupation, free and contained perception, and permanent and temporal habitation.

As urban parasites, the SAND POCKETS are fed from the remaining components of the space, being able to be sprout as single entities that could FURTHER organize new hybrid organizations where social interactionS can secure maximum penetration. As free spaces, each recreational envelope COULD be framed using the remaining debris as foundations where alternative stationary housing could be placed. rather than a permanent space, the diversification of the littoral towards a more â&#x20AC;&#x153;temporalâ&#x20AC;? characterization motivates random and changing flows, increasing the awareness OF RISK throughout the coast AS WELL AS enhancING the chances to achieve a desired resilient framework.

5

4 FARMLAND

PACIFIC OCEAN

3

1

6 2 1 6

CITY

BEACH

100

CACTACEA

SAND

TEXTURE RECOGNITION

1

DEBRIS

2

4

BAMBOO

GRASS

ASPHALT

ROCK

3

500.00 M

200

5

6

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07. ABOUT ADAPTATION Through the specific case study of Pisco, this investigation aimed to unveil the possibilities that stand beneath the consequences of disaster, either by enhancing the intrinsic potentialities of the region or by adding new considerations that COULD be able to diversify its functional behavior. Being these two isuses complementary horizons, they search for processes whereby an individual becomes better suited to HIS habitat; that define feasible places to be developED, and reflect certain behaviors with legible structures. within these conditions, adaptation raiseS and becomeS the biological process where all these statements converge creating spaces of progress and contention.

MOORE’S LAW MEETS SUSTAINABILITY BIENNAL OF ROTTERDAM (2007)

13

HARVEY, David Justice, Nature and the Geography of Diference (pg. 130, 2002)

14

therefore, ACKNOWLEDGING the spatial constraints that nowadays suffocate any reconstruction initiative, and faced with adversity, this project rejects the status quo. It intentionally TRIES TO GO BEYOND the existing social, economic, and material conditions of Pisco. It investigates the production of new “natures”, enhancing the capacity of diminished ecosystems. It aims to reach the existing demand of new social codifications and the changing conditions of a self evolving population. Finally, it PUTS THESE ACTIONS TOGETHER and tries to test them through new contexts where productive conditions and social interactions could emerge.

As in real life, where critical transitions change our physiognomy and intellect, urbanism is now entering INto a point of no return As the NEED for immediate and temporal solutions has been increasing during the last years due to the unpredictable changes that disasters have brought worldwide. These physical alterations will dramatically increase in the future due to climate change and will question the viability of our profession.

From “resource intensive” processes of consumption we will be entering into “productive harvest”[13] organizations where nomadic behaviors will shorten the lifespan of buildings and reduce the permanence of cities, both as part of a dynamic cycle to sustain our environment.

In conclusion, The possibilities stand now in how fast we can learn and gain capacity to confront any new “natural selection”. As David Harvey says, we are active subjects transforming nature according to our laws; and we are always in the course of adapting to the ecosystem we ourselves construct. [14]

... .75

08. BIBLIOGRAPHY BIRCH, Eugene and WATCHER, Susan. Rebuilding places after disaster. Lessons from Hurricane Katrina University of Pennsylvania. 2006 LAWRENCE, Vale and CAMPANELLA, Thomas. The Resilient City: How cities recover from disaster. Oxford University Press.2005 mcharg, ian. design with nature princeton architectural press. 1969 JACOBS, JANE. DEAD AND LIFE OF GREAT AMERICAN CITIES. VINTAGE BOOKS, 1989 alexander, christopher. the timeless way of building oxford university press. 1979 PELLEGRINI, Paola and RAIMONDI, Roberto. No Risk Europe in New Territories. Situations, Projects, Secnamrios for the European City and Territory a cura from Paola Vigano. IUAV. 2004 WEB: RESILIENCE SCIENCE www.resiliencescience.org inei. national institute of statistics www.inei.org portal agrario ica WWW.PORTALAGRARIO.COM Study cases: SUPERSUDACA. Y PREVI ? ONGOING STUDY. 2009 SMITH, WALTER. VILLA EL SALVADOR. A CASE OF SUSTAINABLE CITIES.. EXPO SEVILLA 2007

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