Clay Dabbin Barn

THE HISTORIC TIMBER CRUCK S T R U C T U R E & C L AY D A B B I N B A R N ‘The construction and significance of the traditional clay dabbin; a possible strategy for the conservation and conversion of an exemplar in Tarraby, Carlisle’

MSC ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN FOR THE CONSERVATION OF BUILT HERITAGE DISSERTATION PROJECT Course Code: AB986 University of Strathclyde, Glasgow

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Elina Maria Ylimaki - 2021

MSC ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN FOR THE CONSERVATION OF BUILT HERITAGE Course: AB986 Dissertation Project University of Strathclyde, Glasgow

Supervisor: Matthew Petticrew - Technical Director - WSP and lecturer at University of Strathclyde, Glasgow

Elina Maria Ylimaki August 2021

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Table of Contents Image List 5 Abstract 9 Introduction 10 -Topic, Aim, Research Methodology & Literature Review 10

The Site in Context 13 Site Characteristics & Analysis 15 The Legislative Framework 16 Historical Development of Carlisle, Tarraby Area & the Barn 17 Statement of Significance 21 A Brief History of Earth Buildings & Variations in the World & UK 23 Materials, Construction & Prevention of Issues 27 - The Roof & Cruck Structure 27 - The Clay Mixture 30 - The Brickwork 32

Analysis of Historic alterations to the barn 33 Condition Survey, Mapping & Cause of Decay 35 Proposed Conservation & Repair Proposal 40 - Points to Consider when Proposing a Conservation Strategy & Conversion of a farm building 40 - Maintenance, Repair Strategy and Proposal 45

Conclusion 55 References 57 Bibliography 59 Appendices 61

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Image List Front Page Image: Interior of the barn (Photo by Author- Elina Maria Ylimaki, June, 2021).

Figure 1: The barn - (Photo by Author, June, 2021) Figure 2: Timber crucks - Messenger,P., 2012.p 70. Caring for Clay Dabbins: A Guide to Construction, Repair and Maintenance, North of England Civic Trust Figure 3: Messenger, P., n.d. Example of a claydabbin on the Solway Plain. Available at: <https://www.ihbc.org.uk/carlisle2013/ saturday/index.html> [Accessed 6 July 2021].

Figure 4: Clay dabbins that have survived in the Solway area. (English Heritage /Oxford Archeology North Survey, 2005) Figure 5: R. W Brunskill (2002) Traditional Buildings of Cumbria - The County of the Lakes , : Yale University Press.

Figure 6: R. W Brunskill (2007) Traditional Farm Buildings of Britain and their conservation, New Haven & London: Yale University Press.

Figure 7: Jennings (2003) Clay Dabbins - Vernacular Buildings of the Solway Plain, London: Cumberland & Westmorland Antiquarian & Archeological Society.

Figure 8: Henry & McCaig et Al. (2012) English Heritage, Practical Building Conservation: Earth, Brick and Terracotta part A and B Figure 9: The site is situated in the historic City of Carlisle marked in red. ClipGround, amended by author (2019) British isles clipart, Available at: https://clipground.com/pics/getsecond (Accessed: 25.06.2021).

Figure 10: Location Map The City of Carlisle. Bing Maps (2021) Bing Maps - Carlisle, Available at: https://www.bing.com/maps/ (Accessed: 30.06.2021).

Figure 11: Tarraby conservation area and its listed buildings. Carlisle Council, amended by author (2021) Tarraby Conservation area, Available at: https://www.carlisle.gov.uk/ (Accessed: 01.07.2021).

Figure 12: Location map - Bing Maps (2021) Bing Maps - Carlisle, Available at: https://www.bing.com/maps/ (Accessed: 30.06.2021).

Figure 13: Map of the site where the barn is situated in Carlisle (Drawing By Author, June 2021) Figure 14: Elevation facing North East and materials of the barn. (Photo By Author, June 2021) Figure 15: The Roman Fort in Carlisle - Tynedale U3A-Hadrian’s Wall Group (2021) Stanwix Roman Fort (Uxelodunum/Petriana), Available at: https://www.u3ahadrianswall.co.uk/wordpress/stanwix-roman-fort-this-location-was-pivotal-for-control-of-thewest-forces-could-be-rapidly-dispatch-north-east-and-west-to-cover-any-possible-threat/ (Accessed: 10/07/2021).

Figure 16: Documents from 21st of September - 1317 where Tarraby is mentioned. 1317. Conditional Gift of Land in Tirriby [Tarraby] and Ainstable belonging to the Rector of Skelton. . [Letter] Carlisle Archives Centre, DAY/1/17, Records of the Aglionby Family (1300-1808). Carlisle. (Photo taken by Author, 2021) Figure 17: Drawdykes Castle - Manor of Tarraby - C14.- n.d. Drawdykes Castle. Available at: <https://landedfamilies.blogspot. com/2013/07/55-aglionby-of-nunnery-and-drawdykes.html> [Accessed 31 June 2021].

Figure 18 Detail of Tarrabye, Christopher Saxton’s Map of Westmorland and Cumberland, 1576- 1576 - Saxton, Map of Westmorland & Cumberland. Available at: <https://lakesguides.co.uk/html/saxton/sax9ny45.htm> [Accessed 10 July 2021].

Figure 19: Historic Map from 1695 of Carlisle (Robert Morden, 1695) Morden, R., 1695. Cumberland. [image] Available at: <https://lakesguides.co.uk/html/maps/m00151.htm> [Accessed 20 July 2021].

Figure 20: Map from 1746 showing brick kilns in the area and a number of buildings in Tarraby. Smith, G., 1746. A MAP / of the / Countries Adjacent to / CARLISLE / shewing / the Route of the / REBELS / with their principal / Ford over ye Rr. EDEN. Available at: <https://lakesguides.co.uk/html/maps/m00151.htm> [Accessed 10 July 2021].

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Figure 21: John Ferguson Map of Tarraby from 1839. Note that the stable extension to the barn does not appear on this map.

1839. Tithe awards (with the map): Tarraby. [Map] Carlisle Archive Centre, PR 117/50. Carlisle. (Photo of map by Author, 2021) Figure 22: Map of Tarraby from 1866. Note that the stable extension or garages has not yet been built. The barn appears longer.

National library of Scotland, 1866. [image] Available at: <https://maps.nls.uk/view/121140338> [Accessed 15 August 2021].

Figure 23: Map of Tarraby barn from 1940 with stable extension and garages. The barn appears shorter.National Library of Scotland, 1940. Cumberland XVI.16 (Carlisle) -Map from 1940. [image] Available at: <https://maps.nls.uk/view/121140347> [Accessed 20 July 2021].

Figure 24: Detail photo (C. 1977 ) of the farm before redevelopment in the 1990’s.- Tarraby Farm aerial view, c. 1977, Carlisle.

Figure 25: Overall view (C. 1977 )The farm before redevelopment in the 1990’s.- Tarraby Farm aerial view, c. 1977, Carlisle.

Figure 26: The barn with white render and other farm buildings before the redevelopment before the 1990’s. (n.d, by Littleton (previous owner), Carlisle.

Figure 27: Mud buildings in Saudi Arabia, Riyadh. Pluspng, 2014. Mud buildings in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. [image] Available at: <https://pluspng.com/png-45998.html> [Accessed 8 August 2021].

Figure 28: Kadhim, 2016. Ziggurath Ur. [image] Available at: <https://pixabay.com/photos/ziggurat-iraq-old-antiquebig-1322582/> [Accessed 16 August 2021].

Figure 29: MIBI Rammed earth Yoga Center in Barcelona by Elisabetta Carnevale Arquitectura de Terra. arquitecturadeterra, 2019. MIBI Rammed Earth Yoga Center. [image] Available at: <https://arquitecturadeterra.cat/> [Accessed 1 August 2021].

Figure 30: Neolithic earthworks at Avebury (2019, EH) HENRY & MCCAIG Et al.(2012) English Heritage, Practical Building Conservation: Earth, Brick and Terracotta part A and B, p71 Figure 31: Distribution of earthen buildings of the British Isles - Building Conservation Directory, 1997. Distribution of earthen buildings of the British Isles. [image] Available at: <https://www.buildingconservation.com/articles/earth/earth_buildings.htm> [Accessed 23 July 2021].

Figure 32: Woman leaning against the sloping turf wall of a house at Loch Eynort of the East side of South Uist. The Engine Shed, n.d. Sloping turf wall. [image] Available at: <https://www.engineshed.scot/building-advice/building-materials/earth/#history> [Accessed 4 August 2021].

Figure 33: Wattle & Daub: A timber framed building with a wattle and daub infill with lime-wash. (2001, BCD) Building conseration Directory, 2001. Wattle and Daub. [image] Available at: <https://www.buildingconservation.com/articles/ wattleanddaub/wattleanddaub.htm> [Accessed 23 August 2021].

Figure 34: Clay Lump: A cottage by the architect George Skipper built between 1918-1920 using rendered clay lump in East Harling, Norfolk. When rendered these clay lump buildings are not easily distinguished from rendered stone or brick buildings.

Henry and McCaig et al.(2012) English Heritage, Practical Building Conservation: Earth, Brick and Terracotta part A and B. Figure 35: Mud and Stud farmhouse in Greetham whihc is one of the oldest surviving examples and dates from the 15th century.

Henry and McCaig et al.(2012) English Heritage, Practical Building Conservation: Earth, Brick and Terracotta part A and B. p120.

Figure 36: Rammed chalk: Chalk Cottge in King’s Somborne in Hampshire (2021, HC). hampshirechronicle, 2021. Rammed chalk building. [image] Available at: <https://www.hampshirechronicle.co.uk/news/19025949.hampshire-houses-made-chalk-barryshurlock-feature/#gallery3> [Accessed 17 July 2021].

Figure 37: Clay dabbin distribution on the Solway Plain Cumbria - Jennings (2003) Clay Dabbins - Vernacular Buildings of the Solway Plain, London: Cumberland & Westmorland Antiquarian & Archeological Society.

Figure 38: Cruck buildings distribution on the Solway Plain Cumbria - Jennings (2003) Clay Dabbins - Vernacular Buildings of the Solway Plain, London: Cumberland & Westmorland Antiquarian & Archeological Society.

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Figure 39: Image above showing the cruck construction at Tarraby and its terminology. (2021, By Author.)

Figure 40: Typical cruck construction – R. W Brunskill (2007) Traditional Farm Buildings of Britain and their conservation, New Haven & London: Yale University Press. P.126 Figure 41: Typical cruck structures-R. W Brunskill (2007) Traditional Farm Buildings of Britain and their conservation, New Haven & London: Yale University Press. P.126 Figure 42: Typical carpentry detalis. Jennings (2003) Clay Dabbins - Vernacular Buildings of the Solway Plain, London: Cumberland & Westmorland Antiquarian & Archeological Society.

Figure 43: Exploded view of cruck pair. Jennings (2003) Clay Dabbins - Vernacular Buildings of the Solway Plain, London: Cumberland & Westmorland Antiquarian & Archeological Society.

Figure 44: Typical roof coverings of clay dabbins. R. W Brunskill (2007) Traditional Farm Buildings of Britain and their conservation, New Haven & London: Yale University Press. P.138 Figure 45: Other types of typical infill materials for clay dabbin barns with box frames. R. W Brunskill (2007) Traditional Farm Buildings of Britain and their conservation, New Haven & London: Yale University Press. P.129 Figure 46: Colours and textures of earth walls. From Left to right: Cob from Devon, Witchert in Buckinghamshire, Leichester mud and mud wall at Tarraby barn in Carlisle. Henry and McCaig et al.(2012) English Heritage, Practical Building Conservation: Earth, Brick and Terracotta part A and B. Last photo t the roght by author , 2021.

Figure 47: Historic photo of the slow construction process of a cob building in Anesbury in Wiltshire in 1920.

Henry and McCaig et al.(2012) English Heritage, Practical Building Conservation: Earth, Brick and Terracotta part A and B. Figure 48: Map of Carlisle and Tarraby 1746, with brick kilns to the North of Tarraby. Smith, G., 1746. A MAP / of the / Countries Adjacent to / CARLISLE / shewing / the Route of the / REBELS / with their principal / Ford over ye Rr. EDEN. Available at: <https:// lakesguides.co.uk/html/maps/m00151.htm> [Accessed 10 July 2021].

Figure 49: Type 1 brickwork (By Author, 2021.)

Figure 50: Type 2 brickwork (By Author, 2021.)

Figure 51: Brickwork may at times be able to be dated by its brick size as per the table above (TIoSE, n.d.) - The Institution of Structural Engineers (October 2010), Appraisal of existing structures’ [3rd ed].

Figure 52: Historic alterations to the barn and age. (By Author, 2021.)

Figure 53: Historic alterations to the barn and age. Plan view. (By Author, 2021.)

Figure 54 to 67: Photos of the barn (By Author, June, 2021) Figure 68: Feringbury barn in Essex. - Hudson Architects, 2012. Feeringbury Barn. [image] Available at: <https://hudsonarchitects. co.uk/our-work/feeringbury-barn> [Accessed 1 August 2021].

Figure 69: Adapting windows and doors in farm buildings with skillfull joinery. Pickles and Lake (2017) Adapting Traditional Farm Buildings - Best Practice Guidelines for Adaptive Reuse, : Historic England.

Figure 70: Two different eaves details of the clay dabbin at Lamonby Farm in Cumbria. Jennings (2003) Clay Dabbins - Vernacular Buildings of the Solway Plain, London: Cumberland & Westmorland Antiquarian & Archeological Society, p.111.

Figure 71: Existing ventilations slot in the barn elevation (2021, By Author) Figure 72: Hybrid modern concrete & lime crete: A limecrete perimeter strip with a modern concrete floor in the centre with underfloor heating. ‘Traditional Solid Ground Floors’, The Building Conservation Directory, (2014), pp. [Online]. Available at: https:// www.buildingconservation.com/articles/solid-ground-floors/solid-ground-floors.htm (Accessed: 03/08/2021).

Figure 73: James Wainscoat (2021) Bat [Online]. https://unsplash.com/photos/NBEAMs2N47k (Accessed: 01/08/2021).

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Figure 74: Existing cobbles to the ground (2021, By Author) Figure 75: Massing Sketches (2021, By Author) Figure 76: The process to understand the conservation of a farm building. -Pickles and Lake (2017) The Maintenance and Repair of Traditional Farm Buildings- A good Practice Guide, : Historic England..

Figure 77: Maintenance Table. Pickles and Lake (2017) The Maintenance and Repair of Traditional Farm Buildings- A good Practice Guide, : Historic England.

Figure 78: Photo of the North - East elevation showing roof finishes & slightly sagging roof to the top right ridge. (2021, by Author) Figure 79: This photo is showing internal cracks on the south west elevation. Possibly due to the leaking external gutter, which has weakened the clay. (2021, by Author) Figure 80 Image of crack stitching with clay blocks for walls thicker than 450mm.- Martin & Wood (2015, p283) Historic England, Earth Brick & Terracotta - Earth: Treatment & Repair, London: Ashgate.

Figure 81 Image of crack stitching with clay blocks for walls thicker less than 450mm- Martin & Wood (2015, p284) Historic England, Earth Brick & Terracotta - Earth: Treatment & Repair, London: Ashgate.

Figure 82 Cement render falling off the clay section. Bees caused hollows which needs repairing. The brickwork is also covered with paint, possibly non breathable paint which needs to be removed. Brick work has also fallen off the clay which could be built back up. (2021, by Author) Figure 83 Cement used as “repair” in the clay. This should be removed and a repair with new clay blocks can be used. (2021, by Author) Figure 84 Wall repaired after damage from masonry bees. Martin & Wood (2015, p.301) Historic England, Earth Brick & Terracotta - Earth: Treatment & Repair, London: Ashgate.

Figure 85 Reed bedded in lime mortar to avoid voids - Ian Alistair Rock (2013) Home Insulation Manual, : Haynes Publishing.

Figure 86 Reed insulation fitted and ready for lime plaster. - Ian Alistair Rock (2013) Home Insulation Manual, : Haynes Publishing.

Figure 87 Typical surface finishes for earthen walls. Martin & Wood (2015, p.301) Historic England, Earth Brick & Terracotta Earth: Treatment & Repair, London: Ashgate.

Figure 88: French drains- Hulme (n.d) IHBC Technical Sub Committee Paper- French Drains, : IHBC Technical Sub Committee.

Figure 89: The Proposal (By Author, 2021) Figure 90: Before - Existing Ground Floor (By Author, 2021) Figure 91: After - Proposed Ground Floor with infill extension (By Author, 2021) Figure 92 - New insulation between and below the existing rafters. - David Pickles (2012) Energy Efficiency and Historic BuildingsInsulating Pitched Roofs at Rafter Level, Historic England.

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Abstract Tarraby barn in Carlisle is an old farm building with significant origins from the 14th century through tree ring analysis of its timber cruck structure. It also have four clay/ mud panels left, which now are covered partly with brickwork. It was possibly originally a barn built of clay only and had a thatched roof. Clay as a material and hay was common and available in the area. Over the years many alterations have been made to the barn and I will also discuss possible future adaptation and the conservation of the barn.

TARRABY BARN Tarraby Farm, Tarraby Lane, Tarraby, CA3 0JS, Carlisle Grid Reference: NY409581, X 340968 , Y 558166 Built: The barn has been modified many times over the years. Tarraby Farm was built 1772 and the barn itself possibly earlier. Dendrochronology of the barn timber crucks further confirms its age and felling date.

First known owners: The Whitfield family and the Aglionby family with records from the 13th century where Lord of Whitfield (Robert 1279-1332) owned the land in “Tirriby”. (Whitfield, 2021) The first known landowners of the area were based at Drawdykes Castle. In 1764 Tarraby was sold to its tenants, by Sir William Dalston who was the landowner. (Lysons, 1816) Building Construction: 4 clay dabbin panels, handmade bricks, structural timber crucks. The roof is covered with welsh slate and sandstone slabs.

Current Use: As a barn for storage and hobby workshop.

Building Listing: Curtilage listed: Grade II. Tarraby Farm was first listed in 01-Apr-1957.

Conservation Area: Tarraby Conservation area in the Parish of Stanwix Adjacent Designations: Scheduled Monument. Hadrian’s Wall between Houghton Road and Tarraby in wall mile 64. Various grade II listed buildings in Tarraby.

Figure 1: The barn (By Author, 2021)

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Introduction Topic - Cruck framed clay dabbin barn in Cumbria A possible strategy of the conservation and new use of a claydabbin barn in Carlisle and establish the construction and significance of the traditional claydabbin barns.

Earthen buildings in the United Kingdom Claydabbin barns were very common in the NorthWest English coast and also across the Solway Firth in Scotland but are now almost lost on the Scottish side (Messenger, 2012) Some of these simple vernacular buildings dates back to the 1500’s.

The clay dabbin comes in many forms like the farmhouse, cottages or as agricultural barns.

They are more and more under threat but with the right conservation upkeep and repair these buildings can last a long time. Studies show there were around 1300 on the Solway Plain and today only around 300 clay dabbins have survived after a survey from 2005 was carried out.

Many has been lost due to inappropriate repairs like cement render or lack of maintenance.

Aim

Figure 2: Timber crucks are often associated with clay dabbin barns. This one is from Canonbie in Scotland. (Messenger, 2012)

The dissertation will address conservation/repair methods and potential change of use for this type of agricultural building. I will also address why they are significant and what the differences are between the construction methods in United Kingdom, if any.

I will focus on a specific clay dabbin barn which is part clay, part brick and with a timber cruck in the hamlet of Tarraby in Carlisle and its conservation and repair and possible change of use.

Figure 3: A clay dabbin in the form of a cottage (Messenger, n.d)

Figure 4: Clay dabbins that have survived in the Solway area.

(English Heritage /Oxford Archeology North Survey, 2005)

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Research Methodology This dissertation is based on the following research: Literature, Books & Reports: Research information from various journals, newspapers, books, e-books •

The history of the building and conservation area including nearby scheduled designations.

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Architect/ builders/ owners

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Previous reports of the farm and barn

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Photos and drawings from books.

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Contact the council and conservation officer for additional info and reports of the area.

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Local Library - Agricultural clay dabbin buildings

Databases/Archival Research: •

Carlisle Archives for info of the area and previous owners etc. (CASCAT)

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National Archives (http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/)

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Historic England and Historic Environment Scotland

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Canmore

Additional research sources archives/databases: NLS Moving Image Archive and National Collection of Aerial Photography, National library of Scotland and UK, Scran.

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Historical drawings and map search: Old floor plans, elevations and site plans

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Archaeology reports

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Building surveys and other reports i.e conservation area reports etc.

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Planning Department for any historic planning applications

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Historic aerial photos from the archives and Google maps

Graphic Documentation: •

New and old photos, digimap and old historic maps, old and new drawings.

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A measured survey and physical examination of the barn by Author.

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A previous topographical survey by Chartered Land Surveyors.

Some investigative works have been undertaken to preparation this dissertation. It is acknowledged that further investigation will be necessary and additional investigations are recommended before finalization of any proposed works. These are detailed in this report. Certain aspects of the original building fabric may only be revealed during the refurbishment work. Any inspection was superficial in nature without opening up or access at height.

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Literature Review: Figure 5: Traditional Buildings of Cumbria - The County of the Lakes by R.W Brunskill

Figure 6: Traditional Farm Buildings - And their conservation by R.W Brunskill

Figure 7: Clay dabbins - Vernacular buildings of the Solway Plain by Nina Jennings

Figure 8: Historic England, Practical Building Conservation - Earth, Brick & Terracotta

by Martin, Wood et al.

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Please also refer to the bibliography

The Site in Context

STANWIX

UNIVERSITY OF CUMBRIA

ROMAN FORT* (No visible remains)

Rickerby Park Grade II

Figure 9: The site is situated in the historic City of Carlisle marked in red. (CG amended by author, 2021)

Figure 10: Location Map The City of Carlisle. Carlisle castle is not far from Stanwix Roman fort, (buried underground) which was the largest Roman fort in the British islands situated on Hadrians’ wall built in 120’s AD.(Richards, 2013) There were only seven of these large cavalry units in the whole Roman Empire (Hadrians Wall County , 2021) Tarraby hamlet is situated to the North East of the castle. (Bing maps, 2021)

Brief History of Carlisle - the setting of the barn Carlisle is located at the junction of the rivers of Eden, Caldew and Petteril only 10 miles south of the Scottish border. It has a population ove 75,000 people and over 100,000 in the wider city. It is the administrative area for both Carlisle City Council and Cumbria County Council.

Carlisle is not far from the National Park the Lake District with its beautiful fells and lakes. Newcastle to the East is 58 miles away, Glasgow in Scotland is 96 miles away and you can reach Lancaster within 68 miles.

There are a number of conservation areas and Tarraby Conservation area is situated to the North East of the Centre of Carlisle, where the clay dabbin barn is located. (See figure 10) The Carlisle area has historically been a significant place even before Roman times and the earliest recorded population were the Carvetii tribe of Britons who made up the main population of ancient Cumbria.

The Carvetii name means “the Deer Men” and they occupied a large area of Cumberland and WestMorland and the City of Carlisle which was named by the Romans to Luguvalium. 1 Carlisle was founded as a Roman settlement to support the fortifications at Hadrian’s Wall. Due to it’s location near the Scottish borders, Carlisle became an important military stronghold.2 The area of Tarraby is traced back to old historic maps to the 16th century and Tarraby is also mentioned in documents/ letters from the 13th century.

1 The Oxford Companion to British History, A Dictionary of British History, 2009, Oxford University Press.

2 Https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/places/carlisle-castle/history/

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Tarraby Conservation Area in Carlisle and locally listed buildings

1) Tarraby Farm 1772- Grade II

T H he ad ro ria ut ns e o w f al l

2) Thorn Farm Late 18th C- Grade II listed.

5) 1)

3) The Beeches Late 18C - Grade II listed.

4) The Near Boot Inn Pub-Grade II listed.

5) Ancient Scheduled MonumentHadrians wall path

2)

Please also refer to Appendix A

3)

4)

Figure 11: Tarraby conservation area and its listed buildings. (Carlisle Council, amended by author, 2021) Figure 12: The map shows the location of the barn in the hamlet of Tarraby in Carlisle. The red line denotes ownership boundary and the blue line denotes the barn. The dashed orange line denotes the path of Hadrian’s wall.

(Bing maps and amended by author, 2021) TARRABY FARM

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Site Characteristics & Analysis Boundary

PASTURE

Principal Elevations

Sewage Treatment System

Barn

HE DG

E

Farmhouse

AR CH

WA Y

Modern Extensions post 1930’s PASTURE

TE GA

COURTYARD

R BA N

Barn (GIA 51 sqm) & stable (GIA 13 sqm) W Tot GIA: 64sqm Barn foot print GEA: 87sqm

Garages / Stores

TA LL

Garages

Residential (Converted Farm buildings)

E

TA L

Garage

Garden

LH

Farmhouse

ED

GE

Wash house GIA: 17sqm

Yard Views

TE GA

GE TALL HED

Entrance Access GEA Gross External Area

S

GIA Gross Internal Area

An

cie

Ha nt M dr ian onu s w me all nt

W AL

L

FIELD 0.4 ACRES

Figure 13: Map of the site where the barn is situated in Carlisle.

(By Author, 2021)

The clay dabbin barn is located in a small hamlet called Tarraby in Carlisle. The access is through the courtyard but access to the rear of the barn is only through the neighbours garage and garden. There are several site constraints (Appendix A). It is in the Tarraby conservation area and the path of Hadrian’s wall, frontiers of the Roman Empire is nearby the site which is an Ancient Monument and a World Heritage Site.

Tarraby Farm is grade II listed and the barn is curtilage listed within the site. A curtilage listing has the same protection as the main listed building. It does not have to be fixed to the main building and that the barn has formed part of the land since before the date 1 July 1948.1 The footprint of the barn is approximately 87 sqm and the total footprint of the site is approximately 658 sqm.

The average yearly precipitation in Carlisle is 872.1mm based on Metoffice weather reports collected during 1981–2010.2 Comparing with Glasgow (Springburn) with an average of 1,124.3 mm. “Widespread and severe flooding affected Cumbria in January 2005 and November 2009. The January 2005 floods in Carlisle were considered to be the worst to affect the city since 1822.” (Metoffice, 2016) Carlisle was also affected by severe flooding in 2015. “341.4mm of rain fell at Honister Pass, Cumbria, in 24-hours to 1800 GMT on 5 December 2015, a new rainfall record for any 24-hour period, exceeding 314.6mm at Seathwaite, Cumbria in 24-hours to 0000 GMT on 20 November 2009.” (Metoffice, 2015) The extreme rainfall experienced from time to time due to climate change needs to be taken into account when planning conservation proposals. It is important buildings can cope with heavy rainfall periods, to reduce the risk of loosing historic buildings in the long run, due to lack of flood and water management.

1) s1(5) Planning (Listed buildings and Conservation Areas Act 1990) 2) https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/climate/maps-and-data/uk-climate-averages/gcvbs84rv

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Tarraby Barn

Welsh slate Possible sand stone Ventilation slot Stable extension

Ivy on walls

Clay panel with facing brickwork

Handmade clay bricks Clay panel with facing brickwork

Modern block pavers

Modern roller shutter

Cobble stone Figure 14: Elevation facing North East and materials of the barn. (By Author, 2021)

The Legislative framework “Tarraby farm and barn” is grade II listed. “The barn” is actually relating to the two storey attached garage to the right of the main house, which used to be a hay loft/barn. However, the other barn is within the courtyard and is curtilage listed. Generally, some buildings and other structures not mentioned on the list entry may still be protected if they are within the curtilage of a listed building, were constructed before July 1948 and are or were ancillary to the listed building. If there is any doubt the local authority can be consulted or a formal revision to the List entry can be requested.

The following legislation, guidance and principles are taken into account when assessing a listed property for its conservation or alteration. 1

- National Planning Practice Guidance (NPPG), 10 April 2014.

- Section 4 - Conservation Areas, Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act 1990 (Legislation) - Conservation principles, policies and guidance for the sustainable management of the historic environment, Historic England, April 2008.

-BSI Standards Publication (2020) BS17429:2013 Conservation of cultural heritage - Procurement of conservation services and works (Guidance) - Carlisle Local District Plan 2015-2030 1) https://www.carlisle.gov.uk/planning-policy/

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Historical Development of Carlisle, Tarraby area & the Barn

The Roman Fort in Carlisle Figure 15: The Roman Fort in Carlisle (TynedaleU3A, 2021)

Carlisle was founded as previously mentioned, as a Roman settlement to support the fortifications at Hadrian’s Wall. Due to its location near the Scottish borders, Carlisle became an important military stronghold.

Luguvallium was the name the Romans gave Carlisle when the Romans invaded Britain in 43 AD. In 78 AD Agricola the governor built a wooden fort on the site of Carlisle.

The Roman civilisation declined in the 4th century. The Roman troops left in 399 AD from Hadrian’s wall and the last solders left Britain in 407.

The area next to Tarraby barn is part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site ‘Frontiers of the Roman Empire.’ Hadrian wall together and Vallum (see appendix A) with Antonine Wall and the Upper German Raetian Limes, forms part the whole heritage site.

There was also a large cavalry unit at the Roman fort in Stanwix and this cavalry regiment probably came to Britain with Governor Cerialis in 70/ 71AD as part of the force to occupy the Brigantian territory in the north of England. (U3A Hadrians Wall Group, 2021) The word cavalry is French and is derived from “cheval” which means horse and it refers to soldiers who fight from horsebacks. The cavalry unit was only one of seven units in the whole Roman Empire.

(Hadrians’ wall County, 2021) The area of Carlisle has been an important military stronghold for centuries and it also may explain why horse racing and equestrian activities are so popular in this area.

There used to be a horse racing course in the area over the river Eden next to Swifts golf course. This was opposite the area where the Roman Fort area used to be situated. The race course was later moved to Blackwell area south of the city in 1904.

Tarraby Farm used to have several stables, and equestrian activates was part of the farmstead.

Clydesdale stud was also situated next to Tarraby Farm, where racehorses were raised.

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Before Carlisle fell into the hands of the Saxon, Carlisle was past to the Celtic kingdom until the 7th century.

Caer Luel was the name the Celts named it. The fortified place belonged to Luel. St Cutchbert founded a monastery among the ruins of Carlisle in 685. (Lambert, 2021) In 876, the Vikings captured Carlisle and sacked it while the monks moved away. Some people continued to live within the walls of the old Roman town.

The Vikings ruled Carlisle until 10th century until the Saxons took over once again. (Lambert, 2021) King William Rufus founded the Castle in Carlisle in 1092 after he defeated the warlord Dolfin in 1092.

He possibly first built a simple wooden enclosure of earth and timber and a defence ditch, and later in 1122, it was built in stone when Henry I visited Carlisle and ordered it to be ‘fortified with a castle and towers. (English Heritage, 2021) Tarraby Drawdykes Castle is a farmhouse today and was formerly a tower home, possibly from the 14th century.

It was converted to a house 1676 by William Thackery and John Aglionby, the landlord of Tarraby Estate.

Tarraby seem to have been a larger area before it was classed as a conservation area.

See appendix B for the location of the castle and Tarraby barn.

Tarraby is the oldest rural conservation area in Carlisle District. It was designated on 16 December 1969.

In the 14th century ‘Tirriby’ (Tarraby) is first mentioned in documents (wills) (See figure 16). The documents relates to a conditional gift of land in Tirriby by Rector of Skelton.

Other documents mentions the ‘Manor of Terriby ‘which again most likely relates to Drawdykes Castle.

(Carlisle County Archives, DAY/1/23, 1317)

Figure 16: Documents from 21st of September, 1317 where Tarraby is mentioned. (Carlisle Archives Centre-2021)

Historic Maps & Photos The maps on the next page relates to the development of the area from 1576 which is the earliest map of the area found up to 1944.

The layout of Tarraby in 1746 looks very different compared to John Fergusons map from 1839. Also note that the garages and the small stable extension was not built according to the map from 1866 but had been built by 1940. The barn also appear longer in the map from 1866.

Figure 17: Drawdykes Castle - Manor of Tarraby - C14 (LF- 2021)

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Maps

Figure 18 Detail of “Tarrabye”, Christopher Saxton's Map of Westmorland and Cumberland, 1576 (Saxton, 1576)

Figure 20: Map from 1746 showing brick kilns in the area and a number of buildings in Tarraby (Smith, 1746)

Figure 22: Map of Tarraby from 1866 Note that the stable extension or garages has not yet been built. The barn appears longer.

(NLS, 1866)

Figure 19: Historic Map from 1695 of Carlisle in Cumberland (Robert Morden, 1695)

Figure 21: John Ferguson Map of Tarraby from 1839. Note that the stable extension to the barn does not appear on this map and the barn is longer. (Ferguson, 1839)

Figure 23: Map of Tarraby barn from 1940 with stable extension and garages. The barn appears shorter. (NLS, 1940)

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Photos c.1977 Agricultural building (demolished). Residential bungalow built in 2015.

Agricultural building (Converted to residential) Chicken shed (demolished) The barn The Georgian farmhouse 1772 The washhouse with chimney.

Stables/animal shed (Converted to residential bungalow)

Figure 24: Detail photo (C. 1977 ) of the farm before redevelopment in the 1990’s. (Tarraby Farm aerial view, c. 1977)

c.1977

c. 1990 The barn

Figure 25: Overall view (C. 1977 )The farm before redevelopment in the 1990’s. (Tarraby Farm aerial view, c. 1977)

Figure 26: The barn with white (lime) render and other farm buildings before the redevelopment in the 1990’s. (by Littleton (previous owner,n.d,))

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Statement of Significance Significance is defined by Historic England as “The sum of the cultural and natural heritage values of a place, often set out in a statement of significance”. a) aesthetic value, derived from ways in which people draw sensory and intellectual stimulation from a place; b) communal value, derived from the meanings of a place for people who relate to it in different ways, associations with social groups and individuals; c) evidential value, derived from the potential of a place to yield evidence about the past human activity (e.g. archaeology) d) historical value, derived from the ability of a place to demonstrate or illustrate an aspect of the past or association with historic figure or event. e) architectural, technological or built fabric value;

Aesthetic value; derived from ways in which people draw sensory and intellectual stimulation from a place;

“Aesthetic values can be the result of conscious design of a place including artistic endeavour. Equally they can be the seemingly fortuitous outcome of the way in which a place has evolved and be used over time.

Many places combine these two aspects… Aesthetic values tend to be specific to a time cultural context and appreciation of them is not culturally exclusive” (Drury and McPherson, 2008:47) “Design value relates primarily to the aesthetic qualities generated by the conscious design of the building, structure or landscape as a whole. The embraces composition (form, proportions, massing, silhouette, views and vistas, circulation) and usually materials or planting, decoration or detailing, and craftsmanship” (Drury and McPherson, 2008:48) Medium aesthetic merit can be applied to the elevations given the use of brickwork from various time periods where you can see how the simple barn has evolved over time. Internally the timber crucks contribute to the buildings aesthetic value and a higher aesthetic merit could be applied to the crucks due to the nature and age of the structure. The clay panels itself would contribute to a medium aesthetic value due to its nature as a natural material and age, and the panels also shows the development of the barn over the years.

Communal value; derived from the meanings of a place for people who relate to it in different ways, associations with social groups and individuals; ”Communal value, derives from the meanings of a place for the people who relate to it, or for whom it figures in their collective experience or memory. Communal values are closely bound up with historical value, but tend to have additional and specific aspects” (Drury and McPherson, 2008:54) The hamlet and the barn has originally been part of a working farm and been part of the Tarraby area owned by prominent landlords with Tarraby manor (Drawdykes Castle ) as the main manor house a few hundred yards from the site, the original function as a working farm has ceased and is currently a residential area and the barn is used for storage/workshop. Communal value is therefore low.

Evidential value; derived from the potential of a place to yield evidence about the past human activity (e.g. archaeology)

“Evidential value derives from the potential of a place to yield evidence about past human activity”(Drury and McPherson, 2008:35) “Evidential value derives from the physical remains or the genetic lines that had been inherited from the past. The ability to understand and interpret the evidence tends to be diminished in proportion to the extent of its removal or replacement” (Drury and McPherson, 2008:38) It is clear that the building has undergone a number of alterations over the years. For example reuse of the cruck timbers from previous buildings, possibly from the same site. Alterations to the length of the barn itself, increasing the brick wall height of the barn and possibly alterations from a thatched roof to a slate/stone roof when the height of the walls were increased. The clay itself has been incorporated in brick and only 4 clay panels/ sections are intact. 3 of these clay panels are visible internally. The timber crucks at the barn has been investigated with dendrochronology analysis. The first ringdate was dated to 1398 and the last ringdate is 1509 (see appendix E). There is also possibly potential for roman remains on the site due to its close vicinity to the Hadrians wall (the vallum). There may be additional archaeological reports from the site since the other barns were redeveloped in the 1990’s.

Due to the above information the evidential value of the building is high.

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Historical value; derived from the ability of a place to demonstrate or illustrate an aspect of the past or association with historical figures or event.

“Historical value derives from the ways in which past people, events and aspects of life can be connected through a place to the present. It tends to be illustrative or associative.” (Drury and McPherson, 2008:39) “The historical value of places depends upon both sound identification and direct experience of fabric or landscape that has survived from the past, but is not as easily diminished by change or partial replacement as evidential value. The authenticity of a place indeed often lies in visible evidence of change as a result of people responding to changing circumstances. Historical values are harmed only to the extent that adaptation has obliterated or concealed them, although completeness does tend to strengthen illustrative value.” (Drury and McPherson, 2008:44) Tarraby where the barn is situated, is a small hamlet where farming was important and was part of Drawdykes Castle where the Aglionby family were the landlords of the area. Later the area was owned by the tenants in the 18th century.

The site also have historic importance due to its prominence to the Roman Hadrian’s wall, which is nearby.

Historical features remaining in the barn is the original carpentry in the form of the timber crucks, early brickwork although the length and height of the original barn has been altered. Therefore, the historical value of the site would be medium.

Architectural, technological or built fabric value; Historically, the cruck carpentry technique originates from medieval times in the British Isles. Around 4000 examples has been recorded (Alncock, 1981). The earliest crucks dates from the 13th century and are the first early timber cruck- type buildings in the UK. “The carpentry technique has also been reported from continental Europe but in limited numbers (Around 50 overall) spanning from the Fanders to the Dordogne, Brittany to Bulgaria.” (Meirion-Jones, 1981). With such a long history, change and adaptation have been an important part of the story of the simple clay dabbin barn. For example, another important early timber building in Scotland, was the crannog, and it was a timber built loch dwelling and around 5000 years old (Iron age). People re-used crannogs in Scotland up to the 17th century AD. In Pertshire, Scotland these dwellings were supported on piles/stilts in the loch and was a roundhouse. (The Scottish Crannog Centre, 2021)

Significance Conclusion Due to a number of previous alterations to the original barn on the site, the significance is derived from its alterations over the years, which on its own merit can be of value showing the barns evolution over time, which can be further altered and adapted sympathetically into the future. The barn has medium value showing a clay-dabbin where only some of the clay walls have survived over the years and is an interesting example of a barn that has gone through several alterations.

Further there is additional possibility to Roman remains on the site due to its near proximity to Hadrian wall and the vallum. The crucks are tree-ring dated as early as to the 14th century, which is of high significance.

Generally, cruck barns are rare and clay dabbins are even more rare. Due to its rarity the significance is high.

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A Brief History of Earth Buildings & Variations in the World & UK Historic Earth Works Buildings made out of clay are found all over the world from Africa to India, SW United States and whole of the Arabian Peninsula.

For example the Ziggurats in Mesopotamia were huge mudbrick stepped pyramid like structures in tree and woodless areas off what today is Iran and Iraq and its surroundings between the river Tigris and Euphrates.

The ziggurat had large ceremonial staircases leading up to the top temple area where the gods lived and only priests and highly respected individuals could enter to these areas. The ziggaruth of Ur in Mesopotamia is one of the most impressive ziggaruths which the king built, Ur-Nammu of the Third Dynasty of Ur dedicated it to Nanna the Moon Good ca. 2100 BC. This rectangular pyramid structures has 4 sides and rises up to the gods and would have been visible for miles due to its height of 70 – 100 feet in height with three levels of terraces. The mud bricks were laid with bitumen which is a naturally occurring tar. The bricks would have been damp depending on the season and the architects included holes through the claybricks external layer allowing for water to evaporate. Drains were also built into the terraces to have the water move away from the building. (Dr German, 2015) There are also recent modern constructions in earth materials like MIBI Rammed earth Yoga Center in Barcelona by Elisabetta Carnevale Arquitectura De Terra from 2019, which is a beautiful and simple expression of earth as a traditional and sustainable material. Earth is probably the oldest building material taken directly from the ground and locally available.

England’s heritage in earthen materials goes back to the Neolithic and Bronze Age, many of them surviving today like massive land formations surrounding Avebury and Stonehenge.

Figure 27: Mud buildings in Saudi Arabia, Riyadh.(Pluspng, n.d)

Figure 28: The ziggurath of Ur- Traditional mud brick architecture in present day Dhi Qar Province, Iraq. (Kadhim, 2016)

Figure 29: MIBI Rammed earth Yoga Center in Barcelona by Elisabetta Carnevale Arquitectura de Terra. (arquitecturadeterra, 2019)

In their fortifications, the Romans used earth to deploy clay mortars for the stonework and turf walling towards the west.

Norman so-called Motte and Bailey Castles such as William de Conqueror’s Pickering Castle (1066) in North Yorkshire can also be classed as earthen construction with a large conical mound (the motte) which served as a defence system.

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Figure 30: Neolithic earthworks at Avebury (Henry and McCaig, 2019)

Earth Buildings in England According to the map, South West England with Devon and Cornwall has the largest concentration of earth buildings, mostly cob. A high quality cob called wychert is also found in Buckinghamshire.

Other earthen buildings can also be found in north Dorset, north Hampshire and south Wilthshire where a chalky subsoil is a great building material.

The highest concentration of earth buildings in North of England are based in Cumbria and the Solway Plain which are called clay dabbins. The barn at Tarraby is partly a clay dabbin, which has gone through many alterations over the years. You can also find a high concentration of earth buildings in East Midlands. (Henry and McCaig et al,2015)

Figure 31: Distribution of earthen buildings of the British Isles (BCD, 1997)

Scotland Mudwall was mainly used in Dumfriesshire and and the Scottish Solway Coast line.

Clay and bool was mostly used around Spey Bay, Moray, North Aberdeenshire. Bool is a variation of mudwall construction where rounded stones not used elsewhere were used in rows between earth material.

Turf buildings was mostly common on the West Coast of Scotland.

Clay was mostly used in the area of Perthshire and Angus due to the local geology. (Bushell, 2021)

Figure 32: Woman leaning against the sloping turf wall of a house at Loch Eynort of the East side of South Uist. (ES, n.d, )

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There are various earthen construction approaches depending on where in the country you are based. This is due to traditions but also the subsoil type and what materials were available locally at the time of construction.

Wattle & Daub This was a non - load bearing technique used to infill timber-framed buildings with. Clay or mud daub are used in combination of a woven lattice of wooden strips called a wattle. Used mostly where timber frame construction was popular in East Anglia and parts of West Midlands.

Figure 33: Wattle & Daub: A timber framed building with a wattle and daub infill with lime-wash. (BCD, 2001)

Clay Lump (Adobe) Construction is similar to brickwork due to the use of blocks of unfired subsoil mixed with straw and water. Extensively found in East Anglia (Norfolk, Sussex, Essex and parts of Cambridgeshire) Mud & Stud This is a combination of cob and timber. A structural timber frame is almost completely covered in a mud mix. Mostly found in Lincolnshire but some examples also found in Lancashire.

Figure 34: Clay Lump: A cottage by the architect George Skipper built between 1918-1920 using rendered clay lump in East Harling, Norfolk. When rendered these clay lump buildings are not easily distinguished from rendered stone or brick buildings. (EH,2012, )

Rammed Earth & Rammed Chalk Common in chalky areas like Hampshire. This method is also known as Pisé de Terre in French and consist of damp soil or crushed chalk with no addition of fibres or water placed in a form work in shallow layers and compacted. Found mainly in Hampshire.

Figure 35: Mud and Stud farmhouse in Greetham whihc is one of the oldest surviving examples and dates from the 15th century. (EH, 2012)

Shuttered Earth This method is also called puddled earth, puddled clay or puddled chalk and is a variation of cob. Subsoil and straw are mixed to produce a wetter consistency and this is thrown into wooden shuttering and allowed to dry. These building types are known in Hampshire, Dorset and East Anglia.

Figure 36: Rammed chalk: Chalk Cottge in King’s Somborne in Hampshire (HC, 2021)

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Cob, Chalk Cob, Wychert (Specific to Buckinghamshire) & the Clay Dabbin (Specific to Cumbria) Materials locally available like subsoil is mixed with straw from the nearby fields or other fibrous materials to a suitable consistence and built up in layers. The earliest the name ‘cob’ was recorded was in Cornwall in the 17th century. The earliest buildings have very thick walls of 500-600mm, but sometimes 700mm or more with narrow windows and approximately between 2-3m in height. (Martin, Wood, 2012.pp 103) The clay dabbin in the Solway area north of England is a variation where the mud mixture is laid in much thinner beds and each layer is separated by straw.

Only about 300 clay dabbin barns still exist today in the area of Cumbria and they are often associated with timber cruck frames as shown in the maps below. Many have been altered over the years where the clay has been lost or altered with brick facings. Many have also lost their thatched roofs due to height alterations to the walls. Many buildings have been lost due to the use of cement render which prevents the building from breathing.

Figure 37: Clay dabbin distribution on the Solway Plain Cumbria (Jennings, 2003)

Figure 38: Cruck buildings distribution on the Solway Plain Cumbria (Jennings, 2003)

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Materials, Construction & General Prevention of Issues The clay dabbin at Tarraby has been altered a lot over the years and only four panels of clay remain throughout the building.

The building materials used in clay dabbins were materials which were available in the local area. The local fields and quarries provided stone and slate. The clay rich land provided for the raw materials like clay bricks, tiles and thatch. The local fields provided for the hay which was mixed into the clay. The timber was available from nearby woods and oak (Quercus sp) was the most common type of timber and to lesser extent elm (Ulmus Procera) was used generally.

The construction of farm buildings in Britain has generally been based on mass and frame. In frame based construction the posts or other vertical elements took the structural loads from the floors and roof to the ground.

The walls, which could be made of clay initially, and later filled with brickwork, kept the elements out of the building. The barn at Tarraby is a hybrid with both clay sections, brickwork and a cruck frame, from various time periods.

Since the raising of the barn roof by 800mm, the roof may originally also have been a thatched roof.

(Jennings, 2002)

The Roof & Cruck Structure

Figure 39: Image above showing the cruck construction at Tarraby and its terminology. (By Author, 2021)

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In basic cruck construction the horizontal members called tie beams projected out to carry the wall plates. The side purlins were supported onto the cruck side blades. (Brunskill, 2007.p 127) Often the slightly curved side blades were sawn from one single tree trunk to create matching pairs. However, some of the crucks at Tarraby barn appear to be jointed.

Additional members were at times introduced perpendicular to the crucks like ‘wind braces ‘ or sway braces for additional lateral support.

These types of cruck frames have been typically used in agricultural buildings in England, Wales and Scotland from early medieval to the seventeenth century.

A variation of a cruck frame is the base cruck which does not reach the ridge of the roof. The jointed cruck is also a variation and common in parts of West Wales, south - west England and West Scotland. Two cruck parts are pegged together. A third variation is the cruck raised onto a stone wall or crucks which are blocked out to create a suitable roof slope while the wall plate is carried on a timber wall.

Another version has a half hip thatched roof where the crucks are truncated at the end gables at collar level.

The cruck itself carries the roof loads at Tarraby farm barn and the walls are a hybrid of brickwork and clay. The barn has been adapted to suit over the years.

Generally a farm buildings walls could be made out of timber frame with panels of stone, wattle and daub, brickwork or clay. (see figure 45). With regards to roofing materials thach was the most common material used. The barn at Tarraby was possibly a thatched building originally.

Stone tiles, stone flags and natural slates were commonly used on larger farm buildings. Tarraby also have a few rows of sandstone slabs. (See figure 70 for stone used as roofing material in thatched buildings and other roofing materials in figure 44).

Pantiles were more common in the area of Somerset. Welsh slate become popular when the possibility to transport the material by train, shipping and canal boat increased.

Figure 40: Typical cruck construction (Brunskill, 2007)

Figure 41: Typical cruck structures: A base cruck and a structure raised on a stone wall Tarraby barn crucks are a base cruck structure, the crucks are not highly raised on a wall.

(Brunskill, 2007)

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Figure 42: Typical carpentry details (Jennings, 2003)

Figure 43: Exploded view of cruck pair. (Jennings, 2003)

Figure 45: Other types of typical infill materials for clay dabbin barns with box frames. (Brunskill, 2007)

Figure 44: Typical roof coverings of clay dabbins.

(Brunskill, 2007)

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The Clay Mixture The Subsoil & Additives The clay material should be examined to understand the proportions of the gravel, sand, clay and silt if working with repairs. The best mix of subsoil consist of 30 % of well graded sand (0.063-2.00mm particle size), 30% fine to coarse stone and gravel (>2.0mm) and 35% of fine material (Silt and minimum 10% clay).

Large pebbles was sometimes incorporated in the mixture. Additives as barley straw was added as well. The reason for this was to distribute shrinkage of the clay evenly and to increase its weathering properties.

Figure 46: Colours and textures of earth walls. From Left to right: Cob from Devon, Witchert in Buckinghamshire, Leichester mud and mud wall at Tarraby barn in Carlisle. (HE (2015) and by author (2021).

When looking at structural issues to earth walls it is important to understand the strength of the earth wall and its characteristics.

Tensile strength: The resistance of a material to be pulled in opposite directions. Earth materials are very low in this strength. Any openings for example should be supported with lintels Shear strength: Generally earth materials have a low resistance to to shearing forces, such as wind loads or thrust from a roof.

Compressive strength: The grading of the subsoil gives the clay its compressive strength including its degree of compaction. Generally, this is low compared to other materials, but if keeping away the moisture ingress from leaking pipes and gutters, for example, it usually is capable of resisting any compressive loads in a traditional building. The compressive strength varies with moisture content.

Density: Rammed earth walls have a density generally of 1900-2200 kg/m3 which is similar to ordinary fired bricks while cob walls are in the range of 1500 to 2000 kg/m3 depending of its level of coarse sand and gravel. As a comparison, chalk walls have a bit lesser density of 1450-1550 kg/m3 which is similar to low density concrete blocks. The density affects the durability of the mud wall and its thermal properties.

Density is often used as a proxy for its compressive strength. (Martin, Wood, 2012, p.97)

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The construction of the clay dabbin

Figure 47: Historic photo of the slow construction process of a cob building in Anesbury in Wiltshire in 1920. (Henry and McCaig et al. 2012).

The above photo shows the slow process of workers building a cob building. After each lift was placed it had to dry out for a few days after this the surface had to be smoothed and straightened with a flatbladed spade. When it had dried enough to gain strength to support 2 men to work on the next layer the building process could continue. Experience shows it takes approximately a five week period to build a 3m high wall , perhaps shorter if the weather conditions are ideal.

There was a quick method in the Solway area in Cumbria which comprised of mud and straw placed on shallow layers around 80-100mm up to 200mm. A thin 5mm layer of straw was laid on top each layer. This was also done on early brick to protect against frost. In every half metre there was a pause in construction to give the layers chance to gain strength and dry. The straw aids drying and speeds up the construction. A basic single storey cottage can be built in this way, can be completed in a day with suitable labour. (Henry and McCaig et al. 2012) Moisture Prevention A general maintenance routine on a regular basis is important to avoid any larger issues in the future. The roof and rainwater goods are the easiest areas to first check for any water ingress, especially during heavy rainfall. Check for slipped or broken slates, leaking or broken gutters, blocked downpipes, sufficient size of guttering. (Messenger, 2012).

The capacity and detailing of the guttering should be investigated and replaced as necessary. Especially if there is an increase in rainfall environmentally and if the gutters can not cope with the additional rainfall due to climate change. A wet mud wall can eventually become unstable and may collapse.

It is important to identify the source of damp before any work takes place. Moisture from the ground area can be harder to identify and trace. Generally it is important that good drainage is in place and that the water from the gutters does not dampen the ground. A perforated land drain in the bottom of a trench with stones and gravel can alleviate any issues if laid to the correct gradient to carry water away from the building.

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The Brickwork There was a brick manufacturer situated not far from Tarraby where handmade clay bricks were made and could possibly been a likely source for the handmade bricks according to the map from 1746 of Carlisle There are two types of brick work within the barn. Type 1 is 65mm x230mm and does not fit within the table, but since the brick is similar to the brick for the stable extension it could be a possibility the increase of height of the walls were made post 1868.

Type 2 is approximately 75mm x 230mm and is the brickwork within the clay panel and could possibly been built around the 1850-1930 according to the brick size table below.

Figure 48: Map of Carlisle and Tarraby 1746, with brick kilns to the North of Tarraby. (SP, 1746)

230 mm 65mm

230 mm 65mm

230 mm 75mm Figure 49: Type 1 brickwork (By Author, 2021.)

Figure 50: Type 2 brickwork (By Author, 2021.)

Figure 51: Brickwork may at times be able to be dated by its brick size as per the table above (The Institution of Structural Engineers, 2010.) .

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Analysis of Historic Alterations to the Barn

Figure 52: Historic alterations to the barn and age. (By Author, 2021.)

c. 1509 - Cruck frame1 1850 - 1930: The clay dabbin panels covered with Type 1 (75mm x 225mm) clay fired brick infill Post 1868. Type 2 clay fired handmade brickwork (65mm x 225mm).

Post 1990’s - Modern roller shutter c. 20002: Roof - Timbers including some rafters and purlins replaced in the 21st century and sandstone slabs added to the roof.

Post 1868 - Stable extension does not appear on maps before 1868.

1) Jennings, Messenger, 2011, Transactions C&WAAS CW3, xi, pp.227-251 -Tree-ring Dating of Buildings on the Solway Plain.

(Felling date). Please also refer to Appendix E. 02) Jennings (2002) Tarraby, Tarraby Farm, Barn, Cumbria County Council Record Office, 193.

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Clay with brick cover

c. 1509 - Cruck frame1 1850 - 1930. Clay covered with brick (based on brick table)

Figure 53: Historic alterations to the barn and age. Plan view. (By Author, 2021.)

Post 1866. The raised barn was possibly built around same time as the stable area since the brick is similar to the stable extension.

Post 1990’s - Modern roller shutter

Post 1866 - 1940. Stable extension does not appear on a map from 1839 or 1868, but appears on a map from 1944.

Visible clay areas. - It is difficult to date the clay itself. Possibly same century as the main farm house (Built 1772). But not earlier than 1509, which is the age of the reused crucks.

1986 Repairs - Area of clay covered with brickwork internally which was repaired in 1986 by the previous owner due to partial collapse during a draught. (Jennings, 2002)

A number of alterations have taken place over the years of the barn. The crucks were most likely reused from one or several buildings possibly on the same site. With help of a grant from English Heritage Tarraby barn was cored by the Nottingham Dendrochronology laboratory. The first ringdate was dated to 1398 and the last ringdate is 1509 (see appendix E).

The stable extension (marked green) is possibly not visible on a historic map from year 1839 or 1866 of the maps reviewed, but appears on the map from 1940.

However, the stable extension bricks are very similar in shape, colour and size as the rest of the barn (light pink area) which may suggest that the raise (by approx 0.8m) of the brick walls may have been done at the same time as the stable extension (possibly between post 1868-1940). A larger gap between the barn and washhouse is also visible from the map from 1940 which may indicate the barn was shortened at some point between post 1868-1940. (Please see historic maps in previous chapters.)

According to Jennings report 2 the barn would have been at least a bay longer due to the jointed cruck 01 being embedded into the wall, which the maps also subtly show. The blue area of clay covered with brickwork internally was repaired in 1986 by previous owner due to partial collapse during a extreme draught. (Jennings, 2002). The roller shutter is a modern shutter and historic photos show a typical sliding barn door.

1) Jennings, Messenger, 2011, Transactions C&WAAS CW3, xi, pp.227-251 -Tree-ring Dating of Buildings on the Solway Plain 02) Jennings (2002) Tarraby, Tarraby Farm, Barn, Cumbria County Council Record Office, 193.

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Condition Survey, Mapping & Cause of Decay Tarraby FarmBarn and stable area Tarraby Farm-1772 (Stable not in view). Crucks Building converted dated from to a bungalow in 1509. the 1990’s

Cowsheds converted in the 1990’s to residential

Figure 54: Photo of the ban in context (By Author, 2021)

External Observations The barn’s current condition has been evaluated based on visual inspections, historic data and reports and desk research. There has been a limited view of the rear area due to vegetation.

The barn is situated in a courtyard behind a late C18th farmhouse on Tarraby Lane in Carlisle at a short distance from the Near Boot public house. The barn consist of the main barn with one cart opening with a modern roller shutter and a opening to the coal room which is divided from the main barn internally by a half wall in brick work. There is a brick extension with a slate roof, which is currently a stable/store area. The farm was a working farm until 1995. Please also refer to Appendix C & D for additional condition photos, drawings and condition mapping.

Figure 55: Example of condition mapping of the South- West wall. (By Author, 2021)

The condition mapping shows additional detailed condition issues of the structure and the materials.

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Roof, Rainwater Goods & Structural Crucks The roof is a duo pitch part slated on the upper courses and part sandstone tiles to the lower part of the roof.

The ‘sandstone tiles’ are not visible on photos from the 1970’s. The timber battens and all rafters on the weather side and five on the other, were renewed around 25 years ago by the previous owner.

The rafters are supported onto the head of the perimeter brick wall. No timber wall plates have been located. The rafters are also supported on the apex at the ridge timber and two purlins on each side, which in turn is supported by the timber crucks.

Figure 56: Photo of the North and East elevation showing roof finishes & sagging roof to the top right ridge. (By Author, 2021)

The roof finishes are nailed onto timber battens.

Generally the roof is in good condition. However, it does have an issue of sagging on the right hand side looking from the courtyard, which may be an issue due to a faulty rainwater pipe on the south side, causing decay of the rafter ends There are plastic gutters and rainwater pipes. It drains to a water butt on one side and possibly, it drains out to the bare ground from the right down pipe on the southwest elevation.

The water from the gutter drains into an underground drain on the courtyard side (The North - East elevation.)

There are some unevenness in the gutter alignment and a broken gutter on the south-west wall.

Figure 57: Detail photo of the structural timber cruck. (By Author, 2021)

The broken gutter is most likely the cause to some decay to the external and internal wall.

Gutters must be kept in good condition so that water from the roof does not run down the wall.

The size and location of the gutters may not be the most effective type due to increased rainfall at times. If water just soaks to the ground it could increase any issue with damp foundations/ ground.

On the south west elevation water drains into a water butt and possibly straight onto the ground, which will not help to keep the ground and foundations dry. The foundations are based on traditional rubble stone.

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Figure 58: South wall. Detail photo of wall with broken rainwater gutter and vegetation.

(By Author, 2021)

The cruck frames have evidence of historic woodworm which may indicate the timbers were not well ventilated at some point in history. It is also possible the crucks has previously been used in another building. Possibly on the site due to random halved joints on the crucks.

The crucks are of the Alcocks type 3, and additional timbers has been inserted. The walls has been once raised by approximately 0.8m and the joints are pegged.

Cruck 02 and 03 are spliced at the end, perhaps due to have been rotted at the bottom. There are scarf joints above cruck 01, 02 and 03.

The jointed cruck 01 is embedded into the gable wall which indicates the gable end wall was built later and that the barn was once longer, possibly a bay longer. 1 The increase of the wall heights changed the roof pitch, the barn must also have been thached. At about 45o the roof pitch is a compromise, since thatch needs a steeper pitch than slates or tiles to throw off rainwater. However, higher pitches and the thatch would slide off. Lower pitches has the advantage of using less straw.

Figure 59: Photo of the structural crucks.

(By Author, 2021)

Exposed clay section

Figure 60: Plan of the barn and cruck positions.

(By Author, 2021)

01) Jennings (2002) Tarraby, Tarraby Farm, Barn, Cumbria County Council Record Office, 193.

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Clay & Brick Structure Brickwork has been used to cover the exposed clay panels on both the front and rear elevations. The building has also been raised as previously discussed by around 800mm. The brick walls are approximately 350mm thick on the south side and 500mm thick on the north side.

Bricks has fallen off and exposed the clay to the rear clay panel, which has lead to diagonal cracks on each side of the clay panel. The lack of brickwork holding up the structure and saturation of the clay which allows it to compress, are causing the cracks.

The cement render which has partly fallen off is causing additional issues to the clay panel. Water gets behind the render and causes it to fall off since cement render is not a breathable material.

Figure 62: Detail photo of the North elevation and its brick covered clay panel. Note the two types of brickwork. (By Author, 2021)

There are also a number of ventilation slits on all elevations which allows for good ventilation. It is important to keep clay well ventilated so moisture can evaporate from the surface and non breathable materials like cement or non breathable paints should be avoided.

Figure 63: Detail photo of the rear and cracks and spalling

on the South elevation and its brick covered clay panel. Access only through the neighbours garden. (By Author, 2021)

Figure 61: Cracks & cement patching

on the North - West elevation to the left bottom corner. Block bond suggests later addition. (By Author, 2021)

Figure 64: South wall 2021 with ventilation opening. Detail photo of wall with cracks filled with what looks like cement.

(By Author, 2021)

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Internal Observations The barn walls are built from brickwork, and there are four panels of clay dabbins remaining between the structural timber cruck frames. Originally, the walls were presumably all clay dabbin up to height of 2.35 m. This is approximately 800mm below the present eaves height.

There are exposed clay walls internally to both the south west and north east elevation with patches of cement. A repair to the clay was made in 1986 by the previous owner due to a partial collapse of the clay to one of the internal panels due to a drought. It was repaired with brickwork.

Figure 66: Photo of the internal south west

wall showing the rubble foundation (2021, by Author)

2) 1)

Figure 65: Photo of the internal south west brick/clay

wall showing a crack to the wall (1) and the lack of a timber wall plate (2). the crack may have appeared due to moisture ingress / broken rainwater pipe which also may have affected the ground conditions . (By Author, 2021)

Figure 67: Scarf joints to crucks ( By Author,

Cause of decay summary

2021)

The main cause of decay to the building is generally moisture ingress, via leaking gutters, which also makes the ground damp. The cement patches, cracks and brick joints filled with cement is causing the building not to be able to breathe and causes decay in the long run. The cement render at the rear elevation which has partly fallen off is causing the clay to get damp.

The brickwork covering the clay (rear elevation) has fallen due to decay and moisture ingress, which structurally was holding up the brick above. With the brick fallen of the clay, it has caused cracks. Insects (bees) have caused some damage to the clay. The bees opens up the clay surface, and water can get into the material. Plants growing in the gutters is causng water not to flow through the guttering system which in turn is causing decay. The guttering system can overflow, which may lead to wet walls when it overflows during rain. High base-levels in the neighbours garden may cause trapped moisture in the base. (The stable floor is moist in some areas.). Some brick work has white salts, which may come from either ground water through capiallry action alternatively, through use of salts in winter time to avoid frozen ground.

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Proposed Conservation & Repair Proposals Points to Consider when Proposing a Conservation Strategy & Conversion of a Farm Building: There are a number of considerations to explore when considering a farm buildings conservation approach and potential adaptability. Figure 76 gives a good overview of the whole process of what to consider to make an informed choice.

Understanding of the Construction & Condition It is important to get a good understanding of the existing building and its surrounding buildings and the site/town/ city it is situated in from local to regional level. This is particularity important with regards to the clay dabbin barn, since research of clay dabbins show that they are a rarity locally and regionally. To be able to assess any conservation options it is crucial to be able to also understand the current condition and its causes, which may be due to water ingress, structural movement, use of incorrect materials and general deterioration of fabric and materials etc.

Survey Drawings & Reports Existing and new survey drawings and reports will help to inform any potential reuse options and get a better understanding of the farm building how it has been used in the past.

Innovative designs may help resolve these issues where a balance between the historic settings and new use has to meet each other.

Craftmanship & High Design Standards “Assessing the impact of changes and carrying out sensitive design and repairs requires the skill and knowledge of those qualified and experienced in conserving historic buildings.” (Pickles & Lake, 2017, p17) Reduce the Loss of Historic Fabric & Retention of Significant Historic Features.

Another important aspect is to retain distinctive features within buildings which may be a specific opening or detail or an existing ventilation feature, this will contribute to a successful adaptation.

Introduction of Daylight Farm buildings, in general can be very dark due to lack of windows, and it is important at the early design stage to introduce innovative ways to introduce light with roof lights or subtle window openings. Openings in the clay should be avoided.

Feeringbury barn in Essex, UK has roof lights concealed into the roof itself. The roof lights are invisible from external view but floods the building with light internally. The building is a grade II listed timber barn.

Understanding of the Historical Context & Setting It is important to understand not only the historic setting but also its local context and surroundings with any new proposal which should enhance its relationship with the landscape of the area.

This level of understanding can help to inform materials, access, its visual impact, boundary treatment, lighting, space and use etc.

Figure 68: Feringbury barn in Essex. (Hudson Architects, 2012)

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Windows & Doors Farm buildings generally only have a few openings because ventilation was more important than light.

Windows/openings and doors form part form of the significant character of a farm building and during alteration work they may have to be altered. Alterations can significantly affect the appearance and the character of a barn and should be done sympathetically and great care should be taken in the type of glazing and size of any proposed openings.

Figure 69: Adapting windows and doors in farm

buildings with skillfull joinery. (Pickles & Lake,2017)

Figure 69 shows skill full joinery in the form of a sliding door in the barn opening and new glazing to let light in.

Currently Tarraby barn has a modern metal roller shutter with very low historic significance and there are existing photos of a sliding barn door. (See figure 26). Currently there is only one window opening in the stable area and there are a number of ventilation slots in the walls that could be carefully glazed and retain the shape of the openings. Ventilation slots form part of the character of the building and should be retained.

If any additional windows are needed roof lights could be an option or a large glazed area where the current roller shutter is situated.

“New dormer windows are generally inappropriate in all farm-building adaptations except where there is already evidence of their use”. (Pickles & Lake, 2017, p30)

Figure 70: Two different eaves details of the

clay dabbin at Lamonby Farm in Cumbria with sandstone flags and thatch. (Jennings, 2003)

Roof & Rainwater goods The characteristic stone and slate roof covering gives the roof a lot of visual appeal. The overhang is minimal and it is important that where the roof meets the brickwork is fully sealed to avoid water penetration.

Historically, the roof may have been thatched. (See typical detail of a thatched roof figure 70). Many farm buildings were also covered with corrugated iron sheeting which may actually have saved the farm buildings from deterioration over the years. Rainwater gods can be replaced with traditional cast iron or cast aluminium gutters. The current rainwater goods is plastic and this should be avoided since it is not traditional. The back of the gutter should be higher than the front so if it overflows the water will not dampen the wall.

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Figure 71: Existing ventilations slot in the barn elevation (By Author,2021)

Consider Services, Insulation & Energy at an early design stage Services and environmental aspects like insulation and energy should also be considered early to comply with Building Regulations part L. The barn already benefits from solar panels. A fire alarm system should be installed. Possibly a radio system to avoid wiring. There is currently a septic tank on the site and further investigations are required if greywater can be connected with regards to capacity. Existing WC and foul water is already connected via the washhouse to the septic tank.

Ventilation is important due to the natural materials that needs to be able to breathe. Cement and concrete should be avoided due to their lack of breathability in general, since moisture can get trapped in the brickwork or in the clay. Lime is porous and breathable and should be used in grouting or renders.

Careful detailing with sufficient ventilation is crucial for a successful conversion. Internal insulation materials like reed or hemp or wood fibre boards will possibly be one solution subject to careful detailing regarding ventilation, so no moisture is getting trapped in the building fabric.

Underfloor heating to a hybrid limecrete/concrete floor could be a floor and heating option since it would not affect the existing fabric with traditional radiators, and it will free up wall space.

“It may even be considered appropriate to opt for a combination of impermeable and permeable flooring.

A hybrid floor is an option where a modern floor is constructed in the centre of the room with a trench between the concrete floor and the surrounding walls (see figure 72 below). This trench is filled with a buildup of limecrete to a depth suitable for the foundations. This provides the capillary break required, allowing the substrate to breathe and preventing the footings from drawing trapped moisture into the walls”1

Figure 72: Hybrid modern concrete & lime crete: A limecrete perimeter strip with a modern concrete floor in the centre with underfloor heating. (2014, Watts, Tesh)

01) ‘Traditional Solid Ground Floors’, The Building Conservation Directory, (2014), [Online]. Available at: https://www. buildingconservation.com/articles/solid-ground-floors/solid-ground-floors.htm (Accessed: 03/08/2021).

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Biodiversity & Landscaping Protected species come under the protection of the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981. Local biodiversity action plans should be considered and it is important to create wildlife habitats within the schemes to avoid loss of biodiversity. For example bat boxes and bird boxes/ bug hotels could be provided to enhance the natural habitat. Hard landscape features like cobbled yard should be retained and incorporated in the conservation design.

Figure 73: Bats (Unsplash, 2021)

Access & Parking The Local authority determines parking requirements, and for residential use, this may be 2 spaces per residential dwelling. There are plenty of parking options in front of the barn.

Figure 74: Existing cobbles to the ground. (By Author, 2021)

Internal Subdivisions and Extensions To consider subdivision of the space to be sympathetic to its proportions and sight lines internally.

Additional ‘loft’ space could be introduced subject to sufficient headroom.

New extensions can be considered but has to enhance the character of the farm building and surrounding buildings and can be useful if the building in question is sensitive to intensive subdivisions. Any junction details between existing and new build has to be carefully considered.

Re-using existing surrounding minor buildings (i.e the washhouse) can be an option, since they contribute to the understanding of the areas used historically as farm buildings. Historically, the barn was most likely a bay longer which could be utilised as an extension in a conversion proposal, which also could be justified ,since historically, the farm building was extended. Refer to Appendix D for existing and proposed drawings.

Figure 75: Initial massing sketches of link extension to the barn and wash house (By Author, 2021)

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Figure 76: The process to understand the conservation of a farm building. (HE, 2017)

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Maintenance, Repair Strategy & Proposals There are a number of repair options as indicated in figure 76 and due to its listed status it is important to have a regular maintenance strategy to avoid any larger issues in the future in its current state as a storage barn.

The table in figure 77 indicates a general maintenance strategy typical for farm buildings and below is additional information for a maintenance and repair strategy for the barn. Where the short term would be classed as maintenance while the long term options would be considered as repairs. Some options overlap and listed building consent may be needed however, any work to a listed building should be checked with the local planning department to check if listed building is needed.

Some of the suggestions are more urgent than others but could be part of an overall maintenance and repair strategy. However, change of use may also be a consideration if the maintenance /repair costs would be uneconomic in the long run and full costs of the options should be considered at an early stage either as maintenance/ repair cost vs cost to consider change of use, for example to residential use/ home office use.

General Maintenance Strategy for the barn

External Joinery

Annual and planned maintenance of the farm building helps to prevent any major deterioration and keeps the building weather tight. Maintenance is the continuous protective care of a building, while repairs work is putting dcay right that has already occurred.

Any external joinery shoud be checked for failing paintwork, rot and any cracks. The ironmongery and locks should also be checked on a annual basis.

Below Ground Drainage Any blockage to gullies and pipes has to be dealt with and checked annually. The water quality should also be checked annually.

Roof & Rainwater goods Annually the roof should be checked for sagging, structural issues, water leaks, roof tile displacements. The water goods should be checked annually and preferable after heavy rainfall for misalignments, faulty and blocked pipes and gutters. Gutters should at lest be cleaned out from vegetation and leaves twice a year. Paintwork should be checked.

Vegetation Ivy on walls should be cut back annually and any vegetation growing excessively should be cut back especially near gutters and downpipes.

Cruck Timber Structure Boundaries

The timber crucks should annually be checked for any root or ongoing bug infestation. It should also be checked if the timber is bowing or leaning.

Dislodged mortar to be chcked, coping to walls to be inspected. Check boundaries for any excessive vegetation.

Brick/ Clay Walls & Openings

Internally - Floors

The walls should annually be checked for any surface degradation, cracking or leaning and damp. Failed or rotten lintels or any bowing to openings should also be checked.

Floors to be annually checked for any damp and decay.

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Figure 77: Maintenance table (HE, 2017)

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Repair Strategy Structural Repairs A structural engineer experienced in earth buildings and historic buildings should always assess the building if there are any movement or the structure is unstable.

Generally if an earth building is in need of stabilisation, temporary supports may even be needed. Specialist contractors would also need to be involved in any interventions. The Tarraby barn building is a hybrid with a structural timber cruck frame which holds up the roof, non load bearing

Figure 78: Photo of the North - East elevation showing roof finishes & slightly sagging roof to the top right ridge. (By Author, 2021)

brick walls and clay panels.

Roof Strengthening/ Repair In general, the roof is in good repair however, a slight sagging to the roof is visible (See figure 78) where the cause to decay most likely is due to the leaking rainwater gutter on the south west elevation which may have lead to internal cracking to the brickwork. The water leaking from the gutter may have weakened the clay and the ground may have become saturated over time which have caused the cracks and the slightly sagging roof line. The solution is to ensure the gutter is fully repaired and suitable to the current rainfall. The rainwater goods may need to be increased in size as a long term strategy.

The roof itself is in good order and is generally hold up by the crucks.

Figure 79 This photo is showing internal cracks on the south west elevation. Possibly due to the leaking external gutter, which has weakened the clay. (By Author, 2021)

Filling Minor Cracks The cracks which are visible does not seem to run from inside to outside so would possibly not be classed as a structural crack. If cracks are monolithic in their appearance they are probably caused by issues in the plinth foundation or defects in the roof or structural elements. However, a structural engineer would need to do a survey/assessment of any possible issues.

It is important to have the cracks filled to prevent further weathering. Some cracks has already been filled in externally but with what looks like cement where there is brickwork. The repair material should be similar with regards to the host fabric. Lime mortar should be used for the brickwork. Any narrow cracks in the clay should be filled using lime -stabilised earth with straw, and crack grouted in 300-mm lifts using an earthen grout. (Henry and McCaig et al, 2015, p. 281)

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Crack Stitching & Major cracks A more complicated engineering solution may be needed if a crack in a earth wall can not be alleviated by other solutions to other elements of the building. This solution would retain the original fabric however, if this solution is not suitable, then the whole clay wall section would need to be rebuilt. A Structural engineer would need to be consulted.

The wall can be reconstructed using earth blocks or tiles reinforced with stainless steel expanded metal lath or helical bar depending on the thickness of the wall (See figure below). This solution would be used for walls thicker than 450 mm. Blocks can be used on corners or to main walls. Standard earth wall block sizes of 450x225x100mm can be used for thicker walls and the smaller size 300x150x75mm can be used for stitching which are easy to handle in size. The cob tiles are roughly 350x175x50 mm in size. The block is generally embedded in earth mortar and should be dampened before insertion. When completely dried out any small cracks can be filled as described in the previous section. (Henry and McCaig et al, 2015, 283) At Tarraby barn there is only one wall that has exposed clay both internally and externally which is to a section on the rear south west wall. No major cracks in the clay itself can be noted, however, there are some minor cracks and there are a number of holes ad cavities in the clay that needs repairing.

Crack Stitching in thicker walls

Figure 80 Image of crack stitching with clay blocks for walls thicker than 450mm (Henry & McCaig et al , 2012)

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Crack Stitching in thinner walls To avoid removing excessive amounts of clay material in thinner walls less than 450mm thick a different method is used. 100-125mm deep x 300mm high chases are cut into the wall filled with earthen repair mix.

See method A and method B in figure 81. Stainless steel mesh reinforcement is used to avoid delamination when layers are laid vertically since they are weaker than layers in compacted horizontal layers. Any remaining cracks can be filled. (Henry and McCaig et al, 2015,p.284)

Figure 81 Image of crack stitching with clay blocks for walls thicker less than 450mm (Henry & McCaig et al, 2012)

Hollows & Cavity Repairs to clay walls Clay blocks can also be used to remedy holes and cavities, both internally and externally.

Holes caused by bees can be repaired using hay daub. The wall should first have all the cement render removed and then dampened. The daub to be inserted to the holes and will slowly dry.

Figure 82 Cement render falling off the clay section. Bees caused hollows which needs repairing. The brickwork is also covered with paint, possibly non breathable paint which needs to be removed. Brick work has also fallen off the clay which could be built back up. (2021, by Author)

Some cracking will possibly occur but will have the hollows repaired.

Brickwork could be built up to hold up the panel. Due to loss of brickwork the wall has

Figure 83 Cement used as “repair” in the clay. This should be removed and a repair with new clay blocks can be used. (2021, by Author)

started to crack. The paint should be removed all over the elevation of the barn since it probably is non breathable paint and traps moisture in the wall.

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Example of method using hay daub to repair smaller cavities

1) Wall is dampened with a hose pipe.

2) Stiff hay daub is pushed into the cavities and holes.

3) Additional hay daub is added to the shallower cavities.

4) Time consuming process: While the daub was drying it was further pushed into the cavities to close up cracks and bond with the surface. While fully dried the surface will still have some cracks which is inevitable. (Henry and McCaig et al, 2015)

Figure 84 Wall repaired after damage from masonry bees. (Henry and McCaig et

al, 2015, p. 301.)

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Insulation & Surface Finishes to Earth & Historic Brick Walls Internally Natural reed board can be used to insulate a historic building, especially if it is made out of earth and brickwork subject to statutory approvals and listed building consent. The reed is screwed into place using stainless steel screws to plastic washers to avoid cold bridging. This base is then used for either lime plaster or earth plaster.

Internally, water resistance of the surface is less important than for external walls. Lime wash was common in historic buildings, other surface treatments such as distemper or clay paints can also be used. See figure 87 for various surface finishes.

Figure 85 Reed bedded in lime mortar to avoid voids (Rock, 2013)

Earth plaster Earth plasters forms a very good bond to the clay substrate. the bond is better than the bond of lime renders or plaster. The reason is that the materials are very alike in its properties. (Earth plaster vs clay.)

Figure 86 Reed insulation fitted and ready for lime plaster. (Rock, 2013)

Figure 87 Typical surface finishes for earthen walls. (Henry & McCaig et al , 2012)

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Plinth Repairs “The ground level around the exterior of the plinth should be similar to the interior floor level, or slightly lower, and the drainage should be away from the building. Any gaps in the plinth masonry should be repointed using a lime mortar.” (Messenger, 2012, p23.)

Below Ground Drainage The capacity and detailing of the guttering should be investigated and replaced as necessary. Especially if there are an increase in rainfall and if the gutters can not cope with the additional rainfall due to climate change. French drains are to be installed to let any rainwater away from the building and if there are damp issues in the wall. The rear of the barn does not seem to have any below ground drainage. The water from one pipe goes into a rainwater butt and the second rainwater pipe goes straight to the ground. A French drain would help alleviate any damp problems. The drain could be connected to an existing drain nearby which goes into the Klargester unit (sewage plant).

Figure 88: French drains (Hulme, n.d)

Re-pointing to Brick Walls Refilling of open mortar jonts with lime mortar and remove cement pointing and renders carefully taking care not to damage the brickwork. Alternatively, leave the cement if there is risk to damage the brickwork.

Any non breathable paint to be removed from the rear elevation.

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The Proposal & Suggested New Use The new suggested use can be flexible.

There would be a possibility to create an home office studio within the barn, a new residential unit or a holiday let. The space itself is flexible. For this purpose I have created a holiday let /residential unit.

The infill extension connects the washhouse and the barn with the external parking area adjacent Tarraby Lane.

Figure 89: The Proposal (By Author, 2021) The barn gets additional daylight through new roof lights and large glazed areas in existing openings. Refer to Appendix D for proposals

Figure 90: Before - Existing Ground Floor (By Author, 2021)

Figure 91: After - Proposed Ground Floor with infill extension (By Author, 2021)

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Summary of Proposals Roof, Rainwater Goods & Structural Crucks The roof in the barn will be fully insulated and ventilated and new aluminium rainwater goods to be fitted.

The structural integrity of the crucks and walls will have to be assessed by a structural engineer before commencement of works

Figure 92 - New insulation between and below the existing rafters. (Historic England, 2012)

Insulation to floors and walls The floors are to be insulated as figure 72 with a hybrid modern concrete vs lime crete floor within the barn. Underfloor heating to be installed throughout.

The walls will be insulated with reed. Lime or clay render to be applied on top of the reed which is breathable. Generally insulating wood fibre boards may be used in the gable ends or any straight walls for example, in the stable area.

Heating & Ventilation Natural ventilation to be used throughout. Bathrooms and kitchens to have extractor fans.

Underground Drainage The underground drainage will have to be investigated with CCTV and a French drain to be installed around the perimeter of the barn. (A Party wall agreement will be necessary, for works affecting neighbours.).

Investigations to be undertaken to check if there is additional capacity for the existing Sewage treatment plant.

The Infill Extension.

A lightweight construction system to be installed. The structure is above underground drainage, which has to be structually protected. The front will have glass windows to let light in, and the rear is a new traditional cavity wall facing the neighbours garden. The roof will be a traditional slate roof similar to the existing roofs, and roof lights will be installed to maximise the daylight and its use as a greenhouse.

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Conclusion The main aim of this dissertation was to research clay dabbins and investigate an example of clay dabbin in Carlisle, north of England. The paper analysed the site and its characteristics to understand better the barn’s potential for future conservation and possible conversion.

The historical development of the barn was investigated, including the general history of the area, which has a vibrant history as far as from the Roman period.

Further, its significance was analysed with the information researched, which helps to inform a conservation approach.

The paper also touches on various types of farm buildings built with clay in the UK and abroad.

The paper explored how the clay dabbins were constructed and what materials were used and why.

In addition, it investigated the barns current state and cause of decay with the use of condition mapping to better understand its conservation issues.

Finally, various points are discussed in a typical conservation strategy, including a specific maintenance strategy for the barn and its proposed use. A number of potential conservation proposals are also discussed, which could be possibly applied to the barn, subject to additional investigations.

The Site The site was analysed in its context both from a historical perspective and what current designations are in place at the site. The buildings surrounding the barn and their setting were analysed, which may inform any future adaptation.

The site was also analysed from historical maps to understand better how the barn has developed over the years. It is essential to establish the significance of the area and barn with the information collected.

And generally, the barn has a high value of significance due to the rarety of clay dabbins in general but also due to the history of the site with close proximity to Hadrian’s wall and vallum. Tree ring dating also indicates the age of the timber crucks to the 14th century.

Earth buildings and their materials and construction There are a number of different types and variations of earth buildings in the UK, depending on where you live. They also have other names depending on where you are situated for example, cob in south of England, Wychert in Buckinghamshire or clay dabbin in Cumbria.

Further the earth buildings materials and its construction was discussed. There are several different variations of timber cruck structure, and different types of infill materials in timber box frame structures.

For example, wattle infills, brick nogging or tiles.

The barn at Tarraby was most likely a clay dabbin without any brickwork originally and lower walls.

The brickwork was a later addition, and its many alterations to the barn were analysed in the ‘historical analysis of the barn’.

It is interesting the barn developed so many times over several hundreds of years to maximise its potential into the future. I am assuming people used what they got regarding materials, which is why the barn in a farm setting was adapted to suit the current climate and use.

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Condition survey, Mapping and Decay This section evaluated the barns current condition with the help of site visits, photographic analysis and condition mapping to understand the need for its conservation. In summary, the main cause of decay to the building is generally moisture/water ingress, mainly via leaking gutters, which also makes the ground damp. The gutter is also incorrectly designed where the water can run onto the brick walls if the gutters overflow in heavy rain. There are, at times, heavy rainfall in Cumbria. There have been a couple of occasions where the City of Carlisle has flooded in 2009 and 2015. Therefore, climate change is an issue that has to be taken into account when creating a conservation proposal and the design of water runoffs and rainwater goods etc.

Points to consider when proposing a conservation strategy In this section, a number of conservation ideas were considered that may be possible for the barn and its future conservation and conversion. In summary, there are a number of points that has to be taken into consideration, from what we have already discussed: Understanding the site, the history of the barn, to understand its current and past construction to its significance. Further to develop an understanding of craftsmanship and use the right people for the job. Other aspects are to investigate what type of daylighting is achievable for the proposed purpose. Take into consideration at an early stage the building’s energy and insulation aspects. Finally, to take into consideration various extension and subdivision options.

It is important to prepare a maintenance strategy for the barn. Annual and planned maintenance of the farm building helps to prevent any major deterioration and keeps the building weather tight. Maintenance is the constant protective care of a building, while repair work is putting decay right that has already occurred.

Further, in the repair strategy, structural repairs are discussed and investigated. The insulation startegy for walls, floors are considered where natural insulation materials, like reed, could be used with breathable earth or lime renders. Any rigid insulation boards can be challenging to use in a barn which does not have straight walls.

Further, the summarised proposal section of the dissertation follows up the repair strategy to be added as a plan of action to the new proposed use of the barn. The barn is proposed as a new residential unit with an infill extension. There are several complex considerations to take into account when planning a conservation and conversion of an old barn.

Traditional clay dabbins make an important contribution to historic farm buildings in the UK. However, they are rare in the landscape, and it is fundamental to conserve the clay dabbins, possibly with a new use since the intense agricultural use is long gone. New uses as residential use or holiday lets could be a new economically viable use to keep these clay dabbins in good repair.

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References The Whitfield one-name study (2021). Available at: https://whitfield.one-name.net/whitfield-hall-generations-7-to-9/ Accessed: 21/06/21 Daniel Lysons and Samuel Lysons, ‘Parishes: Renwick - Stapleton’, in Magna Britannia: Volume 4, Cumberland (London, 1816), pp. 150-159. British History Online http://www.british-history.ac.uk/magna-britannia/vol4/pp150159 [accessed 23 June 2021].

Messenger,P., 2012.p 70. Caring for Clay Dabbins: A Guide to Construction, Repair and Maintenance, North of England Civic Trust.

Stephen Richards (2013) ‘Carlisle Castle’, IHBC, Context, (September 131), pp. .

Hadrians wall country (2021) How Hadrian’s cavalry fought, Available at: https://hadrianswallcountry.co.uk/learning/ ideas-and-inspiration/hadrians-cavalry/how-hadrians-cavalry-fought# (Accessed: 07/06/2021).

MetOffice (2016) https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/weather/learn-about/past-uk-weather-events#y2015 Metoffice (2015) https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/weather/learn-about/past-uk-weather-events#y2015 (Accessed 17.08.21) U3A Hadrians Wall Group (2021) Stanwix Roman Fort (Uxelodunum/Petriana), Available at: https://www. u3ahadrianswall.co.uk/wordpress/stanwix-roman-fort-this-location-was-pivotal-for-control-of-the-west-forces-couldbe-rapidly-dispatch-north-east-and-west-to-cover-any-possible-threat/ (Accessed: 17/06/2021).

Hadrianswallcountry (2021) How Hadrian’s Cavalry fought, Available at: https://hadrianswallcountry.co.uk/ (Accessed: 03/07/2021) Tim Lambert (2021) The History of Carlisle , Available at: https://www.picturesofengland.com/England/Cumbria/ Carlisle/history (Accessed: 10/07/2021).

English Heritage (2021) The History of Carlisle Castle, Available at: https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/places/ carlisle-castle/history/ (Accessed: 28/06/2021).

CCA, Robert of Tymparon (10 May, 1325) Conditional gift of lands in Ainstable, Brugh-by-Sands and Tirriby [Taraby]DAY/1/23, London: Carlisle County Archives .

Drury and McPherson (2008, paragraph 47) Conservation principles, policies and guidance for the sustainable management of the historic environment, London: English Heritage.

Drury and McPherson (2008, paragraph 48) Conservation principles, policies and guidance for the sustainable management of the historic environment, London: English Heritage.

Drury and McPherson (2008, paragraph 54) Conservation principles, policies and guidance for the sustainable management of the historic environment, London: English Heritage.

Drury and McPherson (2008, paragraph 35) Conservation principles, policies and guidance for the sustainable management of the historic environment, London: English Heritage.

Drury and McPherson (2008, paragraph 38) Conservation principles, policies and guidance for the sustainable management of the historic environment, London: English Heritage.

Drury and McPherson (2008, paragraph 39) Conservation principles, policies and guidance for the sustainable management of the historic environment, London: English Heritage.

Drury and McPherson (2008, paragraph 44) Conservation principles, policies and guidance for the sustainable management of the historic environment, London: English Heritage.

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N. W. Alncock, 1981, Cruck Construction: an Introduction and Catalogue, Council for British Archeology.

Meirion-Jones, 1981, ‘Cruck construction; the European Evidence’, in Alcock, 1981, 39-56. Archaeology (see http:// ads.ahds.ac.uk/catalogue/library/cba/rr42.cfm) The Scottish Crannog Centre (2021) What is a crannog?, Available at: https://www.crannog.co.uk/what-is-a-crannog (Accessed: 17/08/2021).

Dr. Senta German, “Ziggurat of Ur,” in Smarthistory, August 8, 2015, accessed August 21, 2021, https://smarthistory. org/ziggurat-of-ur/.

Henry and McCaig et al (2015) Historic England, Practical Building Conservation, Earth, Brick & Terracotta, Farnham: Ashgate.

Bushell (2021) Down to Earth, Available at: https://www.engineshed.scot/building-advice/building-materials/ earth/#history (Accessed: 16.07.21).

Henry and McCaig et al. (2012, pp. 103.) ‘Building with timber in England’, in Martin, Wood (ed.) English Heritage Practical Building Conservation - Timber. : Ashgate Publishing Jennings (2002) Tarraby, Tarraby Farm, Barn, Cumbria County Council Record Office, 193.

R. W Brunskill (2007) Traditional Farm Buildings of Britain and their conservation, New Haven & London: Yale University Press. P.127 Henry and McCaig et al. (2012, pp. 103.) ‘Building with timber in England’, in Martin, Wood (ed.) English Heritage Practical Building Conservation - Timber. : Ashgate Publishing Henry and McCaig et al. (2012, pp. 97.) ‘Building with timber in England’, in Martin, Wood (ed.) English Heritage Practical Building Conservation - Timber. : Ashgate Publishing Henry and McCaig et al. (2012) ‘Building with timber in England’, in Martin, Wood (ed.) English Heritage Practical Building Conservation - Timber. : Ashgate Publishing, pp. 108.

Messenger, 2012. Caring for Clay Dabbins: A Guide to Construction, Repair and Maintenance, North of England Civic Trust.

Pickles & Lake (2017, p.17) Adapting Traditional Farm Buildings. Best Practice Guidelines for Adaptive Reuse, : Historic England.

01) Pickles & Lake (2017, p.30) Adapting Traditional Farm Buildings. Best Practice Guidelines for Adaptive Reuse, : Historic England.

Henry and McCaig et al (2015, p. 281-301) Historic England, Practical Building Conservation, Earth, Brick & Terracotta, Farnham: Ashgate.

Messenger,P., 2012.p 23. Caring for Clay Dabbins: A Guide to Construction, Repair and Maintenance, North of England Civic Trust

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Bibliography P MESSENGER (2012) Caring for Clay Dabbins: A Guide to Construction, Repair and Maintenance, North of England Civic Trust MCCAIG & RIDOUT Et al. (2012) English Heritage, Practical Building Conservation: Timber, Farnham, UK: Ashgate Publishing Limited.

HENRY & MCCAIG Et al.(2012) English Heritage, Practical Building Conservation: Earth, Brick and Terracotta part A&B BISPHAM (2015). Architectural timber, history and conservation, 2015, Available at: https://www. buildingconservation.com/articles/architectural-timber/architectural-timber.htm BLACKETT-ORD CONSERVATION ENGINEERING (2015). Structural Appraisal of Tarraby Farm barn R. W BRUNSKILL (2002) Traditional Buildings of Cumbria - The County of the Lakes , : Yale University Press.

R. W BRUNSKILL (2007) Traditional Farm Buildings of Britain and their conservation, New Haven & London: Yale University Press.

TRADA Timber Industry Yearbook (2011) Investigating timber in historic buildings HUNT & BOYD (2017) New Design for Old Buildings, London: RIBA Publishing.

J HURD AND B GOURLEY (eds) (2000) Terra Britannica, James & James, London L KEEFE (2005). Earth Building: Methods and Materials, Repair and Conservation, Taylor & Francis, London J MCCANN (2004) Clay and Cob Buildings, Shire, Princes Risborough R NOTHER (2000) The Repair of Earth Walled Buildings, IHBC Conservation Guidance Note GT PEARSON (1992) Conservation of Clay and Chalk Buildings, Donhead, London J SCHOFIELD AND J SMALLCOMBE (2004) Cob Buildings: A Practical Guide, Black Dog Press, Crediton A WEISMANN AND K BRYCE (2006) Building with Cob: A Step-by-Step Guide, Green Books, Totnes C WILLIAMS-ELLIS ET AL (1999) Building in Cob, Pisé and Stabilised Earth, 1947, Donhead, Shaftesbury N. JENNINGS (1997) ‘Two remarkable Cumbrian claydabbins’, Trans Cumberland Westmorland Antiq.Archaeol. Soc. 97, 257-59.

JENNINGS (2003) Clay Dabbins - Vernacular Buildings of the Solway Plain, London: Cumberland & Westmorland Antiquarian & Archeological Society.

DAVID PICKLES (2012) Energy Efficiency and Historic Buildings-Insulating Pitched Roofs at Rafter Level, Historic England.

MAYBANK (2015) Traditional Brickwork- https://www.buildingconservation.com/articles/traditional-brickwork/ traditional-brickwork.htm ALCOCK, N. W (1981). Cruck construction: an introduction and catalogue. CBA Research Report, volume 42. London: Council for British archaeology BLAHA, J. (2006) The evolution of Roof Timber Frames in the Southern Part of Bohemian-Moravian Uplands from the 14th Century to the 19th Century. In: DRDACKY, M. (ed.) European Research on Cultural Heritage: State of the Art studies. Prague: ARCCHIP ITAM CRONE, A. & FAWCETT, R. (1998) Dendrochronology, Documents and the Timber Trade: New Evidence for the Building History of Stirling Castle, Scotland CRONE, A., GRIEVE, N., MOORE, K. & PERRY, D. R. 2004. Investigations into an early timber-frame roof in Brechin, Angus. Tayside Fife Archaeol. J., 152-65.

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CRONE, A. & MILLS, C. 2011. The Native Oak and Pine Dendrochronology Project and some observations on Timber and Woodworking In Scottish Buildings C.1450–1800. Vernacular Building, 19-42.

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CRUZ, H., YEOMANS, D., TSAKANIKA, E., MACCHIONI, N., JORISSEN, A., TOUZA, M., MANNUCCI, M. & LOURENCO, P. B. 2015. Guidelines for the on-site assessment of historic timber structures.

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FENTON, A. & WALKER, B. 1981. The rural architecture of Scotland, Edinburgh HANKE, T. 2006. The Development of Roof Carpentry in South East Scotland Until 1647. University of Edinburgh HAY, G. D. 1976. Some aspects of timber construction in Scotland. In: SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF SCOTLAND (ed.) Building construction in scotland: some historical and regional aspects.

Edinburgh: Scottish Vernacular Buildings Working Group.

RIDOUT, B. 2000. Timber decay in buildings: the conservation approach to treatment, Taylor & Francis RILEM 2010. In Situ Assessment of Structural Timber: State-of-the-Art, Challenges and Future Directions. In: TANNERT, T. & KASAL, B. (eds.) RILEM State of the Art Reports RUDDOCK, T. 1995. Repair of two important early Scottish roof structures. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers. Structures and buildings, 110, 296-307 SCOTTISH VERNACULAR BUILDINGS WORKING GROUP 1976. Building construction in scotland: some historical and regional aspects, Edinburgh, Scottish Vernacular Buildings Working Group.

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Appendices Appendix A: Designations: Tarraby Farm house grade II Listing, Tarraby conservation area and Scheduled monument, Hadrians Wall on Houghton Road and Tarraby on wall mile 64.

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Appendix A: Designations in the area of Tarraby.

The Thorn, formerly a farmhouse. - Late 18th C - Grade II listed

The Thorn (Hayward Todd, 2017)

The Beeches, formely a farmhouse. - Late 18th C- Grade II listed

The Beeches (Hayward Todd, 2017)

The Near Boot Inn Pub - Grade II Listed.

If the building would be designated as an asset of community value (ACV), it would give the building additional protection from its current grade II listed status.

Any future potential adaption would also need approval from the City Council and the community. (Please see the conservation area map for its location) The Near Boot Inn (StarPubs, 2021)

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Appendix A:

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Appendix A:

Hadrians Wall - A World Heritage Site

Scheduled monument in the vicinity Hadrians Wall on Houghton Road and Tarraby on wall mile 64

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Appendix B Map of Tarraby 1839-Cumbria Archives Centre (1839). Tarraby. [Map and tithe awards], PR 117/50. Carlisle.

DRAWDYKES CASTLE (TARRABY MANOR)

TARRABY BARN & TARRABY FARM nr 36

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Ownership of Tarraby 1839 - Nr 36 Cumbria Archives Centre (1839). Tithe Awards (with the map): Tarraby. [Map and tithe awards], PR 117/50.

Carlisle.

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Appendix C Photographic Survey & Condition Details. - All photos by Author, 2021.

South- East elevation

South wall - Rear elevation (access from neighbours land) (By Author, 2021)

South wall elevation showing the two clay panels (By Author, 2021)

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South- West elevation: Detail

South - West wall - Detail photo of exposed clay dabbin panel with cracking filled with what looks like cement mortar. Possibly cement render partly covering the clay panel. Elevation seem to have been painted. Bugs and bees are living in the holes. (By Author, 2021)

South- West elevation (By Author, 2021)

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Details of South- West elevation

South- West wall. Detail photo with a water butt connected to the rainwater pipe. (By Author, 2021)

South-West wall 2021. Detail photo of wall with cracks filled with what looks like cement. (By Author, 2021)

17 solar panels on the roof (By Author, 2016)

Comparison photo. South- West wall 2015. Detail photo of wall with old cracking. (Blackett - Ord, 2015)

Photos of East elevation

North- West elevation with a blocked up window to the stable room. (By Author, 2021)

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North West elevation with lack of mortar to joints and decayed and lost bricks. (By Author, 2021)

North-East elevation

Photo of the North-East wall in front of the courtyard. (2021, by Author)

Photo of the North- East and South - East elevation. (By Author, 2021)

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North-East & South-East elevation

South-East elevation (2021, by Author)

Detail photo of the North-East elevation and its brick covered clay panel. (By Author, 2021)

Timber inserts to the wall and decayed East elevation and the coal storage brickwork on the East elevation next door. (By Author, 2021) to the ‘coal storage’ door. (By Author, 2021)

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Photo of the washhouse adjacent to the barn. (By Author, 2021)

Detail photos of North- East elevation

Ventilation slot on the North- East Elevation (By Author, 2021)

Cement patching on the North -East Elevation (By Author, 2021)

Photo of the North - East elevation (By Author, 2021)

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Internal Images of the extension to the barn - the stable

The stable area. (By Author, 2021)

The stable area with blocked window. (By Author, 2021)

The stable area showing holes in brick structure which may indicate beams or machinery inserted to wall. (By Author, 2021)

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Internal Images of the barn and its timber crucks

Timber cruck embedded in the brick wall which may indicate the original barn was longer. (By Author, 2021)

The timber crucks in the barn (By Author, 2021)

Holes and lap joints in the timber crucks which may indicate a horizontal member was inserted here. Indicating a previous lower height of the barn. (By Author, 2021)

Timber cruck and clay dabbin panel (By Author, 2021)

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Image next to roller shutter on the north side.

Depth of wall varies from 500mm thick on north side and 350mm thick on the south side. (By Author, 2021) Holes and lap joints in the timber crucks. (By Author, 2021)

The clay dabbin wall on the south side. (By Author, 2021)

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Detail photo of the clay dabbin wall on the North side. (By Author, 2021)

The clay dabbin wall on the North side.

(By Author, 2021)

Cement used to “repair” clay walls. Cement traps moisture in the wall sinceit is not brethable. (By Author, 2021)

Cement used to “repair” clay walls. Ceent is not a breathable material. (By Author, 2021)

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Appendix D Existing Drawings: Plans, Elevations, Section & Condition Mapping.

All drawings by Author, 2021

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78

E-E

79

80 A.200

uck04 Cr

Roof&Rai nwat ergoods:NewRoofl i ght sandr oofi ns ul at i on, v ent i l at edr ooft obar n.Cr uc k st obeex pos ed( notc ov er edup) .

Newc or r ec t l ys i z edr ai nwat erpi pes andgul l i esandnewf r enc h dr ai nsal ongper i met eroft hebar n.

Wal l s:Newl i meorear tpl as t eronnewr eedi ns ul at i on,f ol l owi ng t hes hapeoft heex i s t i ngc l ay / br i c kwal l s .

Fl oor :Par tl i mec r et et oper i met er sandmoder nc onc r et et ot he mi ddl ear ea.

Heat i ng:Ex i s t i nggas ,under f l oorheat i ngandr adi at or s .

Ener gy:El ec t r i c i t yf r om s ol arPanel s+mai nsel ec t r i c i t y Wat er :Mai nsWat er

E mbeddedc r uc k / br i c k wa l l t obei nv es t i ga t edbyS t r uc t ur a l E ngi neer

Newwar mr oof , c ei l i ngr emov ed Canopyt onew ent r anc ear ea t obegl a z ed

t obegl a z ed

New40mm i ns ul at i ngl i mepl as t er i nt er nal l yt ot he was hhous e

GUTTER VALLEY

NEW I NFI LLEXTENSI ON

NEW ROOF LI GHTS

NEW LI GHTWEI GHTI NFI LL EXTENSI ON NEW WI NDOW &SHUTTER

NEW ENTRANCE

I NFI LL EXTENSI ON

NEW ENTRANCE

GLASSI NFI LL TO VENTI LATI ON SLOTS GLAZEDI NFI LLEXTENs I ONTO BARN&WASHHOUSE

AERI ALVI EW OFBARN,I NFI LLEXTENSI ONAND NEW ROOFLI GHTS A300 NEW ENTRANCEDOORTO THEFRONT BTPOST

NEW WI NDOW ANDSLI DI NG SHUTTERTO EXI STI NG OPENI NG.NEW ROOFLI GHTSFORADDI TI ONALDAYLI GHT

Appendix E - Tree-ring analysis Source: Arnold, A J and Howard, R E (n.d) Tree-ring analysis of timbers from Tarraby Farm, Tarraby, near Carlisle, Cumbria, : The Nottingham tree-ring dating laboratory.

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