Electro Power Stream January 2023

Rajinder Kachroo Director, GREEN-WATT Academy,

Sanjay Kulkarni Chairman, SCOPET&M Pvt. Ltd.,

‘IndiaPower@2023’

The right business platform

Welcome to Electro Power Stream – a trade magazine to serve the project fraternity

As per the National Infrastructure Pipeline 2019-25, energy sector projects accounted for the highest share (24%) out of the total expected capital expenditure of Rs. 111 lakh crore (US$ 1.4 trillion).

Investments in the renewable energy space have increased significantly over the past few years. SJVN Limited is looking to develop 10,000 MW solar power projects inviting investment of Rs. 50,000 crore (US$ 6.56 billion) in the next five years in Rajasthan. Adani Group has announced an investment of US$ 20 billion over the next 10 years in renewable energy generation and component manufacturing. NTPC has announced that it would invest Rs. 2-2.5 crore (US$ 0.27-0.34 million) over the next 10 years to expand renewable capacity.

Electrification in the country is increasing with support from schemes like Deen Dayal Upadhyay Gram Jyoti Yojana (DDUGJY), Ujwal DISCOM Assurance Yojana (UDAY), and Integrated Power Development Scheme (IPDS). India has also launched the Mission Innovation CleanTech Exchange, a global initiative that will create a whole network of incubators across member countries to accelerate clean energy innovation

Under the Union Budget 2022-23, the government announced the issuance of sovereign green bonds, as well as conferring infrastructure status to energy storage systems, including grid-scale battery systems. The government also allocated Rs. 19,500 crore (US$ 2.57 billion) for a PLI scheme to boost manufacturing of high-efficiency solar modules.

India is set to become a global manufacturing hub with investment across the value chain. The Central Electricity Authority (CEA) estimates India’s power requirement to grow to reach 817 GW by 2030. The government plans to establish renewable energy capacity of 500 GW by 2030.

I am sure you will find the contents of the magazine interesting and useful. If you have a great lead, thought, idea, suggestion or constructive criticism, do send it along our way We, at Electro Power Stream,

Look forward to interact with you!

Happy reading!

Ravi Sardana

Editor: Pratima Agrawal

Internet :http://www.electropowerstream.com

Title Code : UPENG/2016/69167

L&T makes its mark in Bangladesh power sector

of 693 MW of Hydro, 918 MW of Solar, mines in Odisha – Machchhakatta and 1074 MW of Wind, and 375 MW of waste Mahanadi – have been de-allocated gas based generation. The Company following the orders of Supreme Court

Sterling and Wilson scales new heights

It has bagged Turnkey Engineering Procurement and Construction along

with Operation & Maintenance contract for the world’s largest single location solar PV plant in Sweihan, Emirates of Abu Dhabi. The project will deliver a capacity of 1177 MWp, easily surpassing the current largest 850 MWp single location plant in China.

Larsen &Toubro Limited has commissioned revised its share of non-fossil fuel based (SC). Therefore, central government has capacity up to 35-40% by 2025. decided in principle to allocate the Gare The Company's wind generation capacity Palma II block in Chhattisgarh. has also increased by 82% in FY17, up from 591 MW in FY 16 to 1074 MW in FY 17, and solar generation capacity has by 1539%, up from 56 MW in FY16 to 918 MW in FY17. The Company has several gas turbines in open cycle for two large renewable energy projects located in the gas-based power projects in Bangladesh states of Maharashtra, Gujarat, Madhya The first 150 MW gas turbine for Pradesh, and Rajasthan. The company is Bangladesh Power Development Board also in the process of implementing (BPDB)’s 225 MW Combined Cycle (Dual nearly 500 MW of renewable power Fuel) Power Plant at Sikalbaha in projects at various locations Chittagong district was synchronized Tata Power Renewable Energy Ltd with the national grid. (TPREL), a wholly owned subsidiary of The second 280 MW gas turbine for North Tata Power, completed the acquisition of West Power Generation Co Ltd (NWPGCL) Welspun Renewables Energy Private Combined Cycle Power Plant (360 MW) Limited (WREPL) to become the largest Development Project at Bheramara in Renewable Energy Company in India. Kushtia district was synchronized with the WREPL has one of the largest operating grid solar portfolios in India spread across ten With the successful commissioning of states It has about 1,008 MW of these two gas turbines at their full Renewable Power Projects comprising of capacity, approximately 450 MW of clean about 862 MW Solar Power Projects and and green power has been added to the about 146 MW ofWind Power Projects. generation capacity of Bangladesh.

L&T Power is also executing an EPC subcontract for another 400 MW gas based power plant at Bibiyana in Sylhet owned and operated by Maharashtra district, Bangladesh. It will be ready for State Power Generation Company commissioning in 2018-19. Successful commissioning of these power plants will assist Bangladesh in achieving its target of 24,000 MW by 2021.

Tata Power's non-fossil operating capacity climbs to 3060 MW

Tata Power, India's largest integrated power company, announced that the

With construction already underway, the prodigious plant, which is spread over a desert area of 7.8 sq. km, is scheduled to be fully integrated with the grid in a record timeline of just 23 months To top it all, the project was awarded at the lowest ever recorded bid in the history of PV solar

The plant is jointly developed by An existing 1040 MW power station Marubeni, a Japanese integrated trading and investment giant, along with Jinko, a global leader in the solar industry, and Abu DhabiWater and Electricity Authority ( A D W E A ) . T h e c o n s o r t i u m h a s successfully bid a tariff of USD 2.42 cents per kilowatt hour, marking the lowest cost ever for solar power. This is a positive demonstration of the promising future of clean energy, reducing the dominance of fossil-fuel-backed power plants

( M S P G C L ) at N a gp u r d i s t r i c t i n Maharashtra.

An expansion plan has been proposed of 1980 MW ( 3 x 660 MW).

As Western Coalfields Limited (WCL) has agreed to supply coal to two new units at Chandrapur (500MW ) and Koradi (660MW) power plants.This would be on temporary basis until the units get Company's total generation from non- permanent linkage. fossil operating capacity stands at 3060

Of the six new units by Mahagenco, only MW, making it the largest renewable the 250MW unit at Paras has temporary energy Company in India. The Company's linkage.There is no permanent linkage for robust non-fossil fuel portfolio comprises the five new units Mahagenco’s captive

to cater three phase critical loads has

NTPC Installs 110 KWp AC Microgrid at NETRA

An AC Microgrid test bed of 110 KWp Solar PV with demand side management

been installed and commissioned at NTPC Jaiprakash PowerVentures Limited. Energy Technology Research Alliance BHEL’s scope of work in the project (NETRA), the R&D arm of NTPC Ltd, Greater i n c l u d e d d e s i g n , e n g i n e e r i n g , N o i d a S y s t e m a r c h i t e c t u r e a n d manufacture, supply, erection and centralized control has been designed in- commissioning of the Boiler and Turbinehouse to monitor and control all Generator (BTG) package The key generating sources, storage and loads equipment for the project has been The system is designed to maximize the PV manufactured by BHEL at its Haridwar, generation in case of grid interruptions. Trichy, Hyderabad, Ranipet and Bengaluru This type of Microgrid will be useful in works, while the construction of the plant NTPC is fully aligned to the needs of places where grid is weak or absent. was undertaken by the company's Power adapting to emerging technologies and Climate change, waste management, Sector - Northern Region. upgrading the technologies through carbon capture and Utilization, new & Notably, in the last 17 months, six research and development as a leading r e n e w a b l e e n e r g y , e f f i c i e n c y s u p e r c r i t i c a l s e t s h a v e b e e n

player in the World Energy Sector The improvement and cost reduction are core commissioned in Uttar Pradesh, all of company is particularly sensitive to areas of research at NETRA. It is also which have been installed by BHEL. Research & Development and the providing scientific support to NTPC and paradigm shift which it can make NETRA BHEL has been a major partner in the other power utilities for improving (NTPC Energy Technology Research power development programme of Uttar availability, reliability and efficiency. Alliance) set up in 2009 is the outcome of Pradesh. Significantly, over 70% of Uttar NTPC is India’s largest Power Generating this vision Climate change, waste Pradesh’s power generation capacity, Company having total installed capacity of management, carbon capture and aggregating to more than 17,000 MW, has 51,527 MW with presence in Coal, Gas Utilization, new & renewable energy, been supplied by BHEL. In the last two Hydro, Solar and Wind Power Generation, efficienc y improvement and cost years itself, BHEL has commissioned 4,960 Coal Mining and EV Charging Business reduction are core areas of research at MW of projects in the state NETRA It is also providing scientific support to NTPC and other power utilities for improving availability, reliability and efficiency.

NTPC NETRA Installs India’s highest

REC Transmission Projects Company Limited, a wholly owned subsidiary of Rural

REC’s subsidiary handover SPVs to M/s temperature Drop Tube Reactor and Sterlite Grid 4 Limited. Photogrammetr y System of Solar Thermal Lab

B H E L c o m m i s s i o n s 1 9 8 0 M W Supercritical Thermal Power Plant in Uttar Pradesh

NETRA (NTPC EnergyTechnology Research Electrific Alliance) has installed India’s first of its a t i o n kind, indigenously developed , high Corpora tion Ltd, The third unit of the 3x660 MW Prayagraj

a Super Thermal Power Project (PSTPP), Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited (BHEL) ‘Navratn a ’ Central

Public Sector Undertaking, under Ministry of Power, has handed over project specific Special Purpose Vehicles (SPV) namely NER-II Transmission Limited to M/s Sterlite Grid 4 Limited

Competing alongside with the sector Drop Tube Reactor (DTR) system recently. majors, M/s Sterlite Grid 4 Limited quoted

temperature (designed for 1500 Deg C)

The DTR system is used for combustion the lowest levellised tariff. Transmission characterization of coal/biomass and is Project involves establishment of two Sub- used for designing Advanced Ultra Super stations, five transmission lines and three critical Technology and reducing carbon bay extension works in North-Eastern footprint from the fossil fuel plants. has successfully executed the 1,980 MW states. Photogrammetry System of Solar Thermal coal-based supercritical thermal power The selection was carried out based on the Lab has also been installed and project in Uttar Pradesh. Standard Bidding Documents and commissioned by M/s DLR, Germany at The first two units of the project, Guidelines notified by Ministry of Power, N E T R A u n d e r I n d o G e r m a n R & D commissioned earlier by BHEL, are already cooperation with the German grant.

Government of India for selection of under commercial operation. Located in System installed for the first time in the transmission developers on Build, Own, Bara tehsil in Allahabad district of Uttar country to measure 3D spatial coordinates Operate & Maintain (BOOM) basis through Pradesh, the project is owned by Prayagraj of ‘point cloud’ of solar concentrators and Tariff Based Competitive Bidding route Power Generation Company Limited help in understanding its integrity (PPGCL), a subsidiary company of

‘Leader in world class headset design’

As the Managing Director of Kingston Technology -India, Mr. Vishal Parekh, main focus remains on helping corporates and consumers upgrade systems with memory and storage solutions for better productivity and their business told in this discussion with Pratima Agrawal.

What are current trends in the highest capacity USB Flash drive at CES Memory Market?

2017 Also with DDR4 setting in the mainstream market, it is a technology to

Memory solutions is what Kingston look out for. We have strong strategic started business with, way back in 1987. plans for the entire HyperX range of The industries have been using the DDR3 products, to bring more value for the memory technology for a long time in performance oriented users for that they the systems We have been seeing subtle believe in performance, looks and changes in the consumer's buying functionality behavior where their preference gradually shifted from 1333MHz to 1600MHz and then to 1866MHz

How do you see the competition in the frequencies for better performance. Ever market?What are your future plans for since the advent of DDR4 in India, there the Indian market. has been a high adoption rate with

Due to the volatile, unpredictable consumers, corporates, enterprises and nature of the Indian market, we do face datacenters. With higher density chips austere competition But Kingston and better performing hardware, an remains an undaunted brand. To satisfy average consumer now prefers an 8GB the expectations from us, we do have an

The sheer vastness of the Indian market DDR4 memory module entire range of products lined up for this as well as its diverse demands of our year. These will be for the PC, audio and consumer, calls for an efficient network of How is Kingston looking at its Indian gaming enthusiasts and also for serious Channel Partners They are indispensable operations? What are the top most workaholics from corporates and for a growth and Kingston is blessed with priorities here? enterprises This year, we also will try to a dynamic mix of Channel Partners. Our reach more tier 2 and tier 3 cities with our

For us at Kingston, India is a key market Channel Partners understand the products that has shown sustainable growth over consumer as they have a first-hand years It offers a humongous scope for interaction with them This mere businesses are open to the idea of new

Creativity & Innovation are the driving interaction propels the demand of our technologies We have even created forces for growth, development and products. Hence, we never undermine certain product SKUs in our portfolio that p r o g r e s s i n t h i s k n o w l e d g e the contribution of our Channel Partners cater to only markets like India, where the economy What is your organization's Given that India is a price-sensitive consumer seeks value for money. commitment towards R&D market, we go beyond the sale of Our main focus remains on helping Creativity is the base of our designs and products and offer a promising after sales corporates and consumers upgrade we have been applauded for this Just service While our memory modules systems with memory and storage recently our HyperX Cloud Stinger come with lifetime warranty whereas solutions for better productivity and their headset won an international award for flash products come with more warranty business. On a parallel note, we are also the 'Leader in World Class Headset period than industry benchmarks working with eco-system partners for Design' at IF product design award 2017 developing multiple national platforms Indian consumers are typically price Being the independent memory for gamers here. Our priority in India is conscious and Kingston has a plethora of manufacturer what are upcoming same as other regions, which is providing products in different price points to suit technologies to come up in the high performance products at a all Our strenuous efforts has given us an market? competitive pr ice and without edge over our competitors and made as Our product propositions in India are compromising on quality or after sales front runners in the competition Our targeted at multiple user base – gaming, service R&D team does extensive studies on the corporates, media houses, and tech demand pattern of our consumers. They enthusiasts. Very recently, we have How many channel partners and attempt to understand the consumer's announced the launch of Kingston 2 TB needs to suit them better distribution you have in India? Do you DataTraveler Ultimate, the world's also provide after sale service?

‘Technology improvement has resulted in product reliability’

As the Managing Director of V-Guard Industries Ltd., Mithun Chittilappilly, discusses the company ' s diversification in the UPS line of business, shares his growth plans and asserts that the power demand and supply situation in India offers great potential for the power conditioner business told in this discussion with Pratima Agrawal.

When did V-Guard diversify into organization which deals with power uninterruptible power supply (UPS) conditioning Certainly, we are expecting solutions and what are the key products 10-15 per cent year-on-year growth in the currently manufactured? coming years.

V-Guard diversified into the power conditioning segment in 1998, just before

Has improvement in technology made the new millennium. We now manufacture UPS products cost-effective over the offline UPS, online UPS and digital UPS years? (Inverter) at various locations.

With technology improvement, product reliability and performance is enhanced and V-Guard has been a household name in it has resulted in cost effectiveness for south India in the field of voltage customers when compared to the stabilizers In a general sense, how has conventional design of UPS. Latest features the strong brand helped in your such as APFC, parallel redundant, less

In the UPS line of business, what are the company's product diversification? typical challenges that you face, and how harmonics design and improved efficiency do you overcome them? Can the were developed in the product, making it We started as a single product company government support the Indian UPS cost effective The various brand building activities and the industry in any way? quality of our products have givenV-Guard a Every business has its own set of complexes strong brand recall which helped us to

Going forward, what new products can and it can be overcome with proper diversify into other products in related field we expect from V-Guard in the UPS line of solutions through our experienced team of of electricals and electronics. But it is just not business? Do you, for instance, plan to persons. Product awareness, stiff price the brand that has helped us to be successful

e n t e r t h e i n v e r t e r b u s i n e s s ? competition with unorganized players and in our diversification it is also making every

We are planning to introduce new models variation in tax structure of VAT are well single product line a separate profit centre

of UPS to meet market requirement in the known challenges that we have faced in the with a dedicated team of product applications of data centres, industrial UPS last fiscal development and marketing people. This and also in the segment of photovoltaic strategy of paying close attention to charger-based UPS. individual product line has helped us to We feel that the home UPS market is make our new products successful. crowded with a large number of What are your capacity expansion plans manufacturers in the SME sector What is in the UPS line of business, in terms of your view? Do you feel that the end Tell us more on the Digital UPS (DU) that greenfield and brownfield projects? consumer is quality conscious or does we understand is a highly innovative and

In the UPS product line, we and our price form an important consideration cost-effective product from the V-Guard exclusive vendors have spare capacity for while making a purchase? stable. the time being Here our focus is on finding a Yes, we do agree that this segment is V-Guard Digital UPS is an innovative product suitable partner who is a world technology crowded but still we have been able to grow for power back-up from V-Guard Developed by leader in UPS so we will have complete our volumes in that segment year after year its ISO 9001- 2001 certified R &D team, V-Guard solutions in UPS systems We are still looking So we feel there are people who will pay a Digital UPS, compared to ordinary generators, for a suitable partner for this We will be premium for quality products in every can be kept indoor as they are stylish, ultra- focusing on data centre market for Online product segment. Price is always a compact (space saving design), light weight, UPS and photovoltaiccharged design in consideration but it is not the only factor. noise-free and pollution-free Besides, they are online UPS systems. also 20 per cent cheaper in price and low on With computer and Internet penetration service costs; the only requirement being

Currently what is the share of the UPS improving in India, and that quality periodic service of batteries V-Guard digital UPS vertical in V-Guard's total sales turnover? (uninterrupted) power remains a concern has the capability to power up computer and In the coming years, do you see this rising in remote areas, how do you see the related devices as well as home devices when significantly? demand for V-Guard UPS in the coming need arises They also provide 100AH & 150 AH

The present share is 6 per cent when years? tubularbatteriesforthesmoothworkingof compared with our total turnover and in the

The demand and supply of power situation DigitalUPS. coming years, it is estimated to be above 10 in India provides greater opportunity to any per cent.

‘Simple solutions for difficult measurements’

As the Chairman of SCOPE T&M Pvt. Ltd., Sanjay Kulkarni, told in this discussion with Pratima Agrawal that with a new centralised purchase policy of most utilities, and high amount of Earnest Money Deposit demanded, often in the form Demand Draft, our liquid cash gets frozen. We feel that the Government should have a fragmented approach to save SME's and accept EMD's in form of Bank guarantees.

Your views on the latest technology trends

What challenges are your company in the Indian Test & Measuring (T&M) tackling within the Indian market? instruments segment?

every new instrument we develop, one that will remain contemporary even after 10 years Our almost every instrument has very intuitive test The majority of our competitors are After Liberalisation and entry of foreign set-up & user-friendly interface. It has integrated from western countries and our players, there has been significant non-volatilememory,athermalprinter,graphical business with the public sector is technological advancements in the power basedonthe tendering process With touch-screen display, real-time clock, PC sector which has helped it in stabilising a new centralised purchase policy of communication capability, self-check & power supply. Testing & Measuring most utilities, and high amount of debugging feature This has greatly helped users instruments too have gone through a Earnest Money Deposit demanded, savetheirtestingtime,havesafeon-sitetestsand gradual makeover Instruments that were often in the form Demand Draft, our alsomanagethetest-datamoreeffectively. manually operated in the good old days liquid cashgetsfrozen.Wefeelthatthe

More importantly, our instruments are are now operated through Laptops or G over nment should have a designed to work in live substations up-to 765 kV tablets Instruments now weigh less than fragmented approach to save SME's / 1200 kV where harsh electromagnetic fields 50% of what they used to User interface and accept EMD's in form of Bank prevail. Following are some of the innovative that were ones operated by only experts Guarantees. technologiesusedinourinstrument: are now such user-friendly that even a

We are a R&D oriented company Light weight Contact Resistance (Micro-ohm) technician can operate them. thatinsistsonusinglatest&innovative Metersusingultracapacitortechnology.

Instruments now integrate highly- Multi-channel Dynamic Contact Resistance technology in our products. advanced electronics which communicate Apparently in India, there is a serious Meters doing simultaneous 6 channel test-data at a centralised place. Analysis & need of interac tion bet ween measurementsonEHVCBs

On-line Surge Arrester Leakage Current universities and any industry, unlike Trend Monitoring software are helping Analysers using wireless communication the UK, China & Australia.We believe users do an effective health assessment of technologybetweensensors&maininstrument our universities have to take a lead DUT's

Another break-through innovation was role in interacting with the industry,

SCOPE has always been the front-runner introduced through our Transformer turns ratio develop a R&D culture with in their in exploring latest technology, such as kit where the kit itself operates OLTC and thus Ph.D students and encourage them to new embedded software & hardware and take on new, innovative challenges, reduces the requirement of manpower while IoT based applications, which are currently instead of just writing a thesis on testing used in many advanced countries We are a

With our winding resistance meter (TRM 50+) already- established,redundant trying our luck with this technology and we introduced the simultaneous measurement technology SCOPE tried to bridge this are striving hard to bring this technology gap by teaming-up with a few on both HV & LV windings, which has led to in the Indian sector in the coming years universities reducingthedowntimeoftheequipment This could be a ground-breaking and Recently we successful conducted testing of unconventional technology, with the some of our on-line & off-line instruments at ability to change the entire methodology 1200kV sub-station at Bina, Madhya Pradesh, of the testing Since its inception, after-sales making SCOPE probably the onlyT&M Company service has always been a prime focus intheworldtodoso. area for SCOPE We have seen

What kind of innovations have you done in your products as far as customers' advantages are concerned?

Weuselatest,state-of-thearttechnologyin

What kind of after-sales service do you offer to your customers?

Our Innovations are customer-centric, a direct customers of foreign manufacturers resultoffeedbacksreceivedfromourcustomers

“The quality of our R&D team can be judged from the fact that till now SCOPE has won 4 “Best Product Awards” at ELECRAMA exhibitions”

Sanjay Kulkarni

Sales & Service Pvt. Ltd., popularly known as severelystressedduetonon-availabilityofthe products and technologies will greatly ISSPL. after-sales services Even where such after- help our Utility / Industry customers & Isosceles not only per forms Test & sales services were offered, it would dig a big in turn, our country, as it will result in Commissioning (T&C) activities, but also hole in customer's pockets SCOPE changed significantcosteffectiveness,retaining undertakes Operation & Maintenance (O&M) this with their quick, on-site and higly cost- technicalcontrol,greater adapt ability contracts, executes projects for SCADA, OMS, effective after-sales services This was a DMS & EMS, commissioning of Controlled t o l o c a l p ro b l e m s, s u s t a i n e d welcome relief to most of the Utilities. SCOPE Switching Devices,Remote TerminalUnits(RTU), availability and job creation. also offers comprehensive Annual Phasor Measurement Units (PMU),etc

The quality of our R&D team can be Maintenance Contracts, including annual Its contribution in SCOPE Group is judged from the fact that till now calibrationon-siteatveryattractiveprice This continuously increasing. The ready availability SCOPE has won 4 “Best Product of a pool of 120 well-trained engineers is a great was greatly appreciated by Utilities, as it Awards” at ELECRAMA exhibitions, asset for SCOPE as well for executing job ensured 3 visits of our engineer in a year, latest being in the last edition of mentioned above where he not only maintains the instrument ELECRAMA in Feb, 2016 at Bangalore, Their experience of testing in last 10 years but more importantly gives training / re- has been a great asset to the company, which is where our Wireless Surge Arrester training to new users & also helps in the now in the process of developing a software Leakage Current Analyser won the interpretation of the results. which would be helping in predictive Award for “Best Overall Product” in

We also offer up-gradation services for maintenance of DUT's entireELECRAMA. instruments of the older generation to the

What is your view on the availability of skilled manpower for the T&M industry? Do you feel engineering students are taking on T&M as a careerchoice?

Our major revenue & contribution latestlevel, so thatcustomergets valuefor his comes from these indigenously initial investment, even after 10 years of its developed products, that are not only use We have a well-established network of sold in India, but are now exported to Service Centresspread at all metrocities to almost 40 countries. achieve this But the focus inon providing

The power sector is witnessing increased privatesectorparticipation Doesthispoint towards increased deployment of T&M equipmentinIndia in future?

What are your future plans? Where do you want to see your company, five years down the line?

Although the quality of skilled manpower has on-site service increasedwiththechangeinsyllabus,butthishas primarily helped IT, Computers & Electronics and telecommunication industries. When it comes to T&Mfield,youneedacoreElectricalengineerwho Sinceitsinception,SCOPE believed has a good knowledge of the power sector. in providing “Simple solutions for

Yes, the power sector is witnessing an Unfortunately,suchgoodelectricalengineersare difficult measurements ”We are increased private-sector participation, and raretofind.Thereisanacuteshortageofthegood striving towards becoming a one-of-a- thiswouldcertainlyhelpusinfairplay to win Electrical Engineers But this problem is not kind solution provider for the power the contract, as customers ask for products limitedjusttoIndia.It'saglobalphenomenon. sector, where we plan to maintain sub- which are value to the money they are

With this in mind, SCOPE has started recruiting station assets in a unique format spending They ask for accurate & reliable fromthecollegeitselfandputthemontrainingin t h r o u g h O & M c o n t r a c t a n d instruments that are capable of working in hostile, electrostatic conditions, with the power sector, so that we can build a team of maintaining data of each DUT availability of long-term after-sales services Through this, we will be able to goodelectricalengineers. And only a company like SCOPE, which is map each and every asset of subbasedinIndia, can offer them promptafter- stations and its historical records With salesservice this data, our software will be able to

Please tell me in brief about your Research & Development (R&D) laboratory and its contributiontoyourbusiness?

Therefore, an increased private-sector Actually,our R&D activitiesbegan1yearbefore assess the complete health of DUT, participation is welcome change and would even the company was established. Therefore enable predictive maintenance and be more than happy to serve the private SCOPE has always been an R&D oriented anticipatetheshut-downrequirement. sector company. Our R&D lab has contributed This In turn would help in putting DUT significantly in establishing the brand SCOPE, under periodic maintenance, which because it was our R&D lab that converted the will ensure the 100% availability. The problems/requirements of our customers into chances of emergency shutdown usable products. It created trust in minds our would be reduced drastically

Please tell me in briefaboutyour ventureinto Test and Commissioning (T&C) Services in the field of testing Sub-station from LV- HVEHV & UHV and its contribution to your business?

In view of acute shortage of good quality customers,enablingthemtocometouswiththeir SCOPE will provide this solution Electrical engineers, who are expert in demands. under one roof by using latest testing the DUT's of sub-stations, SCOPE had We believe that indigenously developed technology & innovation intesting floated an independent company Isosceles

In future we have bright plans to expand ourselves in the field of renewable energy and clean technology.

Rajinder Kachroo

‘IndiaPower@2023’

Over the past decade, questionable legacy, the tardy progress celebrated mission“Power for All”that was particularly since the that India has been able to manage is to be achieved by 2012. Intensive village

passage of Electricity Act quite understandable, but certainly not electrification was the biggest agent in in 2003, the power sector has condonable realizing this mission. Though the “Power been undergoing a profound for All” objective could not be achieved in

Despite the slow pace of progress, it is change The transformation has the timeline envisaged, we expect that the reassuring to know that the overall been radical in nature spanning village electrification will continue to be direction is right. Team Electrical Monitor crucial aspects like policy, pursued as a national priority b e l i e ve s t h at t h e n e w N DA- l e d procedures and practices. The government will accelerate the power As of October, a total of 5.72 lakh villages dramatic changes that the reforms process initiated by its were electrified across India’s states and power sector has witnessed, p r e d e c e s s o r. B e s i d e s , t h e n e w Union territories. This meant national albeit a pace that could have g o v e r n m e n t w i l l a l s o e x p l o r e village electrification achievement of 95.8 desirably been much faster, unchartered avenues where there exists per cent, considering that India had 5.97 promise to transform the sector scope for new thinking and new lakh villages as per Census 2013. It should not just superficially but down possibilities. be noted that by extant definitions a to the core village is deemed electrified if a mere 10

In this special report, Electro Power

For a conservative country like per cent of its households have an Stream attempts a prognosis of where India, implementing reforms electricity connection. Thus, one has to one could expect India’s power sector to has never been an easy task, and cope with the dubious reality of an be in 2020, with respect to various the power sector is a particularly “electrified” village having most of its parameters ranging from basic village acute case While the intent of households devoid of an electricity electrification to ultra modern practices reforms is noble, transmuting connection! A status of 100 per cent like Smart Grid. new policies and new thinking village electrification in its absolute sense into action has been a hurdle is elusive, much like another critical Village Electrification that the country is defiantly parameter—literacy As of October, nearly Reaching electricity to all its households trying to surmount with varied 25,000 villages remain non-electrified, is every developing nation’s priority It is degrees of determination. The which means that not even 10 per cent of indeed the absence of assured electricity I n d i a n p owe r s e c to r h a s its households have an electricity supply that separates developing traditionally been enmeshed in connection. Most of these villages are countries from developed ones. The political hues. With such located in states like Odisha, Bihar, previous UPA government announced a

In this special report, Electro Power Stream attempts a prognosis of where one could expect India’s power sector to be in 2020, with respect to various parameters ranging from basic village electrification to ultra modern practices like Smart Grid.

Jharkhand and Rajasthan that Chinese suppliers would not benefit manufacturing facility” clause that from any undue advantage would preempt Chinese suppliers

By 2023, we do not expect much from participating. This would also be c h a n g e f r o m t h e o v e r a l l

Despite the disadvantages like alleged in keeping with the Prime Minister’s electrification level (by extant inferior quality and poor after-sales “Make in India”campaign. definition) of around 96 per cent, but service, Indian buyers have subscribed to certainly there will be intensification Chinese equipment right from tiny

What is also a distinct possibility is a of electrification. Villages despite components to boilers and turbine- respectable number of Chinese being electrified by technical generators for power plants It is officially companies setting up manufacturing definition should have an increasing estimated that the share of China in India’s plants in India so as to comply with number of households coming total imports of electrical equipment has the tendering norms of government under the ambit of electricity. risen to 38.9 per cent in FY14 from around entities. Already a major Chinese Reaching electricity to remote 15.3 per cent in FY06. In value terms, transformer manufacturer TBEA has villages will continue to be imports of electrical equipment from set up a large manufacturing base in impracticable. However, one can China amounted to $3.8 billion in FY14, Gujarat and there are reports of expect off-grid solutions like solar- growing annually at a phenomenal 34 per another entity in the same line of powered lighting to stand up as an cent over the past eight years. This business, BTW, toeing the line. efficient alternative. onslaught from China should also be seen in conjunction with the fact that total

Supercritical power equipment import of electrical equipment (from all Role of China

In line with government expectations, destinations) accounted for a significant The growing role of Chinese we expect that by 2023, all the 35 per cent of the domestic market. This equipment in India’s power sector u p c o m i n g c o a l - f i r e d p o w e r has led to significant under-utilization of has been a very contentious issue g e n e rat i o n c a p a c i t y w i l l u s e domestic manufacturing capacity.

supercritical technology Bharat By 2020, we expect that there would be crying hoarse over the invasion of Heavy Electricals is expected to be a significant control on the import of the Indian market by Chinese power key supplier along with a host of joint Chinese equipment into India This would equipment Various industr y ventures that are currently in their take place partly through policy measures a s s o c i a t i o n s h a v e m a d e

Domestic manufacturers have been

early days Joint ventures like BGRand partly through choice. As far as representations to the government Hitachi, L&T-Mitsubishi, Toshiba-JSW, government projects go, there would be to create a “level-playing field” so

Alstom-Bharat Forge are expected to wider application of the “domestic

have established a track record with has already established manufacturing

prefer to set up joint ventures with t h e i r e a r l y o rd e r s c u r re n t l y facilities in India. Indian partners or acquiring equity underway—fulfilled The government stake in existing Indian companies, as sector—both Central and state—are opposed to launching a wholly-owned Foreign investment expected to continue keeping subsidiary in India. This is because local There has been a noticeable trend of Chinese equipment out of the c o m p a n i e s h a v e a d e e p e r multinationals in the electrical p u r v i e w t h r o u g h t h e “ l o c a l understanding of the rather intriguing equipment industry acquiring a manufacturing requirement” clause. Indian market. Multinationals, on the footprint in India, using the organic or L a r g e p r i v a t e s e c t o r p o w e r other hand, have superior technology. inorganic route.We expect this trend to generators like Reliance Power and A par tnership therefore would continue Over the past few years, large Adani Power would be likely buyers of complementary advantage. homegrown companies like Anchor Chinese power equipment. At this

Apart from an increasing role of Electricals, Numeric Power, Vijai juncture, it is worth observing that the multinationals in India, we also expect Electricals and Luminous Power Union power ministry’s ultra mega major consolidation to take place at the Technologies have been acquired by power plant series (a huge market for global level in the power equipment Panasonic, Legrand, Toshiba and supercritical power equipment) could and electrical equipment business A Schneider Electric, respectively We need a serious rethink as this major very recent case in point is General b e l i e ve t h at w h e n t ra d i t i o n a l programme is not finding takers Electric (GE) that has proposed to companies grow rapidly, they need despite the recent changes in norms acquire the power business of Alstom. special managerial skills to consolidate f a v o u r i n g b i d d e r s A s a I n e a r l y 2 0 1 4 , t w o J a p a n e s e their presence in the local market and possibility—however bleak at the giants—Mitsubishi Heavy Industries to expand their footprint overseas This moment—one could very well see and Hitachi—integrated their power is precisely where multinationals come l a r g e C h i n e s e s u p e r c r i t i c a l generation equipment business into a into the picture. equipment suppliers like Dongfang, single entity. Multinationals would also be SEPCO-III or Harbin, seriously In summary, multinationals are interested in tapping business c o n t e m p l a t i n g s e t t i n g u p

expected to have an even deeper o p p o r t u n i t i e s s p e c i a l i ze d a n d manufacturing base in India. As engagement with India in the coming upcoming areas like EHV cables, highdiscussed earlier in this story, one years Their association will take several efficiency conductors, high voltage transformer manufacturer from China forms like majority or minority stake in transformers, etc Multinationals would

National Grid

Indian companies, joint ventures, 36 per cent of India’s wind power under testing The 1,200kV enterprise technical collaborations or setting up capacity Restoring of fiscal incentives is being fulfilled entirely through wholly-owned Indian outfits; the to wind power generators is expected I n d i a n k n o w h o w A l l t h e structure would depend on the nature to boost wind power capacity equipment—including transformers, o f s e r v i c e s o f f e r e d b y t h e additions in the country in the coming reactors and hardware—have been multinationals. years. Tamil Nadu is expected to add 1 supplied by Indian companies like GW of new wind power capacity BHEL, CG, Transformers & Rectifiers annually in the medium term. (India),Vijai Electricals, Siemens, etc.

By 2023, we expect that the National The introduced of 1,200kV on

In January, India realized its aspiration Grid will get stronger with more commercial scale will depend on the of creating a National Grid to interregional lines, especially those ongoing test results of the Bina pilot synchronous interregional transfer of connecting to the southern grid The project We believe that the first electricity Today, electricity can be overall transfer capacity of the grid commercial 1,200kV should be ready transmitted synchronously (which should be in the region of 66,000 mw by 2023, although it might not operate means at the same frequency of 50Hz) by 2020, which would be roughly twice continuously at 1,200kV While 1,200kV b e t w e e n t h e f i v e r e g i o n a l the present level would be a national achievement to grids—north, east, west, northeast look forward to, we also expect and south.The National Grid especially sufficient traction in high-voltage DC helped in the southern grid to become UHVAC Power Transmission power transmission with significant synchronously unified with the other By 2023, one can very much look number of ±800kV lines emerging on regional grids forward to India’s pressing a few ultra the power transmission landscape.

South India has traditionally paid high voltage AC (UHVAC) power higher tariffs for importing power from transmission lines of 1,200kV into Green Energy other regions due to absence of commercial operations The voltage connectivity Secondly, south India has level of 1,200kV is the highest Solar energy will be an important substantial wind power generation anywhere in the world, by current agent of India’s green energy that could not be exported to other thinking China, it is reliably learnt, is aspirations By 2023, as per the revised r e g i o n s , o n c e a g a i n d u e t o working on voltage level of 1,150kV. A targets, India has pledged to achieve connectivity-related issues Tamil 2-km test line of 1,200kV at Bina in 20 GW of grid-connected solar Nadu, as of early 2014, accounted for Madhya Pradesh is fully functional and capacity This would mean annual

installations of 3-4 GW per year, which around 5 GW per year during the c o n s u m p t i o n r e s i d e n t i a l , is much higher than the track record period 2017 to 2023. We also expect commercial and industrial. so far. All the same, the target is not that by 20203 India would have its first

We expect LED lighting to be a big impossible if the right kind of offshore wind project a 1 GW contributor to energy efficiency by government support like viability gap enterprise currently in planning 2023. Reliable estimates suggest that funding is made available We also stage—in operation.

the Indian overall lighting industry expect that India’s solar power

The government must renewable would be in the region of $6 billion by equipment manufacturing base, energy accounts for a significant 2019 out of which LED lighting would w h i c h i s c u r r e n t l y h i g h l y - proportion of the country’s overall account for $1.5 billion. Between now underutilized, will get productive If electricity generation, and not just and 2019, the LED lighting industry is d o m e s t i c s o l a r e q u i p m e n t installed capacity. To this effect, strict expected to grow by 35 per cent yearmanufacturers, mainly solar cells and enforcement of renewable purchase on-year and by at least 20 per cent modules, can progressively turn cost obligations (RPO) by state power thereafter. By 2023, costs of LED lamps competitive, they could have a utilities. Currently, there is a huge a re ex p e c te d to co m e d ow n promising local market unmindful of unsold inventory of nearly 114 lakh perceptibly prompting even low-end whether the government reserves renewable energy certificates (REC) as residential consumers to opt for them. capacity under the domestic content majority of states have not been able The drop in capital costs is expected requirement (DCR) norms. Currently, to honour their RPO commitment to come about by the gradual domestic equipment is much costlier evolution of innovative technology than imported ones, resulting among a n d by t h e s h e e r grow t h i n LED lighting other things, in higher viability gap production volume Demand side management will be a funding (VGF) by the government. The commercial sector including focus area in the years ahead, meriting Wind energy is expected to do well hospitality, BPOs, malls, and ITeS, is equal or even more importance than thanks to the restoration of fiscal expected to be a widespread adopter augmenting power generation i n c e n t i v e s l i k e a c c e l e r a t e d of LED illumination. The government capacity We expect that by 2023 India deprecation (AD) and generation- will play an influential role with LED will actively pursue consumption-side based incentives (GBI). By current illumination replacing existing energy efficiency, through regulatory thinking, India should be able to add equipment in government offices and measures at different levels of

street lighting.

not served its purpose. It has merely

what we certainly expect is that reorganized the old corporate public sector discoms change their

Considering that capital costs of structure with practically no bearing attitude towards privatization. The LED lighting—though declining in on the mindset, ethos and work incumbent distribution franchisee r e c e n t y e a r s w i l l s t i l l b e c u l t u r e W i t h d e c a d e s o f

should be seen as a partner towards significantly higher relative to CFL mismanagement and financial realizing a larger national goal of and incandescent lights The morass, it is unreasonable to believe achieving techno-commercial government could do well to that state-owned discoms could efficiency in the power distribution launch innovative financing or extricate themselves out of their space There have been cases s u b s i d y s c h e m e s f o r r e t a i l present condition on their own where attempts at proposed consumers so that percolation of Power distribution needs fresh privatization of circles have been LED could improve even at the thinking and efficiency that only r e s i s t e d b y s t a t e d i s c o m s residential level. private sector participation can themselves When privatization

Currently, lighting accounts for 20 provide passes through and circles are per cent of India’s total electricity handed over, discoms allegedly India’s attempts to introduce consumption. By 2020, experts feel keep a grudging distance from the private sector participation have that even with a ten-fold increase in private operator. Some distribution been feeble so far Clearly, political the illumination (measured in franchisees that Electrical Monitor will is lacking and there is no lumens), India will spend not more has interacted in the recent past aggression to pursue the movement than 12 per cent of its electricity on have alleged that distribution earnestly While there have been lighting, thanks to LED illumination. circles and simply “dumped” on the cases of distribution circles been franchisee. There is simply no hand- handed over to private franchisees, Privatization of discoms holding, which is very critical in the the process appears to be half- O

r e I n d i a h a s early days of the franchise. The hearted One is not inspired to summarily failed is in bringing attempts made by the franchisee to believe that privatization of power commercial viability to its atrophied improve metering and revenue d

power distribution sector The collection appear “threatening” to respectable distance, with such a reorganization of erstwhile state the consumer who is not used to passive approach. electricity boards into separate paying fairly for the electricity By 2023, we do not expect too entities for power generation, consumed Without adequate state many circles to be privatized But transmission and distribution has

support and protection, it becomes point where a power grid could be licensees or franchisees In fact, difficult and even risky for the private deemed “smart”. Smart Grids will need Delhi that has private operators franchisee to act upon electricity theft. It to get smarter with time, even as they like Reliance Infrastructure and must be appreciated that private retain their basic nomenclature Tata Power has made significant franchisees are sought in circles having progress in this direction. A pilot project is currently underway high commercial losses This necessarily at Puducherry where a commercial- In summary, by 2023, we can means that such circles have inherent scale Smart Grid is being developed, expect multifaceted progress on commercial inefficiencies, which with significant integration of the Smart Grid front. Firstly, the primarily include non-payment of renewable energy sources like wind India Smart Grid Task Force electricity dues and solar. By 2023, we expect the (ISGTF) formed in September The government will do well to play its Puducherry Smart Grid project to be 2010 is expected to cover role as a true facilitator of private fully complete and to be in a position significant distance in preparing a enterprise in power distribution. There is to provide feedback to other Smart roadmap for Smart Grid in India respectable number of examples, where Grid ventures in the countr y a n d t o w a r d s f o r m a l i z i n g private franchisees after enduring initial Puducherry is the largest of the 14 pilot s t a n d a r d s a n d p r o t o c o l s hardship, have achieved significant Smart Grid projects planned by the Secondly, there would be pilot turnaround in loss-making circles government.The remaining 13, spread Smart Grid projects in operations all over the country, are under various that would largely be “showcase” stages of implementation. By 2020, we or“learning curve”projects These Smart Grid expect a few of these come into will basically assist in building Prima facie, Smart Grid is a culture that operation. overall national experience and will catapult India into the league of knowledge Thirdly, there will be Apart from these pilot projects that developed nations The degree of key Smart Grid-like features in are being pursued specifically as sophistication and the penetration of regular distribution networks, “Smart Grid” projects, we expect some Smart Grid would of course be much especially those under private metropolitan distribution circles to lower in India. A beginning in the operatorship. It must also be imbibe the quintessential features of direction of Smart Grid has already been a p p r e c i a t e d t h a t t h e Smart Grid, such as automatic meter made and by 2023, one can expect that g o v e r n m e n t ’s s u c c e s s i n reading (AMR), advanced metering there would be a few areas (not p r i v a t i z a t i o n o f p o w e r infrastructure (AMI) and time-of-day necessarily entire cities) where basic distribution would also directly usage (ToD). It is evident that these Smart Grid features would be deployed influence the spread of Smart Grid modern features would be inducted in on a commercial scale Smart Grid is an in India. areas that have private distribution evolving culture and there is no tangible

Formation and electrical testing the semiconductor devices can be testes The efficiency of these have tight accuracy specifications, relatively low, the precision, low systems can be 40% or lower especially when manufacturing drift resistors or matched resistor d e p e n d i n g o n t h e s p e c i f i c cells which must be matched into networks required to achieve the operating conditions larger battery packs for electric high accuracy called for in these In addition, many systems use v e h i c l e s T h e a c c u r a c y application can quickly increase simple active or passive resistive requirements can be as tight as system cost. In addition, the large loads to perform the discharge ±0.05%. co m p o n e n t co u n t re q u i re d cycles, further decreasing the increases engineering design effort efficiency of the production and manufacturing costs. process

Reducing the cost of storage

Using an integrated solution, through lower cost test systems

Analog Devices’ new battery test where most precision components chipset, made up of the AD8450

Reducing costs starts with the are contained within a single and ADP1974, addresses these manufacturing equipment used in integrated circuit, not only greatly i s s u e s b y a l l o w i n g s y s t e m formation, testing and grading. simplifies the system design, it also designers to build switching

Because of the long time periods reduces cost and can increase regulator-based, energy recycling required for the formation process, system reliability due to reduced battery test systems. Such systems manufacturers must have a very parts count e n a b l e l o w e r c o s t b a t t e r y large number of test channels in Reducing the cost of production formation and test systems without their production facility Even small and its environmental impact sacrificing performance. The reductions in the cost of test improved accuracy allows shorter equipment translate into large Many battery testers are based on and fewer calibration cycles savings linear regulators because it is much resulting in longer uptime In easier to meet the accuracy

Traditional battery test systems are addition, simpler design and requirements of formation and based on discrete designs using s m a l l e r p o w e r e l e c t r o n i c s testing This is mostly suitable for precision components such as components as a result of the smaller batteries given the very low amplifiers, resistors, resistor higher switching frequencies also efficiency of linear regulator-based networks, etc Although the cost of

contribute to lower system cost. over 90%, but its real value is in its more energy into the DC bus than Channels can also be combined to ability to recycle energy from the what is being consumed by the output higher currents with discharging batteries with charging channels would result in minimal effort. The very low drift minimal additional complexity. an increase in bus voltage, performance allows using only air p o s s i b l y d a m a g i n g s o m e Rather than discharging batteries as the cooling medium, rather than components into resistive loads, a system built very expensive, complex and around the AD8450 and ADP1972 A bi-directional AC/DC converter potentially environmentally can control the battery voltage addresses this challenge by polluting oil cooling systems and current while ‘pushing’ this pushing energy back into the AC Software development costs are energy back into a common bus grid as shown in Figure 4. In this kept low by performing all the where other banks of batteries case, all of the channels can be set control in the analog domain, can use it for their charge cycle. first to charge mode, followed by e l i m i n a t i n g t h e n e e d f o r discharge mode, returning the complicated algorithms. Finally, current back to the grid. This Each battery channel can be in energy recycling, coupled with requires a more complex AC/DC charge mode, drawing energy high system efficiency reduces on- converter, but provides additional from the DC bus, or in discharge going operation costs flexibility for system configuration mode, pushing energy back into and there is no need to carefully the DC bus. The simplest systems balance the charge and discharge Energy Recycling include a unidirectional AC/DC currents to ensure a net positive Although using resistive loads is power supply, which can only current from the power supply the simplest method of battery source current from the AC mains discharging, the costs quickly add into the DC bus, such as the up when large numbers of system in Figure 3. This means the Energy Recycling Efficiency batteries must be put through s ys te m m u s t b e c a re f u l l y

To further illustrate the benefit of charge/discharge cycles A system balanced to ensure the net energy recycling, consider a built around the AD8450 and current from the AC/DC power comparison between a linear ADP1972 can achieve efficiency of supply is always positive Pushing system with efficiency of 40%

using resistive loads, and a charged, the system can be as dramatic when comparing switching regulator-based reconfigured into discharge against a switching regulator system with 90% efficiency mode, taking the stored system with no recycling, the and energy recycling For this energy and pushing it back savings are still high enough example, we assume a process into a common bus so the (saving about 40%) to warrant with 100 cells rated for 3.2V energy can be used to charge c o n s i d e r i n g t h e e n e r g y and 15Ahr the other lot of 50 cells The recycling approach. discharging efficiency is also In order to deliver the 4,800W 90%, so the system will push required to charge the cells,

Conclusion

A switching power supply bus Since the power required consume approximately approach provides a highto charge the other lot is also 12,000W due to its low performance, cost-effective 2,667W, the system power efficiency. This power must be s o l u t i o n f o r m o d e r n supply will only need to either generated on site or r e c h a r g e a b l e b a t t e r y deliver an additional 507W purchased from a utility manufacturing. The AD8450 from the utility. company When the batteries and ADP1972 simplify the are discharged, the energy We can reuse the energy system design with better than will be converted into heat. stored on the second lot of 0.01% system accuracy, higher batteries to charge a third lot, When using the switching than 90% power efficiency and and so on. If we simply look at regulator based recycling power recycling capable, the original 100 batteries, the system, we can break up the helping solve the rechargeable switching system will have batteries into two lots of 50 b a t t e r y m a n u f a c t u r i n g consumed 3,174W, which cells. The system will first bottleneck problem. It makes represents over 75% savings in c h a r g e 5 0 c e l l s , u s i n g hybrid and electric vehicles energy consumption over a approximately 2,667W to environmental friendly for the linear, non-recycling system. deliver 2,400W to the cells whole eco-system. Although the savings are not When the cells are fully

back 2,160W into the common t h e l i n e a r s y s t e m w i l l

OPM your way to timely execution of projects

They are realising that they are still not across the globe must recognise Defined as the “Application of hitting the mark Oganisations are o r g a n i z a t i o n a l p r o j e c t knowledge, skills, tools and techniques experiencing a failure to implement management as a critical component to organizational and project activities strategic project management best to minimise project spending to achieve the aims of an organization practices. The primary reason for this is Each year, corporations across the through projects,” OPM provides high- lack of alignment between projects globe waste millions of dollars on level perspective and is vital in and corporate strategy Projects, more project spending as most of them lack regulating critical resources which often than not, are not aligned with the knowhow to implement and directly impact the financial results of a organizational goals. Sometimes, design their strategies effectively. company. It is a broadbased approach strategies adopted by corporations are However, over the years, corporations t h a t d e f i n e s t h e s y s t e m a t i c u n r e a l i s t i c A t o t h e r t i m e s , a re i n c re a s i n g l y re a l i s i n g t h e management of projects, programmes organizations fail to achieve internal importance of organizational project and portfolios in alignment with the alignment required to move the management (OPM) which is fast achievement of strategic goals. OPM is strategy forward. On-time and withinemerging as a critical component to about translating strategy into b u d g e t d e l i v e r y w i l l r e q u i r e minimise project spending. Although successful outcomes consistently and organizations to embed project organizational project management predictably The execution of projects management as an organization-wide has been in vogue since the 16th within budget and schedule is critical process and to ensure that leading century or even before, in the recent to achieve project success. practices are implemented past organizations are devoting That said, as organizations look back Take infrastructure projects, for significant effort to defining their long- across the last couple of years and their instance. In a recent survey conducted term and shor t-term goals or s u c c e s s a t d e l i v e r i n g t h e i r and we found that time and cost objectives, and designing strategies to organizational strategy with projects, overruns are limiting the sector's

Companies and organizations help them achieve these goals.

p o t e n t i a l t o a c h i e v e g r o w t h not practice base-lining current improvement. The model derives projections and help ensure efficiency business performance as a means to some of the project management best of capital expenditure Of the 1,055 gauge and measure improvement. practices from various domains of infrastruc ture sec tor projec ts Now the moot question is: how O P M i n c l u d i n g p o r t f o l i o completed during April 1992-March does an organization go about m a n a g e m e n t , a n d p r o j e c t 2014, 41 per cent faced witnessed improving itself in organizational management. time overruns. One of the major project management? For this, an

However, OPM3 does not use only reasons for the overruns is inadequate organization needs to analyse what the Process Improvement stages to design and planning coupled with specific project management-related organize its content. It also builds scope creep and material cost practices, skills and techniques have upon the process framework for escalations yielded positive results consistently in project management, as defined in We also identified regulatory other organizations. The next thing is PMIs A Guide to the Projec t hurdles and land acquisition as the to assess its current state of OPM Management Body of Knowledge primar y reasons for schedule against these desired practices. The (PMBOK Guide). overruns. Further, we found that last but not the least is to identity and

The OPM3 gives users the tools to shortage of skilled project managers improve specific capabilities. assess themselves against the as a cause for project overruns. Our To address these needs, several standard, determine their current survey found that ineffective project organizations have developed various state, and decide whether or not to planning and monitoring has the models and methodologies to assist pursue a plan of improvement. OPM3 most significant impact on project o r g a n i z a t i o n s i n p r o j e c t is a comprehensive model, satisfying delivery followed by ineffective management The organizational impor tant identified customer resource utilization An area of Project Management Maturity Model requirements such as flexibility, c o n c e r n w a s t h e l a c k o f (OPM3) is a disciplined approach. The scalability and practicality as well as c o m p r e h e n s i v e n e s s i n r i s k model contains industr y best design requirements such as the use identification, leading to high impact practices in organizational project of specific capabilities, outcomes, and and low probability risks often management. In addition to the best key performance indicators The causing the largest adversity to practices, a model also demonstrates OPM3 is not a quick –fix solution to all infrastructure projects. a disciplined approach to attaining the problems but certainly serves as a

In India, a large number of maturity OPM3 is a means to assess guide to the changes an organization organizations either have no or only the ability of an organization to needs to implement to achieve its an informal benefits management implement its high-level strategic s t r a t e g i c g o a l s . T h e P r o j e c t process for aligning and managing planning at the tactical level of Management Institute has put in the value relationship between managing individual projects and place the OPM3 model which is a strategic value decisions, project groups of projects. benchmark now for organizational value delivery, and operational value The OPM3 tool helps any project management. fulfillment. Some organizations do organization achieve business

Well on Track to Provide 24x7 Power to all by 2019’

In view of the growing need of the Indian till 30th September, 2016. adequacy of power to the State from Economy, Government of India has Due to large generation capacity various generating sources, inter-state embarked upon a massive programme to addition, the electricity energy shortage t ra n s m i s s i o n s ys te m , i nt ra - s t ate provide 24x7 power across the country by in the country has reduced to 0.7% during transmission system and distribution to 2019. After the completion of half of its the current year 2016-17 (up to October, ensure 24X7 power supply has been term, the Government has achieved many 2016) from 8.7% during the year 2012-13. made The concurrence for the signing important milestones in the Power sector Adequate supply of the domestic coal to '24x7 Power for All' documents for 2 States Special focus has also been given to North power plants has been ensured The viz., Tamil Nadu and Uttar Pradesh is East by giving approval to the North growth of domestic coal supply to power awaited Eastern power system improvement plants has been around 6.2% during project and comprehensive scheme for 2015-16. Progress under Specific Schemes is given strengthening of transmission and During the 12th Plan period (2012-17), as under: distribution in the North Eastern States.

1,00,468 ckm against the target of Rural Electrification Several landmark decisions have already

1,07,440 ckm of transmission lines and Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Gram Jyoti Yojana (DDUGJY ) been taken in thermal power generation,

2,88,458 MVA against the target of hydel and more importantly in solar, wind

2,82,750 MVA of transformation capacity Under DDUGJY, projects with total cost of and other green energy, besides have been completed till 31st October, Rs. 42392.46 Crore for 29 States/UTs have strengthening of transmission and 2016. been sanctioned.

Status of implementation of RE Component distribution, separation of feeder and The government has launched a scheme metering of power to consumers These Cumulatively (as on 30 11 2016), by providing support from Power System also include not only achievements in electrification works in 1,16,680 (96%) un- D e v e l o p m e n t F u n d ( P S D F ) f o r capacity addition but also important e l e c t r i f i e d v i l l a g e s , i n t e n s i v e operationalization of stranded gas based reforms being undertaken on increasing electrification in 3,99,829 (67%) villages generation. The outlay for the support energy efficiency of the present has been completed Under DDUGJY, from PSDF has been fixed at Rs. 3500 infrastructure and thereby reducing Government of India is providing free crores and Rs. 4000 crores for FY 2015-16 power losses. electricity connections to Below Poverty and FY 2016-17 respectively Line (BPL) households. Out of total 4.27 During the 12th Plan period (2012-17), a Under the '24x7 Power for All' initiative, crore connections sanctioned, free capacity addition of about 88928.2 MW State specific Plans for 34 out of 36 electricity connections to 2.5 crore BPL against the target of 88537 MW from States/UTs, have already been prepared households have been provided as on conventional sources have been achieved and are under implementation. In these 31.10.2016 under the scheme till 31st October, 2016 and about 21,128 documents, an assessment of energy MW against the target of 30000 MW from Penalty is imposed by the respective required to provide '24x7 Power for All' for renewable sources have been achieved i m p l e m e n t i n g a g e n c i e s o n t h e connected and unconnected consumers,

‘Power Sector in India

energy efficient LED street lights by the contractors as per extant rules. programme for appliances by the Bureau March, 2019. Multilevel monitoring mechanism has of Energy Efficiency (BEE), Perform

contractors, if the delay is attributable to country like Standards & Labelling

Energy Efficiency Services Limited (EESL) been developed at Central and State Achieve and Trade (PAT) Scheme, Energy has issued Secured, Redeemable, level Conservation Building Codes (ECBC), Ta x a b l e, N o n - Cu m u l a t i v e, N o nR e m o t e V i l l

Unnat Jyoti by Affordable LEDs for All

Convertible Bonds in the nature of Programme (RVEP) (UJALA) & Street Lighting National Debentures in dematerialized form of Rs. Programme (SLNP), Promotion of Energy 500 Crores in the month of September,

Government has implemented RVEP Efficient Fans and Agriculture pump sets, 2016 for the purpose of financing the under the Ministry of New & Renewable among others. various energy efficiency projects, which Energy (MNRE) in various States to p rov i d e b a s i c l i g h t i n g t h ro u g h

National LED Programme was fully subscribed. These Bonds are Renewable Energy Sources in un- Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi listed with Bombay Stock Exchange electrified villages and hamlets of launched the National LED Programme in During the course of PAT Cycle – II, 621 electrified census villages. MNRE has 100 cities, on 5th March, 2015. This units have been assigned specific energy covered 9006 villages and 2329 hamlets programme has two components viz., consumption (SEC) reduction targets under RVEP so far Domestic Efficient Lighting Programme covering 11 sectors with projected Integrated Power Development Scheme (DELP) and Street Lighting National savings of 8.869 MTOE. In the PAT – II cycle (IPDS) Programme (SLNP). three more sectors have been included n a m e l y R a i l ways, D I S CO M s a n d

Domestic Efficient Lighting Programme Refineries. 24x7 power supply in the urban area. A (DELP) total of 4041 towns have been found

A scheme to provide quality and reliable

The Unnat Jyoti by affordable LEDs for All Power Generation: eligible under IPDS across the States, as (UJALA) scheme was launched to provide Power Generation during 2016-17 (Aprilon 24.11.16. The scheme provides to LED bulbs to domestic consumers aiming November, 2016) is 777.506 Billion Units, complete the projects within a period of to replace 77 crore incandescent bulbs showing a growth rate of 4.99% over the 24 months from the date of issue of Letter with LED bulbs. The e-procurement of same period in previous year. Coal based of Award The IT and technical LED bulbs through a transparent and power generation during the current intervention will help in improvement in competitive bidding process under year is 595.124 BU, showing a growth rate billing and collection efficiency which UJALA has resulted in reduction of of 5.92% over the same period in the will ultimately result in reduction in approximately 88% in procurement previous year

Aggregate Technical and Commercial prices of LED bulbs from Rs.310 in Till September, 2016, a total of 3000 MW (AT&C) losses. So far, 20 out of 21 Data February, 2014 to Rs.38 in August 2016, of inefficient thermal generating Centres have been commissioned and the retail price being reduced from capacity has been retired. Measures 1246 towns have been declared 'Go-Live' Rs.550 to Rs.65, which is passed on to the

initiated for reducing the generation cost

All India Short Code '1912' for Consumer consumers. A total of 5.96 crore of of coal based power projects: Increasing Connect adopted in 44/51 Discoms in dwelling units have been provided LED supply of domestic coal; Coal usage India. bulbs under the UJALA scheme, as on flexibility; Rationalisation of coal Energy Efficiency Schemes 20.11.16. linkages.

A number of initiatives have been taken

The Street Lighting National Programme

The Coal Mitra Web Portal, launched by up by the Government to ensure (SLNP) aims to replace 3 5 crore Shri Piyush Goyal on 21st December, promotion of energy efficiency in the conventional street light with smart and 2016, has been designed to bring about

SPECIAL FEATURE POWER & ENERGY

flexibility in Utilization of Domestic Coal by (Power System Development Fund). The outlay Territory of Puducherry have signed transferring the reserves to more cost efficient for the support from PSDF has been fixed at Rs. Memorandum of Understanding under State/Centre owned or Private sector 7500 crores (Rs. 3500 crores and Rs. 4,000 UDAY. The Government of Telangana has not generating stations, leading to lower crores for the year 2015-16 and 2016-17 signed a MoU under UDAY so far generation costs and ultimately lesser cost of respectively).

In order to facilitate such States that want to electricity for the consumers. Foreign Direct Investment join but could not join UDAY, the During the year 2016-17, 29 thermal stations, The existing (FDI) policy notified in June 2016 Government of India has now decided to having total installed capacity of 13440.5 MW, by DIPP for FDI in Power Sector provides for extend the timeline to such States up to are likely to be commissioned, out of which 9 100% FDI under automatic route for projects of 31 03 2017 So far, Governments of projects with installed capacity of 3608.5 MW power generation (except atomic energy), Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, have already been commissioned till transmission, distribution and trading Jharkhand, Punjab, Bihar, Haryana, Jammu & 31.10.2016. In-principle has been clearance Government of India has also allowed the FDI Kashmir and Andhra Pradesh have issued given to replace 11000 MW Thermal Power up to 49% in Power Exchanges registered Bonds to the tune of Rs. 1,82,204.29 crore Plants, older than 25 years, with Energy under the Central Electricity Regulatory including Bonds issued by Rajasthan Efficient Super Critical Plants in about five Commission (Power Market) Regulations, DISCOMs worth Rs. 12,368.00 crores and by years, with an investment of around Rs. 50,000 2010, under the automatic route, subject to UP DISCOMs worth Rs. 10,714 crores. crores. certain conditions, as laid down in the policy

A Multi-Level Monitoring mechanism for In Hydro power sector, 13 hydro stations, PowerTransmission

Ujwal DISCOM Assurance Yojana (UDAY) has having total installed capacity of 1949 MW, are been put in place to ensure a close National Grid likely to be commissioned, out of which 5 monitoring of per formance of the Target of one nation-one grid-one frequencyprojects with installed capacity of 320 MW participating States under UDAY Also a web one market-one price has been achieved have already been commissioned till portal (www.uday.gov.in) has been created through reforms, unbundling of the utilities, 31.10.2016. Detailed Project Reports (DPRs) of for monitoring purpose. The last meeting of improved inter-state transmission capability, 12 Hydroelectric Projects, with an aggregate the Monitoring Committee was held on 03- corresponding increase in generation capacity installed capacity of 7,165 MW are under 11-2016. etc. On 29th December, 2015, a single panexamination in CEA.The total power generated

Smart Grid Mission India price at Rs. 2.30 per unit for power was by hydro power projects in the country from discovered in the power exchange platform. National Smart Grid Mission (NSGM) was 1st April, 2016 to 31st October, 2016 is 50,215 ckm transmission lines and 1,28,403 launched on 27th March 2015 Funds 88306.78 MU (excluding power imported from MVA sub-station capacity added during 2014- allocated for NSGM were Rs.40 Crore & Rs.30 Bhutan which is 4908.67 MU). 16. Crore for the years 2015-16 and 2016-17

Power Availability Position in India: respectively Smart Grid Projects at Available Transfer Capacity of Southern Grid Increase in electricity generation from 967 BU Chandigarh for Rs. 28.58 crores, at Amravati has increased to 5900 MW (i.e by 71% in 2014in 2013-14 to 1048 BU in 2014-15 and 1107 BU (Maharashtra) for Rs 90 05 crores, at 16) due to addition of a number of in 2015-16 resulting in lowest ever energy Congress Nagar (Nagpur) for Rs. 139.15 transmission lines. The ATC would be further deficit of 2.1% in 2015-16, which has further crores and at Kanpur for Rs. 319.57 crores enhanced by 625 MW by December 2016 with lowered to 0.7% (April-Oct, 2016) from 2.1% have been sanctioned under NSGM. The the commissioning of 765 MW at Angul(2015-16). The National Peak Power Deficit is National Smart Grid Mission Project Srikakulum-Vimagiri line. down to half at 1.6% in the same period as Management Unit (NPMU) is handholding

On 21st December, 2016 Shri Piyush Goyal compared to 2015-16. States for speeding up development of released reports on 'Renewable Energy Power Situation of North East Regions: Smart Grid Network in the country Integration: Transmission an Enabler', 'Green As per information given by States / UTs to Energy Corridor II' and 'Electricity Demand Reforms Central Electricity Authority (CEA), during the Pattern Analysis' PGCIL has prepared the first Amendments inTariff Policy current year 2016-17 (April, 2016 to Oct., 2016), t w o r e p o r t s t h a t c o v e r a s p e c t s o f The Union Cabinet approved proposal for the peak power shortage in North Eastern comprehensive transmission plan to integrate amendments in theTariff Policy on 20.1.2016. Region (NER) has reduced to 0.5% from 8.4% renewable energy sources into the National Resolution issued on 28 1 2016 It will during the corresponding period last year Grid and role of Transmission as an Enabler in provide the motivation to harness the hydro Similarly, the energy shortage during current growing Renewable Energy (RE) penetration as well as renewable capacity for energy year has reduced to 3.5% from 6.9% during the scenario security of the country corresponding period last year Power Distribution Main amendments are as under: Six thermal power units/modules aggregating Ujwal DISCOM AssuranceYojana (UDAY) · P r o m o t i o n o f R e n e w a b l e to 1103.1 MW have been commissioned during Ujwal DISCOM Assurance Yojana (UDAY), a Generation Obligation (RGO). the 12th Plan period in the North-Eastern scheme for financial and operational Compulsory procurement by States. Further, five thermal units/modules turnaround of Power Distribution Companies Discoms from waste-to-energy plants aggregating to 625.5 MW are presently under was formulated and launched by the Thermal Power Plants within construction in the North-Eastern States for Government on 20th November, 2015 in 50kms of sewage treatment facilities to use benefits during 12th Plan period and beyond consultation with the various stakeholders. treated sewage water.

Scheme of Utilization of Gas based power The scheme aims to provide permanent

Hydro projects continued to be generation capacity solution to legacy debts of approximately exempted from competitive bidding upto The government has sanctioned a scheme for Rs.4.3 lakh crores and address potential future 15th August 2022. importing spot Re-gasified Liquefied Natural losses.

Use of Smart meters in a phased Gas (RLNG) in 2015-16 and 2016-17 for the As on 08.12.2016, 17 States of Jharkhand, manner to enable 'Time of Day' metering stranded gas based power plants as well as for Chhattisgarh, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, I n te r - S t a te a n d I

t r a -

a

plants receiving domestic gas up to the target Gujarat, Bihar, Punjab, Jammu & Kashmir, transmission lines only through competitive Plant Load Factor (PLF) selected through a Haryana, Uttarakhand, Goa, Karnataka, Andhra bidding. Reverse e-bidding process. The scheme Pra d e s h , M a n i p u r, M a d hya Pra d e s h , Procurement of power from coal provides for financial support from PSDF Maharashtra, Himachal Pradesh and the Union washery reject based plants of PSUs or their

JVs on regulated tariff on the monthly per for mance on Distribution Licensees through tariff based Expansion of capacity of IPPs (on parameters like Consumer complaints bidding process was notified on 30.3.2016. regulated tariff ) from 50% to 100% of redressal, Release of New ser vice Introduction of short-term procurement existing capacity c o n n e c t i o n , Av e r a g e n u m b e r o f through e-bidding portal will result in interruptions faced by consumer, Number greater transparency and fairness in the · Compulsory purchase of power of consumers making e-payments, Energy procurement process for ultimate benefit from micro grids at regulated tariff lost / power theft i.e. AT&C loss. of the consumers. Mobile applications and websites

E-Tarang app is for monitoring

Self-certification of the electrical launched to ensure accountability and the real time Status of Transmission installations: Notifications on voltage level transparency System. for self- cer tification under these · Grameen Vidyutikaran (GARV)

· E-Trans app is a platform for Regulations have been notified on a p p to h e l p c i t i ze n s t r a c k r u r a l better price discovery in respect of Inter 16.5.2016. This will facilitate Ease of Doing elec tr ification under D een Dayal State Transmission projects to be awarded Business. Upadhyaya Gram Jyoti Yojana (DDUGJY) through tariff based competitive bidding · e-bidding and reverse bidding (http://garv.gov.in/) (TBCB) process. for Goods & Services being procured under GARV – II App, launched on 20th ' the Ministry and its PSUs has been December 2016, hosts the data in respect implemented of about 6 lakh villages, with more than 15

DEEP (Discovery of Efficient

Study of “Best Practices of ten lakh habitations having 17 crore people, Electricity Price) e-Bidding' portal - the DISCOMs where AT&C losses reduced in that has been mapped for tracking Portal will provide a common e-bidding last 5 years”conducted. progress on household electrification in platform with e-reverse auction facility to each of the habitations of these villages. facilitate nation-wide power procurement · Third Party Sampling: To improve through a wider network so as to bring process of measurement of quality of coal VIDYUT PRAVAH app created to uniformity and transparency in the process Central Institute of Mining and Fuel provide real time information of electricity of power procurement. Research (CIMFR), Dhanbad appointed. p r i c e a n d a v a i l a b i l i t y Further, CIL would supply sized coal to (http://www.vidyutpravah.in/) · Mobile app for Star Labelled Appliances – BEE has developed a mobile power plants to increase its power Unnat Jyoti by Affordable LEDs a p p fo r S t a n d a rd s a n d L a b e l i n g generation efficiency for All (UJALA) app to keep track of LED Programme (S&L) for consumers, which is · Policy guidelines notified for distribution under the Domestic Efficient linked with S&L database of BEE and grant of Bridge Linkages to specified end L i g h t i n g P r o g r a m m e ( D E L P ) provides a platform to receive real-time use plants of Central and State Public (http://delp.in/) feedback from consumers and other Sector Undertakings (both in Power as well · URJA (Urban Jyoti Abhiyaan) stakeholders. as Non-Power sector).

MobileApp - the Consumer Dashboard of Other Good Governance Initiatives Government has approved the URJA App, launched on 16.06.16, continuation of the Payment Security provides for Urban Power Distribution Separate e-auction window of Mechanism (PSM) beyond 31st October, Sector to enhance Consumer Connect, coal for Power Sector started 2016 for recovery of current over dues of Project Monitoring of Urban Distribution Revised Guidelines for shortstate power utilities. Sector projects and providing information t e r m p r o c u r e m e n t o f p o w e r b y

‘Renewable Energy Scenario’

However, the coal sector is facing many Maharashtra, Gujarat and Rajasthan, cleanest sources of energy options challenges and India is increasingly relying however the exercise on mapping of with almost no pollution or carbon on coal & oil impor ts to meet its potential is continuing in several other emissions and has the potential to requirements of energy, thereby exhibiting a areas in the country significantly reduce reliance on coal and lot of pressure on Indian economy from other fossil fuels. By expanding renewable these high import factors

Renewable energy is one of the

Incentives

available to

Renewable energy, world can improve air quality, Energy

Projects in India

reduce global warming emissions, create RE potential and growth in India

Government of India provides a mix of tax new industries and jobs, and move world India meets close to 65% of its electricity and non-tax benefits to promote these towards a cleaner, safer, and affordable needs from fossil fuels and is expected to technologies, so as to create an enabling energy future continue doing so in investment climate where these projects India's substantial and sustained growth the foreseeable future. This poses questions are taken up by market forces. The has placed enormous demand on the on cost of electricity supply in future, different incentives offered by central and country's natural resources Today, India environmental impacts and energy security. state governments can be broadly imports substantial quantities of gas, oil At this juncture, Renewable Energy (RE) is illustrated as under: and coal in order to meet its growing being seen as one of the important means to energy demand The increasing meet the growing power needs of the Investment

dependence on imported fuels may economy while enhancing energy security

Opportunities

The renewable energy sector in India is create a serious threat to the future fuel through diversification of fuel sources and full of opportunities and merits careful security of the country In addition, the providing opportunities for mitigating consideration by market participants The country's 254 GW2 of power generation greenhouse gas emissions.

Indian renewable energy market is highly capacity based mainly on conventional India has vast renewable energy potential attractive as it has the potential to reduce sources has further strained the natural through wind, solar, biomass, small hydro

India's rising demand supply gap, hence resources Around 60% of India's current etc The potential is concentrated in certain becoming a key cog in the wheel for power generation capacity is based on parts of India. The wind and solar potential is India's energy security strategy The coal which is expected to remain the mainly in the southern and western States government in India has placed and dominant power source in the future viz. Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh,

encouraging policy & regulatory framework renewable energy targets, individual states municipal solid wastes and sugarcane with a combination of feed-in tariffs, have their own specific renewable energy bagasse is are estimated to be over 25000 renewable procurement obligations, and policy targets as per their feasibility and MW While a target of about 2700 MW by Renewable Energy Certificates The most potential Wind and solar dominate the 2017 is envisaged, this sector could get dominant asset classes, wind and solar, have following table lists select states with solar enlarged with availability of increased attracted considerable supplier interest and policies and their planned solar targets: investments in this sector Besides, a thrust is hence equipment and EPC is available at also being given to the production of increasing competitive rates thus boosting The following table lists down select states gaseous and liquid fuels from biomass and margins. The Jawahar Lal Nehru National with wind power policies and their planned wastes / residues

Solar Mission (JNNSM) and several state- wind power targets: level solar policies are helping develop solar

Manufacturing outlook energy market. Recent budgetary allocation Expansion of targets

Apart from investment in generating assets, for generation based incentives and In order to accelerate the deployment of investment in manufacturing in the reintroduction for accelerated depreciation renewable energy in India, the Government renewable energy sector will also grow to for wind power will spur investments in wind is currently planning to scale up the existing support the targets and plans of the energy The size of the renewable energy t

e n e r g y government. With the new government market will see further growth as the technologies. Further, Government is also supporting manufacturing in India through application of Renewable Purchase planning to achieve the new targets at a its 'Make in India' initiative, we can envisage Obligation expands to cover open access much faster rate and earlier than the incentives and policies conducive to support and captive consumers timelines set under the existing targets. manufacturing of renewable energy equipment in India in the long run.

Stipulated Renewable Energy targets to Solar Scale up Vision: Loking beyond JNNSM, the Government plans to scale up Solar Power:With JNNSM targets of 20 GW by attract investment in RE space solar to a FY 22 and proposals to increase this target to cumulative 100GW by 2022. This would 100GW provides a huge investment Existing targets include large scale deployment of rooftop potential for solar manufacturing in India.

JNNSM: The JNNSM was launched in January projects under both net metering and feed For solar PV, currently as of August 2014, the 2010 by the Government of India under the in metering to achieve 40GW of capacity till cumulative installed capacity of Indian solar National Action Plan of Climate Change 2022; increased pace of grid connected PV manufacturers is about 1,200 MW of cells (NAPCC). It is envisaged that as a result of projects so as to achieve 40GW by 2022, for and 2,500 MW of modules7. Most power rapid scale up as well as technological this Solar parks have been set up in Charanka producers are importing cells/ modules due developments, the price of solar power will (Gujarat, 500 MW) and Bhadla (Rajasthan, to various factors including cost. Higher attain parity with grid power by the end of 1500 MW) and others have been planned in investment and R&D in solar manufacturing the Mission period, enabling accelerated over 15 states; thirdly through laying thrust will help India in competing with imported and large-scale expansion thereafter The on large scale projects (100 MW min.) to solar modules on both cost and technology mission includes a major initiative for generate the remaining 20GW capacity in the long run. Solar manufacturing in India promoting solar photovoltaic (PV ) is in a nascent stage and requires a nurturing applications It had three phases out of environment if it is to compete with National Wind Energy Mission: In order to which the first phase finished in 2013, and international players in this rapidly evolving exploit the available wind potential in the subsequent phases are under way which sector. country expeditiously, there is a need to target a capacity addition of 20,000 MW in Wind Power: The global wind generation address the issues and barriers in a focused India via grid connected solar power plants. capacity is expected to increase to 1,149 GW manner The Government therefore Apart from grid connected targets, JNNSM by 2020 and 2,500 GW by 20308, India's proposes to launch the National Wind also set up targets for off grid applications proposed National Wind Energy Mission also Energy Mission which aims to achieve 60,000 and SolarThermal in India. targets 60 GW generation capacity in India MW of utility scale wind installations in the by 2022. India's wind manufacturing country by the end of 13th five year plan MNRE strategic plan till 2017: This aims that capacity has an annual capacity of 10 GW (end of 2022). renewable energy source based generation cater to the global market owing to lower will manufacturing costs. Considering this Bio-Energy: The biomass atlas estimates make up a significant part of India's installed immense potential in both domestic and surplus biomass availability at about 150 power capacity (targets 82 GW of installed global demand, the manufacturing sector is million metric capacity via renewable energy sources by set to achieve new heights Further tonnes per annum with a potential of over 2020). MNRE has also been continuously government initiatives in promoting 18000 MW power generation capacity revising targets corresponding to the market offshore wind energy and improving Besides this, over 60 million tonnes per factors such as reducing prices of renewable technology in the wind generation avenue annum of municipal solid wastes with a source based generation including solar and have strengthened India's manufacturing potential of over 2300 MW and bagasse from the MNRE is committed to achieve these sector and will continue to do so As a result, sugar mills with a potential of over 5000 MW targets much in advance of the set time leading manufacturers like Suzlon, Vestas, respectively are also available Thus, the limits. Enercon, GE and Siemens have already set up potential for installation of bioenergy operations in India, and are further State targets: Apart from the national projects including energy from biomass,

PROJECT INVESTMENT

increasingly announcing new investments. attracted owing to potent natural resources, large-scale investment opportunities, and 2 O t h e r s t a t e s r e q u i r e t h a t attractive Government incentives. Wind and private/agricultural land be converted to

solar sectors are expected to garner massive non-agriculture land for industries manufacturing in these renewable energy overseas investments in the coming years All to purchase this land. States have a set technologies is dominated by small to midefforts are being made to attract FDI from procedure for this conversion. In Karnataka sized companies WtE sector particularly is at investors and autonomous power producers this requires an an early stage of development in India and internationally amendment in the Karnataka Land Reforms has potential due to increased urbanization

A variety of investors finance renewable Act Sections 79 A and 79 B In Maharashtra, and waste management issues. Bio-energy energy projects in India, including institutions, before purchasing private land, Dept of also has a huge untapped potential that banks, and registered companies Institutional Industries and Commerce (DIC) permission p r o v i d e s a p o s i t i v e o u t l o o k f o r investors are either state-owned or bilateral has to be obtained for which the survey/gut manufacturing ramp-up in India. This sector and multilateral institutions. Among banks, numbers of the locations have to be will provide immense opportunities to both private sector and public sector banks are submitted These procedures take up project developers for captive projects for involved. In addition to registered companies, additional time in the gestation periods of production of gaseous and liquid fuels venture capital and private equity investors the projects. besides power generation and cocontribute equity investment. generation.

Small Hydro Power: India has only around

Development Banks-IREDA, continue to Revenue land represent a key source of funds for RE

1 Certain states such as Gujarat and investments, particularly in project finance, Rajasthan have developer friendly 25 equipment manufacturers listed as per over the medium term. procedures in acquiring revenue land the MNRE website, who fabricate almost the Revenue land files in Gujarat are cleared at entire range of small hydro power Land Availability for Renewable Energy DC level, whereas in Rajasthan, government equipment As of now, India has an land is allotted by the District Collector, on estimated potential of about 20,000 MW, Projects recommendations of RRECL (Rajasthan about 80% of which is untapped Further, up Land is a vital component of the total capital Renewable Energy Corporation Limited), at gradation of water mills and micro hydel expenditure of renewable projects. In order to a concessional rate. projec ts is also being under taken develop renewable installations particularly,

2. Certain other States require clearances by throughout the sector Both these factors wind and solar projects, land requirements are higher authorities to acquire revenue land, depict promising potential for an increase in quite significant. which involves additional time. domestic manufacturing. Various state governments in India have

3. Other states such as Maharashtra do not announced favorable land policies that have have any clear cut policies for execution of been instrumental in reducing the capital cost

FDI in the renewable energy sector renewable energy projects on revenue land. for the renewable projects. For instance, 100% Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in Rajasthan under its Solar Policy has renewable energy is permitted Forest land announced availability of land to the FDI inflows in renewable energy industry developers at low cost. Madhya Pradesh has India's Land acquisition Act, 1894 (as from April 2000 – February 2013 were about announced investor friendly government land amended in 1985) allows forest land for USD 2.5 billion13. allocation measures which have resulted in the developmental purposes.

During 2006-09, India's annual total increase of solar installations

However, this land can be acquired only on renewable energy investment remained Renewable power projects are established on lease basis and is subject to clearances from between USD 4 billion and USD 5 billion. private, revenue or forest land. Different states the forest department Further, India's Investment has risen rapidly since then, from h a v e d i f f e r e n t p o l i c i e s f o r l a n d Resettlement and Rehabilitation (R&R)

USD 4.2 billion in 2009 to USD 12.3 billion in purchase/allotment. Further these policies Policy, 2007 ensures that minimum 2011-12 .Higher rate of investments in these and the clearances required differ depending displacement occurs in large scale projects. years corresponds to incentivization on the type of land. Of all the project options, the one with least schemes by Government of India such as GBI displacement is and accelerated depreciation in wind sector. selected and adequate resettlement

Private land

While wind continues to receive the majority package is decided to compensate the Most of the acquisition of private land for of investment, solar has seen the highest displaced communities renewable energy projects occurs through growth, and the gap between the two is Forest areas are identified using forest atlas mediations directly with the land owners falling rapidly and GIS maps and alternatives have to be

1. Certain states allow purchase of land

In view of recent development in solar considered to minimize forest land use without any conditions Tamil Nadu has the technology, government of India plans to during this process. Allocation of this on most investor friendly policy, wherein hasten the growth and looking at steep fall lease for RE projects happens through a agricultural land can be directly purchased for in the solar prices there could be possible detailed two stage process by the MoEF the setting up renewable energy projects. In addition of 1 lakh MW solar capacity in next 5 (Ministry of Environment, Forest & Climate Rajasthan also as per their recently announced years and also in other renewables. If it is so, Change). solar policy, land owners are permitted to set investment requirement for solar itself will

Stage-I: The Divisional Forest Officer (DFO) up solar power projects on their land, or sub- be nearly 100 billion USD in next 5 years assesses the Net Present Value (NPV) of the let his land for establishment of such projects

To meet the financing requirement, more

and more foreign investors are being

without any land conversion requirements

recommendations for forest land diversion and All hydroelectric power projects have to get Coastal Regulation Zone Clearance determine areas for compensatory afforestation. environmental clearance These clearances fall Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) Stage-II: MoEF or its regional office reviews the under two categories; category A if the projects clearance regulates development in document and gives a go ahead for the project. are of capacity >=50 MW; category B if capacity areas located along the Indian coast. Further as per MoEF rules, the developer has to of projects is between 50 to 25 MW

Coastal areas are considered sensitive identify land contiguous to forest land for zones and classified by the MoEF as afforestation and undertake compensatory Biomass or non-hazardous solid waste based Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) I, II, III afforestation. projects, with capacity more than 15MW, require and IV for regulating development environmental clearance. activities in the coastal stretches within Clearances required for setting RE projects 500 meter of High Tide Line (HTL).

The following RE projects are exempt from EIA: India's regulatory system and implementing Various activities are allowed in the Solar Photo Voltaic (SPV) projects up to a plant agencies ensure that environmental quality and different zones and rapid EIA is used as size of 50 hectares. social concerns are not compromised and any a tool for CRZ clearance. Project Small Hydro Projects (SHPs) up to a capacity of arising concerns are addressed while implementing proponent has to ensure that CRZ 25 MW. However, project proponents have to renewable energy projects. In order to be compliant approach State Pollution Control Board (SPCB) clearance has been obtained and the with these, projects have to get appropriate for clearance under Air andWater Act. p r o j e c t i s n o t l o c a t e d i n clearances. Wind projects. environmentally sensitive zones as notified under the CRZ classification.

Consent Process

Environmental clearances: Forest Clearance

State Pollution Control Boards (SPCBs) grant

During project initiation, the Environmental RE projects are being set up on forested 'Consent to Establish (CTE)' and 'Consent to Impact Assessment (EIA) Notification, 2006 (as land have to obtain a two-stage approval Operate (CTO)' to projects, including solar and amended in 2009) needs to be considered to by the MoEF. This two-stage process wind projects. assess if Environmental Clearance (EC) is required involves approval by the Divisional Forest CTE is issued to projects after evaluating the or not. EIA notification categorizes various Officer and subsequently by the MoEF or potential environmental impacts and the design projects under A, B or B1 categories based on the its regional office. Also, as per the MoEF of pollution control installations and upon capacity of the project and subscribes different Rules, the developers have to identify verification of compliance with these processes for EC. land contiguous to forest land for conditions A CTO is issued with emission and Category A projects are screened, scoped and afforestation. This compensatory effluent limits based on industrial sector- appraised at the central level by MoEF's Expert afforestation activity is also permitted in specific standards Appraisal Committee (EAC) and Category B private land.

Some states like Gujarat issue consolidated projects are evaluated by State Environmental consents for air and water pollution and Impact Assessment Authority (SEIAA). Specific to Environmental Assessment for hazardous waste based on Common Consent the energy sector, environmental regulations for externally funded projects Applications (CCA) Others states like governing projects vary depending on the RE projects that are funded by bilateral Chhattisgarh, issue water and air consents as electricity generation capacities of the plants and multilateral agencies have to meet well as waste management authorizations

Some of the major clearances required for RE additional environmental and social separately plants include: performance standards prescribed by

PROJECT INVESTMENT

the respective funding agency. particularly wind power for third party use or qualified as a Captive generation plant. RE projects should not violate any regional/ captive use was a popular market model in the In accordance with the Captive Power multilateral treaty India is signatory to. initial years, the provisions of National Policy notified by the Government of Project proponents and regulators have to Electricity Policy and National Tariff Policy on India, for any power plant to qualify as a ensure that environmental conservation and preferential Tariff and preferential treatment of captive power plant, they need to biodiversity preservation is not compromised Nonconventional sources of energy has led to a abide by two major conditions which due to project activities. These treaties feed-in-tariff regime which marked significant are as follows: include UN's Convention on Biodiversity, RE capacity addition in the Country in the later Not less than twenty six percent of the Convention on International Trade of years Moving forward, the current policy and ownership held by the captive user(s), Endangered Species and Convention on Regulatory framework offers the promising and not less than fifty one percent of Conservation of Migratory Species. market model of REC based off-take models the aggregate electricity generated in which provides a pan-nation market for such plant determined on an annual renewable energy basis, is consumed for the captive use:

Social Governance Clearances

Sale to third party under Open Access Projects have to comply with acts addressing up by registered cooperative society, social concerns such as Panchayat Act, 73rd Regime the conditions mentioned under Constitutional

Provided that in case of power plant set

The model involves sale of energy to an Open paragraphs at (i) and (ii) above shall be Amendment, Tribal Rights Act and Forest Act, Access consumer of the same DISCOM area satisfied collectively by the members of India's Resettlement & Rehabilitation (R&R) within which the generator is located or to a the cooperative society Policy 2007, Land Acquisition Act, 1894 and different DISCOM within the State, using the As regards the structure of this power others. Further, these should be compliant network of the Discoms or Transmission sale option, the developer/captive with local laws and get Companies in order to wheel the power from users may wheel the power generated approvals from the local bodies/institutions. the point of injection to point of usage Such a to the point of consumption through a Two major clearances in this regard are: market model of third party sale is largely made dedicated lines or through the network feasible with the introduction of the provisions of the transmission and/or the Local Governments for Open Access transactions specified in the Distribution licensee after paying

1.Projects are subject to local laws and have to Electricity Act 2003 and through the necessary transmission and wheeling get approvals from local bodies. subsequent Regulations framed by the State charges

2.As per the 73rd constitutional amendment, Electricity Regulatory Commission The Sale to Distribution Licensee under rural local bodies or Pancahyati Raj Electricity Act 2003 defines Open Access vide Feed-in-Tariff Regime Institutions (PRIs) decide on clearing Section 2(47), reproduced as under developmental projects by providing them 'Open access' means the non-discriminatory The model essentially involves sale of legal status provision for the use of transmission lines or power generated by a renewable

3.Under the Panchayat Act, the PRIs or Gram distribution system or associated facilities with power plant to the distribution Utility Sabha at the village level has to be consulted such lines or system by any licensee or at a rate approved by the State by the project proponent before establishing consumer or a person engaged in generation in Electricity Regulatory Commission a project in areas falling under its jurisdiction. accordance with the regulations specified by Under this power off-take Option, the Thisgives villagers/ locals the right to raise the Appropriate Commission; Utility will have to enter into a Power their project development linked concerns. Open Access allows a bulk consumer, according Purchase Agreement (PPA) with the to the framework developed by the appropriate purchaser or the Distribution utility Commission, to contract directly with the Such a model is a time tested and Land Acquisition generation company or with any other source comparatively less complex one. RE projects are established on private, of supply (other than the incumbent However, the lesser complexity of this revenue or forest land, for which different distribution licensee in whose area the power sale model comes at a price of states have different policies for land consumer is situated). The open access the model's dependency on the purchase/allotment. These have been framework also offers such freedom to willingness of the Utilities to procure RE discussed in the land facilitation section, and generating company to supply power to such power and the creditworthiness of the involve clearances such as changing land use consumers who are eligible to avail open Utilities to pay for the power purchase. status non-agricultural land, etc. access.

Apart from these major clearances, there are Sale through Group Captive under Open Sale under the REC Mechanism other clearances such as obtaining a No Objection Certificate (NOC) from the energy

Under the REC mechanism, one REC Access Regime department, a NOC from the district collector will be issued to the RE generator for This model is very similar to that of the third etc. generating one MWh of electrical party sale model discussed in detail in the energy fed into the grid. The RE above section. generator may sell electricity to the

However, in this model the consumers need to

Power Sale Options distribution company at the regulated have a minimum level of stake holding in the

The renewable energy sector has witnessed price equivalent to average pooled renewable power plant set up. Hence, in case a evolution of several market models pursuant cost of power purchase by Utility from developer wants to set up power projects and to the timely Policy and Regulatory all sources excluding RE sources and its sell power through a Group Captive route, then framework formulated at the central and RECs to Obligated Entities at market the shareholding/capital structure of the power State Level A relook on the past scenario price through exchange mechanism in plant should be such that the power plant gets shows that, while wheeling renewable power,

a transparent manner The RE generator 50000 Urja Mitra by way of roping in educational and programs, strengthening of technical may sell the certificates only through training institutions in next five years These Urja Mitra institutions, testing facilities, engaging power exchange to such Obligated will act as independent entrepreneurs at local level for consultants and undertaking studies on a Entities who have to meet with their RPO promotion propagation and deployment including case-by-case basis. The total CFA under this target. The purchase of RECs will be servicing and maintenance of the renewable energy scheme is INR 70 million for wind power and deemed as a purchase of power systems in their respective areas Skill development is a INR 85 million for C-WET Scheme for generated from renewable sources and focus area of the government and the Skilling Generation Based Incentives (GBI) for Grid a cco rd i n g l y w i l l b e a l l owe d fo r India mission plans to train 500 million people by 2022 I n t e r a c t i v e Wi n d Po w e r Pr o j e c t s : compliance with the RPO target. The REC that the government believes would provide a job- Implemented for the 12th Plan period, i.e till mechanism will enable obligated entities ready workforce to several industries. 2017, Generation Based Incentives per unit in a State to procure RECs generated from of electricity fed into the grid for a period of any of the States in India and surrender not less than four years and up to ten years India as favorable Renewable Energy Destination the same to fulfil its RPO target. with a cap of INR 10 million/MW will be India is fast emerging as a country with a vibrant provided. The GBI will be implemented renewable energy ecosystem that is expanding through the Indian Renewable Energy

Manpower Availability

The Renewable Energy sector in India

rapidly Development Agency (IREDA). The total

Some of the major immediate plans are as follows:expected liability for this scheme is employs sizeable manpower both in the Scale up renewable energy deployment plans to reach estimated at INR 163,640 million over the organized as well as unorganized sector, a cumulative installed capacity of around 165 GW by entire scheme duration spreading till 2027. in manufacturing of equipment, their 2020 that include 100 GW solar power capacity; installation, operation, maintenance, Establish National University for Renewable Energy Solar transmission and distribution of energy The University will focus on research in cutting edge generated from renewable energy Scheme for Development of Solar Parks and renewable energy technologies including on sources. The MNRE has been supporting Ultra Mega Solar Power Projects in the developing countries specific issues, sk ill skill development activities in renewable country commencing from 2014-15 to 2018 development, climate studies, and would produce the energy by way of supporting various – 19: CFA of INR 2.5 million for parks for professionals to cater to increasing manpower educational and preparation of DPR, conducting surveys, etc requirement; training organizations including Also, a CFA of up to INR 2 million/MW will be NGOs/private organizations to conduct provided.The total estimated CFA under this MNRE Schemes on Renewable Energy training courses in specific job roles scheme is INR 40,500 million.

Scheme for Pilot-cum-Demonstration Wind Energy addition, renewable energy as a subject

Grid Connected Power required by renewable energy industry. In

Projects for development of Grid Connected Scheme for Promotion of Grid Interactive Power has also been incorporated in regular Solar PV Plants on Canal Banks and Canal Generation Projects based on Renewable Energy syllabus of the two year certificate course Tops: CFA is provided on a per MW basis to Technologies for wind power projects: Implemented of IndustrialTraining Institutes of seven canal top SPV projects and canal bank SPV during 2012-2017, the Ministry of New and trades (electronics, electricians, welder, projects. The total CFA disbursed will be Renewable Energy provides financial support for fitter, turner, sheet metal work and upto INR 2.25 billion over a period of two carrying out Wind Resource Assessment, organization machinist). years of seminars/symposiums/workshops/training

The MNREW intends to create an army of Financial Support for grid connected to

solar roof top projects: Objective of the scheme Central Financial Assistance (CFA) is provided objectives of the programme are: is to promote the grid connected SPV rooftop for: Biomass Gasifier based Distributed/Off- To promote setting up of projects for and small SPV power plants in the residential, grid power programme for Rural Areas; recovery of energy from urban, industrial community, institutional, industrial and Biomass Gasifier based programmes in Rice and agricultural wastes; commercial establishments. MNRE has set Mills. Create conducive conditions and target of achieving 300 MW through this environment, with fiscal and financial scheme by 2017. regime, to develop,demonstrate and

C)Biogas

Sanction of Funds for Research Design and disseminate utilization of wastes and N a t i o n a l B i o g a s a n d M a n u r e Development of Solar Photovoltaic Technology residues for recovery of energy Management Programme (NBMMP).

The total fund allocation is INR 595 million. Biogas Power (Off-grid) Programme

MNRE RD&D support

D)Small Hydro Power

Capacity): Central Financial Assistance

The focus areas under the Ministry's RD&D Small Hydro Power program are: Subsidy scheme for watermills and Small Hydro Power Programme (up to 25 MW Micro Hydel Projects (up to 100 kW).

Alternate Fuels (hydrogen, bio & (CFA)/Financial Support is provided in the form synthetic) to supplement and eventually E)Solar of Grants/Assistance/Subsidy for the following substitute liquid activities:

Capital Subsidy Scheme of Government Hydrocarbons.

Resource Assessment and Support for of India for promoting Solar Photovoltaic Green Initiative for Future Transport

Identification of new sites, Setting up new SHP (SPV) Water Pumping Systems for Irrigation (GIFT) based on Alternate Fuels for land, air projects in the private/co-operative/Joint purpose.

& sea applications to supplement and sector etc. Setting up new SHP projects in the Off-grid and Decentralized Solar eventually substitute fossil-fuel systems. G ove r n m e n t s e c t o r, R e n ov a t i o n a n d Applications Programme Green Initiative for Power Generation

Modernization of existing SHP projects in the Off-grid and Decentralized Solar Cooker (GIPS) based on Alternate Fuels for G o v e r n m e n t s e c t o r , Programme stationary & portable power generation

Development/Upgradation of water mills and Capital subsidy scheme for installation a p p l i c at i o n s to s u p p l e m e nt a n d setting up Micro Hydel Projects,Research and of solar thermal systems. eventually substitute fossil-fuel systems. D e v e l o p m e n t a n d H u m a n R e s o u r c e Capital subsidy Scheme for providing Standalone new and renewable energy Development basic lighting needs through solar charging products to provide cost-effective energy stations with Lanterns Biogas for cooking, lighting and motive power

Biogas based Distributed / Grid Power

Distributed new and renewable energy Remote Village Electrification Generation Programme: Subsidy for setting up systems to provide cost-competitive Remote Village Electrification Programme: Biogas based Power Generation Systems and energy supply options for cooking, The Ministry is implementing a programme support for a variety of workshops, seminars, lighting and motive power for providing financial suppor t for m e e t i n g s, t r a i n i n g p ro g r a m s t o t h e

New and renewable energy products for electrification of those remote unelectrified implementing agencies /Biogas Development urban, industrial and commercial census villages and unelectrified &Training Centers (BDTCs) applications, including energy recovery hamlets of electrified census villages where among others.The total outlay for this scheme is from urban and industrial wastes and grid-extension is either not feasible or not INR 50 million. effluents

cost effective and are not covered under Rajiv MW scale grid interactive renewable Gandhi Grameen Vidyutikaran Yojana. Such

Off-Grid Power electricity systems to contribute towards villages are provided basic facilities for

A) Aerogenerators/wind hybrid supplement and eventually substitute elec tricit y/lighting through various fossil-fuel based electricity generation.

Scheme on Small Wind Energy and Hybrid renewable energy sources. systems (SWES)

Waste to Energy

B)Biomass Gasification and AgriculturalWastes/Residues:The main Biomass Gasifier based Programmes:

(Source: Investors Guide - Re-invest) Programme on Energy from Urban, Industrial

Graphic artists want to create covers all the colours that can be components to create colours that accurate colour matches to perceived by the human eye appear on the chromaticity chart,

capture their artistic work Red, green and blue LEDs are it confines the achievable colours a n d r e i n f o r c e b r a n d i n g capable of producing a wide range to a triangle, referred to as c o n s i s t e n c y B u t a c c u r a t e of colours but achieving individual “Maxwell's triangle”, shown in Fig presentation of colour on different colours can be difficult as can 1. The range of colours that can be equipment and media still remains moving smoothly from one colour produced is known as a gamut. a c h a l l e n g e . t o a n o t h e r . H o w e v e r , a This is not completely accurate if There are various ways to express m i c r o c o n t r o l l e r c a n b e you are looking at the diagram on colour values, including CMYK, programmed to use a slider to a computer screen as that restricts RGB, CIE and HunterLab. Any given create most of the colours the range to the gamut of the colour can be described with three available or it can use the CIE 1931 monitor. The white spot at the different variables, due to the c o l o u r s p a c e c h r o m a t i c i t y centre is small and the ability to three different types of cones in d i a gra m , s h ow n i n Fi g. 1 . produce clean white light is a good t h e h u m a n e y e . A property of the diagram is that indication that proper colour

A popular way of representing if you have two colours and mixing is being performed. colour is with the CIE 1931 XYZ connect them in a straight line, by colour space diagram, where Y is mixing the colours in different C o l o u r m i x i n g luminance or brightness and the amounts, you can create any Colour mixing can be achieved values of X and Z form the colour along the line. This is why using a PIC12F1572 processor chromaticity. Grey and white have blue LEDs commonly use a yellow from Microchip This device has the same chromaticity but differ in phosphor so they can create white t h r e e 1 6 b i t p u l s e w i d t h luminance The result is a three- l i g h t modulators (PWMs) that allow dimensional colour space that When using RGB lighting precise control over each RGB LED

Correctly mixing the output of RGB LEDs is an art, but can be helped with a demonstration board and a PIC12 processor

Maxwell's triangle

to achieve the smooth transition to select a colour to display Fig 3 new colour will be displayed between colours even at low shows the colour wheel as modified luminosity Colour mixing software t o i n c l u d e w h i t e T u n i n g lets the designer specify the colours In this mode, the RA0 and RA1 The resistor values need to be set so and the processor performs the pins in Fig. 2 are configured to work that each colour is displayed with n e c e s s a r y c a l c u l a t i o n s . A with a capacitive touch slider. This the same amount of lumens. For this demonstration board is available to lets a finger press and slide action d e m o n s t r a t i o n , t h e y w e r e help designers create this using select different colour values, calculated at 202O for red, 325O for mode one HSVW slider operation. though limited to one-dimensional green and 61O for blue. Each LED HSV refers to hue, saturation and colour selection. In mode two, the was measured using a chroma meter value and the W indicates that it has desired colour is picked from an on- for colour value. Luminous intensity been modified to include white. It screen chromaticity chart, such as can also vary due to temperature, can also be reconfigured for mode the one in Fig. 1. Now the RA0 and and these variations can be quite two, which involves using a RA1 pins are configured as EUSART large depending on the LED type. c h ro m a t i c i t y c h a r t s e l e c to r. serial interfaces with the values This needs to be considered in the The board can be powered either passed to the board via a USB serial final application, especially if it is through a USB connection, a 3V connection. A PIC16F1455 converts o u t d o o r s . lithium coin cell or an AAAA battery. the USB messages to a EUSART Such a board configured as an HSVW 9600baud format. The set up in this

The human eye can detect flicker s l i d e r i s s h o w n i n F i g 2 m o d e i s s h o w n i n F i g 4 at about 200Hz. Intermodulation

When first powered in slider If a colour is specified that does can also occur with 50 and 60Hz mode, the board cycles through the not fall into the colour gamut of the lighting It is thus recommended HSVW colour wheel. After a period of LEDs, then the function will return an that LED lighting switches at above time, the LEDs start blinking to error message and the colour output 200Hz. In the case of the PWM conserve battery power The slider will not be updated If the colour is peripherals on the PIC12F1572, the on the edge of the board can be used within the colour gamut, then the period is well above that at which

The software is structured such that programed with the RGBSlider serial messages are received, and the software, and the PIC16F1455 must

A PWM peripheral varies the length data are used to call the ColorMix b e e r a s e d of time a particular load is turned on. routine This is computationally The ratio of the on time to the PWM intensive and takes about 7.7ms To operate the board in the period is called the duty cycle and (with 16MHz oscillator clock) to chromaticity selector mode, the corresponds to the percentage of compute the PWM values If this PIC12F1572 must be programmed power that is delivered to the load. routine was used to compute with the RGBChroma software, and Controlling power with a PWM is continuously changing colours, the t h e P I C 1 6 F 1 4 5 5 m u s t b e generally recognised as a precise update rate would slow to 130Hz, programmed with the RGBChroma and efficient method of regulating and would degrade the smoothness U S B s o f t w a r e . p o w e r o u t p u t . o f t h e c h a n g e s . C o n c l u s i o n

C h r o m a t i c i t y c h a r t

The ColorMix routine was

With the widespread use of LEDs in The board has been designed to developed in C. The PIC device does digital signage and other advertising demonstrate a range of colours that the matrix inversion, multiplication applications, achieving exactly the appear on the chromaticity chart. and scaling to produce the desired correct colours has become more These are converted to RGB values, colour. All calculations are done as important as they form part of which are colour-mixed to create the integers. Scaling is done throughout, company brands. This article has resultant colour. Individual LEDs of so that values will not overflow the aimed to give an understanding of red, green and blue colours have l o n g 3 2 b i t v a r i a b l e t y p e . how the colours can be mixed and their duty cycle or brightness how the right mix can be calculated controlled through the PWM H a r d w a r e c o n f i g u r a t i o n using a demonstration board peripherals Each individual PWM The demonstration board is c o n t a i n i n g P I C 1 2 F 1 5 7 2 a n d has 16 bits of resolution, allowing for configured and programmed from PIC16F1455 processors smooth colour transitions even with the factory for operation in slider v e r y l o w d u t y c y c l e s mode To operate the board in this mode, the PIC12F1572 must be

Authors Brian Tompson, Stephen Allen

Power Conversion: The Old Analog versus Digital… or Analog AND Digital?

Emerging hybrid, or mixed-signal, design techniques to satisfy ever more

(See Figure 1) Its power regulation is power conversion controllers entering efficiency requirements The solution: power completely in the analog domain, so there’s

the marketplace are turning the devices must offer more flexibility This no need for a high-performance, high-speed ‘Analog vs. Digital’ mentality into a ‘Best of flexibility can then be used, among other microcontroller Yet, the integrated 8-bit Digital Plus Best of Analog’ pragmatism. things, to: MCU provides a convenient interface to These devices aim to leverage the strengths

1 Enable multi-point power-conversion monitor and adjust the performance of the of both analog and digital solutions, while optimization, rather than optimizing across analog controller, enabling adjustments that mitigating their collective weaknesses. By the entire power-conversion operating have not been possible before In addition to combining analog and digital, it becomes range the flexibility that the integrated MCU adds feasible to incorporate the flexibility offered

2. Perform as part of a system, meaning that by staying with a small, simple design it by digital solutions with the efficient it must be configurable to optimize the becomes feasible to be in a process that performance, transient response, and load system’s efficiency over time, rather than just supports a high degree of integration. Above regulation found in analog solutions. the power-conversion efficiency figure shows that the MCP19111 integrates

Ultimately, we live in an analog world. This

3. Communicate information out to the not just the MCU with an analog controller, puts so digital solutions at a disadvantage system, enabling system optimization but also power MOSFET drivers and a midbecause they require infor mation Digital-power conversion solutions are voltage LDO. This device is capable of (feedback) to be digitized, typically through certainly flexible enough to address the operating over a very wide, 4.5-32V an analog-todigital converter, and then the above needs. Their design, however, is not operating range, needs very few external digital control must be processed in a high- trivial, and requires a significant investment components, and introduces a degree of speed MCU (or DSP). The bandwidth of the in resources, tools and processes. Digital- flexibility in analog control not previously digital control loop is directly related to the control techniques are not similar to analog- available. speed of the A/D conversion as well as the control techniques, thus new resources will

The power-conversion industry continues computational speed of the MCU/DSP Want be needed, including digital-control design to move to Digital Power Conversion, due to more bandwidth? Then higher-speed A/Ds and software engineering. This investment its flexibility and customizability, and Analog and MCUs are required, and, unsurprisingly, proves to be a significant roadblock for many Power conversion technologies will continue are more expensive! Analog’s inherent companies. to offer cost-effective, high-performing strength is that it collects and maintains With these opportunities and challenges p o w e r c o n v e r s i o n s o l u t i o n s . T h e information in the analog domain, so a high- in mind, it makes sense to explore the combination, whether you call it hybrid performance MCU or A/D converter is not possibilities of maintaining the power power conversion, mixed-signal power required. control in the analog domain. Again, this conversion, or simply Analog plus Digital While analog power solutions offer very eliminates the need for additional power conversion—introduces a unique efficient control, it is not very flexible. specialized skills and resources, as well as balance of performance, flexibility and cost Analog power— supply design engineers avoiding increasing product costs stemming that is attractive in many different kinds of must evaluate the performance tradeoffs in from the expensive MCUs and A/D applications the application and then optimize the converters needed for digital control.

analog design over the entire operating

About the

author

space, as well as the load profile Although Enter hybrid Analog AND Digital solutions, Stephen Stella is Product Line that technique has been sufficient for many such as Microchip’s recently released Marketing Manager, Analog & years, market and industry trends, consumer MCP19111. The MCP19111 combines the Interface Products Division, expectations, and government regulations, performance of a peak current-mode analog MicrochipTechnology Inc. are quickly outpacing the ability of analog controller with a small 8-bit microcontroller

convenient locations inside the metro, proven over 3,000 kms. visible to all.

The Central Road Research Institute

Established in 1973, Yamuna Cable Alstom was awarded a contract by (CSIR- CRRI) is the apex national Accessories Pvt. Ltd. (YCAPL) is a LRMC to supply 20 Metropolis trainsets, research organisation for roads, traffic l e a d i n g each composed of four metro cars. The and transport planning in India. It designing/manufacturing/supplier for Metropolis trainsets will circulate on the carries out R&D in the areas of road Power Cable jointing accessories and city's new metro line, which will be and road transportation and provides associated power distribution goods, around 23 km long and will include 22 highest level of professional through its 4 global plants and channel stations, of which 19 elevated and 3 consultancy partners through 35 countries under underground. The line is estimated to Bitchem Asphalt Technologies Ltd. “Densons” brand. carry about 430,000 passengers per (BITCHEM) joined hands with CRRI to

Offering complete range in Resin Cast, day at first, increasing to over 1 million improve rural and district roads Heat Shrink, Cold Shrink and Pre by 2030. connectivity using their technology to Moulded power cable jointing

The metro cars will be produced at enhance the quality road work by using accessories upto 66 kV and Plug in and Alstom's Sri City and Coimbatore green road concept. CSIR-CRRI has Elbow/Straight/T connectors for GIS manufacturing facilities in India. The granted the license to Bitchem on cold and RMU's application. signalling system will be jointly supplied mix technology for maintenance and All products are qualified and type by Alstom's sites in Bangalore, India construction of roads in different tested under qualifying standards in and Saint-Ouen, France. applications in construction like OGPC, NABL approved labs such as CESI, seal coat, BM, SDBC, MSS, slurry seal, CPRI, KEMA, etc. The company's strong patch repairing and micro surfacing. R&D wing in house manufacturing all key inputs, and following strict qualification compliance inputs

NHPC establishes Real Time Seismic Data Centre

A ) C o l d m i x t e c h n o l o g y ensures high quality materials and At its Corporate Office Complex at Cold mix technology is a highly solutions, batch on batch, year on year Faridabad. The Real Time Seismic Data engineered but simple and effective Centre was inaugurated by Shri K.M. solution for road construction and Singh, CMD, NHPC in the presence of maintenance for rural, district and state experts from National Centre for roads, requiring a durable all-weather Seismology, Ministry of Earth Sciences, surface measuring 2 cm in thickness Govt. of India, other senior NHPC over the WBM or old bituminous

Alstom and LMRC unveil the design of Lucknow's Metropolis in India

In the presence of Hon'ble Chief officials and technical experts from ESS, surface with open-graded premix Minister Akhilesh Yadav, Kumar Earth Sciences, Australia and ABEM, carpeting Keshav, Managing Director of LMRC Sweden. Through this state-of-art

This surface is an outcome of Bitchem and Bharat Salhotra, Managing advanced data centre NHPC has now Cold Mix binders containing certain Director of Alstom India and South connected its 18 power stations for performance additives pre-mixed with Asia. receiving the earthquake data graded aggregates (13.2 mm and The design of Alstom's Metropolis for recorded at dams on real time basis. 11.2 mm nominal size) with 2:1 ratio Lucknow is a tribute to the city's cultural NHPC is the only hydropower utility in either at concrete mixer or a centralised richness. The front of the metro has the country to have such data centre pug mill, to provide higher volume of been conceived in the spirit of some of that includes in-house seismic data construction and speedy completion of the city's most important monuments' processing and interpretation road by enhancing the quality of the gates such as Bara-Imambara, the Asifi capabilities. surface. To provide better performance Masjid or the Roomi. At the lower of the surface, a binder is used to finally section of the front, the V cutline seal the surface with a premix seal coat symbolizes the dynamism and rapidity of aggregates and achieving maximum with which the Lucknow metro project sealing of the open pores. has been handled to address the city's

CRRI-Bitchem cold mix

t e c h n o l o g y i s a n e w generation road science technology

In the last 6 years, more than 3,500 high demand for mobility The exterior kms have been executed in challenging livery is both highly modern and very For rural roads construction and conditions of the country The much inspired by the traditional maintenance activities. That can bring technology has proved to be extremely cashmere craftsmanship of Lucknow benefit to the society from 2-3 times construction friendly in remote areas Special attention has been paid to higher progress oriented technology, without need of hot-mix plants, passenger comfort; Metropolis offers with environmental friendly benefits providing 50 per cent higher life of the 186 seats in longitudinal configuration like zero pollution, no smoke - no road surface compared to ordinary hot- and two dedicated zones for heating during black-topping activities mix and the progress of work is 2-3 passengers with reduced mobility. and a higher surface compared to hot- times higher using the same Screens displaying useful travel mix roads and which is tested and equipments. information have been placed in

“Densons brand”

The mix also provides substantial industry-leading technical training and progress through concrete mixers for hands-on, skill-building workshops. A black-topping and since it is a green primary focus will be on the

unit in Savli, Vadodara in India

The world-class facility has been technology, emits no smoke, no performance, safety and durability of designed to meet every need of pollution, saves more than 1,500 litres buildings constructed using Dow welding requirements. Apart from of fuel per km of black topping during Corning silicone materials in a range providing standard welding systems construction with an overall savings of of everyday and specialist applications like automated orbital welding construction which is more than 35 per in new and renovation projects,” Dow systems, mechanised welding cent. Corning said issuing a statement. systems, robotic welding systems, Visitors to SAHAYOG will also be able and automated CNC systems, B)The Green Roads philosophy to see first-hand the company's range Huaheng also manufactures a Green Roads is the philosophy of of high performance building number of customised welding promoting energy-efficient and clean solutions, including their most recent systems to meet customers' construction practices in our country innovations in silicone technology, requirements ? In India, the and look at opportunities to educate some of which were used in the company plans to launch its and promote such technologies which construction of this purpose-built Automated Guided Vehicles (AGV) have immense impact on the socio- facility. One such example is Dow and intelligent storage systems which environmental and economic Corning Transparent Structural Silicone attracted huge attention and conditions of road building Sealant (TSSA), which enhances the appreciation during the inaugural community and the stakeholders benefits of point-fixed architectural e v e n t . involved like engineers, contractors, glass by bonding the bolts which secure

Commenting on the occasion Xu labourers, skilled workmen, the glazing in place using a high- Xujion, Chairman of Huaheng Group technicians and the villagers/ strength silicone film This said, “We are the leading player in communities who participate together revolutionary material allows China in the integrated automatic to create and use these assets created insulating glass, coloured glass welding solutions domain and doing by the central and state authorities in surfaces or functional coating façade business in India for the past 24 their localities. skins to be installed without breaching years. Seeing the increasing Bitchem promotes the Green roads the cavity of the glass and comprising opportunities in India, we are philosophy in the roads sector and the integrity of the façade. expanding our horizon here ” encourages the usage of cold road

The

SAHAYOG Building Solutions

Taking a cue from Xu Xu's statement, paving technologies for reducing Centre will also provide access to Dow Prof. Zhou Kuangxian, Manager in carbon emissions resulting from the Corning's leading Quality Bond Chief, Huaheng India Operation conventional black topping practices, program, which lifts standards of comments, “We are here to be a part eradicating occupational hazards to sealing and bonding to the highest of India's economic development. We workers and engage in environment possible level by implementing w o u l d s u p p o r t t h e I n d i a n friendly construction practices yet standards of best practice in quality manufacturing sector with state-of- providing durable and lasting road control, quality assurance and the-art technology, world-class surfaces. production application with specialist expertise and proven solutions. We silicone applicators. will support the local economy by “Dow Corning first set up dedicated creating direct and indirect operations in India in 2000 to better employment opportunities.” serve a multi-industry customer base Bhavin Dave, Business Head India, Of its India that has been using Dow Corning Huaheng Automation said, “We are o p e r a t i o n s products for more than 30 years. This hugely inspired with government's w i t h t h e new Solutions Centre, which will be 'Make in India' initiative and would opening of operated in partnership with Silicone ? like to partner with Indian t h e Concepts, reinforces the company's manufacturers in achieving their

D o w C o r n i n g o p e n s building solutions centre

S A H A Y O G commitment to the Indian market and manufacturing excellence.”

B u i l d i n g to its customers success,” said Basab Explaining the company's go-to-

S o l u t i o n s Saha, Marketing Manager, High market strategy, Prof Zhou said, “We

C e n t r e i n Performance Building Solutions – Dow are keen on creating a collaborative New Delhi. Corning South Asia. business approach involving sales

“Dedicated to provide technical and dealership representatives as support and customer service, partners. We invite more and more specialists at this new centre will sales and dealership partners to be a collaborate with construction industry part of our journey and create a win- p r o f e s s i o n a l s , p r o v i d i n g win situation for all stakeholders.” comprehensive project support,

Chinese welding major Huaheng unveils its first f a c i l i t y o f f u l l - f l e d g e d fabrication-cum-assembly