Bruna Vendemmia_Napoli. latencity

NAPOLY. latencity

Bruna Vendemmia Mentors> Stephen Read, TU Delft Paola Vigano, IUAV Venezia Reader> Miquel Marti Casanovas, UPC Barcelona Ward verbakel, KU Leuven EMU Postgraduated Master in Urbanism|spring semester 2009 Technical University Delft

INDEX

Introduction

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Natural conditions: Topography and water system

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Naples 1906: Agricultural structure and first industrial development

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Naples 1956: Economical boom and new industrial configuration

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Naples 2006: Metropolitan area?

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Naples 2006: New spaces and life-style

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Design Project: developing layent potentiality

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Conclusion

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Bibliography

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NAPOLI

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source: http://www.esteri.it

INTRODUCTION “…The architecture is as porous as this stone. Construction and action operate together in the courtyard, porticos and stairs. Everywhere is keeping space able to become theater of new not predictable circumstances. Everything definitive or designed is skipped. There is no situation that appear shaped for always, no form declare its way to be like this and not different. This is the way of developing architecture as a synthesis of a shared rhythm: civilized, private ordered only in the big hotels and in the shopping – anarchic, melt and rude in the center”.

(Benjamin, 2007) This work is an attempt to understand the transformation of Naples Metropolitan area during the last century. After a reading of the natural structure that prejudiced the position of the city in its first development, an analysis of the evolution of the city in the XX century is done. Starting from a statement of the condition in 1906 is find out the configuration of the Metropolitan Area in 2006 in order to understand the dynamics that lead the process of transformation and to describe the possibilities for the future development.

Looking at the city of Naples in 1906 is clear how the territory was still structured in a medieval way: big agricultural lands plots and concentrated settlements develop around a regional street network that was connecting the rural areas with the city. At the unification of Italy in 1861 the economy of the South was still based on the agricultural cultivation; nevertheless two areas of iron and steel industry were located on the east and west border of the city using the sea and train as main transport. This structure was strongly determined by the morphology of the area and by the water resource. Agricultural fields were located in the lower part of the plain, already reclaimed to the water and still not urbanized until this moment because of the flooding of the river Clanio.

The economical development of Italy in the post WWII influences as well the economy of Naples. The intent of industrializing the South of the country in order to find an economical balance with the North part of it forced the development of new industrial practices in an agricultural territory that was still influenced by the medieval dynamic of the “latifondo”.

In this period several industrial areas were locating in the plane switching from water transport system to a truck based system. This transformation in the economical structure demanded a big transformation on the

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Italy

301.336 km²

Campania

13.590 km²

Surface

Population

Italy

Italy 59.131.287

4.5% Campania

10.2% Campania

source: Italia in cifre 2007

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INTRODUCTION physical structure of the region as well. A new network of high-ways and free-ways was built between 1967 and 1980 in order to improve the accessibility of the industrial areas and the connectivity with the other parts of the country. Also the composition of the population changed, from a pleasant based society to a society composed of employees of the industry and the service sectors.

Nowadays Naples is the third city in Italy as number of inhabitants 3.059.196, after Milan 3.707.210 and Rome 3.700.424. In the surface of the metropolitan area, that represents the 8.6% of the whole region, is concentrated more than the 50% of the population, disseminated in 92 municipalities. The density of inhabitants is 2.612 inhab./km², nevertheless this data reach 8.596 inhab./ km² if we consider the city itself.

In addition the distribution of the population in the region is unequal; the highest concentration of population is on the coast and on the plain while phenomena of depopulation are taking place in the mountains the “Appennino”.

This unbalance in the distribution of the population contributes to the development of a huge conurbation. As a consequence of this growth the extension of urban settlements enlarged, taking the space belonging to agricultural fields or the one predestined to public space and services . The old regional system was partially abandoned and the agricultural areas are nowadays fragmented, interlaced with the system of the industries on one hand and the upcoming large scale commercial box.

This research is an attempt to understand the relation between these two system: one composed by huge services box or over-territorial infrastructures and the other one by marginal places, the ones that Saskia Sassen identify as terrain vague (Sassen, Perchè le città sono importanti?, 2006). These ones constitute a chance for future developments of the Metropolitan Area. Even more, considering that the medieval road network is still a strong presence in the territory, and it generates overlapped points with the over-dimensioned high-ways and free-ways network. In these points as a consequence of the good accessibility it has been developed a concentration of regional handy-craft and commercial activities.

The proposal starts from these considerations about the sleeping poten-

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INTRODUCTION The proposal starts from these considerations about the sleeping potentialities of the Metropolitan area in order to understand the possibilities to reactivate the one using the other. From one hand the small grain of the secondary street network presents a small capability due to the dimension and the condition of the actual roads but at the same time it represents an opportunity to structure in a diffuse way the territory. From the other hand the terrain vague constitute an enormous chance for a territory as Naples, characterized by a high density of the population and by a fast growth of the urban areas. Consequently these areas can be used as reserve of public spaces for the future as well as spaces for the development of the agricultural economy, defining together with the renewed road network new ways of living Naples Metropolitan Area.

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NATURAL CONDITIONS: TOPOGRAPHY AND WATER SYSTEM

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Naples Metropolitan Area (50kmx50km)

source:Google

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NATURAL CONDITIONS: TOPOGRAPHY AND WATER SYSTEM

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The topography of the plane of Naples is characterized by the presence of two volcanic areas Somma-Vesuvio and Campi Flegrei. The city of Naples starts to growth in the plane between the two hills taking advantages from the sea for the transport.

The plain in the North of the territory, which represents the lowest part of the region, was constituted of wetlands. This was the main reason because of this area, penalized by the flooding of the Clanio River was not involved on the process of urbanization of the Campania region. The Rizzi-Zannoni Atlas of Naples (1812) shows that phenomenon: nevertheless the operation made at the beginning of VII cent. in order to reclaim the wetlands, in the 1800 it was still possible notice some green areas and woods in this part of the region (Antonio Rizzi Zannoni – Atlant of Naples Realm). Furthermore the lack of archeological rests in this area support the idea that the phenomenon of the flooding limited the development of settlements (Fatigato & Formati, 2006). The urban settlements kept a distance of ten kilometers from the water course, this distance protected them from the flooding.

Nonetheless the operations of reclaiming permitted the cultivation of this part of the territory, starting a process of modification that restrains the nature in order to satisfy the necessities of the population living in the adjacent settlements. The reclaiming process starts in 1616, under the supervision of the architect Fontana, with the construction of a system of canals. The main Canal is called “Regi Lagni�. This canal replaced the river Clanio which had a really winding path through the plain; it was one of the reasons of the creation of swamps along the river that caused unhealthy conditions of life. The construction of the Regi Lagni permitted to recover these lands promoting the development of a flourishing agriculture that represent still now the main resource of this region.Consequently also when these areas were reclaimed they were never urbanized remaining predominant the agricultural use.

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Naples Metropolitan Area 1906 Water system (50kmx50km)

source: piano di bacino Nord-Occidentale di Napoli

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Naples Metropolitan Area 1906 Topography (50kmx50km)

source: piano di bacino Nord-Occidentale di Napoli

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NAPLES 1906: AGRICULTURAL STRUCTURE AND FIRST INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT

source http://www.comune.acerra.na.it/

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Naples Metropolitan Area 1956 urbanization and industrial areas (50kmx50km)

source: PTCP Naples

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NAPLES 1906: AGRICULTURAL STRUCTURE AND FIRST INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT According to Biancamaria Rizzo it is possible to affirm that in the South of Italy the urbanization of the country side is a recent phenomenon. This is due to the fact that historically the peasant was working in the fields and living in the urban settlements. (Rizzo, 2008).

Looking at the map of Naples in 1906 it was still possible to recognize the agricultural system that ordered the distribution of the urban settlement in the plain. This region was part of “terra di lavoro”. The “Terra di lavoro” was bigger than the actual province of Naples. It was still organized following the medieval logic of the agricultural land use. A street network connected the urban settlements with the countryside.

This street network that was in charge of the transport of the agricultural products was mainly oriented following a direction South-North.

The urban settlements still maintain the characteristics of the medieval system. We can recognize traces of the ancient “castrum(s)”, where “castrum” means the feudal castle as well a kind of urban settlement, together with ground floor houses, used for the management of the agricultural land, and last sprawl settlements for the production of specialized cultivation: the “casale”. This last was more common in the interior area; it was an urban settlement where the productive function coexisted in the same territory of the workers housing, for the same reason it was denser compared to the sprawl houses. (Claudia Vultaggio) In the 21 October 1861 the Italian State was unified and the Southern regions start to be part of the new state.

Some industrial activities have been developed in this territory even before the unification of Italy when Naples was the Capital of the homonymous realm. These activities were located on the east part of the city in an area that was crossed by the first Italian train line: the train line from Naples to Nocera (1839).

After the unification new industrial areas were developed in the South of Italy with the creation of the Italsider in Bagnoli (west part of Naples).

This growth in the productive sector was supported by the construction of worker neighborhoods near to the industries and the development of the train line connecting Naples to Rome (1908). The industrial areas were located near to the sea using the sea transport as main resource.

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Carta imperiale romana.Da Melito nella storia di Napoli

source: http://www.melitonline.net/html/fotoalbum/

La Campania Felice Meridionale.1761. Domenico Spina

http://sit.regione.campania.it/cavitapianura/jpg%20wp/wp2a11z.jpg

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NAPLES 1906: AGRICULTURAL STRUCTURE AND FIRST INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT Nevertheless the agricultural production represented at that time the main resource for the economy of the city. This supremacy on the industrial development was confirmed even if the organization of the rural system was still structured in a medieval way. This organization implies a low exploitation of the land. This system was characterized by the large dimension of the land plots; the word “latifondo� refers to that. L. Benevolo confirms the persistence of the medieval structure in the South of Italy, he asserts in fact that in Italy the land revenue exceeds the industrial one (Benevolo, 2006). This is a consequence of a silent agreement between the North industrial bourgeoisie and the South land-ownership after the industrial revolution. In this way the land revenue became fundamental in the definition of Italian economy (Puntillo E. , 2008).

Last but not least a consideration about the growth of the population is necessary. In actual fact the city was not providing to the new inhabitants an adequate plan of development that could absorb the excess of population through a development of a housing policy as well a productive policy which provides job opportunities. So the increase of population coincides with the increase of illegal settlement. This illegality is due to different factors social, cultural and economical. First of all the not shared notion of public interest: this phenomenon has its origins in the institution of the Italian State itself. In fact at this time only the 25% of population (land-lords, doctors, and sailors) had an active role in the constitution of a state. In the opposite the other 75% was composed by peasants; this majority did not have active role in the constitution of the idea of State, subsequently the state in Italy has been considered more as an instrument of overwhelming than as guarantee of a social agreement (Scalfari E., 2008).

In conclusion the structure of the Provincial area of Naples in this first phase was still characterized by the regional road network linking together the different settlements on one side and from the big agricultural plots on the other. These lasts were more concentrated in the North part of the region, due to the availability of the reclaimed lands. Furthermore this area was characterized by a high fertility considering the presence of a dense water system.

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NAPLES 1956: ECONOMICAL BOOM AND NEW INDUSTRIAL CONFIGURATION

http://www.melitonline.net/html/fotoalbum/jscr_fotoalbum.php

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source: PTCP Naples

NAPLES 1956: ECONOMICAL BOOM AND NEW INDUSTRIAL CONFIGURATION In the second part of the XX cent a new phase of growth based on a centralized management of the State starts for the city of Naples. This is the moment of the institution of the “Cassa per il Mezzogiorno” (law n.

646, 1950) as main instrument of intervention in the South of Italy. The Cassa was an economical help in charge of filling the gap between the two parts of the country the industrialized North and the rural South. The “Cassa” operates at the same time with the Association for Industrial Development ASI; this last was founded on 1957 with the law n. 634. In 1967 the ASI made a provincial plan for the localization of new industrial districts. The Plan established seven industrial agglomerates: Caivano (293 ha), Acerra (268 ha) e Nola-Marigliano (388 ha) along the axe Aversa-Nola near to the border with Caserta Province; Giugliano (113 ha) e Arzano (80 ha) in the North-West area; Pomigliano d’Arco (301 ha) in the North-East; and finally and closer to the Salerno province the industrial area of Foce del Sarno (66 ha). Three among that were localized mostly on the agricultural plain; this was the only part of the region free from the urbanization because of the disadvantageous conditions of the land first and the localization of the productive agricultural areas after, as it has been explained before.

The interventions were focused on the concentration of the production in these spots and in the development of big infrastructures in order to improve the accessibility and the connection of these areas and to facilitate the transport of the raw materials and of the end products. This strategy desired to improve the development of industrial sector in the South. This policy was not successful. In fact in spite to facilitate the endogenous resources of the areas and as a consequence stretching and reinforcing the existent middle class, it generates an inflexible system of infrastructures and over dimensioned industrial spots. During these years the A1, the high-way that connect Naples to Milan, was built (1964) as well as the A56, the orbital road around the city of Naples, finished on 1977. The plan of the 1967 defined also the”Asse di supporto” a free-way connecting the urban settlement with the industrial areas.

The structure of the activities was oriented to the absorption of important capital more than labor forces in an area where it was evident the lack of capitals compared with the availability of labor forces . In addition these industrial areas, absorbing the former fertile planes, begin a process of reduction of the agricultural fields and a radical change in the life style

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Naples Metropolitan Area after ASI plan 1968 urbanization and industrial areas (50kmx50km)

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source: PTCP Naples|Trasformazioni nelle grandi aree urbane fra il 1950 ed il 1990.

La cittĂ di Napoli.Paola Marotta.2006

NAPLES 1956: ECONOMICAL BOOM AND NEW INDUSTRIAL CONFIGURATION of the inhabitants. These changes are really well described by Franco Arminio in his book about a new science of the villages (Arminio, 2008).

A population completely composed by peasantries start to abandon the occupation in the countryside in favor of a more metropolitan life style starting to work as employees in the industry or in the services. The abandon of the countryside produces as well a big amount of left over lands available for illegal practices of construction. “The new interventions increase the accessibility to big areas of the territory but without improving their autonomy. This dynamic authorize the creation of urban peripheries even kilometers far from the mains urban centers.”(AA.VV., 1990).

The earthquake of November 1980, that destroyed part of the Campania region, accelerates this process of urbanization. In fact some special interventions were planned in order to answer quickly to the problem of housing requirement. These interventions were extended also to the strengthening of the existent infrastructures system in order to improve the accessibility to the region. This new structure defines a pattern of growth characterized by the urbanization of the voids remained between the old settlements. In this process the more accessible areas become the more attractive ones. The new centers of growth are the infrastructures intended as access points (Ezquiaga, 2008).

Part of this process the “Asse Mediano” is an urban by-pass realized with founds for the earthquake and is one of the most evident traces of this phenomenon. It obeys to logic of special interventions without an overall view; it was imposed to the city from a top-down administration.

In spite of that it works as a linear attractor for the development of Naples Metropolitan Area. If we consider the growth of the city in last decades Asse Mediano has a fundamental role in the process of reshaping. Situated at 9 kilometers from the coast line, in the agricultural areas, it is an elevated free-way that crosses 11 municipalities with a total population of 430.941 inhabitants. The connection with the attended territory is made trough 16 junctions. Its 38 kilometers are pointed by 6 industrial areas and 9 shopping malls; this data underlined the attraction that this street exerts on commercial and productive activities. Asse Mediano crosses the Region following a direction East-West parallel to the sea and to the “Asse di Supporto”. These two streets constitute the main system of transport for people and for goods in the area of Naples.

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Naples Metropolitan Area after special interventions earthquake 1980 urbanization and industrial areas (50kmx50km)

source: PTCP Naples|Storie Mediane.Anna Giannetti|2007

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NAPLES 1956: ECONOMICAL BOOM AND NEW INDUSTRIAL CONFIGURATION 1.green spaces

2.industrial areas

3.urban settlements

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NAPLES 2006: METROPOLITAN AREA?

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source: PTCP Naples

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Naples Metropolitan Area 2006 urbanization and industrial areas (50kmx50km)

NAPLES 2006: METROPOLITAN AREA? European cities are relocating their position on the world economy. This phenomenon is due to the influence of global economical changes on the way that cities are competing in a global balance. Cities that were once dominant in their nation may lose that importance, while cities in border region or transportation hubs may gain new importance. According to Saskia Sassen “this realignments are the background for understanding the position of different types of cities in the current organization of the world economy. A limited but growing number of mayor cities are the sites for the mayor financial markets and leading specialized services firms. And a large number have lost their role as leading export centers for manufacturing, precisely because of the decentralization of production” (Sassen, 2006) In the repositioning of European Metropolis the city of Naples decreased in the hierarchy of global city. In the Report of territorial cohesion, made

by EU regional direction among the 77 MEGA (Metropolitan European Growth Area), the city is considering as a “potential hub”. This position is a consequence of the high rate of “mass” factor more than “competitiveness”, “connectivity” and “knowledge” ones.

In Italy with the ratification of the law “8 June 1990 n.142”, raised an interest to organize the most important cities as Metropolitan Areas. This law established that these cities should be considered together with the surrounding areas as one administrative border in order to improve the management of the whole territory. The cities involved in this classification where the old capitals: Turin, Milan, Venice, Genoa, Bologna, Florence, Rome, Bari, Naples and Cagliari (Smarrazzo, 1999) Behind this law the debates about the dimension and the nature of Naples Metropolitan started. The city is part of a widespread conurbation which concerns the territory of more provinces and occupied a big part of the plane “Campania Felix”. This conurbation is characterized by a high rate of housing density and use of land combined with economical problems, lack of infrastructures and services and social problems in addition.

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Campania capital provinces municipalities surface inabitants density

Naples *1th hypothesis for AMN municipalities surface inabitants density

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129 1662.20 kmq 3.690.334 2215 ab/kmq

Naples *2nd hypothesis for AMN municipalities surface inabitants density

92 1171.13 kmq 3.059.196 2698 ab/kmq

Naples 5 551 13.590 kmq 5.790.929 426 ab/kmq

Naples *3th hypothesis for AMN municipalities surface inabitants density

42 572.52 kmq 2.328.169 4066 ab/kmq

source: Domenico Saramazzo-Area Metropolitana di Napoli -1997

NAPLES 2006: METROPOLITAN AREA? Starting from the actual administrative limits of the province of Naples and considering the previous factors three Hypotheses are formulated: • Area Vasta. It is a hypothesis which involves in the transformation of the metropolitan a bigger territory compared to the actual territory of the Province. This option corresponds to the distribution of the work power and of the work structure. It is an area shaped by 129 Municipalities. Among these only 92 are parts of Naples former Province, the others 37 are part of the province of Caserta. The inhabitants are 3.690.334, in a surface of 1666,2 Km² reaching a density of 2215 inhab./ Km² • Provincia di Napoli. It is the hypothesis that corresponds to the actual province. This hypothesis is the easiest from a juridical point of view considering the difficulties of re-localizing the left-over municipalities.This area comprehends 92 municipalities, with 3.160.308 inhabitants and a surface of 1171,13 Km² reaching a density of 2698 inhab./ Km².

• Area ristretta. This is the last hypothesis that considers only a small number of municipalities among them structuring the actual Province. It considers only the homogeneous elements with a maximum level of integration with the city of Naples. This Area comprehends 42 municipalities of the actual provinces that are associated by question of mobility, life-style, topography and productive activities. The surface of this area is 572,52 km² with a population of 2.328.169 inhabitants, reaching a density of 4045 inhab./ Km².

As at the present time Campania Region still did not define its Metropolitan Region, all the data and the documents are referring to the second Hypothesys, which count 3.106.308 inhabitants with a density of 2698 inhab./ Km² (Smarrazzo, Documenti e Studi per una definizione dell’area Metropolitana di Napoli, 1999). These data become even more important after the comparison between Naples and others European Metropolitan Regions such as Barcelona (3.186.000 inhab.), Milan (3.707.000 inhab.) and Rome (3.849.000).

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industrail developments urban setlements

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NAPLES 2006: METROPOLITAN AREA?

train-line AC-AV

planned rain-line AC-AV

Looking at the Metropolitan area of Naples a new pattern is emerging. In the last decades as consequences of an increase of the population the extension of urban settlements enlarged, taking the space belonging to agricultural fields or the one predestined to public space and services. In 1994 63.513 constructions have been built without planning permission.

The policy of the governance is based on a development “spots pattern� realized with punctual operations that might support an economical turnover for the city (Laino G., 2007). This procedure structures an urbanized continuum where a new functional distribution on the territory takes place (Boeri, 2001).

International airport Capodichino

Naples Central Station|Garibaldi Airport of Grazzanise future development as international airport

subway

planned subway

regional train-line planned subway metrocampania est national train-line Naples High Speed Train Station Naples Porta

This pattern is generated by the combination of two main structures; one, the ancient, still follow the medieval organization of the territory with a regional street network along a direction North-South (Naples-Rome) characterized by small grain settlements; the other, shaped during the heavy industrialization, abandons the old structure of the territory to replace it with a new over-dimensioned one. The small grain cohabits now with the huge homogeneous areas of the industrial production to which we should add the large scale commercial distribution in the last period.

In addition if we observe better we can see that the small regional scale network is still present on the everyday life of the citizens and this is the place where more little reality at regional scale found their place. In some street of this regional network a dynamic based on both the proximity with the national transport infrastructure and the availability of economical land plot.

In this direction Asse Mediano will assume a fundamental role in the definition of the Metropolitan system. In fact surrounded by spread urbanization it will be crossed in three points from three important transport system: on the West the connection with the international airport of Grazzanise (2012); on the center the regional subway Napoli Nord East; and in the East the Station of High Speed Train Napoli Porta.

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source: PTCP Naples

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Naples Metropolitan Area 2006 Asse Mediano as a linear attractor (50kmx50km)

asse mediano

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industrial areas urban settlements agricoltural spaces train line water transport regional street network

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industrial areas urban settlements agricoltural spaces train line water transport regional street network national street network free-ways|high-ways 2006

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NAPLES 2006: METROPOLITAN AREA? “Come si può vivere in questa periferia senza centro! Qui dove crescono solo lottizzazioni come carceri abusivi di massa, concentrazioni di case che non saranno mai città, sbocchi e imbocchi il cui unico senso sembra quello di portare folle di spettri a lavori malpagati e tristi, di spedire sciami di ipnotizzati negli Ipermercati che crescono lungo questo Asse...”

(Giuseppe Montesano, 2007)

“How is it possible to live in this periphery without center? In these places the building are similar to illegal mass jails, agglomeration of housing that will never becomes a city; junctions built only to bring ghost multitude to sad job, to send swarm of people in the Shopping-mall that are developed along the Axe ( Asse Mediano n.d.t. )…”

(Giuseppe Montesano, 2007)

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New centralities Four boys are walking in the street I ask them an information. I am looking for the high-ways that is hidden by the single family house. They told me that they skipped school in the morning and they went to Ikea to play football. Ikeamall is creating for the surroundings a new centre of attraction that works in different moments of the day.

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NAPLES 2006: NEW SPACES AND LIFE-STYLE The process of transformation of the territory is defined by three mains dynamics. First of all some of the regional streets work as a linear attractor for little and middle size enterprises, their position is strategic in relation to the easy accessibility of the national network (national highways and free-ways) and the availability of low-priced land. Second, the homogeneous industrial areas developed in the 70ies did not create a mixtè of functions on the territory. Created as areas for facilitating the industrial development in the South of Italy, they function as a closed environment providing common services and facilities. As a consequence nowadays they contribute to fracture the territory, creating sectors out of the common urban scale. Following this dynamics of the homogeneous areas new metropolitan functions are taking place in this territory as for example shopping centres or multi cinemas. They are occupying the pre-existing fragments between the infrastructure network and the urban settlements, profiting of the accessibility and of the availability of big land plots.

According to Coccia the transformation of this territory is happening following three different processes: reproduction, maintenance and specialization (Coccia, 2003). Both the first and the second processes are part of a “culture of the ordinary” and they produce, by repeating unlimited times the same principles, an urbanized continuum characterized by fragmentation and individualism. Additionally the spread settlements have two opposite risks on one hand the isolation due to the lack of public investors and productive resources and on the other hand the congestion with concentration of services and infrastructures. This second risk is originating from the third process the specialization. Specialization means a culture of big project, big projects out of the scale that occupy the voids (Cao & Coccia, 2003).

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Public space A man is coming with his little truck. He is a fish seller. A woman comes out on her balcony, on the first floor of her house and she shouts asking for some fishes. They knew each other and their relations are based on a face-to-face relation. She believes that he is selling a high quality product and he knows that she will pay for the quality of the service. What is different in this practice is the production of space for trade. This episode shapes a temporal space, the street becomes the space for trade but this happens in few minutes. After that it returns to its usual car-based function.

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NAPLES 2006: NEW SPACES AND LIFE-STYLE

Change in the urban structure A post-man was working in the new neighbourhood. He says that this area of the city completely changed in the last ten years. After Ikea was built the number of residence, mostly single family house or familiar building, increased but also some garages is appearing in the district.

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NAPLES 2006: NEW SPACES AND LIFE-STYLE 3

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asse mediano|national street network regional street network illegal residential building residential building industrial building|municipality plan industrail building|regional plan services regional commerce and hand-craft national commerce and wholesale

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2Kmx2Km 1Kmx1Km asse mediano|national street network residential building industrial building|municipality plan industrail building|regional plan services regional commerce and hand-craft national commerce and whole sale agricoltural areas

S

heterogeneus agricoltural areas

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NAPLES 2006: NEW SPACES AND LIFE-STYLE

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Naples Metropolitan Area 2006 regional road network

NAPLES 2006: NEW SPACES AND LIFE-STYLE 1.Ikea store

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Vulcano Buono

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CONSORZIO PER L’AREAD DI SVILUPPO INDUSTRIALE

CONSORZIO PER L’AREAD DI SVILUPPO INDUSTRIALE

Carrefour CONSORZIO PER L’AREAD DI SVILUPPO INDUSTRIALE

CONSORZIO PER L’AREAD DI SVILUPPO INDUSTRIALE

M LE RO Y

LIN ER

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Naples Metropolitan Area 2006 industrial and commercial areas

NAPLES 2006: NEW SPACES AND LIFE-STYLE 1.Ikea store

2.tarì

3.Leroy Merlin

53

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Naples Metropolitan Area 2006 urban settlements|illegal settlements

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source: Piano di Bacino Nord-occidentale Napoli

NAPLES 2006: NEW SPACES AND LIFE-STYLE urban settlement 1.giugliano

urban settlement 2.caivano

urban settlement 3.afragola

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Naples Metropolitan Area 2006 green structure

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source: Piano di Bacino Nord-occidentale Napoli

NAPLES 2006: NEW SPACES AND LIFE-STYLE 1

2

3

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DESIGN PROJECT: DEVELOPING LATENT POTENTIALITIES

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industrial areas urban settlements agricoltural spaces train line water transport regional street network

1906

industrial areas urban settlements agricoltural spaces train line water transport regional street network national street network free-ways|high-ways 2006

1906

industrial areas urban settlements agricoltural spaces train line water transport regional street network national street network free-ways|high-ways project

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DESIGN PROJECT: DEVELOPING LATENT POTENTIALITIES As analyzed before the city of Naples is generated by the combination of two main infrastructures systems; one, the ancient, still follows the medieval organization of the territory with a regional street network along the main direction North-South (Naples-Rome); this system is characterized by small grain settlements. The other, shaped during the heavy industrialization, abandoned the previous structure follows a new overdimensioned order. The small grain cohabits now with the huge homogeneous areas of the industrial production to which in the last decade is added the big box of international commerces.

As far as the structure change also the relation between the elements evolves. In a first moment the industrial areas were located near to the sea taking benefit for the transport of the raw materials and of the ended products; on the contrary both agricultural and urban settlement profited of the road structure. In a second moment of the analysis the three elements agricultural fields, urban settlements and industrial areas benefit of the high-way and free-way system abandoning the small grain road structure. This roads lie on the territory under-exploited.

Nowadays the two systems are completely independent; nevertheless they overlapped in some isolated points. These points become strategic in the definition of the Metropolitan areas. Alongside these axes are located some important regional functions taking benefit from the high accessibility to the national network.

The question that this project addresses is if we can we use the capacity of this diffuse structure in order to organize the contemporary city. Is it possible to imagine a Metropolitan area that uses an actualized system of agricultural roads to ordered urban settlements, productive and agricultural areas?

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Population growth 1991-2001

SECOND CROWN FIRST CROWN NAPLES

1991

2001

500.000 -1.100.000 inhab.

450.000-500.000

inhab.

0-450.000

inhab.

source: Piano di Bacino Nord-occidentale Napoli

62

DESIGN PROJECT: DEVELOPING LATENT POTENTIALITIES In addition to these structural phenomena there is an important population growth in the last years. Specifically in the decade 1991-2001 there was a rapid movement of people from the center of the city to the municipalities of the second crown with an increasing of the population of 14% at the same time the capital of the Region was losing 5.9% of its population; the new inhabitants established themselves in a city of 500.000 inhabitants growth between the old centers and the new infrastructures fulfilling the voids. This process of growth absorbs as well the agricultural areas. While the city starts its expansion the agricultural fields were progressively abandoned, first of all they lose their original function and subsequently they became areas available to be built in legal or illegal ways. The uncontrolled growth of the city modifies the relation between natural and urban areas the consequences of this alteration are evident: the decrease of the productivity due to the abandon of agriculture, the collapse of the technical networks (transport, sewage, and water), and the lack of services and public space due to the individuality of this self-made city.

Nevertheless the high density of this territory it is still possible to characterize some voids. These are the areas that after this phenomenon of repopulation of the surrounding of the city remain free from urbanization.

Can we preserve the existing voids using the secondary network as a tool to reactivate their potentialities for the future development of the city?

63

13.595 Km²

CAMPANIA regional surface agricultural land in Campania Productivity of the agricultural sector calculated for ha of SAU (1.000 euros /ha)

Dimension of agricultural Dimension of agricultural farms (ha) (ha)

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

farms

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

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23

source: l’agricoltura Campana. le cifre 2006

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DESIGN PROJECT: DEVELOPING LATENT POTENTIALITIES

8.758 Km²

5.882 Km²

SAU used agricultural surface 43%

SAT total agricultural surface 64%

Nowadays considering the global territory of the Campania region 13.595 Km² the 64% is considered as agricultural land nevertheless only the 43% is really used for the agricultural production, from this data is evident the potentiality of development in the remaining agricultural spaces.

At the same time looking at the data of the agricultural production is evident that agriculture is one of the main resources for the city of Naples.

If in fact while in the industrial production the city is further behind the National average, for the agricultural productivity the province of Naples produce 15.300 euros/ha, that is a really important value compared to the national Italian value of 2.300 euros/ha . Also considering the small dimension of the farms it is clear that the economy of the Province of Naples is based on specialized production as horti and flori cultures.1

1.L’agricoltura Campana, le cifre. 2006

65

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The improvement of the diffuse street network.

66

DESIGN PROJECT: DEVELOPING LATENT POTENTIALITIES The project considers the diffuse network as an important potentiality for the Metropolitan area. It is an instrument to create continuity between the different elements of the territory in order to structure it trough the transformation and the integration of the street network. Taking into account the potentiality of a first network connecting national and international means of transport, the project is focused on the implementation of a secondary network that make possible the permeability of a larger part of the territory using the existing streets and creating new one in order to ameliorate the connectivity. This structure tends to integrate the mobility of people and goods at a local scale combining it with an even more local system of pedestrian paths and bicycle paths.

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The system of the metropolitan void.

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DESIGN PROJECT: DEVELOPING LATENT POTENTIALITIES Alongside these two networks are locating also the spaces free from urbanization “the voids”. These are attracted from the network and become part of a system of regeneration of productive areas and public spaces.

At the regional scale some voids are emphasized by the presence of national and international public transport system as the station of HST, the future international airport in Grazzanise and the regional subway that connect Naples to Caserta; these transportation hubs represent an opportunity to turn it in public spaces.

The overlapping of these two structures, the first one represented by the secondary network and the second by the existent voids, exacerbates a principle derived by the analysis of the Metropolitan area of Naples; in this region the urban developments are generally focused around some axes that go from the coastline through the plane reaching the interior areas. Nevertheless another dynamic is founded: big island of territory characterized by the mono-functionality of the activities performed (industrial areas, commercial activities…).

The project tends to overlap the two ways of building the territory, on one hand improving the secondary network, the local one; on the other hand preserving the areas free of urbanization, the “terrain vague” building around it multifunctional belts, in order to limit the possibility of urbanizing the inner part and to ensure the vitality and the use of the areas. Consequently these spots start to be part of a dense local network working as a system of public space and generating chances to densify this zone of the metropolitan area maintaining the free spaces and more transforming these lasts in public spaces.

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DESIGN PROJECT: DEVELOPING LATENT POTENTIALITIES

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Metropolitan strategy: the integration of the two system.

DESIGN PROJECT: DEVELOPING LATENT POTENTIALITIES The areas obtained as result of this procedure are defined as Metropolitan court-yards; they are located in most of the cases in the areas surrounding the free-way system, in the fragment created between the regional or national level infrastructure and the pre-existent street network.

Four main types of Metropolitan court-yards are defined: regional scale, inter-municipality scale, municipality scale and neighborhood scale. Different criteria define the characteristics of the court-yard first of all the dimension; after that the position related to the transport network and to the urban settlements, for example if they are placed inside the center or as element of transit between the city and the country-side or between two or more urban settlements); and last the relation to the border according to the nature and the function of this one (train, high-ways, principal network street, secondary network street).

According to these principles different functions are defined for the belt in order to generate a more permeable/impermeable access to the inner part. Also the preserved areas are used in different ways. In some cases, and due to the limited dimensions, this area can have a role of public square or park; it can be used for sport activities and leisure, but also as urban orchard in order to produce a mixtĂŠ of users. In other case this areas can have a metropolitan role due to the big dimension but also the proximity to international transport hubs such as The High Speed Train Station of Acerra or the International Airport of Grazzanise. In these cases they will be transformed in thematic parks such as technological, agricultural or leisure, to develop the abandoned potentialities of Campania region.

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REGIONAL SCALE 1341 ha

METROPOLITAN COURT YAR train| connection with international transport first network| connection with international transport second network| urban border [a] 6.5 km

INTERMUNICIPALITY SCALE 186 ha

second network| urban border second network| country-side border

74

[b]

DESIGN PROJECT: DEVELOPING LATENT POTENTIALITIES

[g]

agriculure services building for agriculture: storage, transformation and distribution. offices commercial activities public green services productive activities leisure commercial activities

+

[d]

[a]

METROPOLITAN COURT YARD|PUBLIC GREEN

D|AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION

[g]

[b]

[d] 6.0 km

1.4 km

[b]

[g]

+ [a]

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3.0 km

agriculure service building for agriculture: storage, transformation and distribution. offices commercial activities productive activities leisure commercial activities services housing densification urban orchard

METROPOLITAN COURT YARD|PUBLIC GREEN

[a]

[b] 2.2 km

0.6 km

[d]

[g] 1.8 km

1.2 km

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MUNICIPALITY SCALE 53 ha

second network| urban border

NEIGHBORHOOD SCALE 5 ha

second network| urban border

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DESIGN PROJECT: DEVELOPING LATENT POTENTIALITIES urban orchard [b]

offices [g]

productive activities

+ [a]

housing densification services service building for agriculture: storage, transformation and distribution.

[d]

leisure

METROPOLITAN COURT YARD

1.2 km

[a]

0.5 km

[b] [g]

1.0 km

0.6 km

[d]

urban orchard [b] [a]

[g] [d]

+

services leisure METROPOLITAN COURT YARD

1.00 km

[a] [b] [g] [d]

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Naples Metrpolitan area|street system and urban settlements 78

DESIGN PROJECT: DEVELOPING LATENT POTENTIALITIES A zoom area for the project is picked-up. It is an area of 3.5kmx3.5km localized on the North of the region crossing the “Asse Mediano”. The area is composed by an ensemble of high dense plot mixed together with productive areas and free zones left over from the urbanization.

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Naples Metrpolitan area|Zoom area 79

1.Municipality scale.zoom area|existing voids

80

DESIGN PROJECT: DEVELOPING LATENT POTENTIALITIES In the zoom area some regenerating patches are individuated. The localization of the patches will attract new development all around, but at the same time the interruption of the crossing small-grain street network will avoid the colonization of these areas. The neighborhood will also promote social interaction and a sense of community by means of sports facilities, productive agricultural areas, and orchard gardens. These activities (image.3) represent an alternative to the possibility of a complete urbanization of the area (image.2).

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2.Municipality scale.zoom area|urbanized continuum

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DESIGN PROJECT: DEVELOPING LATENT POTENTIALITIES

3.Municipality scale.zoom area|potentialities of the voids

83

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4.Municipality scale.zoom area|definition of the voids

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2.50km

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3

DESIGN PROJECT: DEVELOPING LATENT POTENTIALITIES The first step on the creation of the regenerating patches consists in cutting-out the voids. All the streets passing through the area are stopped. A belt, defined by a high concentration of functions ring around the block is built in order to prevent it from future urbanizations. This belt constitutes a border giving at the same time new users and functions to this zone; the sector will have a hybrid program, around which the public life will be organized. The new urban development reinforces as well the protection of the landscape and the environment while at the same time fulfills a much-needed social function. The increase in the number of users will augment the control in the area and consequently the security.

>green area

>border market housing

Additionally some other functions colonize the free space inside as urban orchard, or sport facilities; this uses involve different inhabitants in the kinder-garden exploitation of the inner part of the green pixel within different schedule. cemetery sport center market Sport is an activity with a manifestly social character that can be and is school urban orchard district center practiced by people of all kinds and all ages. Considering this influence housing housing a sequence of sports fields will invade the entire sector, including soccer >border activities pitch, swimming pool, multi-sports courts, basketball courts and a minibasketball area. These facilities will be connected by sports circuits set belt activities along a continuous both pedestrian and bicycle path. These paths will guarantee the connection with the environment. belt

agricultural services housing

Another part of these areas can be reserved to urban orchard-gardens.

This are qualified as green zones, located within the city boundary, >crossing flows whose vegetation is agricultural, used and maintained by the citizens market themselves, and accessible to all of the local population by means of housing agricultural servi agricultural fields roads and paths. This means it is the local people, cultivating small orkinder garden housing chard-garden units (from 25 to 100 m2) to produce fruit and vegetables sport center for their own consumption, and creating for this purpose associations sport center cemetery sport centermarket school and groups that together to conserve the public space and the landurban orchard district center housing scape, who directly foment urban cohesion and social interaction. housing >internal activities

In addition some productive functions are localized considering the proximity of the high-ways system and the train transport; those are mostly areas for high specialized agricultural production. The productive sector will represent a link with the regional network.

>attractors

Definition of the belt 85

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Municipality area.design project|zoom 1Kmx1Km

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DESIGN PROJECT: DEVELOPING LATENT POTENTIALITIES A further zoom (1kmx1km) shows the effect of the intervention. The belt is settled by the high density of the function on the border. Some areas of housing densification are defined, this house benefit of an advantageous condition, in fact they lie on the border of green area and they are close to services and facilities. The presence of a cross point between the regional train line and the regional street network on the North-East of the sector suggest the establishment of productive areas in this part. The horticulturists can profit of some common structure for the maintenance end the distribution of their product. Simultaneously the preexistent cemetery is maintained as part of the project being integrated in the inner park.

All the street crossing the area are stopped at the limit of the sector, in this way the possibility of further urban development is overcome.

Nevertheless the continuity with the urban environment is carrying by pedestrian and bike path that cross the area. Some important points in the corner between the path and the urban street are highlighted by the localization of services. These buildings work as attractors in the dynamics of the city and generate new flows of people at the interior of the green space. They represent the threshold between the urban space and the green one.

Another part of the areas is reserved to urban orchard-gardens. These are qualified as green zones, located within the boundary, whose vegetation is agricultural, used and maintained by the citizens themselves, and accessible to all of the local population by means of roads and paths.

This means it is the local people, cultivating small orchard-garden units (from 25 to 100 m2) to produce fruit and vegetables for their own consumption, and creating for this purpose associations and groups that together to conserve the public space and the landscape, who directly foment urban cohesion and social interaction.

Different patches with different functions will be planned all around the region. The secondary street network will connect them together. In this way some function also at a more regional level can be located in the patch according to their dimension and position.

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Municipality area.design project|view of the court-yard.

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DESIGN PROJECT: DEVELOPING LATENT POTENTIALITIES

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Metropolitan area.territorial vision|building metropolitan court-yards.

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DESIGN PROJECT: DEVELOPING LATENT POTENTIALITIES

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CONCLUSION

93

The World is going in a direction of a complete urbanization. Urbanization means a way to organize and manage material resources. The illegal and uncontrolled expansion of the city contributes to this phenomenon of waste of the territorial resource that involves both spatial and social factors. Furthermore the increasing importance of the cities in the world due to the intensification of public-private partnership catches new international and global services in the metropolitan areas. This is even a bigger paradox considering that the marginal landscape are produced by spontaneous development and they represent the way that our cities changes modified by their own inhabitants. I consider them as marginal because they are founded only on the necessity of the individuals without a synchronized construction of public space and infrastructure.

The gap established between the unplanned city and the city of power should be considered, by a correct administration of the territory, as an opportunity to understand the rules of development of the region and subsequently to propose an accurate guidance of the region. A spatial strategy has to take into account this unplanned means to transform the shape of the city supporting or modifying it; it has to use this experiences as tools to propose a more sustainable use of the territory.

The proposal is a project based in some minimum interventions generated from the consideration of the speed that is transforming our cities with invisible changes. According to Andrea Branzi “we are assisting now to a phenomenon that can be comparable to the transformation happened in European cities during Napoleon campaigns; ecclesiastical goods were suppressed, caused a great number of convents, abbeys, and Carhusian monasteries to enter the market and later be transformed into arracks prisons and schools.” The same transformation is happening now to our territory, traditional functions are dispersed in new places creating more fluid relations (Branzi, 2006). The project uses the existing potentialities of the area and defines a minimum structure where some flexible functions are attached. One of the main values emerged from this work is, in point of fact, the necessity of increasing mixté in the space and in the use of the city using endogenous factors. This mixté can multiply the ways of life in the contemporary city. Flexibility is requested as well. To this demand the project answer with the improvement of the small grain road network. The improvement of it can in fact contribute to build a more isotropic structure of the territory and as consequence to improve the accessibility and the mobility system.

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CONCLUSION To conclude what is emerging from the project is as well the impossibility to consider Napoli still as a mono-centric city; the project for the future development of the city should consider the plurality of different realities that are participating to the phenomenon Napoly. As this city already works as a Metropolitan area spatial solution should respond to the exigencies of this new system.

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