M. Arch Thesis

Norwich University

Kartographie bei Architektur A Thesis Submitted to The Faculty of the School of Architecture and Art In Candidacy for the Degree of Master of Architecture By

Emily Fay Farnsworth Northfield, Vermont 7 May 2010

____________________________________________________ Arthur Schaller, Dean, School of Architecture and Art Michael Hoffman, Director of Graduate Architecture, Thesis Critic David Woolf, Architecture Program Director, Thesis Critic Arthur Schaller, Thesis Advisor

For my mother, who never stopped believing in me.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Thank you to my mother, my father, and my uncle Robert for offering positive words of encouragement every step of the way. Thank you to my classmates, past and present, for all the assistance along the way. Thank you to Corey for your unconditional support in the final days. Thank you to Judy for all your amazing Jerky!

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TITLE PAGE DEDICATION ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I III V

PREMISE XI XIII

WHERE 3 5 7 9 11 19

WHERE 23 27 29 32

WHERE 37 43 59 65 87 95 143 163

AND

QUESTION IX

ABSTRACT DEFINITIONS

H AV E W E B E E N ?

1

INTRODUCTION A HISTORY OF CARTOGRAPHY MAPPING MATERIALS RELIGION IN MAPS L AY E R S O F B E R L I N CONCLUSION

ARE WE?

21

THE SCHLOSS PL ATZ WORKS CITED BIBLIOGRAPHY LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

ARE WE GOING? APPENDIX APPENDIX APPENDIX APPENDIX APPENDIX APPENDIX APPENDIX APPENDIX

A: B: C: D: E: F: G: H:

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RITUAL

S I T E A N A LY S I S CASE STUDIES 3-PARTI

AND

PROGRAM

SCHEMATIC DESIGN PROCESS

FINAL DESIGN SOLUTION

EPILOGUE

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HOW THE

C A N A C A R T O G R A P H I C P R O C E S S , S P E C I F I C A L LY I N V E S T I G AT I O N

OF

L AY E R I N G

VIA

PA L I M P S E S T ,

INFORM THE DESIGN OF A CARTOGRAPHY COMPLEX?

v

PREMISE

AND

QUESTION

As is the nature of all things living, a city grows. Just as parents may mark the height of their growing child, a cartographer marks the growth of a city through maps. A map is an indication of a specific person’s interpretation of known information, an extension of our knowledge, our place, and our being. “The first lie of a map . . . is that it is the truth.”1 For this author, the understanding that maps are not an accurate representation of the physical space is key. Consciously or unconsciously, every cartographer makes important decisions about what to include in a map and what to leave out. There are many aspects of the physical world that are not included in the two-dimensional mapped representation.

1. Peter Turchi, Maps of the Imagination: The Writer as Cartographer (San Antonio: Trinity University Press, 2004), 73.

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ABSTRACT The intention of this thesis is to investigate an understanding of what cartographers leave undefined, what they leave out of their maps.

What story does the map maker tell, based on the information that is most detailed and the information that is missing or lacking? As humans, we have delineated the space around us since we could formulate an understanding of space, even before written language was created. Each map is a momentary representation of a city. The site I have chosen, Berlin, Germany, is a fantastic example of how palimpsest can shape the growth of a city. The interpretation of this city’s history will inform a building design specific to the site, with the hope of promoting discovery and exploration of the political, anthropological, and cultural history of this city, reflective in cartography.

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DEFINITIONS CARTOGRAPHY Cartography is the artful skill of map drawing, typically thought of in conjunction with geography.

PALIMPSEST When a material, typically papyrus or paper, is used more than once over time, without the complete erasure of the previous content, it is called palimpsest.

Palimpsest, though referenced in writing, can occur in cartography, too. The result of palimpsest applied in a cartographic sense is a layered compilation of history. By applying the idea of layered palimpsest to a series of historical maps, 1. Above, two maps of Berlin specifically depicting Berlin, one can compared, using layered examine different relationships between palimpsest. the differing eras in the city’s history.

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WHERE

H AV E W E B E E N ?

1

INTRODUCTION “Maps are pictures Maps are self-portraits Maps are manifestations of perceptions Maps are portraits of the world in the manner in which those preparing them would like the world to be understood Maps are subjective Mapping is. . . an act of power”1 I was first introduced to maps as a young child. My father, who loves to drive, took my sister me and on road trip adventures in Vermont. After a day of driving around, with no idea where we had been, my father pulled out maps of the state, and we would trace our path. Our favorite maps were three-dimensional, topographical maps of Vermont. We then spent time looking at places we had not been and begin to informally plan the next trip. These exercises helped me develop a sense of space. My interest has grown from a curiosity of where I have been, where I am, and where I am going into an investigation of the layered mapped history of cities. After spending four months studying abroad in Berlin, Germany, I became intrigued with the city’s short, yet elaborate history. This project is my chance to investigate the palimpsest of Berlin.

1. Jai Sen. “Other Worlds, Other Maps: Mapping the Unintended City.” In An Atlas of Radical Cartography. (Los Angeles: Journal Of Aesthetics And Protest Press, 2008), 13.

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A HISTORY

OF

CARTOGRAPHY

As far as is known, humans have been making maps from the beginning of time. The first maps are said to have been stories, in the oral tradition, and creation myths designed to help their authors make better sense of their world.1 The oldest recognized surviving map is of Nippur, Mesopotamia, circa 1500 BCE.2 This map is made of clay and in a tablet form delineates fields and watercourses in the village.3

Former

chief cartographer for the Geography and Map Division of the Library of Congress, Ralph E. Ehrenberg, comments on mapping origins: “The impulse to map one’s world dates from the earliest records, and is associated with all cultures.”4 A prehistoric site in Anatolia, Turkey, was discovered in the 1960’s and was initially thought to house the

2. Above, a print version of the wall painting purported to be a map. Below an image of the archeological finding at its original site. Çatalhöyük, Turkey.

oldest known map, dating from 6200 BCE.5 Discovered in the form of a wall painting, this purported map has drawn a great deal of attention.

Stephanie Meece, a researcher at the University of Cambridge, stated, in 2006, that the supposed map was simply a wall painting.6 Maps are a way to delineate the space around us. They help us to understand what we know about our world; some may, more importantly, emphasize what we do not know about our environment: 1. Turchi, 13.

2. Vincent Virga, and The Library of Congress. Cartographia: Mapping Civilizations.

(Singapore: Little, Brown and Company, 2007). 128.

3. James R. Akerman and Robert W. Karrow Jr, ed. Maps: Finding our place in the world (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007).

4. Ralph E. Ehrenberg, Mapping the World: An Illustrated History of Cartography (Washington DC: National Geographic, 2005), 8.

5. Carl Moreland and David Bannister. Antique Maps. 3ed. (London: Phaidon Press, 1994), 3.

6. Stephanie Meece, “A Bird’s Eye View - Of a Leopard’s Spots: The Çatalhöyük ‘Map’ and the Development of Cartographic Representation in Prehistory” Anatolian Studies 56 (2006): 1-16.

3. Oldest surviving map: Nippur, Mesopotamia, circa 1500 BCE.

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"The map doesn't let us see anything, but it does let us know what

others have seen or found out or discovered, others often living but more often dead, the thing they learned piled up in layer on top of layer so that to study even the simplest-looking images is to peer back through ages of cultural acquisition."7 As the quote implies, there is more information in a map than is present on the surface. A single map includes many cues from history. Each map is a rich representation of the past, present, and future. Maps show the natural palimpsest of the city with each new iteration.

The first maps were less about what is specifically and literally a part of our immediate world than they were about hunting grounds and the boundaries of a neighboring civilization, where the best watering holes were located or where the best meat could be found.

In fact, cultures in Australia did not even map out their neighboring communities, though they did know that they, too, existed:8

“The

question has never been whether to make maps, but what to select for inclusion and how to represent it given that any map is, as Mark Monmonier says, ‘but one of an indefinitely large number of maps that might be produced from some data.’”9 At a certain point, the amount of information collected for inclusion in a map can be too much to display in a single drawing.

What to include in a map is a question every cartographer faces: “Just as a memoirist does not feel compelled to report the time of a conversation to the minute, or to chronicle his every waking thought or action, so too the cartographer — every cartographer — must leave out a great deal of the truth as she attempts to represent the real world.”10 Which information is most important, what merits inclusion, 7. Denis Wood, The Power of Maps (New York: The Guilford Press, 1992), 6-7.

8. Turchi, 29.

9. Ibid., 73.

10. Akerman,.4.

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what information is left out because of a personal prejudice on the part of the cartographer, is, for me, where the implementation of palimpsest begins. As each page in history is written, the corresponding maps are created. With each major event, the appearance of a city changes; some changes are subtle and gradual, while other changes are abrupt and drastic. From here, the issue becomes inherently connected to the human condition. How has a city been shaped by its events; how is that reflected in maps? The human condition slowly changes the face of a city, and each change creates a new layer in that city’s history. When information cannot be omitted, cartographers use clever shorthand graphic symbols to replace the information. This is another kind of palimpsest.

M A P P I N G M AT E R I A L S Maps have been made of many different kinds of materials: “Sticks and stones, parchment and gold leaf, paper and ink . . . No substance has escaped being used to frame an image of the world we live in.”11

(figure 3) Most common are paper maps, which delineate

space and spatial qualities in a two-dimensional manner. However, Pacific islanders have been making maps of the Pacific Ocean, using stick charts, long before anyone had attempted to map the oceans on paper.12 Stick charts were used by the people of the Marshall Islands as

4. Solid gold jewel studded Iranian globe.

a sophisticated way to navigate the large expanse of water surrounding the multitude of islands.13 The stick charts are primarily made out of 11. Wood, 4.

12. Ehrenberg, 22.

13. Henry Lyons. “The sailing charts of the Marshall Islanders.” The Geographical Journal.

Vol. 72, No.4. (October, 1928), 325.

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palm leaves: “Narrow strips of the center-rib of a palm leaf are arranged in certain forms and positions, and are tied together with lengths of palm fibre.”14 Each of these strips represents the wave front of a swell caused by the prevailing winds and a land mass. Where the swells collide, there is a greater chance of rough waters; this helps guide safe travel. The islands are located on these maps with small shells; their locations are approximate (figure 5). That this information is not written down or to any kind of scale, makes these maps unique: “Maps 5. Marshall Islanders stick chart, used for navigation from island to island, circa 300 AD.

are defined by what they include but are often more revealing in what they exclude.”15 In this instance, the stick charts created document crucial elements of life for the Marshall Islanders. The information held in these maps, preserved since the fourth century, is specific to a task; it can be deduced by the information excluded from these maps that navigation was most important for the survival of this culture. However, the fact that they were not used during travel gives even more meaning to the specificity of the map and its purpose: “All these are of very fragile construction and could not possibly have been used on the canoe voyages. It is known that the construction and use of these charts was kept secret and jealously guarded by the chiefs, so we may conclude that they were used to study ashore.”16 It is most likely the secrecy which has allowed for the preservation of these maps over time; other materials are not so resilient.

A material that has been common to map making from the earliest known maps is paper, used in various forms: parchment, papyrus, rice paper, etc. However, most early maps made from paper are long since gone because of their inability to withstand heavy use.

In the eighth century, a woodblock printing system was devised, which 14. Ibid., 326.

15. Turchi, 29.

16. Ibid., 327.

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allowed for mass production and distribution of maps.17 Block printing also allowed for greater archival possibilities; advances in tools allowed for greater ability to manipulate materials. As a result, block prints were increasingly made of stone, wood, and metal. A prime example of work lost to time is that of Claudius Ptolemy.

Claudius Ptolemy (90 - 168 CE) is an important figure in the history of cartography.

Ptolemy was the first to combine Roman

surveying and mapping practices with Greek theoretical cartography.18 He produced two major works: “. . . the Almagest, a 13 Volume treatise on mathematics and astronomy, and the Geography, in eight volumes.”19 With Geography, Ptolemy drastically changed the practice of cartography. Though Aristotle was the first to posit that the world is spherical, and Erathosthenes the first to attempt to measure its diameter accurately, it was Ptolemy who was the first to introduce “. . . rules of scientific mapmaking, and it elevated Ptolemy considerably above the other outstanding geographer of the Roman period, Strabo, who wrote at the time of Christ.”20 Unfortunately, in 391 CE, the library which held Ptolemy’s works was raided and pillaged; most of the scientific work of Ptolemy was lost.21

RELIGION

IN

MAPS

The church, being a dominant power at the time, abandoned the idea of the world as a sphere and, instead, interpreted it as a large circle with the three major land masses surrounded by water. The church made maps to guide the religious world instead of the physical world: 17. Ehrenberg, 10.

18. Ehrenberg, 47.

19. Ehrenberg, 47.

20. John Noble Wilford Wilford. The Mapmakers. (New York: Second Vintage Books Edition, 2001). 31.

21. Ehrenberg, 10.

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“Medieval mappae mundi like Hereford’s were not about representing geographical reality. They were more concerned with being true to their beliefs.”22 Mappaemundi, Latin for “map of the world,”

became the

way-finding map for religious powers (figure 6). These maps are commonly called T-O maps. T-O refers to the central part of the map, commonly reproduced at the time: “[The] O represents a . . . world surrounded by water, and T, placed within the O, divides the world into the known continents.”23 The T in these maps indicates waterways; the vertical body of water represents the Mediterranean Sea, while the horizontal waterway represents the Don and the Nile Rivers.

Mappaemundi, popular for nine hundred years (from approximately the second half of the seventh to the mid sixteenth– century), are almost always oriented to the east, with Jerusalem in the 6. Ecclesiastical Mappaemundi, Circa 630.

center. The word orient comes from the Latin word Orior: to spring up, to be born, to rise, the rising sun. At this time, the sun was considered to revolve around the Earth. It was “. . . Saint Denis, the patron saint of France, who asserted, ‘God is light.’ Since light was the least material substance on earth, and closer to the world of true spirit . . .”24 The East gave birth to the sun every twenty-four hours, giving it great ecclesiastical power. The power of this map is not in what it says specifically, but in what it does not say. The center of the map is not marked with any sort of significance to the rest of the piece; however, it is still known that in the center lies Jerusalem.

Much like the church, the government also held power. For heads of state “. . . Cartography was primarily a form of political discourse

22. Virga, 128.

23. Ehrenberg, 27.

24. Virga, 129.

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concerned with the acquisition and maintenance of power.”25 As this quote implies, knowledge is power. The cartographer is exercising his or her power over the map reader with their exclusions.

Every cartographer makes important decisions about what to show on a map and what to leave out. J. B. Harley, a geographer and map historian, talks about silent space in maps: “I am deliberately insisting on the term ‘silences’ in the context of maps, rather than the somewhat negative ‘blank spaces’ of the older literature, for the reason that silences should be seen as an active human performance.”26 Silence in a map, as in speech, is thought of as an intentional omission.

A blank space, intentional or otherwise, if used in this context, is not seen as a deliberate exclusion. Blank space is the result of a city’s changing history; each layer of time contributes to the palimpsest which has created the current state of being.

Berlin is a fantastic example of this concept at work. A common description of Berlin is that it is always changing; each layer of its history, or each mapped layer, embodies change.

L AY E R S

OF

BERLIN

First referenced in the 13th century, Berlin, was established alongside her sister city, Cölln.27 An eighteenth-century rendition of a 1237 map illustrates the two sister cities established on the bed of the river Spree (figure 7). From its conception, Berlin has been rooted in the fabric of Europe as a mercantile trading community.28 In this 25. J.B. Harley. “Silences and secrecy: The hidden agenda of cartography in early modern Europe .” Imago Mundi 40, no. 1 (1988): 57.

26. Ibid., 58.

27. Encyclopædia Britannica Online, s.v. “Berlin,” http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/ topic/62055/Berlin (accessed 09 Dec. 2009) 28. Rainer Haubrich, Hans Wolfgang, and Pillipp Meuser. Berlin: The Architecture Guide.

(Berlin: Braun, 2006), 8.

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map, oriented north, Berlin is situated above the river, and its sister city Cölln is below. At the end of the fifteenth century, Berlin - Cölln was established as the capitol and permanent royal residence of the electoral princes of Brandenburg, the Hohenzollerns. From this point forward, Berlin was the regional center of industry and government.

Any idea of an agricultural future for Berlin was doomed from the start. The sandy nature of the city prompted the nickname, “the Holy Roman Empire’s sand-box.”29 In 1432, after unrest between the Emperor and Margrave Frederick, Berlin and Cölln were merged into a single urban community. However, in the next ten years, the union of the two towns was dissolved by Frederick II. His goal in separating the two towns was to make clear his power over the land, specifically in 7. Cölln/Berlin Map 1237.

reference to commerce and trade. His fear was an

inability to control the communities. In 1442, the two towns attempted to come together in resistance to Frederick II; however, their aim to restore autonomy was unsuccessful.30 “By the end of the century, the castle had become the permanent residence of the electors of Brandenburg. Berlin Cölln lost the independence prized by medieval townspeople and had become entirely subject to the ruler’s will.”31 A 1652 map of Berlin clearly shows the city within the confines of the waterways (figure 8a). The most delineated space on this map is that of the palace of the Prussian Princes (figure 8b). In 1701, Berlin was finally recognized as the official capital and site of 29. H. W. Koch. A History of Prussia. (White Plains, NY: Longman Publishing Group, 1978), 25.

30. Koch, 30.

31. Brian Ladd. The Ghosts of Berlin: Confronting German History in the Urban Landscape.

(New Ed ed. Chicago: University Of Chicago Press, 1998). 48.

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the royal court: “Having been converted into a fortified city at the end of the seventeenth century, it was beautified in the eighteenth century with self-glorifying buildings and expanded with planned suburbs.”32 The Brandenburg Gate, built in 1791, welcomed Napoleon after his defeat of the Prussian army in 1806.33 This was also the year that the Holy Roman Empire experienced political disunity and the reorganization of Germany commenced. In 1871, with

8a. Cölln/Berlin Map 1652.

Oriented East

the end of Franco-Prussian War, Berlin became capital of the German Empire: “Berlin had thus finally become the political centre of Germany, and its preponderance among the cities of Germany became increasingly clear.”34 From the establishment of the new German Empire in 1871, until World War I began in 1914, Berlin grew quickly and exponentially. WWI ended in 1918; two years later Berlin enacted the Greater Berlin Act, effectively increasing Berlin’s city limits.

8b. Cölln/Berlin Map 1652.

Oriented East.

The added population and city area required

organization. Berlin and her now four–million people were split into twenty districts. The population in 1919 was 1,971,000, compared to 826,000 in 187135 (See figures 10 and 11). The growth was due to a continued increase in industry and the corresponding workforce.

By 1934, Adolf Hitler had secured his position as the Führer of Germany. He wasted no time redesigning the city physically, culturally, anthropologically, and politically. After Hilter’s rise to power, the city of Berlin 32. Horst Matzerath. “Berlin, 1890-1940.” In Metropolis 1890-1940, 289-318. (Chicago: University Of Chicago Press, 1984), 289.

33. Koch, 160.

34. Matzerath, 291.

35. Ibid., 293.

9. Berlin and surrounding suburbs, 1710.

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14

10. Above, Albert Speer’s plan to redesign Berlin, created under the direction of Adolf Hitler.

and the Country of Germany experienced an attempted extermination of an entire community. The missing Jewish population left a scar on Berlin which will never fade.36 An emptiness was created in the cultural fabric of the city.

Hitler’s architectural intentions involved making the masses feel small. He employed architect Albert Speer to redesign the city to his specifications. The ultimate goal was a lasting impression of the era.

Hitler wanted Berlin to monumentally outweigh all other Europe capital cities, especially Paris. Hitler was quite fond of Paris, specifically the work of Georges E. Haussmann; he wanted to reconstruct Berlin in a similar manner, with large boulevards, and Berlin’s own version of the Triumphal Arch.

Hitler asked Albert Speer to draw up a decree ‘ordering full-scale resumption of work’ on the proposed new public buildings and monuments which Speer had designed for Berlin, with Hitler’s guidance.

All building work had stopped on the outbreak of war in September 1939.

Now it must begin again. ‘Wasn’t Paris beautiful?’ Hitler said to Speer, ‘But Berlin must be made for more beautiful. In the past I often considered whether I would not have to destroy Paris. But when we are finished win Berlin, Paris will on be a shadow. So why should we destroy it?’37 The new master plan of the city

11. Berlin and surrounding suburbs, 1800.

12. Berlin, 20th Century.

culminated in the largest designed dome of the time.38 It was a dome so large no one knew how it would be built.

36. Fullbrook, 203.

37. Martin Gilbert. The Second World War: A Complete History. Revised ed. (new york: Owl Books, 2004). 102.

38. Albert Speer. Inside the Third Reich. (New York, NY: Simon & Schuster, 1997), 117.

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Adolf Hitler committed suicide on April 30, 1945. His death was a final indication that Germany has lost, and WWII was over. Berlin fell into disarray; each occupying force (American, French, British, and Soviet) was assigned a sector of the city, while desicions were made about the plan of action moving forward:

“Divergences rapidly became apparent

between the different zones of occupation.

The

most radical changes were initially effected in the Soviet zone.”39 The Western forces could not agree on what should happen to the post Nazi-Germany; however, it was clear that Germany would be divided 13. Construction of the Berlin Wall; August 13, 1961.

into two Republics. After ten years of slowly dwindling population figures in East Germany, the newly formed Soviet-Nationalist German Democratic Republic (GDR) erected a physical barrier to keep its citizens from fleeing.40 It was in August of 1961, after the division of the country, that the East Germany government constructed a wall to divide West Berlin from East Germany: “On the morning of 13 August, Berliners awoke to find the division of their city finalised, with streets crossed by tangles of barbed wire, guarded by soldiers, and more permanent walls of concrete and brick

rapidly

erected.”41 created

14. The void left from the destruction of the Berlin Wall.

16

39. Ibid., 206.

40. Ibid., 214.

41. Ibid., 214.

being

The wall

blank

and

empty space when it was constructed and again when it was destroyed: During the 1950’s, Berlin had been the one place in Germany where East and West truely met . . . Berliners lived astride the Iron Curtain that devided the rest of Europe. Two currencies and two political systems coexisted awkardly, with people and goods passing frequently, if not always smoothly, between them. On August 13, that changed abruptly. Sixty thousand people who lived on one side and worked on the other lost their jobs. After 1961 people and vehicles in Berlin circulated with in one half of the city or the other.42 On November 9, 1989, a miscommunication about travel restrictions across the border ultimately led to the abolition of the Wall. This space which had been blank or empty for years was always quite vocal; evidence of that was seen in the reactions from both sides of the Wall the night it fell: “By midnight, people were dancing on top of the Wall, helping each over — in both directions — and drinking bottles of champagne, as Berliners were reunited over what was rapidly becoming merely a piece of concrete, rather than the ultimate boundary of the habitable universe.”43 After the wall in Berlin was destroyed, a restitution process began. Tracking down original property owners has proven exceedingly difficult. Today, property which once stood in the way of the wall is still being returned to its rightful owners. The inability to locate an original property owner or extended debate over who the property belongs to, has led to segments of the destroyed wall existing as blank space; however, it is quite the opposite of silent.

In 1990, Berlin and Germany were reunified under the Federal Republic of Germany. Since reunification, Berlin has made a solid effort to stitch the city back together. It has been the destination for many design competitions and many explorations of architecture by 42. The ghosts of berlin, pg 12. (get footnote) 43. Ibid., 243.

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famous members of the industry. Berlin has proven that the ability to withstand change is great. This has allowed for an openness in attitude which cannot be duplicated elsewhere.

CONCLUSION In history, we have seen how different cultures from different times have used cartography. From the purported oldest known map, in Anatolia, to the ecclesiastical maps of the Middle Ages, to even the way-finding maps of today, there have been examples of blank or silent space in the history of cartography. Likewise, in Berlin, we have seen examples of palimpsest in the cultural, political, and anthropological history. The most recent example of this phenomenon is the destruction of the Berlin Wall.

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WHERE

ARE WE?

21

T H E S C H L O S S P L AT Z

The conflict between East and West continued, even after reunification, because of one contentious issue: The Schloss Platz at the center of modern–day Museum Island, has been the source of heated debate for the last 55 years. This town square has been important to Berlin since its founding. In the 13th century, the Schloss, destroyed shortly after World War II, was an agglomeration of architectural styles; the palace complex was slowly expanded throughout its five– hundred–year existence, including, sometime in the sixteenth century, the addition of the Lustgarten. This garden was built for the pleasure of palace dwellers. In 1825, with the completion of the Altes Museum, the Lustgarten became a public space, a place for all people to use and enjoy.

Building of the initial palace structure began in July of 1443, by the sister city, Cölln. The palace was continually added to or renovated about every fifty years until its destruction. During World War I, the governmental entities of Berlin abandoned the Schloss.

Shortly

thereafter, with Hitler’s rise to power, the Lustgarten was transformed from a lush green friendly space to a paved plaza with a grid, specifically laid out for demonstrations: “Rectangular patterns were laid out to help demonstrators find their spots more easily.”44 This drastic change in space was the beginning of a slippery slope of neglect for the Schloss 44.

“The Architectural History.” The Berliner Schloss Post. (July 2009): 22.

15. The Berliner Schloss.

23

and adjacent spaces. On February 3, 1945, the Schloss sustained extensive damage from an air raid. For four days, the building was left to burn, with no attempt to extinguish the fire.45 On September 7, 1950, demolition of the Schloss began; six months later, its fivehundred-year history had been physically erased. The central location of this site has been a major contributing factor in the design issues at hand. Destruction of the original Schloss in 1950 caused quite a debate, expecially becuase, “Elsewhere ruins might be left for future diposition, but not at the vital center of the capital.”46 Twenty-four years later, the GDR began building a government center for its parliament and a hub for the citizens of East Berlin: “The Palast der Republik became the key venue for major cultural and political events of the German Democratic Republic.”47 The Palast der

Republik stood for almost thirty years before the decision was made by a newly reunified German government to destroy the asbestos– filled building with the intention of rebuilding what the communist government had destroyed only fifty years earlier. However, motivation for destruction was questioned, siting specifically the asbestos as the main contributing factor for destruction. Some perceived this reasoning as more politically motivated than anything. Buildings constructed around the same time with similar building techniques as the Palast

Der Republik were not destroyed; this seemd sufficient evidence to the Palast supporters that the reunified government was acting vengefully: 16. The Berliner Schloss

“The application of asbestos during the building’s construction had in fact been carried out according to procedures imported from the West, and experts put forward...remained in use.”48 The intention is building

45. “The Architectural History.” The Berliner Schloss Post. (July 2009): 22.

46. Ghotos 47. “The Architectural History.” The Berliner Schloss Post. (July 2009): 23.

48. Ladd, pg 63.

24

on this site was to erase the previous history of the Schloss. In early 2006, the methodical disassembly of the Palast der Republik began.

This past year, the disentanglement of the Palast der Republik concluded. For now, the Schloss Platz remains empty. For Germans, more specifically Berliners, this site represents a unique chapter in their turbulent history. Although all the formal structure has been removed, partial remains of the Schloss’ foundation are currently under excavation. Two temporary structures have been erected on the site; they’re intended to display the history of this important place. In an attempt to restore Mitte, Berlin has decided to reconstruct the old Schloss. The form of the building is to remain the same, however, the functionh will change. The design of the building is to remain th as it was originally, except for one facade.

17. Above the Palast Der Republik during destruction.

18. Above the remains of the Schloss after the 1945 Air Raid.

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WORKS CITED Akerman, James R. and Robert W. Karrow Jr, ed. Maps: Finding Our Place in the World. Chicago: University Of Chicago Press, 2007.

Ehrenberg, Ralph E. Mapping the World: An Illustrated History of Cartography. Washington DC: National Geographic, 2005.

Fullbrook, Mary. A concise History of GERMANY. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990.

Koch, H. W.. A History of Prussia. White Plains, NY: Longman Publishing Group, 1978.

Harley, J. B.. The New Nature of Maps: Essays in the History of Cartography. New Ed ed.

Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2002.

Harley, J.B.. “Silences and secrecy: The hidden agenda of cartography in early modern Europe.”

Imago Mundi 40, no. 1 (1988): 57-76.

Haubrich, Rainer, Hans Wolfgang, and Pillipp Meuser. Berlin: The Architecture Guide. Berlin: Braun, 2006.

Ladd, Brian. The Ghosts of Berlin: Confronting German History in the Urban Landscape. New Ed ed. Chicago: University Of Chicago Press, 1998.

Gilbert, Martin. The Second World War: A Complete History. Revised ed. new york: Owl Books, 2004.

Matzerath, Horst. “Berlin, 1890-1940.” In Metropolis 1890-1940, 289-318. Chicago: University Of Chicago Press, 1984.

Meece, Stephanie. “A Bird’s Eye View – Of A Leopard’s Spots: The Çatalhöyük ‘Map’ and the Development of Cartographic Representation in Prehistory” Anatolian Studies 56 (2006):116.

Monmonier, Mark. “How to lie with maps.” In The Introductory Reader in Human Geography: Contemporary Debates and Classic Writings, 42-45. Chicago, Illinois : Blackwell Publishing Limited, 2007.

Moreland, Carl, and David Bannister. Antique Maps. 3 ed. London: Phaidon Press, 1994.

Ovenden, Mark. Transit Maps of the World. Boston: Penguin (Non-Classics), 2007.

Sen, Jai. “Other Worlds, Other Maps: Mapping the Unintended City.” In An Atlas of Radical Cartography, 13-25. Los Angeles: Journal Of Aesthetics And Protest Press, 2008.

27

Speer, Albert. Inside the Third Reich. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster, 1997.

“The Architectural History.” The Berliner Schloss Post. (July 2009): 18-23.

Tschumi, Bernard. “New Acropolis Museum _ Bernard Tschumi.” SPACE Magazine Aug. 2009.

Turchi, Peter. Maps of the Imagination: The Writer as Cartographer. San Antonio: Trinity University Press, 2004.

Virga, Vincent, and The Library of Congress. Cartographia: Mapping Civilizations. Singapore: Little, Brown and Company, 2007.

Wilford, John Noble. The Mapmakers. New York: Second Vintage Books Edition, 2001.

Wood, Denis. The Power of Maps. New York: The Guilford Press, 1992.

28

BIBLIOGRAPHY Albert Speer: Architecture, 1932-1942 (English and French Edition) Archives D’Architecture Moderne, 1985.

Akerman, James R. and Robert W. Karrow Jr, ed. Maps: Finding Our Place in the World. Chicago: University Of Chicago Press, 2007.

Berchtig, Frauke, ed. Denkmal fur die erordeten Juden Europas; Berlin. Berlin: Prestel Verlag, 2005.

Bundestag, Germany. Questions on German history : ideas, forces, decisions from 1800 to the present ; historical exhibition in the Berlin Reichstag ; catalogue. 2nd updated ed. New York: German Bundestag, Press And Information Centre, 1984.

Dent, Borden D. Cartography: Thematic Map Design. Dubuque Iowa: William C Brown Pub, 1998.

This is a textbook about creating thematic maps. There is a brief history of cartography in the introduction chapter as well as other cartographic fun facts.

Haubrich, Rainer, Hans Wolfgang, and Pillipp Meuser. Berlin: The Architecture Guide. Berlin: Braun, 2006.

Ehrenberg, Ralph E. Mapping the World: An Illustrated History of Cartography. Washington DC: National Geographic, 2005.

This is a visual representation of the history of cartography. The book is divided into time periods of mapping. Each section is supplemented with images of maps from the time.

Envisioning the City: Six Studies in Urban Cartography: The Kenneth Nebenzahl, Jr., Lectures in the History of Cartography. Chicago: University Of Chicago Press, 1998.

Fullbrook, Mary. A concise History of GERMANY. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990.

Koch, H. W.. A History of Prussia. White Plains, NY: Longman Publishing Group, 1978.

Harley, J. B.. The New Nature of Maps: Essays in the History of Cartography. New Ed ed.

Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2002.

Harley, J.B.. “Silences and secrecy: The hidden agenda of cartography in early modern Europe.”

Imago Mundi 40, no. 1 (1988): 57-76.

Harmon, Katharine. The Map as Art; Contemporary Artists Explore Cartography. New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 2009.

Harmon, Katharine. You Are Here. New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 2003.

29

Haubrich, Rainer, Hans Wolfgang, and Pillipp Meuser. Berlin: The Architecture Guide. Berlin: Braun, 2006.

Hayden, Dolores. Redesigning the American Dream: Gender, Housing, and Family Life. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2002.

Hayden, Dolores. The Power of Place: Urban Landscapes as Public History. London: The Mit Press, 1995.

Ladd, Brian. The Ghosts of Berlin: Confronting German History in the Urban Landscape. New Ed ed. Chicago: University Of Chicago Press, 1998.

Larsen, Reif. The Selected Works of T. S. Spivet. New York: Penguin Press HC, The, 2009.

This is a fictional book about a 12yr old cartographic genius. This boy maps everything around him. He has even been asked to travel from his hometown in Montana to Washington D.C. to talk about fantastically detailed maps he created of a specific type of beetle; his journey is beautifully illustrated and compelling.

Lynch, Kevin. The Image of the City. London: The Mit Press, 1960.

The Image of the City is part of a greater series of volumes published by the Joint Center for Urban Studies of MIT. This book examines three cities; Boston, Jersey City, and Los Angeles. The cities are studied to derive a new understanding of their look, their specific elements, what makes them memorable, and ultimately the city form.

Gilbert, Martin. The Second World War: A Complete History. Revised ed. new york: Owl Books, 2004.

Matzerath, Horst. “Berlin, 1890-1940.” In Metropolis 1890-1940, 289-318. Chicago: University Of Chicago Press, 1984.

Meece, Stephanie. “A Bird’s Eye View – Of A Leopard’s Spots: The Çatalhöyük ‘Map’ and the Development of Cartographic Representation in Prehistory” Anatolian Studies 56 (2006):116.

Monmonier, Mark. “How to lie with maps.” In The Introductory Reader in Human Geography: Contemporary Debates and Classic Writings, 42-45. Chicago, Illinois : Blackwell Publishing Limited, 2007.

Moreland, Carl, and David Bannister. Antique Maps. 3 ed. London: Phaidon Press, 1994.

Ovenden, Mark. Transit Maps of the World. Boston: Penguin (Non-Classics), 2007.

Sen, Jai. “Other Worlds, Other Maps: Mapping the Unintended City.” In An Atlas of Radical Cartography, 13-25. Los Angeles: Journal Of Aesthetics And Protest Press, 2008.

Speer, Albert. Inside the Third Reich. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster, 1997.

30

Talking Cities: The Micropolitics of Urban Space / Die Mikropolitik des urbanen Raums. Berlin: Birkhauser: BirkhÃuser Basel, 2006.

Talking Cities is a magazine produced in accordance with a design competition ENTRY2006. There are five design entries discussed. The first, Talking Cities, is about revitalizing old industrial buildings and changing their original function.

“The Architectural History.” The Berliner Schloss Post. (July 2009): 18-23.

Thrower, Norman J.W. Maps and Civilization: Cartography in Culture and Society. Chicago: The University Chicago Press, 1996.

Tschumi, Bernard. “New Acropolis Museum _ Bernard Tschumi.” SPACE Magazine Aug. 2009.

Turchi, Peter. Maps of the Imagination: The Writer as Cartographer. San Antonio: Trinity University Press, 2004.

Virga, Vincent, and The Library of Congress. Cartographia: Mapping Civilizations. Singapore: Little, Brown and Company, 2007.

Wilford, John Noble. The Mapmakers. New York: Second Vintage Books Edition, 2001.

Wood, Denis. The Power of Maps. New York: The Guilford Press, 1992.

Wright, Frank Lloyd. Frank Lloyd Wright the Living City. Far Hills: Horizon Press, 1958.

31

LIST

OF

I L L U S T R AT I O N S

1. Above, two maps of Berlin compared, using layered palimpsest.

Image by Author.

xiii 2. Above, a print version of the wall painting purported to be a map. Below an image of the archeological finding at its original site. Çatalhöyük, Turkey.

Meece, Stephanie. “A Bird’s Eye View – Of A Leopard’s Spots: The Çatalhöyük ‘Map’ and the Development of Cartographic Representation in Prehistory” Anatolian Studies 56 (2006):1-16.

5 3. Oldest surviving map: Nippur, Mesopotamia, circa 1500 BCE.

Virga, Vincent, and The Library of Congress. Cartographia: Mapping Civilizations. Singapore: Little, Brown and Company, 2007.

5 4. Solid gold jewel studded Iranian globe.

“Pedestrian » Blog Archive » Popular Culture: Creators, Leaders and Politicians.” Pedestrian. http://www. sidewalklyrics.com/?p=416 (accessed December 8, 2009)

7 5. Marshall Islanders stick chart, used for navigation from island to island, circa 300 AD. Virga, Vincent, and The Library of Congress. Cartographia: Mapping Civilizations. Singapore: Little, Brown and Company, 2007.

8 6. Ecclesiastical Mappaemundi, Circa 630.

Ehrenberg, Ralph E. Mapping the World: An Illustrated History of Cartography. Washington DC: National Geographic, 2005.

10 7. Cölln/Berlin Map 1237.

“Wikimediea.” Wikipedia. upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/KI%C3%B6denplan-BerlinK%C3%B6lln-Anfang-13tes-Jahrhundert.jpg (accessed October 14, 2009)

12 8a. Cölln/Berlin Map 1652. Oriented East “Wikimediea.” Wikipedia. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/77/Memhardt1652.jpg (accessed October 14, 2009)

13 8b. Cölln/Berlin Map 1652. Oriented East.

“Wikimediea.” Wikipedia. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/77/Memhardt1652.jpg (accessed October 14, 2009)

13 9. Berlin and surrounding suburbs, 1710.

“Wikimediea.” Wikipedia. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Map_de_berlin_1710.jpg (accessed October 14, 2009)

13 10. Above, Albert Speer’s plan to redesign Berlin, created under the direction of Adolf Hitler.

Albert Speer: Architecture, 1932-1942 (English and French Edition) Archives D’Architecture Moderne, 1985.

14 32

11. Berlin and surrounding suburbs, 1800.

“Wikimediea.” Wikipedia. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f6/Map_de_berlin_1800.png (accessed October 14, 2009)

15 12. Berlin, 20th Century.

“Wikimediea.” Wikipedia. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/ZLB-Berliner_AnsichtenAugust.jpg (accessed October 14, 2009)

15 13. Construction of the Berlin Wall; August 13, 1961.

Ladd, Brian. The Ghosts of Berlin: Confronting German History in the Urban Landscape. New Ed ed.

Chicago: University Of Chicago Press, 1998.

16 14. The void left from the destruction of the Berlin Wall.

Image by Author

15. The Berliner Schloss, 1448-1619.

“The Architectural History.” The Berliner Schloss Post. (July 2009):18.

16. The Berliner Schloss, 1701-1840.

“The Architectural History.” The Berliner Schloss Post. (July 2009):18.

17. Above the Palast Der Republik during destruction.

16

23 24

Image by Author

18. Above the remains of the Schloss after the 1945 Air Raid.

25

“Stadtschloss Berlin Initiative | Wir bauen das Schloss.” Stadtschloss Berlin Initiative | Wir bauen das Schloss. http://www.stadtschloss-berlin.de/images/neuebildergalerie/schlosspanorama.jpg (access October 14, 2009)

25 19. Above, Site plan of the Acrpolis Museum and the relationship with the Pathenon, within the Acropolis.

Tschumi, Bernard. “New Acropolis Museum _ Bernard Tschumi.” SPACE Magazine Aug. 2009.

60 20. Above, Massing and spatial flow concept diagrams.

Tschumi, Bernard. “New Acropolis Museum _ Bernard Tschumi.” SPACE Magazine Aug. 2009.

61 21. Below,Site section depicting the relationship between the Acropolis Museum and the Parthenon, within the Acropolis.

Tschumi, Bernard. “New Acropolis Museum _ Bernard Tschumi.” SPACE Magazine Aug. 2009.

61 22. Above, A model depicting the Trajectory within the building.

Chaslin, Francois. Dutch Embassy In Berlin By Oma/Rem Koolhaas, The. Rotterdam: NAi Publishers, 2004.

62 23. Above, the trajectory in the Deutch Mebasy: Berlin, Germany.

Image by Author

63

33

WHERE

ARE WE GOING?

35

APPENDIX A:

RITUAL

37

38

39

40

41

APPENDIX B:

S I T E A N A LY S I S

43

44

45

46

47

48

49

50

51

52

53

54

55

56

57

APPENDIX C:

MAJOR ELEMENTS CRITICAL Path Place Familiarity Exploration Infrastructure History Culture Discovery Communication Nested Systems

TO

CASE STUDIES

THESIS Growth Change Orientation Belonging Disorientation Mapping Urban Layering Movement in the city delineated in the building forms.

59

ACROPOLIS MUSEUM

19. Above, Site plan of the Acrpolis Museum and the relationship with the Pathenon, within the Acropolis.

60

20. Above, Massing and spatial flow concept diagrams.

21. Below,Site section depicting the relationship between the Acropolis Museum and the Parthenon, within the

History Orientation Nested Systems Growth Change Culture Familiarity Exploration Layering Urban Discovery Movement in the city delineated in the building

"Located at the foot of the Acropolis, the site confronted us with sensitive archeological excavations, with the presence of the contemporary city and its street grid, and with the Parthenon itself."1 The building is divided into three major parts; Base, middle, and top. The base floats over an existing archeological site on pilotis. The middle is a double height space used as the main gallery space.

The top is modeled after the Parthenon and rotates the Frieze displayed here to match its original location on the Parthenon.

1. Bernard Tschumi. “New Acropolis Museum _ Bernard Tschumi.� SPACE Magazine (Aug. 2009), 52.

61

DUTCH EMBASSY;

BERLIN, GERMANY

The previous Dutch Embassy building was known for informal hallway meetings.

To accommodate that familiarity, OMA designed a large hallway that continues throughout the entire building. This hallway, called the Trajectory, was carved out of the building, whose exterior massing is a cube.

The space left over after the Trajectory was carved out of the cube is used for offices and conference rooms. This Trajectory also has many connections to the city of Berlin; this is homage to the openness of the Dutch Government.

22. Above, A model depicting the Trajectory within the building.

62

23. Above, the trajectory in the Deutch Mebasy: Berlin, Germany.

Path Place Culture Orientation Mapping Communication Familiarity

63

APPENDIX D:

3-P A R T I

AND

PROGRAM

65

66

N A R R AT I V E GOALS

AND

ACTIVITIES

The architectural manifestation of my question will yield a facility for public awareness of cartographic influences on society.

RESEARCH FACILITY This facility is a place for serious researchers to come and conduct research in the field of cartography. It is meant to include graduate students, as well as established cartographers and scientists.

MUSEUM The Museum is a place for people to come and learn about cartography; there will be cutting–edge research as well as the history of cartography.

This will also be a facility to learn about Berlin’s cartographic history, filling in the blank spaces in Berlin maps.

LIBRARY The general public is allowed to use the public spaces; however, using the library materials is reserved for serious researchers and university students.

P U B L I C S PA C E S The atrium space is meant to be the congregation point for the there major aspects of the complex. This space should be filled with natural light and project a welcoming attitude for all users of the facility.

67

QTY NSM GSM Quality Research Facility Study Room - Group

6

40

240

Restrooms

8

15

120

Archive Rooms

30

30

900

Research Lab

15

75

1,125

Study Room - Individual

6

10

60

Janitorial Kitchen

4 2

10 40

40 80

Head Cartographer/Scientist Office

1

25

25

Researchers Office

5

15

75

2,665

15% Subtotal

400 3065

Circulation (15% of Total)

68

The study rooms should have an abundance of indirect day lighting to provide a healthy work environment.

No day light. This space shouldn't be dark, but it should have a strictly controlled climate for the preservation of delicate materials. The materials in the space should not be porous, however, preferable not cold and unfriendly As much indirect, UV filtered daylight as possible should be used to maintain great attitudes and a wonderful work environment.

The study rooms, similar to the research lab should have an abundance of indirect day lighting to provide a healthy work environment.

The kitchen should be a small space for preparation of a snack. This area should be separate from the research lab and the archive rooms to prevent contamination of any artifacts.

The head Cartographer's office should be in close proximity to the major spaces in the research facility, i.e. the archive rooms, and the research lab.

A researchers office should have bountiful daylighing and plenty of space to display current or inprogress work.

Function

Users

FF&E

A room to examine or invest time studying maps.

Researchers, Staff, Cartographers, Students, Scientists, Janitorial Staff

Desks, Chairs, Direct light source, Sink

Researchers, Staff, Analysts, Cartographers, Women's: 1 Sink, 1 Toilet Men's: 1 Scientists, Lab Technicians, Janitorial Staff Sink, 1 Toilet Storage for Archival material ; Papyrus, Researchers, Staff, Analysts, Clay Tablets, Globes.

Cartographers, Scientists, Janitorial Staff

Shelving, Humidity control device, hand washing station/cotton glove station outside space.

A room to examine or invest time studying maps.

Researchers, Staff, Analysts, Cartographers, Lab Tables, Controlled Air Quality, Scientists, Lab Technicians, Janitorial Staff Industrial Computers to handle complicated computer programs associated with GIS. Researchers, Staff, Cartographers, Desks, Chairs, Direct light source, Scientists, Janitorial Staff Sink

A break room for users to sustain their energy.

Storage, 1 sink/drainage space Researchers, Staff, Analysts, Cartographers, Refrigerator, Sink, Storage, Table and Scientists, Lab Technicians, Janitorial Staff seating for 4.

Preservation of Physical maps, Digital Media Lab - Cutting edge research on GIS.

An office for the head researcher of the Head Researcher/Cartographer/Scientist facility.

Desks, Chairs, Natural lighting, Storage, Tackboards on most surfaces.

An office for a researcher of the facility. Head Researcher/Cartographer/Scientist

Desks, Chairs, Natural lighting, Storage, Tackboards on most surfaces.

69

QTY NSM GSM Quality Museum Main Gallery Space

3

500

1,500

Galleries

5

300

1,500

Auditorium/Lecture Hall (Seating for 500)

1

500

500

CafĂŠ

1

150

150

Museum Gift Shop

1

100

100

Restrooms

8

19

152

Janitorial

5

10

50

Support staff Offices

4

10

40

Loading Dock

2

75

150

1 4,167

25 30% Subtotal

25 1,250 5,417

Curator's Office Circulation (15% of Total)

70

The main gallery space should have indirect UV filtered daylighting. There should be soft places to sit and enjoy the artifacts on display. The space should be accoustically dampening as well as a soft, warm space The support galleries should have similar qualities to the main gallery.

The auditorium should have indirect natural day lighting with shade control for daytime lectures requiring the projection screen. This space should be well ventilated to ensure health, comfort and safety of the occupants 50 Square Meters for kitchen space, 100 for the public, as well as some atrium space The gift shop should be an easy place to navigate, natural day lighting and quick access to exit the building.

The support staff offices should be in close proximity to the Curator's office and relatively close to each other.

Function

Users

FF&E

To Exhibit Works of Cartographic Visitors, Researchers, Lecturers, Staff, Genius, Display cutting edge research. Students, Janitorial Staff

Versatile space, Ventilation system to regular air quality for preservation quality, if necessary

To Exhibit Works of Cartographic Visitors, Researchers, Lecturers, Staff, Genius, Display cutting edge research. Students, Janitorial Staff

Versatile space, Ventilation system to regular air quality for preservation quality, if necessary Seating, Smart Podium, Projection Screen (Lectures and educational films).

Lectures, Educational Films, Seminars, Visitors, Researchers, Lecturers, Staff, College Courses.

Students, Janitorial Staff.

A gathering space for all users of the facility.

Patrons, Staff, Students, Researchers, Janitorial Staff

Visitors, Staff, Janitorial, Curator, A place for visitors of any part of the building to come and purchase items to Administrative. remind them of their journey.

Storage Closet, Trash area, Wet Closets Janitorial Staff ( Mopping, etc.).

Staff, Administrative.

Shipping and Receiving for Building; Trash, Artifacts (Museum, Research Lab), Library.

Typical kitchen equpitment, tables and chairs, cash handleing capabilities, Daylight Shelving, Storage, Computer, Cash Register, Display tables.

Women's: 4 Sinks, 5 Toilets Men's: 3 Sink, 2Toilets, 2 Urinals.

Desks, Chairs, Daylighting, Storage.

Researchers, Staff, Analysts, Cartographers, Truck access, Heaters, Temporary Scientists, Lab Technicians, Janitorial Staff. Storage.

Curator, Administrative, Janitorial Staff

71

QTY NSM GSM Quality Library Stacks

1

2,000

2,000

Help Desk

1

20

20

Public Study Area

2

200

400

Computer area

1

40

40

Conference Rooms

2

100

200

Circulation Desk Restrooms

1 8

25 15

25 120

Archives/Special Collections

1

100

100

Air quality control to preserve the delicate material held within. No direct sunlight, all fixtures should be UV filtered

Private Study Rooms

3

15

45

Janitorial

4

10

40

Private study rooms should have soft chairs for extended study.

Librarians Office Interlibrarian Loan Office

2 1

25 30

50 30

3,070

15% Subtotal

461 3,531

Circulation (15% of Total)

72

The stacks should have airquality control to prevent the destruction of materials. Any natural light in the space will need to be indirect and UV filtered , also to protect the materials. "Book Spiral"

Natural light, should have an ability t shut out all natural day light

Function

For the assistance of students, staff, researchers and the general public with the library and other inquiries library related.

Public study areas around the library, some in conjunction with the computer area. Computers used for internal source location only.

For research of internet sources.

A space to hold lectures, conferences, and other events of that nature

Users

FF&E

Visitors, Librarians, Researchers, Staff, Janitorial Staff, Cartographers.

Shelving.

Librarian, Staff, Patrons, Janitorial Staff.

Built in Desks, Chairs, Computers.

Visitors, Librarians, Researchers, Staff, Janitorial Staff, Cartographers.

Built in Desks, Chairs, Computers.

Researchers, Librarian, Staff, Janitorial Staff. Built in Desk and Computer receptacle.

Library Users, Librarian, Staff, Janitorial Tables, Chairs, Projector and Staff. corresponding equiptment for the conduction of lectures and conferences.

Patrons, Librarian, Staff, Janitorial Staff.

Women's: 2 Sinks, 2 Toilet Men's: 2 Sink, 1Toilet, 1 Urinal.

Librarians, Restricted Staff, Janitorial Staff. Stacks, Small table and chairs for review of material.

To house archival quality resources (books) and special collections, not accessible to the public with out special permissions. Documents to remain in space at all times Intended as a private study room for Researchers, Librarian, Staff, Janitorial Staff. Built in Desks, Chairs, Storage for dedicated long term research.

Long Term Researchers.

Storage Closet, Trash area, Wet Closets Janitorial Staff. ( Mopping, etc.)

Librarian, Staff, Janitorial Staff.

An office for the processing of all books Librarian, Staff, Janitorial Staff. borrowed from other lending libraries.

73

In this parti I have taken precedence from the history of the streets that directly influence my site. In modern day Berlin where most, if not all, spaces are drawn and included in maps the blank spaces left behind are streets, open parks, grand boulevards, as well as major congregational plazas.

PARTI I 74

75

76

77

This parti is about axial forces which act as silent forces in and around the site. The rectilinear grid comes from the arrangement of the buildings on Museum Island, specifically the Altes Museum and the Berliner Dome.

P A R T I II 78

79

80

81

P A R T I III 82

In this Parti, the front facade of the building is responding to the immediate site context in regard to the road and the prominent views toward the Altes Museum and the Berliner Dome. The building is intended to be a part of Museum Island by contributing a museum of its own. The gravitational forces of the cultural hub are expressed in the structure as well as with the space created in front of this building; the curved transparent facade will cradle a silent space within the city to discover and explore.

83

84

85

APPENDIX E:

S C H E M AT I C D E S I G N

I have employed my parti ideas in my preliminary design process.

Drawing from the major axes, view sheds and prominent travel paths of historical maps, I have compiled three axis, which delineate a blank space. The blank space is enclosed by three building forms, each of which is defined by the palimpsest of the city.

87

88

89

90

91

92

93

A P P E N D I X F:

PROCESS

95

96

97

98

99

100

101

102

103

104

105

106

107

108

109

110

111

112

113

114

115

116

117

A

C

118

B

A

B

C 119

120

121

122

123

124

125

126

127

128

129

130

131

132

133

134

135

136

137

138

139

140

141

APPENDIX G:

FINAL DESIGN SOLUTION

143

144

145

146

147

148

149

150

151

152

153

154

155

156

157

158

159

160

161

162

APPENDIX H:

EPILOGUE

In the past year I set out to investigate maps and their potential impact on architecture and spatial awareness. Investigating maps has been an interest of mine since childhood; the opportunity to bring that investigation into architecture was enlightening. I learned that there are many more aspects to mapping than I had originally considered and choosing a specific avenue of focus was difficult. I spent a great deal of the first semester deciding how to interpret the maps I was using and I believe that I chose the appropriate path. Though a long and arduous journey, the outcome was a space in Berlin that addressed the layering and palimpsest of its history.

163