Geog revision booklet ec dev

AID

COMPUTER

and

GOAT AID

WATER AID – development aid in Mali

Clark Fisher Model and the stages of development

development

differences in

The Brandt Line and

LONDON –

CITY OF

NIKE IN

pollution

economic

DELTA –

PEARL RIVER

CHINA’s

PERIPHERY

CORE AND

BRAZIL’s

Global pollution from economic activity

tertiary VIETNAM MEXICO – an industry MNCs industrialised country and GERMANY – a deOTTAWA, SLOVAKIA’s CAR industrialised CANADA – INDUSTRY – country PALM OIL – quaternary secondary primary industry industry industry

Employment structures – primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary sectors

Core and periphery, and cumulative causation

Impacts of MNCs on places of origin and MNCs and destination Globalisation

How does aid help develop countries

GEOGRAPHY

TOPIC OVERVIEW

KEYWORDS

DEFINITION

LEDC

MEDC

SOCIAL

GEOGRAPHY

ECONOMIC

ENVIRONMENTAL

DESCRIBE

EXPLAIN

CAUSE

EFFECT/IMPACT

RESPONSES

GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

AMENITY VALUE

APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY

BACK OFFICES

GEOGRAPHY

BALANCE OF TRADE

CARBON FOOTPRINT

CUMULATIVE CAUSATION

DEINDUSTRIALISATION

DEVELOPMENT

ECONOMIC CORE REGION

ECONOMIC MIGRANTS

ECONOMIES OF SCALE

E-­‐TAILING

EXPONENTIAL GROWTH

EXPORTS

EXTENSIVE FARMING

FARMERS MARKET

FOOD MILES

FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT

FREE TRADE

GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT (GDP)

GEOGRAPHY

GDP AT PURCHASING POWER PARITY

GLOBALISATION

GROSS NATIONAL INCOME

HIGH-­‐TECHNOLOGY CLUSTER

IMPORTS

INFORMAL SECTOR

INFRASTRUCTURE

INTERNATIONAL AID

MULTINATIONAL COMPANIES (MNCs)

MULTIPLIER EFFECT

NEW INTERNATIONAL DIVISION OF LABOUR

NEWLY INDUSTRIALISED COUNTRIES (NICs)

NON-­‐GOVERNMENTAL ORGANISATIONS (NGO’S)

NICHE MARKETS

NORTH-­‐SOUTH DIVIDE

OPTIMUM LOCATION

OPTIMUM POPULATION TOTAL (OPT)

GEOGRAPHY

OUTSOURCING

PERIPHERY

PRODUCT CHAIN

QUALITY OF LIFE

REGION

REINDUSTRIALISATION

SEASONAL EMPLOYMENT

SUBSIDIES AND GRANTS

TARIFF

TRADE DEFICIT

TRADE SURPLUS

• • • • •

Life Expectancy - The expected number of years somebody is likely to live when they are born Gross Domestic Product (GDP) - the value of goods/services produced by a country, divided by the total population (given in US$) Economic Growth - the increase in the amount of goods and services produced by a country Infant Mortality Rate - The number of babies that die before their first birthday, expressed as per 1000 of the population Adult Literacy Rate - the % of the adult population who can both read and write

QUALITY OF LIFE:

GEOGRAPHY

•

WEALTH = the amount of money or material possessions that an individual or country possesses. Wealth is a narrow concept as it refers to money alone, and does not include other things that may be important to our happiness or QUALITY OF LIFE.

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT • Development that meets the needs of the present without harming the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

WHY DOES DEVELOPMENT NEED TO BE MORE SUSTAINABLE? • future generations may have a lower quality of life • Rapid industrialisation may lead to large scale pollution of land, air and water • Rising incomes and globalisation may undermine local traditions, leading to social breakdown and culture becoming the same globally

HOW DO WE MEASURE WEALTH?

• GDP or Gross Domestic Product is the value of goods/services produced in a country in a year. It measures the wealth of a country in US$.

THINK!!!

GEOGRAPHY

Describe the global distribution of GDP per capita on the map to the right.

What continents are the rich and poor nations? Ext: Are there any anomalies?

THE GAP BETWEEN THE RICH AND THE POOR CONTINUES TO GET WIDER • •

The 100 richest people have more money than the poorest 2 billion In 1990, Americans were 38 times richer than Tanzania. By 2004 they were 61 times richer

GDP at purchasing power parity (PPP$) • A way of saying that the cost of living in each country has been taken into account. That’s because a US$ buys more in some countries than others.

Falling behind most others in a community of country, determined by inclusion in a bottom-income group, such as the poorest 10 per cent

If his or her income does not allow them to support themselves and/or family through purchasing the basic needs of life, such as food and clothes

THINK!!!

Choose one – agree or disagree and then explain your answer: 1. Measuring average wealth is not useful as it hides the extremes of rich and poor.

2. It is impossible to measure all the wealth generated in a country.

3. In the modern world, money gives us the important things in life.

GEOGRAPHY DEPARTMENT

THE BRANDT LINE A general distinction between countries in the rich, developed ‘North’ and the poor, developing ‘South’. These terms were first used in a report North-South: A Programme for Survival in 1980, written by Willy Brandt.

Problems/limitations of the Brandt Line • it was purely based on GDP as there were no other factors measuring development in 1980 • it does not take into account quality of life, literacy rates or life expectancy • its relevance has changed since 1980 because of the global nature of foreign investment, labour and trade • NICs did not exist in 1980

MOST DEVELOPED COUNTRIES A. Largest countries in the region B. Countries with abundant natural resources C. Newly industrialised countries EXAMPLES: Brazil, Russia, China, India

MOST DEVELOPED COUNTRIES A. Land locked or island developing countries B. Countries with few natural resources C. Countries seriously affected by natural hazards or ongoing war EXAMPLES: Mauritania, Cambodia, Burkina Faso

In 2010, seven of the world’s most vulnerable countries published a plan for their future - the Dili Declaration. To promote development, they will: • Increase political freedom THINK!!!

• Improve safety and security Which of these factors do you think is most • Resolve conflicts peacefully • Create employment important? Put these factors in order of • Manage natural resources sustainably appearance and then explain how your ‘Top • Co-operate with neighbours 3’ will improve people’s lives.

GEOGRAPHY

HDI = Measure of development based on a combination of: -

Life expectancy Education (adult literacy, how many children go to school) GDP per capita (PPP$)

Every year, the United Nations publishes a report ranking countries and their level of development using HDI – with a value between 0 (least developed) and 1 (most developed)

Economic and social reasons that explain how countries develop: • Skilled but relatively low-cost workforce • Cultural traditions that promote education and achievement • Governments welcome foreign direct investment (FDI) from TNCs • Advantages in terms of population size •

STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT

THINK!!!

Name a country for each of the 4 stages

Brazil, Russia, India and China have developed so much in the last 15 years that many people consider them to be the superpowers of the future.

WHAT ARE THE PHYSICAL CHALLENGES COUNTRIES FACE? Isolation from world markets High transport costs Lack of access to sea transport

• •

Improve road, rail and air networks Get loans and technical help from MEDCs

GEOGRAPHY

• • •

HOW CAN THESE CHALLENGES BE OVERCOME?

This map shows that human development is actually decreasing in some countries.

Why is this?

•

•

They face a physical barrier to trade as they are mainly landlocked They have a history of violent conflict

WHAT IS AID The giving of resources (money, food, goods, technology, etc.) by one country or organisation to another poorer country to help improve the economy and quality of life in the poorer country.

EMERGENCY (SHORT-TERM) AID = given to people to solve immediate needs e.g. food parcels given to people in famine DEVELOPMENT (LONG-TERM) AID = given to people to improve the development of an area over time e.g. computers, school and education programmes in LDCs/LEDCs

GEOGRAPHY

THE TWO TYPES OF AID

There are two types of official government aid: • BILATERAL AID – Given directly from one country to another (e.g. Portugal gives aid to Mozambique) • MULTILATERAL AID – Provided by many countries and organised by an international body such as the U.N.(e.g. France, UK, USA & Spain give money to the U.N. who then distributes money and resources around the world • THINK!!!

If you were to donate some money to help end poverty- what sort of aid would you choose? Is this ‘Short-term emergency aid’ or ‘Long-term development aid’?

Explain your choice!

To reduce and stop poverty by: -

• •

•

Foreign exchange gap: Many LEDCs lack the money to pay for imports such as oil and machinery that are vital for development Savings gap: When population pressures and other drains on expenditure mean a country does not have enough money to spend on development of infrastructure (hospitals/schools etc) Technical gap: When a country does not have enough of the skilled people needed for development (i.e. engineers, doctors, teachers).

THINK!!!

Should MEDCs donate money to LEDCs to help them develop? Or is it the responsibility of LEDC governments to develop on their own. What do you think?

Background: • • • • •

Mali, in West Africa, is one of the world’s poorest countries – GDP of $1200 per year.

Mali has a population of around 12 million.

Currently 65% of Mali is desert or semi-desert Only 50% of the population have sustainable access to a safe water supply.

WaterAid has been working in Mali since 2000.

Problems: •

•

WaterAid’s main concern is that the Mali’s water industry frequently fails to provide services to the poorest urban and rural areas.

GEOGRAPHY

Solutions: WaterAid is running a scheme in the slums surrounding Mali’s capital Bamako, providing clean water and sanitation services to the poorest people.

• WaterAid has financed the construction of the area’s water network.

• Training local people to manage and maintain the system, and to raise the money needed to keep it going. Encouraging the community to invest in its own infrastructure is an important part of the philosophy of the project.

KEY DEFINITION APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY: aid supplied whereby the level of technology and skills required to service it are properly suited to the conditions in the receiving country e.g. WaterAid in Mali

Impacts: •

•

• •

WaterAid’s project in Mali is a good example of how long-term development aid helps through safe water, sanitation and hygiene education

The combination of safe water and hygiene education maximizes health benefits and promotes development.

The number of deaths caused by diarrhoeal diseases have been cut by 65%.

In the longer term, communities are able to build infrastructure.

Life in times of drought is eased by projects facilitated by Water Aid including taps, school toilet blocks and wells.

Background:

• •

Another example of long-term development aid As a Christmas gift, giving a goat or sponsoring a goat has become a popular present for people in MEDCs

•

People in LEDCs (rural Africa e.g. Tanzania) can use a small herd of goats to increase their social and economic quality of life

GEOGRAPHY

Benefits of Goat Aid • An example of appropriate technology – they are low maintenance and do not require any specialist knowledge. And they can help some of the poorest people.

Disadvantages of Goat Aid Some criticism has included: • Goats actually create problems as they need grazing land, water and veterinary care, all of which are in short supply in sub-Saharan Africa • Their feet and constant grazing creates soil erosion and desertification (the turning of fertile land into infertile desert)

With this goat I am now somebody. I won’t miss food again. It was very difficult before but my family can now sell a goat, and with these profits I can go to school.

THINK!!!

Explain how Goat Aid is an example of longterm development aid. Do you think that projects such as this help people in LEDCs to develop their quality of life?

What’s Computer Aid all about?

•

GEOGRAPHY

•

Computer Aid International (UK) asks businesses and organisations to donate unwanted computers to support health projects across the world, particularly in Africa.

Lack of access to sea transport

DISADVANTAGES • •

•

There are examples across Africa where the equipment has been unreliable There is insufficient staff to offer technical support (it is not appropriate technology as the locals do not know how to maintain them) Many projects fail to consider the running costs of computers and some areas to not have enough reliable electricity to power them

•

PRIMARY – The extraction of raw materials from the ground

•

SECONDARY – The manufacturing of the raw materials into a finished product

•

TERTIARY - The provision of goods and services e.g. retailing, nursing

•

QUATERNARY - Jobs involved in providing information and expert help, IT or research and development

PRODUCT CHAIN = the full sequence of activities needed to turn raw materials into a finished product

GEOGRAPHY

INDIA

ETHIOPIA

UK

LEDC NIC

MEDC

MEDCs have more of their people in tertiary employment. NICs are developing – often through manufacture (secondary) – so have people in all 3 sectors. People in LEDCs are mainly in primary sector employment.

Triangular graphs are used to compare employment sectors between countries.

China’s employment structure is in the table above, and has been drawn on the triangular graph to the left.

THINK!!!

China is a NIC and it is in the middle of the graph. Whereabouts on triangular graphs would LEDC and MEDCs be plotted? Explain your answer.

GEOGRAPHY

As an economy advances with time, the proportion of people employed in each sector changes.

THE CLARK-FISHER MODEL –shows that as a country develops, its employmet structure 1. People are mainly changes through time. employed in farming 2. People are mainly employed in service industries eg doctors, shop workers and some as researchers and in IT 3. We start to import our food from developing and developed countries, e.g. rice, oranges, chocolate 4. People start to demand TV’s, clothes and cars so they need to be manufactured

5. As people become THE CLARK-FISHER MODEL –shows that as a country wealthier they start to develops, its employment structure changes through time. demand beauticians, lawyers, schools and use Limitations of the Clark-Fisher model: aeroplanes more • It does not take into account globalisation 6. The amount of people working in factories • It does not take into account dramatic technological becomes greater than changes and inventions those in primary jobs • It assumes full employment (no unemployment) and e.g. farming this is not realistic

KEY TERM • INDUSTRIALISATION – When industrial activity (secondary sector) e.g. manufacturing becomes more important in a country and primary e.g. farming jobs fall

• • • •

Traditionally, jobs in Mexico were based in farming and traditional manufacturing industries e.g. textiles. (primary sector) Now – manufacturing is based on chemical production and food processing (secondary sector) as it is more profitable than farming Businesses want to locate to Mexico as land and labour is cheap.

The Government is now also trying to encourage the tertiary sector e.g. Tourism.

THINK!!!

With increased industrialisation and an increase in the secondary sector (manufacturing), people in Mexico are moving from the countryside to cities to find work (rural to urban migration/urbanisation). What are the problems that Mexican cities face as a result of rapid urban growth?

KEY TERM

• DE-INDUSTRIALISATION – A decline in industrial (secondary activity) in an area and the growth of tertiary (services) and quarternary (IT and research) sectors.

• •

GEOGRAPHY

•

•Germany de-industrialised in the 1970’s when most manufacturing (secondary) industries located to cheaper places i.e. other countries (NICs and LEDCs) The main jobs are now in tertiary e.g. services and quarternary e.g. car and technology research Now Germany also has some smaller manufacturing industries involved in research (in expensive goods) e.g. Luxury car production

A major change to the global economy has been the increase in OUTSOURCING – companies give (outsource) their work to other companies in different countries (NICs) where labour and other costs are much lower. E.g. Many UK and US companies have outsourced their call centres to India.

THINK!!!

Some companies that outsourced functions overseas are now moving them back to the UK. Discuss why this is happening.

Outsourcing of ‘back office’ functions Over the last 20 years, routine ‘back office’ jobs (call centres, administration) have been moved away from core locations such as The City to less expensive sites to reduce costs to: - Elsewhere in the UK (such as Newcastle and Scotland where wages are lower) - LEDCs/NICs with pools of cheaper labour able to handle such tasks The main ways relocation of ‘back office’ jobs can reduce costs are in terms of labour cost and office rent. Moving away from London to lower wage regions and countries therefore allows outsourcing to reduce costs and increase profits.

DEMAND FOR PALM OIL • •

•

Palm oil is used by every one - used in processed or prepared foods such as bread, cakes, breakfast cereals and ready meals, as well as ice cream, margarine and crisps.

Palm oil is also cheaper than other types of oils.

By 2020, Europe wants 10% of its fuel to be from palm oil. China wants 15% and its use as a biofuel is growing fast.

MALAYSIA & INDONESIA (BOTH IN SOUTHEAST ASIA) • In 2007, Indonesia overtook Malaysia as the world’s largest producer of palm oil.

• Over ½ of Malaysia’s cultivated land is taken over with enormous palm plantations.

GEOGRAPHY

Factors

Palm oil plantations need...

Climate • Temperatures of 25-28°C • Plenty of sunshine and rainfall Site • Deep, well drained fertile soil • Huge areas of land Labour/ • Hard work to machinery pick the fruit • Special machinery to extract and refine the oil Government • Research to support increase quality and production • Roads and ports for export

South-East Asia has...

• •

• •

• •

•

•

•

Humid tropical climate Rainfall of 20004000mm per year Deep tropical soils Untouched tropical rainforest inhabited by tribal groups Low paid migrant workers Major companies investing in processing and refining Malaysian government research into new varieties since 1960s Road development centred on major cities

•

The palm oil industry is having a devastating impact on orang-utans – they like eating the palm oil fruit in the plantations; farmers don’t like this so they have been killing the orangutans even though they are protected under national laws.

Malaysia and Indonesia’s palm oil expansion has destroyed millions of hectares of rainforest. This deforestation is greater than the rate of deforestation due to logging in the Amazon rainforest!

THINK!!!

For a named primary industry, explain the economic benefits it brings and describe how it damages the environment

CAN PALM OIL BE FARMED SUSTAINABLY? • The Indonesian and Malaysian governments are now concerned about their environment, and they are helping small scale farmers of palm oil.

• These people increase their wealth through palm oil production – and can send their children to school – but they also farm it in an environmentally sustainable way.

GEOGRAPHY

WHY IS SLOVAKIA A SUCCESSFUL CAR MANUFACTURER? • Relatively low labour costs (wages) compared to Western Europe • A highly skilled workforce • Low taxation • Low transport costs as it is near to the market of Western Europe • Stable country with government incentives for foreign investment • Good infrastructure around the capital of Bratislava

WHY IS LONDON A GLOBAL CITY? • Business activity • Human capital (educated, intelligent people) • Information exchange (stock exchanges etc) • Cultural experience • Political influence TERTIARY INDUSTRY IN LONDON • The City of London is the most important concentration for tertiary industry in the UK and perhaps the world.

• Around 300,000 people work there every day, 75% of whom in banking, finance, insurance and business services.

• The West End specialises in retailing, theatres, hotels and restaurants and The City and Canary Wharf are mainly finance and business.

• to stay as a leading centre for business, London’s Economic Development Unit is responsible for keeping its global position.

BACKGROUND • Slovakia became an independent country only 18 years ago. Yet in that short time, through hard work and economic opportunism, it has become a car manufacturing power.

Slovakia has been making more cars per capita than any other country in the world.

WHICH COMPANIES ARE THERE? • A Volkswagen plant produced 250,000 cars per year and employing 8700 people.

• In 2006, Peugeot opened a factory that will export 300,000 cars to Western Europe.

• Also in 2006, Hyundai invested US$1.4 billion in a factory.

CITY OF LONDON FACTFILE • US$1359 billion foreign exchange turnover each day (34% of global share).

• The world’s leading market for international insurance.

• 75% of the world’s largest 500 companies located in London.

• 254 foreign banks in London.

• 692 foreign companies listed on the London Stock Exchange.

GEOGRAPHY

• •

High technology industry is the fastest growing type of industry in the world.

These industries occur in NICs and MEDCs in high-technology clusters – where high-tech group together because their location factors are similar and benefit from being close together.

WHY OTTAWA? Ottawa is a popular location for high-tech industry because: • It is the capital city of the region.

• Ottawa’s two universities are famous for science and engineering, and have strong links with high-tech firms.

• Many of the companies set up in the area due to government grants, and many now rely on government contracts for work.

• It is close to Canadian and US markets where many of the products are sold.

• Ottawa is a pleasant place to live – this helps attract highly skilled workers internationally.

OTTAWA

• •

High-tech companies in Ottawa include Dell, Hewlett-Packard, IBM and Cisco Systems.

1841 high-tech companies were in Ottawa in 2007, employing over 78,000 people.

KEY TERM DEFINITIONS • MULTINATIONAL COMPANY A MNC (or TNC) is a multi(trans)national company that has a global influence, with offices and manufacturing locations across the world.

• GLOBALISATION The increasing interconnectedness and interdependence of the world economically, culturally and politically.

ADVANTAGES OF MNCs • They are key to the success of today’s global economy.

• Cheaper imports from LEDCs benefit consumers in MEDCs • Exports rise in LEDCs - this generates income and encourages investment.

• Global shifts allow job opportunities in other countries.

• New technology leads to people learning new skills.

GEOGRAPHY

DISADVANTAGES OF MNCs • Exploitation of workers in LEDCs (sweat shops) as MNCs try to make as much profit as possible.

• job losses in MEDCs as production shifts to areas with lower wages in LEDCs. • New jobs in urban areas promote rural-urban migration. This can cause urban areas lots of problems.

• Production in LEDCs where environmental laws are limited, and global pollution increases.

•

• •

• • •

•

Generally globalisation has benefitted those with good qualifications and skills in the UK e.g. City of London The wealth gap is widening the decline in manufacturing in MEDCs such as the UK is concerning, with these jobs moved to LEDCs/NICs Everywhere is the same – ‘clone towns’ with Tesco, Costa, McDonalds etc MNCs have increased their market share, forcing local shops out of business The USA produces the most CO2 emissions though NICs such as China are quickly catching up Growing international pressure groups such as Friends of the Earth – part of the rise of global civil society – are trying to raise awareness of global pollution

NIKE AND VIETNAM •

• •

Nike employs 650,000 contract workers in 700 factories worldwide – its global headquarters are in Beaverton, Oregon, USA. It has 34 factories in Vietnam and more than 75% of this workforce is based in Asia (with many workers being women under the age of 25).

Nike doesn’t make its shoes/clothes itself – it SUBCONTRACTS out production (basically factories make the goods and are allowed to put the Nike brand on them).

Nike EXPLOITS Vietnam’s cheap workforce to increase its PROFITS.

ADVANTAGES OF NIKE FOR VIETNAM • • •

•

GEOGRAPHY

• •

creates employment pays higher wages than local companies The success of a global brand has helped attract other TNCs to Vietnam – setting off the process of cumulative causation 75 million pairs of Nike shoes are made in Vietnam each year – increases exports Nike pays tax that goes to the Vietnam government that helps infrastructure Improves the skills of local people

DISADVANTAGES OF NIKE FOR VIETNAM • • • •

Exploitation of its people (low wages, poor working conditions) in so called ‘sweatshop’ conditions concerns about the political influence of TNCs – some have a higher turnover than the wealth of some LEDCs! global culture and ways of work are eroding local traditions investment could be withdrawn from Vietnam to other low cost countries at short notice

Apple has its headquarters in the USA, gets tin from a mine in Indonesia as it’s cheap and they have the raw materials, has high tech chip producing factories in Japan and south Korea as they have the highly skilled workers and technology. They have an iphone assembly factory in China where there is a large cheap labour force.

The Foxconn factory , is in the Pearl River Delta, in Shenzen, China ADVANTAGES TO CHINA Apple have educational programs for workers around the world. More than 750,000 people have taken advantage of these college-level courses and enrichment programs.

Apple will build 200 megawatts of solar energy projects in China and work with local suppliers to source more renewable energy, Apple employ 1400 people to oversee manufacturing in China who are trained to speak up when they see safety risks or mistreatment.

China is benefitting from the multiplier effect.

DISADVANTAGES TO CHINA In 2010, 18 workers threw themselves from the tops of the company's buildings, 14 people committed suicide that year.

Chinese environmental groups accused Apple of doing nothing to stop its suppliers polluting the country by emitting toxic gases and discharging heavy metal sludge which contaminated rivers.

A Panorama film showed exhausted workers falling asleep on their 12-hour shifts at factories in China which assemble the iphone.

An investigation found evidence of forced overtime (working more than your regular hours) at the Chinese factory and failure to report accidents.

KEY DEFINITIONS • ECONOMIC

CORE

The most highly developed region in a country with advanced systems of infrastructure and high levels of investment, resulting in high average income.

• PERIPHERY The parts of a country outside the economic core region. The level of economic development in the periphery is significantly below that of the core.

• THINK!!!

What factors influence core and periphery areas in a country?

GEOGRAPHY

BACKGROUND • Brazil is a rapidly developing NIC, and now the sixth largest economy in the world with a population of 198 million people.

• For the last 50 years, southeast Brazil has seen continued growth, and the success of the first wave of TNCs has seen more and more locate there. This is known as the process of cumulative causation.

BRAZIL’S SOUTHEAST CORE • Brazil’s core has developed through a combination of physical and economic factors.

• Its “Golden Triangle” – based around 3 large cities of Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo, Belo Horizonte is home to 66% of Brazil’s industry.

• They generate 90% of Brazil’s wealth.

• the southeast is fortunate to have a warm, temperate climate which aids development compared to periphery areas where drought is common.

• Large ports along the Atlantic Coast are very important for importing and exporting for Brazil.

• The core is home to huge reserves of iron and sizeable reserves of gold and gemstones, including emerald, topaz and aquamarine.

BRAZIL’S PERIPHERY • Northern Brazil very sparsely populated, with many areas having less than 1 person per km2.

• Poor soil fertility which reduces agricultural demand.

• The scale of the Amazon rainforest also makes settlement very difficult.

• The climate is also less preferential in the Northern/Central regions as it is hotter and a lot more humid with greater rainfall.

• The difficult climates of areas such as Sertão, in the North, where there are frequent droughts.

PRIMARY, SECONDARY, TERTIARY AND QUATERNARY INDUSTRY IN BRAZIL’S CORE •

PRIMARY – rich soils good for farming coffee, fruit; large gold and iron ore deposits

• • •

SECONDARY – foreign investment in large car factories (Ford, Toyota, VW)

TERTIARY – Sao Paulo is the largest financial/banking centre in South America QUATERNARY – research and development, particularly in the aviation industry

GEOGRAPHY GLOBE ACADEMY GEOGRAPHY DEPARTMENT

Levels of pollution in MEDCs have generally fallen because: • Strict environmental legislation – getting companies that pollute to pay for the cost of their actions.

• Industries spend more money on research into reducing their levels of pollution • The relocation of the most polluting activities – heavy manufacturing to LEDCs! • Therefore pollution from industries is a global problem THINK!!!

Do MEDCs have a moral responsibility to LEDCs to clear up the damage caused by ‘exporting’ pollution?

BACKGROUND • The Pearl River Delta a region that employs over 30 million people.

• A centre of manufacturing and modern industries.

• However, in this industrial area the environment is being put under a huge strain, and there is the future challenge of continuing to grow economically while trying to protect its environment.

ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS • 3 major environmental problems in the Pearl River Delta are air pollution, water pollution and deforestation.

• The high concentration of factories and power stations is the source of the problem, along with the growing number of cars.

• 8 in 10 rainfalls in Guangzhou were classified as acid rain. This is caused by the region’s factories pumping sulphur dioxide and nitrous oxide into the atmosphere.

• Half of the region’s wastewater is not treated before it is dumped into the rivers, home of the endangered Pearl River Dolphin • The rapid growth in these cities has meant that forested areas have now made way for housing and industry.

THINK!!!

The average income in the Pearl River Delta has increased greatly. Was it worth it?

TACKLING THE POLLUTION The Chinese government is committed to try to reduce pollution. This includes: • Stricter pollution regulations on factories • Tougher national regulations on vehicle emissions • Higher sewage treatment charges