The 1st International e-Conference on Social Sciences | Book of Abstracts '20

BOOK OF ABSTRACTS

INTERNATIONAL E-CONFERENCE ON SOCIAL SCIENCES 2020

“The Uncertainties and Challenges in the Balkans: Case of COVID’19”

PUBLISHER:

University of New York Tirana

EDITORIAL OFFICE:

Editor in-Chief: Prof. Dr. İsmail Kocayusufoğlu

Deputy Editor in-Chief: Dr. Andromahi Kufo

Co-Editor: Arta Sinamati, M.Sc.

DESIGN & DPT:

Emisa Aliaj

ISBN-13: 978-9928-4671-3-3

PRINTED BY:

University of New York Tirana

PLACE OF PUBLICATION and DATE:

Tirana, Albania, 2020

COPYRIGHT:

University of New York Tirana

COMMITTEES

HONORARY COMMITTEE

Prof. Dr. Birol Akgün President, Turkish Maarif Foundation

Prof. Dr. İsmail Kocayusufoğlu Rector, University of New York Tirana

Evis Kushi, PhD

Minister, Ministry of Education, Youth and Sport

His Excellency Mr. Murat Ahmet Yörük Ambassador of Turkish Embassy in Tirana

Dr. Elona Gjebrea The State Minster for Diaspora

Prof. Dr. Arben Malaj

Member of Supervisory Council, Bank of Albania

Mr. Theodor Grassos

Secretary General of European Association of Institutes for Vocational Training

ORGANIZING COMMITTEE

Prof. Dr. İsmail Kocayusufoğlu

Ilir Kalemaj, PhD

Dr. Andromahi Kufo

Arta Sinamati, M.Sc.

Alkida Lushaj, M.Sc.

Av. Andrea Mazelliu, M.Sc.

SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE

Prof. Dr. Nertila Gjini

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Lindita Latifi Xhanari

Assoc. Prof. Juna Miluka

Doc. Dr. Amir Duranovic

Dr. Enila Cenko, PhD

Dr. Dajana Grandic, PhD

Admir Ramadani, CFA

Dr. Perparim Dervishi

Matej Golob

Eriona Shtembari, PhD

Dr. Andromahi Kufo

Dr. Ariana Cela

Dr. Eda Gemi, PhD

Prof. Berto Salaj

Dr. Adam Erlich, PhD

Dr. Albana Canollari

Dr. Stela Dhima

Ledia Kurti, M.Sc.

Hektor Ruci, M.Sc.

Table of Contents

Balkan Countries Sovereign Bond Spreads: Introducing other explanatory factors in addition to credit ratings

Arjan Kadareja, Ardita Todri ………….1

A wavelet coherence analysis of Covid-19 and exchange rates

Ardit Gjeci, Aida Salko, Athina Tori, Arta Sinamat i.....................................................................2

European Central Bank Efforts for Covid-19 Referring to the Previous Crises

Fatbardha Kadiu………………………………………………… …………………………….3

Impact of Covid-19 on Albanian Insurance Companies

Kristal Hykaj …..…..4

Exchange rates in post Covid-19 vs. the 2008 financial crisis

Ardita Hykaj, Armelina Fushekati Lila………… …………………………………………… ………5

From Business Hibernation to Regional Cooperation in the Western Balkans

Zamira Pode Hirsch……… …….6

The impact of Covid-19 pandemic on corporate ethical behavior in the Republic of North Macedonia – Companies and Customer ethics

Ceneta Telak Durmishi……… ……..7

The Uncertainties and challenges in the Balkans: Case of COVID -19

Elisa Lula, Alda Dhamo… ………..8

Impact assessment of Covid-19 on the tourism industry in North Macedonia

Kristina Velichkovska, Besnik Mustafa… …….9

Albanian digital marketing era during pandemic

Fiona Teli, Oltiona Sula, Frida Gjermeni…… 10

Covid-19, Albania, and the Right Not to be Treated

Denard Veshi, Enkelejda Koka, Michele Biring-Pani…………………………………………… …11

The legal response of Western Balkan countries to combat the coronavirus pandemic

Albulena Uka……… ……..12

The impact of covid-19 in human rights: challenges and perspectives

Ledia Dërmyshi, Arlind Maloku…………………………….……………………………………….…13

Data Protection and Privacy: a Balkan challenge in the time of COVID- 19

Gentiana Kapllani, Hysmir Idrizi… ……..14

The impact of COVID-19 on human rights in Albania

Totalitarianism: Is pandemic used to enforce authoritarian control and state surveillance in hybrid democracies?

shock the next global change: sectors, areas and systems of post-Corona, especially health, international trade and governance

Impact of Covid-19 in providing therapeutic services to children with special needs

of Mental Health Care and Economy during Covid-19 in Relation to Levels of Education

Psychological Factors Influencing Healing Process from Covid-19 in Albania

Implementing Project-Based Learning into Online Teaching in ESL Classes in Higher Education

Mental Health assessment in the Albanian population: Covid-19 impact

Dear Reader,

First of all, I am honored to address You all to the First IJBS International e-Conference: “The Uncertainties and Challenges in the Balkans: Case of COVID-19.”

Due to the area of research, a great number of participants were attracted to present their research at this important conference.

It is high time that such an important scholarly event took a step during this difficult period that our society is going through the impact that it will have in every aspect of life. The research presented in this conference come from a wide range of different fields such as economy, management, public finances, public health, psychology, education, law, etc. Speakers of the conference are distinguished in their field of expertise and I am proud of their contribution to our first International E-Conference.

The topics covered by this international conference are a reflection of the most impactful aspects of life that Covid-19 has affected and the prospects of a new era. These research studies show a unique perspective and give an insight into the actions that every country should take as a response towards this issue.

Despite the high level of uncertainties and challenges that this pandemic is bringing to normal life and the projections of crisis that it entails, I am confident that the key solution rests with research and skilled scholars to find the best solutions and prospects for this crisis.

This conference is an inspiration to foster new research and uncover recommendations by finding the best synergies among different actors on how to successfully face and handle such crises.

With regards,

Prof. Dr. Ismail KOCAYUSUFOGLU Rector Editor in Chief of International Journal of Balkan Studies

Balkan Countries Sovereign Bond Spreads: Introducing other explanatory factors in addition to credit ratings

Arjan Kadareja1, Ardita Todri2

1Associate Professor, Unive rsity of New York Tirana , Albania, kadareja@yahoo.com

2Senior Lecturer, University of Elbasan, Albania,

ardita.todri@gmail.com

Abstract

Sovereign bond spreads over some credit risk free rate are used as an indicator of sovereign credit risk. The sovereign credit risk, among others, is researched and ordinally ranked by credit rating agencies. The conventional wisdom is that the ratings movements should explain in general the variability of the spreads, i.e. other things equal, a deterioration in ratings should be associated with a spread increase and vice versa.

However, in the literature it is well documented and researched the fact that the credit ratings and the market’s pricing of credit risk do not always move in tandem. So, it is not uncommon for the actual market pricing to lead the credit ratings prediction of the credit risk.

In this paper we hypothesize that, besides credit ratings, some other explanatory variables are useful in explaining the variability of the sovereign bond rate spreads over some ris k-free rate.

We employ an unbalanced panel data approach to explai n the Balkan countries sovereign bond spreads over German government bonds rates. The model explains the variations in the credit risk premium by extending the set of explanatory variables beyond the usual sovereign credit ratings.

We provide evidence that useful and significant explanatory variables are also the state of democracy developments, sovereign debt refinancing needs and global crises such as the COVID -19 pandemic. To the best of our knowledge, this would represent an extension to the existing l iterature.

Being aware that credit ratings are simply ordinal numbers, we construct several dummy variables to properly include credit ratings explanatory variables in the panel regressions. This methodology avoids imposing unrealistic model restrictions by treating ordinal numbers as cardinal. We include also other dummies capturing the developments in the democracy state, refinancing needs, and crises.

The evidence provided here would be useful for sovereign debt issuers and investors. On the one hand, the sovereigns can issue debt at a marginally lower interest rate by taking steps to properly influence the variables of interest such as the democracy level, refinancing needs, and debt issue timing.

On the other hand, by using the additional information provided here, the sovereign debt investors can make portfolio decisions in advance of or not solely based on rating agency changes.

JEL Classification Numbers: GI5, G23, F34

Keywords: Sovereign credit risk, Bond spreads, Credit ratings, Ordinal and cardin al numbers, Refinancing needs.

A wavelet coherence analysis of Covid-19 and exchange rates

Ardit Gjeci1, Aida Salko2, Athina Tori3, Arta Sinamati4

1PhD Candidate, University of Ljubljana , Slovenia, ardit_ubt@hotmail.com

2PhD Candidate, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy, aida.salko@uniroma1.it

3University of New York Tirana, Albania, athinatori@unyt.edu.al

4University of New York Tirana, Albania, artasinamati@unyt.edu.al

Abstract

The COVID-19 outbreak threatens to wreak havoc on financial markets, even though the eventual scale of the crisis is not yet determined In addition to the economic impacts of national lockdowns, high unemployment rates, poor demand for consumer products and decreased industry investments, the pandemic uncertainty has jolted the foreign exchange markets. Moreover, researchers’ efforts on a global scale are being made to investigate eventual financial impacts and instability of the ongoing situation. Our study sheds new light and reveals useful insights by examining the COVID-19 pandemic effects on exchange rates in Albania Using daily new cases data reported of COVID-19 and daily exchange rates from March 9th, 2020 to September 25th, 2020, the wavelet coherence analysis is employed to investigate the co-movements between the two time series.

We find that the exchange rates generally show the same pattern of variation during the first month of observation corresponding to the announcement of the national lockdown. Our results reveal lead-lag and positive co-movements between Covid-19 new cases and observed exchange rates in different time spans. In particular, positive (in phase) co-movements are observed between COVID-19 and three major currencies (the Euro, British pound, and U.S. dollar) vis-à-vis the Albanian Lek during the first and sixth month of observation period. The overall results negate any large impact of COVID-19 new cases on exchange rates, suggesting little pandemic-imposed variation on examined foreign currencies.

Keywords: COVID-19 pandemic, exchange rate, wavelet coherence analysis, co-movements

European Central Bank Efforts for Covid-19

Referring to the Previous Crises

Fatbardha Kadiu1

1Associate Professor, PhD, University of New York Tirana, fatbardhakadiu@yahoo.com

Abstract

Considering the reaction of Italian Government directed to Europe an Central Bank, I intend to search if the ECB have the same reactions for the Covid -19 crises as the bank had for the previous crises of 2008-2010 financial crises and the Eurozone debt crises. The paper covers the factors of the crises by analyzing the causes and the results of each crises very briefly and mainly making a comparison for the respecting responses that the bank had for each of them.

It is noticed that the efforts or the responses are not the same, and in fact as the profiles of the crises are different it is hard to find same responses but the conclusion I could find is that responses are equivalent to each other for the three analyzed crises. The only difference is the time applied of its policies (and the dimension of time in quasi –fiscal policy applied is crucial) and the details for the APP (Asset Purchasing Program) which are not already published and the rate on interests. Of course, by these conclusions I find it somehow very objective the Italian government reactions to the European Central Bank and the European Union identified as Union with the core value of “solidarity”. Of course, the research needs further studies to conclude if the responses of ECB itself are coherent with the macroeconomic situation of the whole world and if the re is any connection between the policies taken by ECB.

Keywords: ECB, COVID-19 crises, APP, Bank policies, Quasi-Fiscal Policy

Impact of Covid-19 on Albanian Insurance Companies

Kristal Hykaj1

1Mediterranean University of Albania, Albania,

kristalhykaj@hotmail.com

Abstract

The COVID-19 has affected every country's economy. Its effects were visible in every sector of the economy, various industries, agriculture, trade, transport, etc. This has also affected the Albanian economy and has failed many businesses in Albania, the gradual decline of some others and a momentary impact on some others. Like any other sector, this affected the insurance companies. Since insurance companies play an important role in our economy, there is a need for a detailed analysis of them

The aim of this paper is to analyze how they were affected from the COVID-19 and the impact in their financials and the economy as a whole. To reach accurate conclusions a comparison analysis will be the first in order to understand their way of operations and a highlight of their performan ce during the financial crisis in 2008-2009.

Insurance companies in our country are partly part of foreign investments, which means that the impact of the crisis of other countries had a direct impact on the performance of these companies. Chronologically we will come to understand how long it took each of the insurance companies to recover after this crisis. A more detailed examination of the conditions of the companies at the moment will allow us to understand the problems they have encountered during th e continuation of their activity in our country. The problems they face with the market nowadays are numerous as even people are skeptical and do not seriously think that insuring them can help them in a risk situation. Another problem is rising unemployment. As the number of unemployed in the country increases, the number of people who no longer have insurance is increasing as the reduction of income reduces their ability to make expenses and do not think for life insurance.

The last point of this paper will be the comparison of the impact of insurance companies in the Balkan Region. This will help to create a much broader conclusion and to estimate the economic impact in transitional economies.

Keywords: Covid-19, insurance companies, economic impact, Balkans.

Exchange rates in post Covid-19 vs. the 2008 financial crisis

Ardita Hykaj1, Armelina Fushekati Lila2

1Mediterranean University of Albania , Albania, arditahyka@umsh.edu.al

2Mediterranean University of Albania , Albania, armelina.lila@umsh.edu.al

Abstract

Covid-19 has taken a different course from what was predicted during the mid -year, causing great uncertainties not only in the social life, but also in the economic life. The ambiguity and uncertainty that accompanies everyone's daily life, paves the way for discourses and predictions regarding the medium- and long-term impact of this pandemic as well as the budgeting of the recovery without having a starting point. The focus of this study will be on the impact of Covid -19 on the exchange rate and respectively the appreciation of the local currency against the two most widely used currencies in the country, the Euro and the USD. Considering it as a very important macroeconomic element, governments and first-level banks undertake numerous policies for its stability, as the exchange rate not only shows the fluctuations of the currency, but also signals the well -being of an entire economy, looking at this in terms of the level of consumer prices and main services, international trade, the level of foreign direct investment, etc. One of the main purposes of this paper is to compare the impact of Covid-19 on the foreign exchange rate compared to the economic data of the financial crisis of 2008. The research of these two periods will identify their commonalitie s and divisions, except the denominator they have in common: deep economic recession. Finally, we will analyze the possibilities of monitoring and controlling the instability of the foreign exchange market and what may be the policy suggestions to be taken into consideration for the “lifeguard” of this stability.

Keywords: Covid-19, exchange rate, financial crisis, international trade, foreign direct investment

From Business Hibernation to Regional Cooperation in the Western Balkans

Zamira Pode Hirsch1

1 Doctor, Business Science Institute in Luxembourg , Luxembourg, zamirapoda@unyt.edu.al

Abstract

The research aims to explore if the regional economic initiat ive of cooperation is the right development tool for SMEs in countries in the Western Balkans. Two different questionnaires were conducted (‘’Case of Albania’’ and ‘’Case of 6 countries together’’) to provide enough info in testing if the idea of regional cooperation is worth for this Region. It seems to be one -way road by which six countries in the region aspire regionally and towards European Integration. Albania has much work to do in boosting micro firms (94% of business community) and to reach same level of performance customary in the neighboring countries. Internal factors (poor economic conditions, lack of innovation, old technology, low skills, etc…) and external factors (global recession and pandemic situation) have slowed the speed especially of development despite significant reforms conducted in the country.

The last decade is subject of this study, from which the concept of hibernation is derived as an outstanding feature. SMEs in Albania comport, as elsewhere surviving from unfavorable b usiness constrains, comparable to behavior of living organisms to protect themselves, under adverse weather conditions. Hibernation of business is a temporarily phase of adaptation to safe their reserve till hard time is over. Regional countries in Balkans agree to cooperate, however, notions of competition, regionalism and together with perfectionism would increase the fears of rivalry by small countries. Serbia is a big country and is known for its business tradition and has a brand name about governmental policies compared to other nations in Balkans. Adapting, modifying and inspiring of micro firms to fit into new governmental/regional policy, while struggling to keep peace in Balkans and implementing regional cooperation, are the final conclusions. Experience gained domestically between both (firms and government) would be the nucleus of aspiration to develop the final goal towards EU integration. Question is if countries are we ready to cope with it!?

Keywords: Western Balkans, Regional Cooperation, Business Hibernation/Pandemic Situation, Competitiveness, Growth, Innovation, Hidden Costs, Skills, Trade & Internationalization of SMEs

The impact of Covid-19 pandemic on corporate ethical behavior in the Republic of North Macedonia – Companies and Customer ethics

Ceneta Telak Durmishi 1

1Academic Assistant, International Balkan University, Republic of North Macedonia, telak.

Abstract

ceneta@gmail.com

The COVID-19 pandemic has brought fast-moving and unexpected variables, some of which existing crisis plans and teams were not prepared to handle. Many companies in the Republic of North Macedonia successfully developed incident management plans specific to this crisis and are now looking ahead This pandemic offers great opportunities for firms to actively engage in various CSR initiatives during the crisis, and potentially catalyze a new era of CSR development in the long run. It is crucial that Covid-19 pandemic changed the business world not just in RNM but all over the world The problem statement in this research is that generally, it can be argued that companies do recognize responsibility to society especially in this pandemic time differently in different countries, but at the same time it is hard to make a balance between profit and social responsibility. In the content and design of this research the study was thought to be conducted in the exploratory manner through a quality case study in which an in-depth examination of the case was conducted. Research reflections of the collected data are included. But generally, it focuses on secondary data base on the information from the companies such as announce reports and annual reports from some companies of this country. Because Covid-19 drove sector, firm, and organizational innovation a little bit down, research is needed to explore the drivers of effectiveness and changes that will have benefits in the long term. The effect is personal, emotional, psychological, societal, economic, and cultural.

As a result, all gathered data will be synthesized into a single conclusion about the real existing situation of the CSR concept and COVID-19 situation, including a part of comparative det ails of how the companies form RNM. Recommendations are included to improve the environment for operating this tool and raise the interest of the general public about the potential of this concept.

Keywords: Covid-19, Corporate social responsibility, CSR philosophy, Pandemic and Business,

The Uncertainties and challenges in the Balkans: Case of COVID-19

Elisa Lula1, Alda Dhamo2

1MBA in Entrepreneurship, Regent University , USA, elisalula01@gmail.com

2MBA in Entrepreneurship , Marmara University of Marmara , Turkey, Uni TV Roma , Italy, aldadhamo@gmail.com

Abstract

The course of human history changed dramatically in 2020, as the COVID -19 pandemic changed radically the lives of billions around the globe. Within a short span of time, humanity was for ced to adapt to a new unexplored ecosystem dealing unexpectedly with a new “science fiction” reality. The new health crisis had a massive impact on all the countries despite their technological advancements and expertise, and it demanded prompt action to adapt and mitigate the unforeseen risks. This time, the Balkan countries were to face unprecedented new challenges, which were not confined to their boundaries. But how deep did the COVID-19 crisis affect the Albanian businesses? Is the future to remain dim for a while, or is the crisis bringing some new opportunities for Albania to take advantage of? According to Albania Investment Council’s Survey “COVID -19’s Impact on the Business” (June 2020), the Albanian companies claimed to perceive as their main challenges: shortage of clients (24%), lack of liquidity (17%), difficulties in payment of salaries (13%). By comparing the results of various studies and reports, we will attempt to look closer at some of the main business challenges in Albania, to understand how tackling them would be a wise tactic to transform them into opportunities for the country to become more competitive in the region, and improve its efforts to advance on the European path. Despite the many challenges brought by the COVID-19 crisis, Albania can still take advantage of several opportunities, for example in the manufacturing industry, where Albania can enter into value chains of which it had never been part to date.

Keywords: Balkans, Albania, Covid-19, economic impact, business, resilience

Impact assessment of Covid-19 on the tourism industry in North Macedonia

Kristina Velichkovska1, Besnik Mustafa2

1Teaching Assistant, International Balkan University , North Macedonia, kristina.velickovska@gmail.com

2Master of Science, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom

Abstract

As a result of the closed borders, limited mobility and social distancing, tourism is one of the first and most severely affected economic sectors in times of pandemics. Considering the characteristics of Covid-19 in terms of speed of spreading and consequences it has on human health, this was the most serious crisis that the tourism industry has faced so far. To prevent the spreading of the virus, many countries implemented border lockdowns which disrupted life and created economic collapse scenarios. The restrictive measures caused significant decline in economic activity and paralyzed tourism. This paper presents the current situation of tourism and forecasts the three possible scenarios of the pandemic on tourism in the coming period in North Macedonia. Furthermore, it gives insights into the decline of economic activity in the country as a result of the losses in tourism from Covid -19.

Keywords: tourism, COVID-19 pandemic, economic impact, North Macedonia

Albanian digital marketing era during pandemic

Fiona Teli1, Oltiona Sula2, Frida Gjermeni3

1Department of Computer Science, “Aleksandër Moisiu” University, Albania, teli.fiona.post@gmail.com

23Department of Computer Science, “Aleksand ër Moisiu” University, Albania

Abstract

Marketing, as it is today, is all about understanding and attracting your audience. Due to the many emerging economic sectors, Albania has also begun to study and practice digital marketing techniques, and businesses have had to learn and adapt the latest digital marketing technologies to promote their products at home and abroad. In a world where we are increasingly online exposed, it is much easier to convert our audience into customers. Thanks to various analytics social networks do to their users, we can control sales and business growth without having to resort to old methods of marketing. Facebook, Twitter, Instagram have become the most sought-after virtual environments for all kinds of products and services. The use of social networks has been increasing in Albania and also the use of the latest electronic devices, which makes our country, an ideal location to study the behavior of the audience in the online marketplace.

It's been more than six months that everyone is suffering from such a phase that no one ever expected. It is not only about one person, one business, one state, or one country, and it is about the whole world. The biggest impact pandemic lay in small businesses. In Albania pandemic affected them so hard that there is no scope to grow and take the business on higher levels. In such a situation, the Albanian business, which until yesterday had operated in the market with mainly traditional marketing, was found unprepared. There were many businesses that turned their eyes away from digital marketing, as the only way to keep in touch with their customers. But how much information do Albanian businesses have about digital marketing? What were the strategies used to deal with such a situation? How important is the data collection that businesses receive from social networks for the Albanian audience segmentation? How prepared are Albanian consumers to be part of this online market? All of these questions will be answered in our paper.

Keywords: digital marketing, costumer engagement, digital marketing during pandemic, social media, Albanian audience segmentation, pandemic marketing strategies

Covid-19, Albania, and the Right Not to be Treated

Denard Veshi1, Enkelejda Koka2, Michele Biring-Pani3

1PhD,

Lecturer, University of New York Tirana, denardveshi@unyt.edu.al

2PhD, Vice Rector/Head of Law Department/Lecturer, University of New York Tirana, enkelejdakoka@unyt.edu.al

3M Sc., Lecturer, University of New York Tirana, michelepani@unyt.edu.al

Abstract

The right to health is a constitutional right recognized universally in international law. The preamble of the WHO Constitution of 1946 defines health as: “…a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.” In addition, the majority of the EU-27 have codified the right to health in their basic laws. Article 55(1) of the Albanian Con stitution recognizes the right to health care, which gives citizens the right to enjoy in an equal manner health care services from the State. During Covid -19, the health care system has been challenged since there is a limited supply of resources and personnel for patients. This paper reviews the right not to be treated in the Albanian legislation through civil and criminal legal approaches as well as considering the impact of Covid-19. Although the current Albanian legislation considers withholding or withdrawing treatment from an unconscious patient as a criminal offense, in the current pandemic situation, the application of the ethical principle of justice results in the key factor to not punish physicians. However, due to scarce medical resources, medical treatment might stop. Nevertheless, care shall always continue, even to patients who ask not to be treated.

Keywords: Albania, Civil Law, Covid-19, Criminal Law, Right-to-not be Treated

The legal response of Western Balkan countries to combat the coronavirus pandemic

Albulena Uka1

1LL.M. in International and European Law , Ghent University, Belgium, albulena.uka@outlook.com

Abstract

The coronavirus pandemic has hit the entire world and the consequences have varied from a country to another. With such pandemic consequences have been confronted the Western Balkan countries as well. Since the outbreak of COVID-19 in March of this year, the governments of Western Balkan countries were racing to slow the spread of the deadly virus by introducing different measures to protect their already fragile health systems. However, the aim of this paper is to depict solely the legal response of Western Balkan countries on their fight against the COVID-19. Therefore, an examination of the most relevant legal documents adopted during the pandemic with the purpose of combating the latter will be the subject of this paper. Moreover, a comparative analysis will also be utilized to compare the legal measures taken in different Western Balkan country and the respective application of the adopted legal measures. The paper concludes with a current situation and an observation of possible future implications in Western Balkan countries caused by COVID-19.

Keywords: Western Balkan countries, COVID-19, laws, combat pandemic

The impact of covid-19 in human rights: challenges and perspectives

Ledia Dërmyshi1, Arlind Maloku2

1Attorney at Law, Ledia Dërmyshi, Faculty of Law, University of Tirana, Albania, ledia_dermyshi@hotmail.com

2Msc. Arlind Maloku, F aculty of Law, University of Tirana, Albania, malokuarlind@gmail.com

Abstract

The global pandemic of covid-19, beside the fears of an unknown disease, has brought problems over human rights and legislation in general. In the Western Balkan countries, where health infrastructure is underdeveloped, fears of mass infection are high.

Firstly we aim to present the impact that measures, taken by governments, have on the fundamental rights and freedoms of the individual and their restriction, referring to the decisions of different courts, as well as analyzing the test of proportionality and whether these restrictions are necessary, appropriate and in accordance with the need that dictates them.

Secondly, we will focus on the derogation of the articles of the E uropean Convention on Human Rights, the principle of legality as an essential principle in the rule of law and the measure defined by law for the restriction of these rights.

This paper becomes important, especially for Albania, where the competent institution which judges whether or not there is a violation of rights, the Constitutional Court, is out of function This reason brings the possibility for injustice by lawmakers or local authorities on these rights.

After analyzing these components we come to the conclusion that the measures are repressive, and therefore they substantially affect on freedom of movement, expression, assembly, or other rights (even though they conflict with the utilitarian principles of Bentham's philosophy).

Keywords: pandemic, covid-19, human rights, proportionality test, utilitarianism, rule of law, principle of legality, freedom of expression, freedom of assembly, freedom of movement.

Data Protection and Privacy: a Balkan challenge in the time of COVID- 19

Gentiana Kapllani1, Hysmir Idrizi2

1Faculty of Law and Social Sciences, U niversity of New York in Tirana, Albania, genta_kapllani@yahoo.com

2Faculty of Law and Social Sciences, U niversity of New York in Tirana, Albania, idrizihysmir@gmail.com

Abstract

The year-long pandemic is still an International challenge. During this period Countries responded promptly to the startling spread of the virus. The Balkan States as well adopted several legal measures necessary directed toward confronting the first wave of the COVID-19. The lockdown happened to be the ultimate solution to protect the population’s health. Nonetheless, the economy and several human rights were affected. Besides, the Government are still facing a triple menace: a second questioning robust wave of the virus, the preservation of the economy, and safeguarding the human rights within the legal set limits.

The Technological development revolutionized any restrictive measure. It set a new reality from the working remote, the electronic learning, up to everyday online operational services. Each of which requires personal data entry. The protection of such derives from the right to private life. In Balkans, there are two binding legal instruments that guarantee suchlike defense. The “General Data Protection Regulation”- effective for the European Union member states. And the ‘Convention for the Protection of Individuals with regard to Automatic Processing of Personal Data,” - effective for the “Council of Europe” members.

This paper examines several court decisions and the two regulations - with respect to the Balkans' status in the aforementioned European apparatuses. The purpose and the findings of the authors aim to indicate that data protection lacks peculiar diligence in the Balkans. The pandemic we live in shall not serve as a justification. Data privacy and security are not the least important as health care.

Keywords: Balkans, C-108, COVID- 19, data protection, GDPR, human rights, private life

The impact of COVID-19 on human rights in Albania

Edvin Morava1, Ketjona Kaçupi 2

1M.Sc, Ministry of Justice, Albania,

2M.Sc,

Abstract

Edvin.Morava@drejtesia.gov.al

University of Tirana, Faculty of Law, Albania, ketjonakacupi@gmail.com

Fundamental human rights and freedoms are recognized in domestic national law as well as in the international arena, as indivisible, immutable, and inalienable rights. During the crisis created by Covid-19, in order to prevent the virus, a category of these human rights, as we mention the right to move and the right to earn income through work, were restricted, in order to prevent the spread of t he virus. In accordance with the above, the Albanian state took a series of measures and adopted a series of legal acts in order to prevent the spread of the virus. The main goal after each action highlighted the need of the country to return to the previous state. This paper will address and analyze the legal basis through which the restriction of human rights in Albania was realized, the consequences that came from this restriction, the effectiveness of the used means, as well as the legality of the measu res taken in accordance with legal acts in force, and the European Convention on Human Rights, which sets the limits for the restriction of these rights. Finally, we will also highlight the impact of the economic situation of the country in guaranteeing the fundamental rights of citizens.

Keywords: human right, Covid-19, restriction, Albania.

Healthcare Crisis Acceleration: Case of Western Balkans

Hajdi Zajmi1

1Student, University of New York Tirana, Albania, hajdi.z@hotmail.com

Abstract

The predictions of worldwide organizations and institutions about the challenges that countries will experience in 2020 as a result of Covid-19, turned out to be extremely accurate. This paper aims to give an overview and analysis of the medical situation in the Balkan region emphasizing the challenges that make the region medically and consequently economically vulnerable. The severity of these challenges is especially high in already economically, socially and medically vulnerable countries. Between economic and social problems, the medial crisis especially in the Western Balkans turned out to be the most severe defect of the region before, during and after the pandemic. With the already existing problems in the region, the outbreak emphasized the lack of field experts, high levels of medical specialist migration, low capacity, poor quality medical services, and underfunding. While the present medical systems in the western Balkans can be substantial during normal times, they fail to do so during a pandemic It was difficult for the Balkan countries to avoid bottlenecks in the healthcare system and to flatten the medical curve because of these pre -existing challenges, which were later accelerated. Even though these medical challenges affect many spheres of t he countries’ economic, political and governmental issues, a key aspect is that of the differences between public and private sector medical systems. In addition, it is important to give insights on the possible solutions and adaptive models to overcome these challenges. Options like investments in primary healthcare systems and usage of Telemedicine as a possible innovation could be accelerators for medium and long-term improvements.

Keywords: Covid-19, western Balkan, health care crisis, challenges, field expertise, underfunding, private and public sector, innovation, Telemedicine

The Legislative Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Albania

Joana Qeleshi1, Ilva Hamzaj2

1PhD Candidate, P artner at “Qeleshi & Associates” law firm, University of Tirana, Albania, joana.qeleshi@qeleshi-lawfirm.com

2M.Sc., Associate at “Qeleshi & Associates” law firm, University of New York Tirana , Albania, ilva.hamzaj@qeleshi-lawfirm.com

Abstract

2020 found the world amidst the chaos caused by the global outreach of the COVID -19 pandemic. The novelty of the virus, the speed by which it spread worldwid e, as well as the lack of a cure left governments and legislators around the world with no solution except for attempting to isolate and put a stop to the spreading of the virus. Since this situation could not have been anticipated, states had few to no statutory regulations in force to respond to the threat posed by the virus. Therefore, every legislature around the world entered into a high -speed roll of lawmaking and enacting. This roll involved Albania as well, a country which only shortly before the pa ndemic faced yet another devastation caused by the Durrës earthquake, which caused hundreds of casualties and a deep recession in the economy. As a result of the legislative measures the government imposed as a response to COVID-19, Albanian citizens faced the first restrictions to their freedom of movement since the communist era. This paper attempts at analyzing the said legal acts, which consisted mainly of acts that targeted putting an end to the spread of the virus, and acts attempting to save the economy from a second hit within a very short period of time. In addition to providing a legal analysis of the aforementioned statutory regulations, this paper shall also attempt to analyze the extent to which these legislative measures achieved the aims they pursued.

Keywords: COVID-19, Albania, legal regulations, freedom of movement, economy

Covid’19 and the Kosovo-Serbia dialogue in arrears

Ilir Kalemaj1

1Vice Rector/Lecturer/PhD, University of New York Tirana, Albania, ilirkalemaj@gmail.com

Abstract

Covid’19 is the major event of the 21st century that is having simultaneously a swift and lasting global effect. It has already shaken the global affairs, the financial markets, it has disrupted trade and caused unprecedented havoc. So far, most of the attention has been drawn to how this global pandemic has affected in terms of geopolitics the current ongoing tense relations between U.S. and China or Russia and the U.S. or ongoing internal debates within European Union after the Brexit crises, as well as other ongoing conflict hotspots around the world. Meanwhile, much less attention has been paid to the Western Balkans, where the EU enlargement process seems to have been temporarily frozen and United States has lessened its attention. This is generally true but with a major exception. The ongoing Serbia-Kosovo normalization process where even amidst the Covid’ 19 crises, it has received a disproportionate attention both from Brussels and Washington D. C. The current paper traces the ups and downs of the Kosovo -Serbia dialogue as facilitated by U.S. and the EU, their points of divergences and the current situation. The main question that it poses is: How Covid’19 crises affected the normalization process of Kosovo-Serbia relations?

Keywords: Kosovo-Serbia dialogue, Covid'19, great powers, EU mediation

Covid-19 and Totalitarianism: Is pandemic used to enforce authoritarian control and state surveillance in hybrid democracies?

Mirela Bogdani1

1 Prof. Assoc., MPhil (Oxford), M Sc (Cardiff), PhD (GWU/UT) Lecturer of Politics/ European Studies/ Methodology, University of New York Tirana , Albania, mirelabogdani@yahoo.com

Abstract

During its peak, the coronavirus overwhelmed medical services, grounded flights and halted economic growth, but one of its most enduring effects in the political sphere was soft authoritarians turned harder, and the surveillance state became a way of life even in some democracies. In its first part, the paper points out that most countries across the world introduced various forms of extraordinary measures to battle coronavirus, but in countries with faltering democracies, such as the post-communist countries of Eastern Europe and in the Balkans, these measures were used to enforce authoritarian control over people. Hungary, Russia, and Serbia are taken as case-studies. The second part of the paper analyses the case of Albania. The Socialist government which during its governance has been accused of rolling back freedoms and democratic norms, introduced a three -month lockdown with draconian measures, claiming they were purely to co ntrol coronavirus situation. Did these, however, further erode the already fragile Albanian democratic institutions and freedoms? The third part of the paper tries to give answer to the question why the governments in these faltering democracies have faced little reactions over measures and laws that in normal times would have been met with people's backlash, street protests, or furious parliamentary debate? Instead it was noticed more acceptance than resistance. At the end the paper raises the question of how many of the “extraordinary” measures introduced during the coronavirus pandemic will stick around to shape our world over the next years and decades? It concludes that once emergency laws and surveillance measures are brought in for certain extraordina ry situations, they may outlive the crises they were meant to address and kept in place for hypothetical future threats, as the case of Hungary shows.

Keywords: Pandemic, coronavirus, COVID-19, lockdown, state of emergency, state surveillance, totalitarianism, authoritarianism, hybrid/faltering democracy, post-communist Eastern European countries, the Balkans.

Normative framework for approaching the global pandemic with technical government - the case of North Macedonia

Vesna Poposka1, Abdulmecit Nuredin2

1International Vision University, Faculty of Law , North Macedonia, vesna.poposka@vizyon.edu.mk

2International Vision University, Faculty of Law , North Macedonia nuredin@vizyon.edu.mk

Abstract

When the global pandemic occurred, North Macedonia was ruled by Technical Government has been functioning in the country, with strictly limited powers and mandate to organize elections. In conditions of a declared coronavirus pandemic in the world by the WHO, a state of emergency may be declared in North Macedonia according to the Constitution. As the Assembly was dissolved in the run-up to the early parliamentary elections scheduled for April 12, the decision to declare a state of emergency was only possible to be made by President of the State and "submitted to the Assembly for confirmation as soon as it is able to meet." This opened huge debate among experts and politicians, since this case was not covered by the existing legal and constitutional framework. The technical government came up from the Przhino agreement with clear and very limited mandate. However, institutional mechanisms were used to enable legal and operational environment for the citizens, providing successful transfer towards political normality. This case study provides analysis of that sui generis situation.

Keywords: North Macedonia, pandemic, Przhino agreement, bylaws, Constitution

Digital Agenda for the Western Balkans and the COVID-19 test

Diego Abedinaj1

1M Sc. Student in European Studies, University of Siena, Italy , diego.ab@outlook.com

Abstract

The Digital Agenda for the Western Balkans has been on the desk of the govern ments in the region since 2018 when European Commission proposed an opportunity for the region to goes faster on its development policies and the path towards the European Union. As trends of the digital revolution are now on are affecting our lives in every aspect, the Digital Agenda is considered a tool for the region to strengthen regional cooperation and to improve the life of citizens in terms of education, jobs, innovation, and inclusive society. The COVID-19 pandemic resulted to be a test for the gov ernments in the region regarding the policy responses and the resilience to handle the crisis which has never been experienced before. The Digital infrastructure served as the only tool to mitigate the economic and social consequences caused by the pandemi c. The pandemic shows off the gaps and difficulties of implementing the Digital Agenda and raised concern about the eventual vulnerability for the future. As such, Digital Agenda should be considered as an opportunity and a challenge at the same time for the region. This paper aims to explore the path of the Digital Agenda in the Western Balkans, capabilities, and policy response during the COVID-19 crisis, by taking into consideration the advantages and challenges of implementation.

Keywords: Digital Agenda; Western Balkans; Digital Infrastructure; Resilience; COVID -19

Corona shock the next global change: sectors, areas and systems of post-Corona, especially (health, international trade and governance)

Mehiedine El – chehimi1

1Lecturer at Paris Business Graduate School, France, r.madrid83@hotmail.com

Abstract

Since its announcement and its designation as a 'pandemic', the Corona-Covid-19 virus has become one of the most difficult tests humanity has faced in modern history. The effects of this 'pandemic' have been reflected in various sectors, as the media, while covering the corona spread, faced significant challenges, such as the unintended consequences of the constant exposure of views and sometimes inaccurate information - often referred to as infodemic' “informatics”, and concerns about people's mental health, because they are increasingly consuming negative news with devastating lifestyle adjustments - such as working at home and reducing social interaction due to shelter measures in the workplace. The negative repercussions of Corona on some economic sectors have also appeared almost catastrophic, especially the impacts on the workforce, the aviation and travel sector, and on world trade, and in this context.

The origin of the article, which I would like to present in this forum, is to talk seriously about the comprehensive collective plans and drafts of the various national and international systems to overcome these negative waves in a participatory and positive way, with sincere cooperation, the world has been bored and injured by the sharing of negatives, whether wars, crises, the spread of chaos and pandemics, so he has to focus this time on the positive entanglement of constructive and leadership with pivotal flexibility.

There are basic and comprehensive sectors that require us to work immediately: specifically the sector of global health and the sector of international trade, which has suffered a real and profound setback that has attracted us a process of comprehensive change in the behaviors and systems of classical trade and the resources of human rights and legislation. Because we are exactly on the threshold of a comprehensive global change, it is necessary to sit down with each other and start to lay the foundations for change that will help us to continue and of course to enter into a comprehensive reform workshop at the legal, administrative and health level to achieve the best for the overall human community.

Keywords: Covid’19, health, international trade, governance

Impact of Covid-19 in providing therapeutic services to children with special needs

Ardiana Mali1, Hajdine Dyli2, Rudina Zhugli3

2

3

Abstract

The pandemic situation we are living in has involved the whole globe and as such this situation affects all spheres of life of each of us. One area affected by the difficulty of covid -19 is also that of disability, mainly that of providing therapeutic services to children with special needs. Discontinuation of this service would have major consequences on their psychological and emotional development, as well as the increase of the stress level of parents of children with special needs. Therapeutic service providers are having difficulty due to the nature of the services they provide. The development of therapies requires a high level of therapist -child cooperation which is difficult to maintain social distance, the use of the sense of touch, which is important for this target group. WHO health protocols categorically prohibit these rules. The purpose of this study is to analyze the impact that the Covid-19 situation has on the appropriate therapeutic delivery for children with special needs. The sample of this study is 15 developmental therapists and 20 parents of children with special needs.

The instruments used in the study are semi -structured interviews with developmental therapists in 4 therapeutic centers in the district of Elbasan to explore the difficulty they encounter in providing quality therapeutic services and 4 focus groups with mothers of children with special needs to explore reporting that mothers provide about the impact of the pandemic on their children.

The results of this study based on the analysis of interviews and focus group data showed the strong impact of the situation created by the Covid-19 pandemic on the implementation of quality therapies in children with special needs. The study’s finds showed that despite the difficulties create by Covid19 children have been routinely expose to exposure by the therapist w earing masks and gloves, but have difficulties maintain social distance. A high level of concern was also reported by parents about the psychologically and physically health of their children.

This study provides some recommendations regarding the most effective performance of therapeutic services by therapists and recommendations for parents on how to facilitate the process of understanding the situation by their children in order to avoid the spread and infection with Covid -19.

Keywords: Pandemic Covid-19, disability, imitation-modelling, developmental therapy

1Assoc. Prof. Dr., University of Elbasan “A. Xhuvani”, Albania, ardiana.mali@gmail.com

M.Sc., Therapeutic Services Center “Future for You” of Elbasan , Albania, hajdina.dyli@hotmail.com

M Sc., Therapeutic Services Center “Future for You” of Elbasan, Albania , rudina_zhugli@live.com

Perceptions of Mental Health Care and Economy during Covid-19 in Relation to Levels of Education

Besmira Lahi1, Ines Nurja2

1PhD, University of New York Tirana , Albania, besmiralahi@unyt.edu.al

2PhD, University of New York Tirana, Albania, inesnurja@unyt.edu.al

Abstract

The Coronavirus Covid19 hit Albania in March 2020 and in line with the global widespread of the infectious disease, on March 23rd the country locked down in quarantine. Little is known about the psychological implication of the virus in the individual , however, is a body of knowledge referring to the ways how individuals react in times of disasters where mental health and even the economic stability is hit. Therefore, this research paper aims to understand the implication of Covid19 during quarantine in Albania with mental health and economy. For the purpose of this study, an online survey was designed and conducted using conventional and snowball sampling techniques. The period of data collection was from May 10th to June, 17th 2020 including 151 respondents from Tirana, which was highly hit from the virus. The Hypothesis of this research design consisted in understanding the association between the psychological and economic implication of adults in Albania in relation to their level of education. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 23 using nonparametric chi square qualitative tests. Results show that: there is no difference in the usage of coping techniques in relation to levels of education. There is a significant change between levels of education in relation towards psychological counselling There is a clear disposition that every adult, despite levels of education gives the same importance to economy. The findings of our research identify factors associated with a higher level of reaction towards economy rather than physical and mental health. This study can help psychologists, economy, and policy makers to further develop the country’s psychological and economic recovery plan.

Keywords: mental health, economy, psychological counselling, education

Psychological Factors Influencing Healing Process from

Covid-19 in Albania

Arbjola Halimi1

1PhD, Lecturer, University of New York Tirana, Albania, arbjolahalimi@unyt.edu.al

Abstract

Healing process from Covid-19 has been in focus for several months in Albania and other countries, since we faced the virus, isolation/quarantine, block of activities such as work and school , etc. First there were identification/diagnosis process difficulties, than the cure, than the fear to be infected or the fear to infect the others, together with a lot of psychological factors (perception and thought, human relationship and communication) influencing all the steps and dynamics. Although we are still living in this reality, with Covid-19 among us, it is important to understand what happened and if there are psychological influences and consequences to the people that were affected from the virus. This data cannot be generalized since the research methods applied for data gathering are three study cases, but as it is important in clinical psychology the data will show the deep psychological path in the healing process of some people who suffered from Covid-19. Research strategy is clinical and descriptive inquiry is the final purpose. Three study cases were used for analyze. Some evidence from these cases shows that there is a large number of psychological factors influencing the initial healing process and the cure in them. The strongest influencing factor was the perception of how the people (they) understood and gave meaning to the virus, together with the perception for cure access

Keywords: Healing Process, Psychological Factors, Covid-19 Cure, Perception, Fear

Implementing Project-Based Learning into Online Teaching in ESL Classes in Higher Education

Marija Stevkovska1, Marijana Klemenchich2

1International Balkan University, North Macedonia, m.stevkovska@ibu.edu.mk

2International Balkan University, North Macedonia, marijana.klemenchich@ibu.edu.mk

Abstract

English teachers in higher education have been facing numerous challenges in online teaching due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The Project-based learning method (PBL) aims to develop learners’ autonomy, time management skills and most importantly, it redefines both teachers’ and students’ roles (Stoller, 2006). Therefore, the PBL was incorporated into online teaching so as to address the main issues arising from the educational limitations because of the pandemic. The PBL was used for one semester. 80 students participated in the online classes and projects. An e xperimental research design was used in order to test the main hypothesis that combining PBL with online teaching would enhance online ESL classes by increasing students’ motivation, autonomy and exam results. A survey was conducted to assess students’ attitudes towards the use of PBL. Results showed that students were more motivated to participate in online classes because of the use of PBL, and the pre - and post-test results’ analysis indicates overall progress in students’ language proficiency. Reading a nd writing skills improved significantly. The research showed that combining PBL with online learning promotes language learning and motivates students to pursue their studies during the pandemic.

Keywords: Project-based learning, online teaching, ESL

Contemporary education with millennials in the field of psychotherapy during Covid-19

Emilija Stoimenova1, Lidija Pecotic2

1Prof. Dr., Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, International Balkan University , North Macedonia, emilijastoimenova@gmail.com

2Dr., EAPTI GPTIM – Higher Educational Institution , Malta, eapti.gptim@gmail.com

Abstract

Living almost eight months in the crisis caused by Covid –19 pandemics, we were challenged at the very beginning to decide and to turn the educational process from person to person to online work. The challenge was precarious due to the specificity of the field as well as millennials as the leading group within the student population. Furthermore, the education in the area of psychotherapy on Master and Professional Doctorate level was challenged by itself since there very few educational institutions that are offering such a study programs within Europe. We decided to use professional zoom platform for educational purposes and through its possibilities for inte ractivity, and even more for security, we could now state, that it was an exceptional choice. Through it we managed to satisfy the criteria of: being present on one place (zoom platform) and synchronous, in the same time slot. Concerning about the quality of the program on one hand and the wellbeing of our students, we are regularly checking our decision, as well as the quality of our performance through feedback from our students that we are gaining after randomly selected teaching activities (workshop, te aching, and supervision activities) and through personal feedback we are open to accept from their side. Additionally, we intensify academic staff meetings, so we opened possibilities to share and exchange our perception of the process, the possibilities f or improvement, as well as to support each other in these times of trouble. During the period, we realized that there several obstacles, as well as several possibilities for further development in the field. Based on the quality of performance, the feedba ck is very positive, especially since it is giving possibility to enter and exchange in the multicultural setting. Also, opportunity to be present on lecture and meet some of the most critical thinkers from the field, while being in the comfortability of own home is an asset, that is very hard to beat. The possibility to offer interactivity and experiential learning and work was labeled very high by students, as well as from the academic staff side. The knowledge that guided us about millennials openness toward new technology and new media prove. Still, the interaction of person to person is what the most of our students and academicians are missing, although we have all agreed that the creative adjustment, we did was exceptional.

Keywords: Online education, psychotherapy, millennials, COVID-19

Mental Health assessment in the Albanian population: Covid-19 impact

Rikela Fusha 1

1Department of Public Health , University of Medicine Tirana , Albania, kelafusha@outlook.com

Abstract

Covid-19 pandemic represents an actual challenge for global pop ulation, because it has affected not only the health, but also socio-economic spheres of society. Uncertainty, fear from contracting the virus, lack of employment, physical distancing and different changes of reality increased the perception of threats by individuals. These stressors are expected to have a long term impact in mental health of population, so there is an urging need for s pecific levels of intervention.

We aimed to assess the major mental health challenges and issues in the Albanian population derived by Covid-19 pandemic. An online survey was conducted as an evaluation tool for specific mental health considerations. Cross-sectional study with random sample was applied. A desk research identifying recent similar researches and guidelines was also conducted during literature review process.

We found that Covid-19 pandemic and its associated public health measures have caused different complications, especially in mental health aspect of population. This was heightened by certain factors and indicators, which impacted their perception about reality and perspective.

It is important for communities, researchers and policy makers to consider long term consequences that a nature disaster or epidemic outbreak/pandemic can cause into populations. Prevention measures accompanied with health education and continuous support are necessary to ensure normal functioning of population and mitigate potential risks in their health and wellbeing.

Keywords: Covid-19, mental health, public health measures, risk, Albanian population

The COVID-19 impact on Balkan languages

Simeon Mihalkov

PhD student, Department of General, Indo -European and Balkan Linguistics of Sofia, University “St. Kliment Ohridski”, Bulgaria simeonmihalkov@gmail.com

Abstract

The article explores by linguistic analysis the neologisms which appear in the official speech and mostly in the slang of the Balkan languages due to the Coronavirus pandemic. Globalization and the introduction of neologisms has accelerated in recent years as technology has advanced more rapidly, especially in the time of crises and social isolation. Usually the source of the phenomenon of lexical innovation is English as a global language. During the pandemic the editors of the Oxford Dic tionary had issued updates to announce new words and meanings, citing a need to document the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the English language. But what is the impact of the pandemic on Balkan languages? The findings of this study revealed that with the lockdown the word-formation is utilized in new vocabulary forms (including abbreviations) , applied from the global to the local Balkan communication. The COVID-19 outbreak has resulted in many new words being used which spread almost as fast as the virus. The article reviews the modern Balkan languages as “infected” by the neologisms of the pandemic. The “viral” new phrases are coinage of new words which appear in each Balkan language as a “linguistic virus infection” of the language – a living organism, part of the globalization in the mirror of the Balkan local communities and mentality. This is the reason why these phrases have very frequent and no proper use and are called parasites words in Bulgarian language. The COVID-19 vocabulary can easily enter this category of parasites words.

Keywords: COVID-19, Balkan languages, neologism, globalization, viral

Online Teaching and Learning and the Usage of the EVOLI Tool at IBU

Marijana Klemenchich1, Marija Stevkovska2, Violeta Madzova3

1 Asst. Prof. Dr., International Balkan University, North Macedonia, marijana.klemenchich@ibu.edu.mk 2Assistant, Internationa l Balkan University, North Macedonia, m.stevkovska@ibu.edu.mk

3 Prof. Dr., International Balkan University, North Macedonia, vmadzova@gmail.com

Abstract

Online teaching has a positive effect on the learners and taking into consideration the current circumstances with the Covid-19 pandemic, online learning is the best solution for teachers and students to serve their educational purposes. The usage of media, online or offline applications, websites or specific sites for educational purposes, all give the students and the professors a big availability in information gathering or sharing that information with others in a matter of seconds. Elearning can take place anywhere in the world, e -learning is accessible anywhere, anytime you see fit to use and it can be accessed from the comfort of our homes. At International Balkan University the EVOLI tool was used as part of the online teaching process. EVOLI is a tool designed to enhance the use of educational videos, while practicing the Flipped classroom approach. It enables students to give immediate feedback and to comment on the spot, i.e. during the watching process. Thanks to EVOLI teachers can easily pinpoint the unclear parts of the videos, because comments are labeled with the video’s time when they were added. Students can stop watching the video or re-watch it repeatedly without losing their previous comments and assessments. The overall assessment of the video is summed up in a chart and the teacher has access to all the students’ results. Through a r esearch conducted at International Balkan University, the online teaching at IBU and the usage of the EVOLI tool have proved to be successful ways of teaching.

Keywords: Online Teaching and Learning, EVOLI Tool, Flipped classroom approach

The Challenges of the Practical Part in Online Teaching during the Pandemic

Albana Uka1

1Teaching Assistant, University of Pristina “Hasan Prishtina”, Kosovo , albana.uka@uni-pr.edu

Abstract

Forms of learning directly affect the learning of students, therefore their application sends us to the results. The practical part of learning, i.e. the exercises in professional and exact subjects is always more challenging for the assistant professors as well as the understanding by the students.

From this we come to the unpredictable event of the Covid-19 pandemic, where the form of giving exercises became more difficult.

This paper presents the challenges of the 10 departments of the University of Pristina. Qualitative, quantitative and comparative methods were used in the questionnaires addressed to these departments. The answers were given by both the assistant professors and the students. Also included in this paper are the forms of teaching used, their effect and the results of the assessments.

Keywords: teaching techniques, pandemic COVID-19, professional, practical part of learning

The Effects of Online Learning during the Covid-19 Pandemic: A Survey Study of Albanian High School Graduates

Esmeralda Bushi1

1 MSc., Department of Telecommunication and Network Engineering, University of New York Tirana, Albania, esmeraldabushi@unyt.ed u.al

Abstract

Covid-19 crisis that affected the whole world did not spare even Albania, where on March 8,2020 the first two cases of Covid-19 were diagnosed. The government decided to close the schools and universities indefinitely and to move face -to-face classes to online classes through different elearning platforms. This study investigates how effective e-learning has been in Albania and if it has created gaps in mathematics for high school graduates. A survey was conducted by distributing a questionnaire and a mathematic test online to the Albanian high school graduates. The total number of graduates who filled-out the questionnaire was 220 and those who took the test 85. Data gathered from the questionnaire were analyzed with SPSS 25.0 software. Results show that: Students assessed that e-learning was less effective than face -to-face learning in terms of increasing mathematic knowledge(p<0.01) and active participation (p<0.01). According to student responses, the main disadvantage was the unsuitable conditions for studying at home (46.5%),whereas the main advantage of e-learning was access to online materials (37.3%).The data gather ed from the mathematic test were analyzed using descriptive statistic to compare the means of mathematic knowledge gained before and after Covid-19 pandemic which are represented by the Histogram .The impact of online learning implies a loss of 5% of a standard deviation of mathematic knowledge, which is non-trivial. It is recommended that longitudinal and comparative studies should be conducted for further evaluating the e-learning effectiveness in the Albanian curriculum.

Keywords: Online learning, COVID-19, mathematic knowledge, e-learning, high school graduates, Albania

Education in the Time of COVID-19 Pandemic, Challenges and the Future

Manjola Bani1

1M.Sc., Research Scholar, Albania , manjola.bani@univlora.edu.al

Abstract

With the complexity of the world, the dangers we face increase .One of these dangers is the p andemic of Coronavirus (COVID-19), a great challenge for the whole society, spread across national borders, affecting people regardless of nationality, educational level, gender, or economic income. The impact of this pandemic has been felt day after day, both in our country and around the world. In this challenge of the global explosion of COVID-19, the education system is no exception, as a highly affected sector. It was initially thought that the pandemic would last a while but unfortunately this pandemic is still going on. Most countries in Europe and beyond, as well as in our country, as part of measures to limit contact between people and prevent the spread of virus, in Albania, the Ministry of Education, Sports and Youth (MASR) closed educational institutions from March 10, 2020, to return again under the presence of strict measures and reduced schedules in the autumn semester 2020. Coherent with the growing number of cases affected by the virus and the suggestions of specialists in the field regarding the pandemic, the educational activity was decided to take place "at a distance" (online). Thus a new method of teaching and learning was developed, enabling most of the pupils and students to continue with the realization of the knowledge and skills requ ired by the curriculum, but an impossibility of the rest mainly in rural areas or remote geographical areas (According to surveys organized by MASR, it turns out that approximately 10'000 students do not participate in this form of teaching). In the period before the pandemic, traditional teaching was considered as a major form of education; now education through technological programs and digital methods is becoming increasingly necessary for the exchange of knowledge and skills of students. Despite the fa ct that at the beginning of the "pandemic" period educational institutions still did not have an electronic readiness to implement this teaching method, (this is because students are still far from international standards of education, and the interest of society is still not at the right level, to keep pace with global developments), but with the willingness of Universities, the assistance of the relevant ministry, technical reforms, multimedia transformations, adequate investment in necessary technology, training of academic staff on computer skills, digital programs and methods, can to make possible the realization of a modern quality teaching.

Based on the above, this paper presents an overview of the educational process before the pandemic, the challenges during the time of the Coronavirus, the overview of online teaching, innovative methods and modern theories that have accompanied changes in education (from traditional to digital) during this time , the degree of applicability and efficiency, the integration of education in modern methods and research, the impact of changes on teachers and students, the reasons and ways of using modern methods, the integration of technology in the development of distance learning (online), the quality and performance of education in the conditions created by the COVID-19 pandemic as well as perspectives for the future in education.

Keywords: COVID-19, Traditional Teaching, Online Teaching, Challenges in Education, Educational Performance

The metaphorical conceptualization of the Covid-19 pandemic in public narratives in Albania

Ledia Kazazi1

1Doctor, “Aleksandër Xhuvani” University of Elbasan, Faculty of Human Sciences Elbasan, Albania , lediakazazi@gmail.com; ledia.kazazi@uniel.edu.al

Abstract

From a cognitive linguistics perspective, it is widely known that well known conceptual domains are used to explain complex or emerging concepts. As of recent, in the context of the Coronavirus pandemic, a wider usage of metaphors has been noticed in various public discourses. This paper aims to explore the most common metaphorical expressions used in the Albanian public discourse from the period of March 2020 until June 2020, in official political statements and media reports. It draws on the concepts of discourse metaphors and metaphor scenarios . The findings suggest that the pandemic in Albania is mostly framed in terms of war, natural disaster and journey. However, even though these metaphors are used within the pandemic context they are not specific to Covid-19.

Keywords: covid-19, conceptual domain, metaphor, scenarios, discourse

e-Learning – Advantages and Challenges

Enxhi Marku1, Erion Shehu2

1MSc., Logos College University, Albania, enxhimarku@gmail.com

2MSc., Agriculture University of Tirana, Albania, erion_401@hotmail.com

Abstract

In the last year most Albanian universities have implemented e-learning. This study investigates the effectiveness of using e-learning in higher education and outside the field of higher education It investigates the definitions of e-learning, processes, advantages and disadvantages of e-learning in higher education and e-learning for professionals. E-learning can happen in any place and virtually as long as there is a stable internet connection. It is a very efficient way of delivering online courses. Everyone who is a part-time student or who is working full time can take advantage of the web -based learning. E-learning saves time and money. E-learning is also cost-effective, companies save a lot of money on the costs of venue and learning materials. This article also discusses creating and marketing online courses. Creating online courses is a business which has proven to be very profitable over the last two decades. The global e-learning market has been predicted to triple from 2015 to 2025 Needless to say e-learning has enormous benefits to students and teachers.

Keywords: WBL, academia, distance learning, e -learning, instructional design, instructional method, internet, online course.