International Conference on Social and Applied Sciences | Book of Abstracts '21

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Embracing Change and Transformation –

Breakthrough Innovation and Creativity

BOOK OF ABSTRACTS

INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SOCIAL AND APPLIED SCIENCES 2021

“Embracing change and transformation – breakthrough innovation and creativity.”

PUBLISHER:

University of New York Tirana

EDITOR:

Editor in-Chief: Prof. Dr. İsmail Kocayusufoğlu

Deputy Editor in-Chief: Dr. Andromahi Kufo

Co-Editor: Arta Sinamati, M.Sc.

DESIGN & DPT:

Emisa Aliaj

ISBN-13: 978-9928-4671-4-0

PRINTED BY:

University of New York Tirana

PLACE OF PUBLICATION and DATE:

Tirana, Albania, 2021

COPYRIGHT:

University of New York Tirana

COMMITTEES HONORARY COMMITTEE

Prof. Dr. İsmail Kocayusufoğlu

Rector, University of New York Tirana, Albania

H.E. Mr. Carlos García de Alba

Ambassador, Embassy of Mexico to Italy, concurrent in Albania, Malta, and San Marino

Ms. Bilgen Aldan

CEO, Albtelecom, Albania

Mr. Mark Crawford

Founder, AKSIONER ISB, Albania

Dr. Miroslav Djordjevic Research Fellow, Institute of Comparative Law, Serbia

Mr. Florian Haçkaj

Head of UN & NGO's, Open Systems, Switzerland

Mrs. Bregje Zinkhaan

Digital Learning Consultant

ORGANIZING COMMITTEE

Dr. Andromahi Kufo

Assoc. Prof. Eda Gemi

Arta Sinamati, M.Sc.

Av. Andrea Mazelliu, M.Sc.

Sindi Ramaliu

Xhulia Tafa

Hajdi Zajmi

SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE

Prof. Dr. Nertila Gjini

Assoc. Prof. Ilir Kalemaj

Assoc. Prof. Juna Miluka

Assoc. Prof. Mirela Bogdani

Adam Erlich, PhD

Dr. Andromahi Kufo

Dr. Besmira Lahi

Dr. Ejona Bardhi

Dr. Emina Karo

Enila Cenko, PhD

Eriona Shtembari, PhD

Ervin Ramollari, PhD

Kledi Kodra, PhD

Miralda Cuka, PhD

Narasimha Rao Vajjhala, PhD

Dr. Olsi Vangjeli

Dr. Perparim Dervishi

Sokol Lleshi, PhD

Marjana Prifti, PhD Candidate

Brunilda Isaj, MBA, CRB

Esmeralda Bushi, M.Sc.

Hektor Ruci, LLM

Dear Reader and Colleagues,

It is my pleasure to welcome you to the Second International e -Conference “Embracing change and transformation – breakthrough innovation and creativity” organized by the University of New York Tirana under the auspices of the European and Balkan Research Institute. Proudly, I present to you the participants from this conference from 9 countries: United Kingdom, Belgium, Turkey, Romania, Croatia, Italy, Albania, North Macedonia, Kosovo, and Ethiopia

I am confident that this conference will be a great contribution not only to the academic sphere but also to the different fields of profession within the meaning of the interdisciplinary approach of applied and social sciences.

On behalf of UNYT and the organizing team, I would like to congr atulate you for being part of it and enhance the scholarly debate in different topics by widening the viewpoint of the ideas and strengthening the discourse on creating common research plans.

This Book of Abstracts deals with the aspects of new changes that the world is facing in different fields of research and the expected outcomes after the pandemics.

I wish all participants a successful conference.

Prof. Dr. Ismail KOCAYUSUFOĞLU Rector

Hedonic Appraisal of Apartments in Tirana and Durres (2015 – 2020)

Anila Kastrati1, Ines Nurja2

Abstract

Property valuation is a very important function of the land administration system which directly affects people’s life. (Williamson, 2010)1

The adjustments in the property estimation can dramatically change the abundance of the o rganizations and their ability for development. An advancement in property valuation framework is useful to different groups in our society, as it can decrease the risk of investment in this sector and energizes lowe r rates of interest on loans. (United Nations Economic Commission for Europe, 2010)2

The purpose of this paper is, by building a hedonistic pricing model for apartments is Tirana and Durres, to prove empirically that, except location and address of the properties, there are other main features that affect the price of the apartment s. Based on the study, it was proved empirically that the apartment’s characteristics such as number of rooms, square meters of living etc. affect their price. Results also showed that the marginal effect that the number of rooms has on the apartment value depend on the square meters of living of the apartment.

The capital city of Tirana and also Durres are chosen as e case study for the construction of a hedonic pricing model and we took into account the properties sol d at one of the biggest real estate agency “Century 21”. The information was limited and depended only on the apartments that was already sold during the last five years.

Keywords: property valuation, hedonistic pricing model, apartments, Tirana, Durres

1MBA Student, University of New York Tirana, Albania, kastratianila@outlook.com

2Assoc. Prof. Ines Nurja , University of New York Tirana, Alban ia, inesnurja@unyt.edu.al

Taxes and Risk Taking: The Case of Commercial Banks

Arjan Kadareja1 and Jona Puci2

1Associate Professor, Unive rsity of New York Tirana , Albania, kadareja@yahoo.com

2Senior Lecturer, Canadian Institute of Technology, Albania, pucijona88@gmail.com

Abstract

It is well known that by the virtue and to the extent of imposed tax rates, governments share returns with firms’ stockholders but also bear part of the business risk. It follows that the higher the tax rate, the higher the government’s risk and return share, other things equal.

In order to achieve the same level of return on equity on an after -tax basis, a commercial bank operating in a higher tax rate country should assume a higher pre-tax level of risk compared with an otherwise identical bank operating in a lower tax country. Since crediting is the main risk taking activity of commercial banks, it follows that in high tax rate countries the bank credit should be quantitatively higher than in lower tax countries, other things equal.

In this paper we hypothesize that, the higher the country tax rates and the length of the period until when the tax credit on losses is allowed to be used, the higher should be the quantity of extended bank credit, ceteris paribus.

In order to test the hypothesis, we employ a well-known international model which explains credit in GDP terms based on several factors. We add our extra factor which captures the tax rate differences across 186 countries. The new factor is statistically and economically important and marginally increases the explanation power of the model.

We provide statistically significant evidence that in a high tax rate country the quantity of credit in GDP terms is 9% higher than in a relatively low tax rate country, other things equal.

The evidence provided here would be useful for country authorities supervising credit institutions It is clear that the risk-taking during the crediting activity is shared to the extent of the tax rate between banks and the government budget. So, we think that the appropriate measure of risk taking by credit institutions such as banks should be measured on an after-tax basis rather than pre-tax It further follows that in order to be fair across different tax rate jurisdictions the international regulatory agreements on risk management within the banking sector, such as the Basel III accord, should base the calculation of the total-risk weighted assets on an after-tax basis rather than pre-tax.

JEL Classification Numbers: G21, G28, H25

Keywords: Bank credit, Pre-tax and after-tax risk, Pre-tax and After-tax returns, Risk weighted assets

The Impact of Social Media Advertising on Online Purchasing

Agron Hajdari1

1PhD Candidate, Faculty of Business and Economics , South East Euro pean University, North Macedonia, ah29765@seeu.edu.mk

Abstract

This paper aims to answer the main question about the impact of social media advertising on online purchasing. Over the last years, social media received a great boost with the advent of many social networking sites such as Facebook, Instagram, YouTube, Pinterest, Snapchat LinkedIn, Twitter, TikTok, and Google+. This has highly attracted marketers to use social media as one of the main platforms for the advertisement of products and services.

Other studies witnessed that digitalization and social media usage are changing customer behavior, such changes are also evidenced in emerging countries, such as Kosovo. In Kosovo almost every house in Kosovo is connected to the internet where social media Facebook is mostly used in Kosovo, followed by Instagram, YouTube, Snapchat (Internet Penetration and usage in Kosovo, 2019). Taking the advantage of the very high usage of social networks, marketers are increasingly using social media to advertise their products or services to their target customers.

The research aims to investigate the impact of social media advertising on online purchasing as well as to examine how online purchasing is perceived by the costumers in terms of payments and personal data sharing to businesses during their online purchasing process. Also, the research will examine whether the situation with the pandemic Covid19 has increased online purchasing among customers.

In order to analyse the impact of social media advertising on online purchasing, primary and secondary data are collected. The primary data will be collected through a structured questionnaire using the Likert Scale which will be distributed online to random costumers in Kosovo by using the google form.

Keywords customer, promotion, marketing, product, Kosovo

The Impact of Digital Marketing and Digital Transformation on the Brand Promotion and Positioning in Kosovo’s SMEs

1Arta Istrefi- Jahja

1Faculty of Business and Economics, South East European University, North Macedonia , ai29799@seeu.edu.mk

Abstract

The paper will assess the techniques in which digital marketing and digital transformation in Kosovo impact the brand promotion and positioning i.e., google analytics, social media, e-commerce, search engine, mobile apps or other digital channels. Digital marketing is profoundly important to every company, yet there is no research on the correlation between digital marketing and brand promotion, positioning and for Kosovo’s SMEs. With the digital transformation, many companies are redefining business procedures and marketing strategy. The research will be using survey with up to 150 companies generated by Kosovo Business Registration Agency. The expected results of the research are understanding the importance of digital marketing and digital transformation on brand promotion and positioning by using a Structural Equation Model (SEM), Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) test and etacoefficient. A moderation effect will be used to test whether COVID -19 or the size of the company is linked to the usage of digital marketing. The expected results of the paper are that social media is widely relative to other marketing channels, companies that use digital marketing and invest in technology more have better brand promotion and positioning

Keywords: digital marketing, digital transformation, social media, positioning, brand promotion, Kosovo, business.

Quality of Governance, Statistical Observation of the Balkans, A Comparison of Balkan Countries as EU and NON-EU Countries

Prof. Assoc. Fatbardha Kadiu1 , MSc Alfons Lushi2

1 2University of New York Tirana , Albania

Abstract

A state is blessed, by fate, when it has natural resources, effective institutions, economic freedom, personal freedom, healthy, educated, secure people and politicians who love their nation. Quality governance should be understood as a system of interaction of actors, political an d institutional, using rationally, natural and human resources, without violating the principles of sustainable development in order to optimize the interests and potentials of their citizens.

The basic objectives of the paper are: First to observe either there are significant differences, between the quality of governance, in the Balkan countries, the ones which are members of the EU, with those aspiring to join EU. Only Slovenia is excluded from the data community, as there are obvious indicators of unlik e other countries in the region, such as Greece, Romania, Croatia and Bulgaria. The averaged categorized indicators, with the above countries, was judged to undermine the objectivity of the study, as a contribution to the overestimation of the indicators. Secondlay to investigation, if there are statistically significant correlations between the quality of governance and procedural democracy, economic growth, size of government, personal freedom, national prosperity, economic freedom, etc.

Keywords: quality of government, effective governance, rule of law, democracy

Factors affecting adaptation of digital marketing in the process of sale-purchase of real estate in Kosovo

Vjosë Latifi1

1PhD Candidate, South East European University, North Macedonia, vl29783@seeu.edu.mk

Abstract

Everywhere in the world, property represents one of the greatest and most valuable assets for the country as well as for the individual. Utilizing digital marketing more than ever before in history has transformed the real-estate purchasing and selling process by making it more ef ficient and effective. In Kosovo, the integration of digital marketing in the process of sale -purchase of real estate is a belated process for which no empirical studies have been conducted to better analyze the role of digital marketing in the process

This study intends to examine the relationship between digital marketing in the process of selling and purchasing real estate with a focus on effective and coherent communication, transparency, speed and cost reduction. Corroboration of hypotheses made in th e study will be conducted by using the quantitative method while data collection will be conducted through a questionnaire.

This study aims to prove that the use of digital marketing, especially social media, in the process of real estate sales in Kosovo and the world increases accessibility and availability to information by providing greater communication between buyers and sellers, increases credibility and transparency, increases speed and efficiency of transactions as well as reduces the cost of the implementation of the sale-purchase process in the real estate market.Furthermore, the research aims to conclude that there is a positive relationship between buyers and sellers of real estate and the digital-marketing adaptation process in Kosovo. The study will have a positive impact on the real estate market in Kosovo and society at large.

Keywords: Digital Marketing, Real estate, Social media, Transformation of processes

Surviving International Competition. A critical Analysis of the Strategic Measures employed by Local Companies

Xhuliana Celbeqiri1

1M.Sc., University of New York Tirana, Albania, anacelbeqiri@yahoo.com

Abstract

International business is facing one of the main challenges. The importance of international business is growing day by day and studies on new investments are constantly growing. What should be the conditions for a business to have international competitive advantages? The purpose of this paper is to present a development of new trends for business at the international level. Additional ly, the study of various macroeconomic factors that are directly related to businesses, such as the level of taxation, the level of wages, the human side of international business, will be covered. This paper will develop an economic, legal and ethical point of view of doing international business. The main objectives of this paper are to identify key challenges and opportunities in terms of i nternational business horizons and to explain international business in an important light of globalization.

Third Generation Human Rights: How are the United Nations and European Union Safeguarding them?

Albulena Uka1

1PhD Candidate, Ghent University, Belgium, albulena.uka@outlook.com

Abstract

Human rights represent a progressive concept, therefore, apart from the traditional rights divided in the first- and second-generation categories, a third category took a central spot . The latter came as a response to changing ideas about human dignity and as a result of a more profound understanding of the various challenges and obstacles in realizing the first- and second-generation human rights. This third-generation category encompasses entitlements such as right to development, to peace, to a healthy environment, an d so on. As such, this category of rights aims to ensure the appropriate conditions for societies, particularly in the developing world.

This paper’s purpose is to analyses and depict what are the concrete steps that two major international organizations, namely, the United Nations and European Union have undertaken in order to address the safeguarding of this category of rights and what are the remaining challenges.

The methodology that will be utilized in this paper is predominantly qualitative. It consists of analysis and research of legal and other relevant documents followed by thorough interpretation. Moreover, the comparative analysis will also be used to compare the approaches of the UN on the one hand, and the EU, on the other.

Via this paper, a very peculiar aspect of this international co-operation between sovereign states and international organizations will be emphasized and illuminated as well.

Keywords Human Rights, third generation, United Nations, European Union

The right to be Forgotten

Arlind Maloku1 and Ledia Dërmyshi2

1Av, Faculty of Law, University of Tirana, Albania, malokuarlind@gmail.com

2Av, Faculty of La w, University of Tirana, Albania, ledia_dermyshi@hotmail.com

Abstract

The right to be forgotten is a new right that has recently spread and has been consolidated thanks to the jurisprudence of EHCR. In essence, this expresses the right for not being part of the collective memory, it requires that various sensitive information about a certain individual to be removed from the public eye, as it no longer constitutes interest in it or violates the dignity of the individual.

The essence of this right is the ability to delete all irrelevant and out -of-date websites on the Internet, at the request of the citizens themselves. In relation to this right there have been various positions which support or oppose it relying respectively on Articles 8 or 10 of the E CHR.

The purpose of this paper is to present this debate and provide arguments in order to answer the question: “The right to be forgotten is part of the right to privacy sanctioned by Article 8 of the ECHR or violates the freedom of expression protected by ECHR in its article 10 and which is the legal regulation for it?”

The objective is to open discussions on this right that is little known in the Albanian society and to give the different perspectives that are most related to it in order to answer the q uestion that has been posed above. In this paper there are different opinions about the fact that the drafters of this one was divided in support or not of this right. The prevailing opinion is that the right to be forgotten is part of the right to respect for private and family life, joining the decision of the ECtHR (Google Spain SL v. Agencia Española de Protección de Datos).

Keywords: right to be forgotten, freedom of expression, the right to respect for private and family life, data protection, directive.

Social Change, Legislation and Policies of Kosovo for Social Inclusion

Darjan Lajçi1, Petrit Hajdari2

2South

Abstract

The underlying causes of poverty are generally invisible in standard empirical data and, as a result, remain generally unexplored in routine poverty analysis, and are not included in poverty reduction strategies. Absence caused by social exclusion usually occurs simultaneously on multiple axes; policies that improve only one of these axes (such as improving access to education) do not free themselves from the cl utches of others. Individuals and groups participate in society in three interrelated areas of social inclusion: markets, spaces and services. These are both barriers and opportunities for social inclusion. Social inclusion refers to measures that enable individuals and groups to access public services in order to participate to the highest degree of their ability in the social, economic and political life of the society in which they live.

Assistance services, as well as social protection, are a form of as sistance provided by the state to individuals, groups in need which cannot provide basic needs due to disabilities economic, physical, psychological and social disabilities. Through these social services the state tends to alleviate the level of poverty and social exclusion for individuals and families as well as to create for their integration for the betterment of life.

Keywords: social services, social inclusion, welfare, integration, poverty, aid

1 University of Pristina “Hasan Prishtina”, Kosovo, dardan.lajci@unhz.eu

East European University , North Macedonia, petrit.hajdari@unhz.eu

Evaluating the Effect of Criminal Provisions on Illegal Construction for the Protection of the Environment: Romania as a Case Study

Dragos Lucian Ivan1

Abstract

Most countries claim to have a serious plan to protect the environment, but fail to understand the role of criminal provisions. There are criminal norms against illegal construction, but their importance for the protection of the environment is not always obvious. This article studies the impact of the presence or absence of criminal provisions against illegal constructions upon environmental protectio n. Usually this endeavor would be purely theoretical, but we are provided with a unique opportunity to assess their importance as Romania has recently decriminalized such norms. First of all, we shall research the EU legislation for the protection of the environment at the national level through provisions of a criminal nature. Secondly, we shall analyze the criminal provisions that were in place in Romania in Law no. 50/1991 to protect the environment against illegal construction. Thirdly, we shall offer p ractical examples of situations that had or could have had a devastating impact on the environment in the absence of criminal law provisions against illegal construction. Protecting the environment needs a complex network of laws, some of which of a criminal nature that are not always visible for the citizen as they seem to protect other values, in our case the right to property, the obligation to have an authorization, to build. We shall strive in our article to analyze the manner in which regulating const ruction work can prevent harm to the environment. Complementary use of these instruments might lead to additional deterrence. Data from actual cases is presented to illustrate this argument.

Keywords: criminal law, environment, unauthorized construction, EU

Lawyer at the Bucharest Bar, The center for ethics, law and education (Centrul pentru Etică, Drept și Educație), Romania, contact@dragosivan.ro

Double nature of smuggling violation in the Albanian Customs Code

M.Sc. Genti Çani Albania, genticani74@gmail.com

Abstract

Stipulating customs violations through the legislation is of high importance for the prevention and punishment of those actions and omissions in this field, which are considered to have negative consequences for society, security, order, economy, finances, health, and life in general. In 2014, the Customs Code was approved by law no. 102/2014 “Customs Code of the Republic of Albania”, amended (Customs Code), which provided for customs violations in Title IX, ‘Customs violations, sanctions and appeal’. In this Code, customs offenses are classified into two categories: (a) administrative offenses and (b) smuggling.

The Customs Code defines smuggling as ‘. . .criminal offenses sanctioned in the Criminal Code that violate the social relations that have been es tablished for the normal functioning of the customs in the Republic of Albania and for the protection of i ts economic interests', and regulates it in Chapter III, 'Smuggling', in two articles, respectively 266 and 267, and in total in 21 forms. Smuggling i s categorized in this Code into two groups, respectively in ‘cases of smuggling’ (article 266) and ‘specia l cases of smuggling’ (article 267). Also, smuggling is envisaged as a criminal act in a special section of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Albania, Section V, "Crimes in the field of customs". The legislator has pursued such a policy precisely due to the impact of actions and omissions aimed at avoiding the payment of customs duties, which, as noted by the Supreme Court in the unifying decision n o. 1, dated 26.03.2002, affect the normal functioning of the customs in the Republic of Albania and the ec onomic interests of the country.

Even though in the general definition of smuggling, the Customs Code refers to the Criminal Code, the analysis of forms of smuggling shows that there is no complete harmonization between the provisions governing smuggling in these laws. Although criminal policy is not and should not be fully in line with administrative legislative policy, in cases where the legislator interrelates the meaning of an institution between the laws of these two branches of law, it is naturally r equired to maintain a harmonized position. The lack of this attitude, as in the case of smuggling, leads to problems of interpreting the nature of th e violation in practice.

This paper aims to shed light on the new dispositions on smuggling of the Customs Code, analyzing the dual nature of smuggling as an administrative offense and a criminal act. The analysis aims to identify the problems that arise within this dual nature, with the purpose of encouraging further debates between specialists in the field of customs, criminal, judicial, as well as drafters of customs and criminal legislation, to interpret the legislation as accurately as possible and re vise it so that it is accurate and clear.

The Role of State Authorities in Creating and Realizing Human Rights, Especially in Developing Countries Like Republic of Croatia

Dr.sc. Ivana Mijić Vulinović

University of Dubrovnik, Republic of Croatia, ivana.mijic@yahoo.com

Abstract

In spite of the existence of an integral system of international human rights law, they are violated massively in the international community. The question is therefore why the international system of human rights is not efficient enough, especially in developing c ountries like Republic of Croatia. We find that the reasons for violation of human rights, apart from the crisis of institutionalism, lie in the relationship between international and domestic law, various national interests, the defects of contemporary representative democracy, and political, economic and ideological contradictions.

On the example of Republic of Croatia, we present how the normative action of state authorities in developing countries is harmonized with international standards, while it is not institutionally. This thesis is demonstrated by the presentation of the normative system of human rights in the Republic of Croatia, the reports of relevant international and state bodies on human rights and judicial practice in front of European Court of Human Rights.

Main methods used are: normative legal scientific method, dogmatic legal method, inductive scientific method, deductive scientific method and comparative scientific method.

For improvement of protection of human rights in developing coun tries it is necessary to determine what are the main obstacles that disable its realization. Besides, it is necessary that international community with assistance of state authorities in developing states find ways to remove those obstacles. It is necessary that the normative and institutional actions of the state authorities of developing countries to be harmonized with the generally accepted international democratic standards. And this consensus can only be achieved in countries where all elements of modern democratic states are evenly developed. That is why it is their main task – developing of those elements.

Keywords: human rights, state authorities, developing countries, a modern democratic state, limitation of state power, rule of law, international democratic standards, Republic of Croatia

Consumer Rights Under the Albanian Legal Framework in Force and Their Compliance with Acquis Communautaire

M.Sc. Ketjona Kaçupi1, M.Sc. Edvin Morava2

1Ministry of Justice, Albania, Ketjona.Kacupi@drejtesia.gov.al 2Ministry of Justice, Albania, Edvin.Morava@drejtesia.gov.al

Abstract

Due to the lack of available information, the protection of consumer rights takes on special importance in the digital age. The provision of these rights in the legal framework in force, has a dual purpose: identifying the rights that consumers enjoy and increasing the level of their protection during the conclusion of contracts, one party of which is the consumer. Notwithstanding the above, the recognition of consumer rights remains at minimal levels, significantly increasing the need for ongoing awareness, both by law enforcement agencies and non-profit organizations operating in this field. In the framework of European integration, Albania has the obligation to transpose EU legislation with domestic legislation, which includes the field of consumer rights protection. In this context, this paper aims to get acquainted with the provisions of domestic legislation on consumer rights, as well as the compatibility of these right s in relation to the rights that EU legislation guarantees to consumers, in order to protect them in trade relations.

Keywords: consumer, human rights, legal protection, Albania

Reform of the Criminal Procedure in the Republic of North Macedonia

PhD Marija Grozdanovska

International Sla vic University “

Abstract

Gavrilo Romanovic Derzavin”, Sveti Nikole, Bitola, Republic of North Macedonia, marija_grozdanovska@yahoo.com

The improvement of the judicial system and its functioning is a key prerequisite for the development of the Republic of North Macedonia as a democratic state of the rule of law and a multicultural society of citizens with equal rights and freedoms and for its Euro-Atlantic integration. The development of a system of autonomous, independent and impartial judiciary and institutions that gravitate towards the achievement of its function of effective, quality and equitable justice is a central postulate of the prin ciple of the rule of law and the humane and sustainable development of the Macedonian society as a community based on the right legitimized by respecting the highest general civilization values. The main goal of the reform of criminal procedure was to restore the confidence in the institutions by providing legal certainty and access to impartial and quality justice for citizens. The Criminal Procedure Code was adopted in 2010 and started to be implemented on 1 December 2013 . It changed the system of criminal justice with an emphasized role of the Public Prosecutor’s Office with regard to the preliminary proceedings, stipulated the establishment of investigative centers within the Public Prosecutor’s Office, introduced a separate stage for assessment of the act of indictment, changed the concept of the main hearing, redefined the procedural role and powers of the court, the parties and the defense attorney, and the concept of settlement regarding the criminal sanction was also accepted.

Keywords: criminal procedure code, reform, rule of law, harmonisation, democratisation

The nexus between a prosecutor’s independence and the effectiveness of the criminal procedure norms

Teodor Manea1

1Lecturer, Titu Maiorescu University of Bucharest , Romania, teodor.manea@prof.utm.ro

Abstract

Our scientific initiative unfolds into two paradigms. The first paradigm offers a comparative analysis on the provisions that define the notion of an independent prosecutor in the European context. We shall analy ze the status of the prosecutor in Romania, as well as in other EU countries. The second paradigm shall consist in an analysis of the importance of the provisions that govern the independence of the prosecutor from the point of view of the effectiveness it brings to the criminal procedures used in the criminal investigation. We believe that the degree of independence of the prosecutor is directly linked with the manner in which we wish the investigation to be conducted. Ignoring to test the interaction between the provisions that build the independence of the prosecutor and the criminal procedure that the prosecutor needs to work with represents a risk. The risk manifests itself through potentially dysfunctional consequences in both conducting effective criminal investigation and properly applying criminal procedure provisions. There is an ever-growing concern over a lack of independence of the prosecutor, but a lack of stress on the duties of the prosecutor that could be hindered in the absence of proper guarantees. We express our scientific curiosity to decide whether inadequate provisions determining the independence of the prosecutor can potentially result in failure to investigate, prosecute and tried properly in order to protect fundamental rights, as well as access to a fair trial.

Keywords: criminal law, independent prosecutor, criminal procedure, EU

Negotiating Boundaries in Multi-Cultural Communities

Andreea Pausan1

1National School of Political and Administrative Studies, Bucharest, Romania ,

Abstract

apausan.ap@gmail.com

Living in a global, multi-cultural world brings various challenges connected to communication and identity. Dealing with ambiguity and cultural differences become essential skills in a world filled with communication technology and migrants. The current research focuses on three c oordinates: language (communication), digital skills (using digital tools), and community (negotiating identity). The researcher takes an ethnographical approach within the social learning theory and community of practice (CoP) framework of analysis on three different Erasmus+ international training courses.

Methods: The article uses the researcher’s journal, personal observations, the artefacts created by the participants for the courses, their reflexive feedback and open -ended questionnaires received at the end of each course.

Conclusion: By taking part in such exchanges, the participants gained valuable digital skills and improved their communication and cultural awareness. Sharing practices and personal histories allowed them to negotiate different cultural boundaries, thus creating new learning experiences and shaping their identities to encompass new values.

Keywords multi-cultural, identity, CoP, digital skills

Rethinking Integration and Transnationalism: a Typological Paradigm of EU-Western Balkans migration system

Eda Gemi1

1Associate

Professor, University of New York Tirana, A lbania, edagemi@unyt.edu.al

Abstract

The complexity of migration as a contemporary and global phenomenon reveals the variety of its national and regional realities along with the related historical background that defines and frames it. Although the very nature of contemporary migration has contributed to redefining the concept of integration, its effects on migrants’ transnational mobility have hardly been considered. Similarly, the literature on migrants’ transnational mobility has paid little attention to the theoretical developments and interrelations between these two processes.

This article seeks to identify the patterns of interaction between integration and transnationalism under specific context-bound national and local conditions and see how they shape the dynamics of migration from the Western Balkans to EU. It does so by applying a comparative cross -national and cross-local perspective, focusing on two (receiving) countries that represent different migration and integration regimes. We adopt the migration systems approach mainly a s a typological paradigm of an EU-Western Balkans migration system.

Keywords: migration system, integration, transnationalism, Albanian migrants, Greece, Austria

The Process of Democratization and Role of Elites in Albania

Genti Margariti1

1PhD

Candidate, University of Tirana, Albania, genti.margariti@unitir.edu.al

Abstract

Democratic consolidation in Albania should not only be analyzed from a prospective of r egime durability. The paradigms of democratization should be focusing on significant democratic contents. The main goal of this work is to investigate democratic consolidation process during last two decades. This will be conducted through a qualitative case study where the method employed, is on the realm of theory consuming. In order to achieve the purpose, this work will raise the questions of, why Albania did not reach democratic consolidation so far? What were the main challenges for further democratic consolidation?

I will try to explore a few aspects of democratic consolidation in Albania, in terms of strength of democratic values represented by the ruling elites. Under this assumption, strong and reliable elite’s decision-making are important in explaining the consolidation of democracies but not sufficient to guarantee consolidation. A separated, fragmented and conflictive ruling elite may stop democratic consolidation and alter the process. In addressing these inquiries, certain paradoxes recognized in this case are unparalleled in other contexts, that involve elites’ attributes to the process of consolidation. Elongated transition in Albanian has only produced an ongoing crisis and the elites seems to have constantl y failing to produce a strong pathway for consolidation. Political elites have shown authoritarian tendencies into monopolization of power. This is analyzed as a main constraint of democratic consolidation in Albania. In this case can be assumed, due to vanishing allegiances of political elites to democratic values, that democratization process will be characterized by, backsliding into facade democracies or competitive authoritarianism.

Keywords: Paradigms, Albania, democratic consolidation, political eli tes, mutual pacts, democratic values, competitive authoritarianism, backsliding of democracy

E-Democracy: The Impact of New Technologies in Transforming and Enhancing Democracy

PhD Gerta Mehmeti1 , Dr. Mallëngjim Skënderaj2

1University College Pavarësia Vlorë, Albania, gerta.mehmeti@ unipavaresia.edu.al

2University College Pavarësia Vlorë, Alban ia, mallengjim.skenderaj@unipavaresia.edu.al

Abstract

It is evident that the world of the 21st century is digital and Inte rnet have increased the possibilities for citizens both to obtain information and to make their voices heard, on any subject an d at any time without discrimination helping them to access public services as well. The concepts of e -government, e-democracy and e-participation are thus being debated and implemented in various ways, as there is an increasing demand for participation in the public consultations and decision-making processes. As Rodotà wrote in 1997, then a new form of 'continuous democracy' was e nvisaged that would force politicians to carry out a 'permanent electoral campaign'. Today, twenty-four years after Rodotà's reflections, those predictions have come true and we are witnessing the metamorphosis of democracy due to Web 2.0. Furthermore, Web 2.0 provides opportunities, such as participation in e-forums and e-voting, conflict-resolution and other groups of decision-making tools and technology, that could be seized for the purposes of radically transforming and enhancing democracy through technology. But by the other side, there subsist at least two types of risks to digital democracy. The first concerns the vulnerability of technological infrastructures for edemocracy (in particular for e-voting) and the second type of risk concerns the manipul ation of citizens by means, not only and no longer of the classic electoral propaganda of the mass media, but through social networks. Consequently, the aim of this article is to give a provisional answer to the question "is edemocracy a solution or an illusion”?

Keywords: new technologies, e-democracy, e-governance, electronic voting, online/offline participation

Social Change and New Subjectivity

Prof. Gianluca Biggio

Università della Tuscia, Viterbo, Italia, biggio@unitus.it

Abstract

Identity processes are determined by the individual psychological assumptions. As Freud stated, the individual is the last ring of a series of social determinations. Consequently, social processes influence the formation of identity and the sum of individual responses changes social processes. The theme explored in the paper is about how globalization technology and globalization-based migration is integrated into group responses and ghosts of dispersion or merging at individual level.

Recently we observe a conflict between a vision of globalization as an open space and a defensive sentiment created by the social trauma of immigration. This conflict creates confusion and ambivalence in group and individual behaviors as we can see in many social behaviors and also in the organizations and individual behaviors.

What could be the contribute of Organizational Psychology and Psychotherapy in order to manage the social stress and trauma?

Keywords: organizational psychology, trauma, modern and postmodern trends in psychoanalysis, professional ethics

Free Elections as a Contribution to Democracy

Nazmi Elezaj

Abstract

Free elections are the legitimacy and democratic stability of a state governed by the rule of law, free elections are the foundation of the legitimacy of Parliament and government as a whole. Free elections must also be competitive for a form of government representation, the right to vote and the secrecy of the vote is regulated by law. Without free elections there is no democracy and the improvement of elections is a precondition for Euro-Atlantic integration, the standards of which stem from the conditions of the OSCE ODIHR. The lack of structural and cultural problems is closely linked to the free elections process, which as proposal s have often alluded to an apolitical prime minister- a prime minister of a stable majority- but in fact it is impossible. A civil culture should consider free elections as the oxygen of democracy and the basis for an honest government, which has morals and integrity, without which there is no guarantee that the election result will reflect the will of the voters. Extremely important for democracy is the loss of elections or the unfavorable result for the political parties that accept the result . Elections without integrity defeat the goal of democratic and functional elections in a free and democratic state. Democracy is a process, not an event, and it is more than a moment of choice Identifying democracy is probably just as debatable, but it remains difficult to find a consensus on its definition. Elections must be pluralistic, transparent, fair and periodic because citizens do not feel that they have the most appropriate tool to influence the political system. Since the citizens participate only one day every four years in the political life, democracy is full of challenges, but the need of encouragement and motivation for citizens to participate in political life is great. To conclude, free elections are important: to consolidate a democracy, the elections held must be legitimized.

Keywords: free elections, democracy, legitimacy, votes

Manipulative Person Deixis in Political Discourses in Times of Change

Dr. Ledia Kazazi

University of Elbasan “Aleksandër Xhuvani” , Albania, ledia.kazazi@uniel.edu.al

Abstract

This paper aims to shed light on the usage of manipulative person deixis in political discourses. The theoretical framework will discuss the role of person deixis as an important framing device and its function in discourse power and manipulation. Person deixis are classified amo ng function words and demonstrative and relative pronouns and apart from thei r discursive use, deictic elements have been shown to have an important ideological dimension and because of this property they are extensively used in political speeches. The empirical data for this analysis are taken by two speeches of Albanian Prime Minister Edi Rama, delivered in the Albanian Parliament in the context of the measures taken within the Covid-19 pandemic situation and regarding the voting of the secret agreement b etween the Albanian government and the American pharmaceutical corporation Pf izer on the vaccine against Covid- 19. Both speeches refer to unprecedented contexts and reflect the need to adapt to a new, changed reality.

Following a cognitive – pragmatic approach the paper concludes that the use of deictic person pronouns aids the misinterpretation of reality and the manipulation of the audience, especially in contexts that reflect change and insecurity. The repetitive usa ge of first person pronouns serves to frame the inclusion and exclusion of the audience by contributing to the reinforcement of power and dominance.

Keywords: person deixis, personal pronouns, manipulation, political discourse, new realities

Covid-19 impact on the accuracy of predictive analytics models

Albion Bylykbashi1, Eralda Gjika (Dhamo)2, Xhoana Laska3

1Vodafone Albania , Albania, bylykbashi.albion@yahoo.com

2Department of Applied Mathematics, Faculty of Natural Science s, University of Tirana , Albania, eralda.dhamo@fshn.edu.al

3Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Natural Science s, University of Tirana, Albania, xhoanalaska14@gmail.com

,

Abstract

Machine Learning (ML) predictive models use historical data to forecast future behavior in order to inform decision-making. Due to Covid -19 pandemic, people’s lifestyle, mobility, needs and preferences have changed significantly. As a result, the accuracy of many ML models relying on customers’ past behavior has decreased, causing waste of money to businesses in their customer-centric marketing activities, demand and supply forecasting etc. After shedding light on the topic from a theoretical data mining perspective through the concept of ‘dataset shift’, this study will provi de a holistic overview of the impact of Covid-19 on the accuracy metrics of predictive analytics models such as classification, time series forecasting etc , implemented in a wide range of industries such as banking, insurance, oil and gas, tourism etc. In addition, this study will give practical recommendations to address the problems caused by Covid -19 pandemic on predictive analytics models’ accuracy. They can be used by researchers who study and investigate the ‘dataset shift’ problem and by practitioners interested in increasing the ability of their prediction models to adapt to the data pattern changes in the post-COVID period.

Keywords covid-19, machine learning, classification, time series, dataset shift, decision -making

Implementation and Usage of Artificial Intelligence Powered Chatbots in Human Resources Management Systems

Damir Rahmani1, Hiqmet Kamberaj2

1Department of Computer Engineering , Faculty of Engineering , International Balkan University , North Macedonia , damir.ibu@ibu.edu.mk

2 Department of Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering , International Balkan University , North Macedonia , hkamberaj@ibu.edu.mk

Abstract

Artificial Intelligence (AI) has an impressively wide range of capabilities, such as making decisions in real-time based on computing technologies and various predefined algorithms. The department of Human Resources (HRs) will also experience the impact of Artificial Intelligence. For a smooth workflow and intuitive work environment, HR professionals understand the importance of leveraging the mixture of the human mind and machine learning. Based on preinstalled algorithms and powerful computational technologies, AI can make decisions in real -time. Through an HR department that incorporates the human dimension and AI, businesses will provide their applicants and workers with an improved experience.

Additionally, the businesses can better understand their tar get market and promote result -oriented sales strategies by employing artificial intelligence. AI is the capacity of computers to mimic human intelligence. AI technology enables machines to learn and adapt automatically based on data analysis to provide more refined responses to circumstances. The issue includes how AI affects Human Resources, a department that depends on its human element. Some initial changes are the involvement of AI in the recruitment and onboarding, employee experience, process improvement, and the automation of administrative tasks to create a quick summary of where AI can precisely be implemented in the HR department, among the numerous AI applications within this sector.

Artificial Intelligence needs too much data for which proper storage and management are required to function effectively. Companies would need additional staff to run the sophisticated program and manage it. Using AI software to evaluate the collected data and leave the decision -making to the human workers would be the perfect method for employing AI in HR management. Examine the areas where AI may be beneficial before introducing AI within HR operations. It will increase efficiency and decrease operating costs if the primary purpose is to enhance the overall employee experience.

In this paper, a considerable portion will be focused on the usage of Artificial Intelligence -powered Chatbots. It will be assessed why chatbots should be used, what technology they run, and whether they can simulate a conversation as human as possible.

Keywords: Artificial Intelligence, Human Resources, chatbot

Cybersecurity in Cloud computing. A theoretical security framework

Marsela ABDI1

1M.Sc , University of Tirana, Albania, marsiabdi1994@gmail.com

Abstract

As cloud computing services continue to be adopted by companies to increase applications' availability, it is crucial to consider the challenges that arise with implementing this technology. Cybersecurity statistics show a considerable increase in the number of attacks and data breaches due to the global pandemic and the new way of working that has compromised many companies' security online. Moreover, being publicly available over the internet makes it quite complex to filter what is considered bad traffic and good traffic. This paper will introduce some of the security vulnerabilities that clo ud computing is facing, such as insider and outsider attacks, limited access, and loss of data. To tackle all the challenges and address the best practices for deploying secure applications, we will create a theoretical security framework, focusing on three main components: application, network, and storage. In conclusion, there are many elements on which the companies need to focus on making their experience in the cloud secure for both the employees and their clients. They should consider that security is not an isolated component and it involves technology, processes, and people.

Keywords: cloud computing, cybersecurity, cyberattacks, mitigation

Natural Language Processing for Albanian: A state-ofthe-art Survey

Muhamet Kastrati1, Marenglen Biba2

1Deparment of Computer Science , University of New York Tirana , Albania, muhamet.kastrati@gmail.com

2Department of Computer Science , University of New York Tirana , Albania, marenglenbiba@unyt.edu.al

Abstract

Due to its wide applicability, Natural Language Processing (NLP) has attracted significant research efforts to the machine learning and deep learning research community. Despite this, re search works investigating NLP for the Albanian language are still limited. However, to the best of our knowledge, there is no literature review available, which presents a clear picture of what has been studied, argued, and established in the area. The main objective of this survey is to comprehensively review, analyze and discuss the state -of-theart in NLP for the Albanian language. Here, we present an extensive study concerning the contribution of several authors that have contributed to the application of NLP for the Albanian language. Also, we present an overview of research carried out in the typical applications of NLP for the Albanian language. Finally, some future challenges and limitations of the area are discussed.

The adaption challenge of modern businesses Business Intelligence vs. Continuous Intelligence

Uendi Hoxha1, Doriela Grabocka2

1Student, University of New York Tirana, Albania, uendihoxha@unyt.edu.al

Abstract

As business models are constantly improving, new challenges are resurfacing, therefore the need for new technologies to tackle them is becoming imminent. We are living in an era, where business and science are climbing the highest standards together, providing a better lifestyle especially for businesses. Their initiatives to adapt to the newest trends of technologies have improved the performance and helped businesses to remain competitive. Two of such adaptions th at make use of improvements on the area of Artificial Intelligence are Business Intelligence (BI) and Continuous Intelligence (CI). BI and CI facilitate the decision -making process and makes it more data-driven than opinion or intuition–based. Their aim is to convert raw data to information, which in turn by leveraging different processes, is converted to knowledge. BI and CI are a valuable component which help businesses to catch blind spots and bottlenecks, thus finalizing decision -making process into a successful operational strategic procedure. CI, unlike BI, does not wait for data collection periods/resource availability or processing time. BI on the other hand, helps business decision making process by representing present and historical data within their business context.

Keywords: Business Intelligence, Continuous Intelligence, data mining, data warehouse, data analytics, dashboards, decision making

2Student, University of New York Tirana, Albania, dorielagrabocka@unyt.edu.al

Education and Gender Issues Amidst the COVID-19 Pandemic in Albania

Dr. Eriada Çela

University of Elbasan “Aleksand ër Xhuvani”, Albania, eriada.cela@uniel.edu.al

Abstract

Like every other crisis, the global Covid-19 pandemic is not gender-neutral, either. On the contrary, the forced isolation exacerbated gender inequality within many Albanian households while adding more hours of unpaid work to women and girls. While many people continued working from home, children and students embarked on an unexpected journey of blended learning through various online platforms. Since the division of tasks in Albanian households still mainly falls under traditional gender roles, more time at home for all women meant more unpaid wor k due to added hours of chores and care for children or/and the elderly besides occasionally sick family members. Additionally, more women became unemployed, and cases of domestic violence increased. As the Gender Equality Index for the republic of Albania 2020 indicates, there is a continuing gender gap in the labor market which results in gender gaps in earnings and more financial insecurity for women Also, based on Albania Country Gender Equality Brief 2020 published by UN Women, the social, economic, and legal services needed by victims of gender -based violence are still insufficient, as evidenced during the numerous cases identified during the COVID -19 pandemic. Lack of financial stability makes women more vulnerable to instances of domestic violence or abuse and the COVID-19 pandemic in Albania has shown, among others, that our society needs more egalitarian share of unpaid work.

Keywords: gender issues, gender-based violence, unpaid labour, Albania, Covid-19

The Role of Needs Analysis in Syllabus Design for EAP Courses.

Marija Stevkovska1

1International Balkan University , North Macedonia, m.stevkovska@ibu.edu.mk

Abstract

Designing a quality syllabus for an EAP course in higher education begins with a students’ needs analysis. To avoid discrepancy between teachers’ and students’ course perceptions and expectations, EAP course instructors should conduct a needs analysis prior to curriculum and syllabus design. A survey with 80 first-year students from the International Balkan University in Skopje taking a course in EAP indicated that acquiring academic and professional vocabulary and developing their speaking skills were among their top priorities, followed by improvement of their academic writing skills. The findings also showed that half of the students preferred group work. Contrary to this, a survey with 20 EAP teachers revealed a mismatch, as teachers primarily focused on writing skills and only 25% of them included group work in class. According to both teachers and students EAP courses should include ESP content, relevant to students’ study programs. This would enhance students’ language skills and help them use English effectively in their future profession.

Keywords: students’ needs analysis, EAP, ESP, syllabus design.

Storytelling-a Form of Women’s Cultural Activism

Marijana Klemenchich 1 , Ana Kechan2

1Asst. Prof. Dr., International Balkan University, North Macedonia, marijana.klemenchich@ibu.edu.mk

2Asst. Prof. Dr., International Balkan University, North Macedonia , a.kechan@ibu.edu.mk

Abstract

Women in North Macedonia have become aware of the importance of sharing the stories about women’s lives, their successes and contributions, and they have started to publicly gather and tell their stories ; thus, turning storytelling into a form of cultural activism. These events of storytelling contribute to women’s emancipation and to raising awareness for the important role of women throughout history and today. One of these important events which are held in North Mac edonia, that promotes the stories of women, is the PicPrich event –an evening of storytelling, moderated and performed completely on a voluntary basis by the creative team and participants. The event is part of the promotional activities for the Festival of Feminist Culture and Action- First, so Female, which is supported by the European Union. The content of the activities related to the Festival of Feminist Culture and Action -First, so Female is raising feminist awareness through the promotion of women from the cultural and social life in Macedonia , with the help of the continuation of the tradition of women’s oral art, which is usually outside the established canonized history. Storytelling and the stories of the women emphasize the importance of women’s writing and the important role of women in society as well They further become an incentive and inspiration for today's women. The importance of storytelling to and by women is enormous. It is a tradition dating back to the past in which, through the stories about women, we become aware of our predecessors -women who lived before us and whose stories affect and inspire contemporary women.

Keywords: Storytelling, Women’s Stories, Cultural Activism, Women’s Writing, Women’s Tradition

The Proliferation and Prosperity of Publications in Predatory Journals among Academics in Institutions of Higher Education in Ethiopia

Mohammed Yimer1

1Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science and International Relations, Woldia University, Ethiopia, muhamed_yimer@yahoo.com

Abstract

The paper examines the proliferation and propensity of publications in predatory journals by academics in institutions of Higher Education in Ethiopia. Predatory journals are known for collecting money at the expense of scientific knowledge. The study consulted authors and their published articles from seven purposively selected universities. The study found that over 89 percent of the articles were published in predatory journals. If this trend continues, it may result in the development of incompetent research and the proliferation of poor-quality research, which would tarnish the reputation of the academe in Ethiopia and hamper the development endeavor of the country. The phenomena also may result in knowledge loss and ruins the prestige of institutions. Limiting the scope of databases in which the journals are indexed and accredited to Scopus, Web of Science and ProQuest may help to address this scourge significantly.

Keywords: Academics, Authors’ Awareness, Predatory journals, Ethiopia, Universities

Developing an Online Nursing Course

Silvana Gripshi1

1Faculty

of Technical Medical Sciences, University of Medicine Tirana, Albania, silvagripshi@yahoo.com

Abstract

During the COVID-19 pandemic and mandatory lockdown, academic nursing institutions worldwide and in Albania as well have shifted to distance learning. An unknown practice in nursing education in Albania that was associated with a number of difficulties for both staff and students. As remote education continues to be utilized by higher learning institutions, many struggles in knowing how to effectively utilize tools for the benefit of the students, faculty and staff facilitating online teaching , are present.

This review aims to describe the process of creating and developing an online course in nursing education. The intended result is a review of the latest literature, as well as a practical set of guidelines for planning and developing online courses. It is important for nursing educators to support the changing technology a nd its potential for teaching purposes.

Keywords: nursing education, online, course, distance learning

Making the Future of Work Inclusiveness of people with disabilities: A.C.C.E.N.T Project as an Action Approach

Suela Ndoja1

1Psychologist/Education Officer, Association “Project Hope”, Albania, sundoprospe@gmail.com

Abstract

In the context of a rapidly changing world, especially in a COVID one, the Future of Work is an issue drawing the attention of many individuals, associations and organizations. It is a global concern, posing important challenges that need to be addressed urgently. One such challenge is how to ensure that the future of work is inclusive, leaving no one behind, including the persons with disabilities. The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development provides the framework for inclusive global sustainable development efforts for the coming decade. Persons with disabilities are considered one of the groups meriting specific attention in the 2030 Agenda.

The social-psychological and rights-based approach towards persons with disabilities reflected in the 2030 Agenda is aligned with the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. CRPD is promoting inclusion and equal opportunities for persons with disabilities, also in the world of work. Inequalities experienced in the world of work by persons with disabilities remain signi ficant and need to be addressed, or the future of work will replicate the past.

The good news is that an increasing number of national and international projects & organizations are recognizing disability as a source of diversity, talent and innovation. For persons with disabilities, decent work means they can be empowered to lead more independent lives and contribute to the social and psychological wellbeing of their families, communities and societies at large, building together a more inclusive society

The future of work is still to be shaped, and we can all influence it to some extent. Driven by this idea and aware of the urgency to take action, the A.C.C.E.N.T. Project - Accessibility, Civic Conscience, Employment for Persons with Disabilities, as a New TREND is being implemented according to the Priority: Promoting employment, labor mobility and social and cultural inclusion across the border financed by European Union.

In the field of employment of PWDs, in addition to the physical barriers, t he biggest problems pose the prejudices, lack of competences and skills of PWDs, as well as low opportunities for employment. The Action A.C.C.E.N.T is addressing these common needs in Montenegro and Albania, to create employment opportunities and to increase the employability for PWDs by creating proper environment, functional institutional framework, by developing competences and professional skills and by strengthening the dialogue between all stakeholders. The Action will develop in particular in 4 municipalities: in Montenegro 2 municipalities, namely municipalities of Tivar and Ulcjini; in Albania in Shkodra and Lezha municipalities. In Albania, Caritas Albania and Association “Project Hope” will lead the action.

This is a unique exercise to connect different areas of debate, looking at the key trends of the future of work from a disability perspective and seeking to identify specific action needed in order to shape the future of work in a more disability-inclusive way.

Keywords: people with disabilities, work inclusive, employability and the employment opportunities, A.C.C.E.T project

Revisiting VET and Continuing Education: Old Problems, New Solutions

Artur Jaupaj 1

1Prof. Assoc., Canadian Institute of Technology Albania, Albania, artur.jaupaj@cit.edu.al

Abstract

Various sources (Jäger, 2006, 2013) provide ample analyses on the existence of serious skills gap in all the main sectors of the Albanian economy as the main educational focus has shifted towards Higher Education (HE), thus failing to revitalize the former “backbone” of th e economy, i.e., Vocational Education Training (VET) and Continuing Education (CE). As such, this paper undertakes to analyze the most recent developments in terms of VET and CE including the VET laws (2002, revised 2011), the Albanian Qualifications Framework (2010) as well as some very recent feasibility studies on PostSecondary VET. It further provides a number of recommendations and suggestions towards a better integration of VET and CE into a knowledge-based economy, thus filling the skills gap and securing a sustainable future and economic growth.

Keywords: VET, Continuing Education, skills gap, Albanian Qualifications Framework

The Need for Academic Writing in Albania

M.Sc. Klodjana Skendaj

University of New York Tirana , Albania,

klodjanaskendaj@unyt.e du.al

Abstract

The aim of this research is to present the situation concerning Academic Writing in Albania, the immediate need of introducing it to higher education institutions as a mandatory course for all fields of study, and most importantly introducing a formal writing adapted to Albanian grammar and syntax. Reviewing the content of every methodology, practices, publications, cycle of unpublished lectures, books used in the most important private and public higher education institutions , the aim of this study is centered in: (i) understanding the immediate need of introducing academic writing as a mandatory course into universities, (ii) reviewing the present curricula of academic writing whether is adapted to the Albanian language structure (Syntactically and Grammarly), (iii) indicating evidence that the impaired and incomplete incorporation of this course has led to and created a concerning issue about academic research and plagiarism. In this research, it is used a quantitative approach by ana lyzing a sample of 253 on-line questionaries delivered to students of private and public of HEIs, through Google Form, within a period of 6 months, from June to November 2020.This questionnaire was used to find and analyze information and data. In order to realize the analytical analysis of the connection between the variables and descriptive analysis the SPSS version 23 has been used. The coefficient of the Pearson correlation has been used to measure the connections between variables and correlative analy sis. Chi square statistical model has been used for the testing of hypothesis and a margin of 5% is equal to a reliability level of 95%. The outcome showed that students lack adequate skills in compiling basic writing forms, they were unaware of the steps required to use resources. There is an evident inclination that if Academic Writing becomes mandatory in Universities, this would lead to a standard orienting format for all kinds of writing that would be used by students coming from different fields of study.

Keywords: academic writing, higher education institutions, mandatory