Composition skills Answer Keys

Developing Composition Skills: Academic Writing and Grammar 3rd Edition Instructor’s Manual with Answer Key

Developing Composition Skills: Academic Writing and Grammar 3rd Edition

Instructor’s Manual with Answer Key Mary K. Ruetten

Contents: Introduction

Page 2

Answer Key Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Chapter 8 Appendix 2

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Page 2 Page 5 Page 8 Page 12 Page 15 Page 18 Page 21 Page 25 Page 30

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Developing Composition Skills: Academic Writing and Grammar 3rd Edition Instructor’s Manual with Answer Key

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Introduction The Third Edition of Developing Composition Skills: Academic Writing Grammar presents an integrated program of writing for intermediate students of English as a second or foreign language (ESL/EFL). It combines extensive practice in rhetorical strategies and techniques with a review of appropriate grammatical structures and verb tenses. Its appendices serve as a handbook for writing, grammar, and mechanics. The primary audience is the academically oriented ESL/EFL student; however, the text also can be useful in developmental writing courses for native speakers who could benefit from more guidance in writing compositions.

Chapter 1: Introducing the Paragraph EXERCISE 1 (Pages 11-12) 1. a. n.; b. adj.; c. v.

2. a. n.; b. v.

3. a. n.; b. v.

4. a. adj.; b. adj.; c. v.

5. a. n.; b. v.; c. n.

EXERCISE 2 (Page 12) 1. brief; detailed 2. possible/logical; only 3. provide/offer/give 4. brief EXERCISE 3 (Page 13) Topics are underlined. Controlling ideas are highlighted.

1. Receiving an F on my report card was a humiliating experience.

2. When I was a child, my grandfather’s backyard was a magical place.

3. One reason I admire Nelson Mandela is that he never gave up.

4. The first step in learning how to do word processing is the hardest.

5. The biggest difference in education between the two countries is the number of subjects students must take.

EXERCISE 4 (Page 14) 1. b 2. b 3. a 4. b 5. a

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Developing Composition Skills: Academic Writing and Grammar 3rd Edition Instructor’s Manual with Answer Key

EXERCISE 5 (Pages 14-15) Topics are underlined. Controlling ideas are highlighted.

1. Many people do not like ads on TV, but ads are actually useful because they give consumers a lot of information.

2. Thus, the computer has really speeded up the checkout process in stores.

3. People can learn a number of different languages just by shopping on Flatbush Avenue, one of the main streets in Brooklyn, New York.

EXERCISE 6 (Page 16) Answers will vary. Possible responses: 1. Writing plays a very important role in helping me understand my feelings.

2. The summers I spent on my grandparents’ farm were very special to me.

EXERCISE 7 (Page 17) Topic is underlined. Controlling idea is highlighted.

Answers will vary. Possible responses: The Internet can help college students succeed by providing easy access to information on almost any subject area.

Support learn about cultures through reading, looking at pictures and watching videos learn foreign languages helps with translation find a tutor or other help find information instantly EXERCISE 8 (Pages 17-18) Answers will vary. Possible responses: 1. Support: Parents can pay for some or all of their children’s tuition and fees.

Support: They may offer to pay for school supplies, such as textbooks.

Support: Parents can pay for tutoring.

2. Support: Drivers with only one hand on the wheel may not be able to control the car.

Support: Drivers using cell phones may not hear emergency vehicles immediately.

Support: Drivers may not react quickly in an emergency because their attention is distracted.

3. Support: News shows use current vocabulary and show pictures.

Support: Soap operas and talk shows include conversations.

Support: TV shows and commercials often show speakers’ faces up close.

EXERCISE 9 (Page 19) 1. a. Key words: Flatbush Avenue, learn, languages b. Answers will vary. Possible response: You can easily discover a variety of new languages on Flatbush Avenue.

2. a. Key words: the Internet, easy access to information, success/succeed b. Answers will vary. Possible response: Therefore, access to the wealth of information on the internet is the key to a successful college career.

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Developing Composition Skills: Academic Writing and Grammar 3rd Edition Instructor’s Manual with Answer Key

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EXERCISE 10 (Page 19) Answers will vary. Possible responses: 1. TV Ads: Annoying but Helpful 2. Speeding Up the Checkout Process 3. Flatbush Avenue: A Mecca for Language Learners EXERCISE 11 (Page 20) Answers will vary.

EXERCISE 12 (Page 21) 1. Topic sentence: The most obvious reason to recycle waste is to save resources.

Irrelevant: Picking up all the trash paper along the road also makes the environment neat and clean.

2. Topic sentence: Ms. Jackson was the best teacher I ever had.

Irrelevant: Our lives were pretty difficult because most students came from poor families.

EXERCISE 13 (Pages 22-23) Suggested order of sentences: 1. (1), (2), (6), (3), (4), (11), (5), (7), (8), (9), (10), (12), (13) 2. (1), (2), (3), (4), (6), (5), (9), (7), (8), (10), (11), (12), (13) EXERCISE 14 (Page 25) Connecting word or words are highlighted.

1. When consumers see these ads, they think about all this information.

2. Because many grocery stores use computers, checking out is fast.

3. I was surprised to hear him speak my language, so I asked him where he had learned Creole.

4. When the poem was over, everyone clapped.

5. One day I heard him speaking Spanish, and I asked him where he had learned it.

6. The dealer’s ads will show the Camry over and over again and tell the consumer that the Camry has power windows and a big engine.

7. He would call on someone who didn’t know the answer and then he would tease that person.

8. Although I knew the poem by heart, I was still nervous.

EXERCISE 15 (Page 25) Answers will vary. Possible responses: 1. Credit cards are useful, so you should apply for one.

Credit cards are useful. Therefore, you should apply for one.

Because credit cards are useful, you should apply for one..

2. You can use them in the grocery store; moreover, you can buy plane tickets with them.

You can use them in the grocery store, and you can buy plane tickets with them.

3. They are easy to use; however, you have to pay the bill at the end of the month.

They are easy to use, but you have to pay the bill at the end of the month.

Although they are easy to use, you have to pay the bill at the end of the month.

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EXERCISE 16 (Page 27) Answers will vary.

EXERCISE 17 (Page 28) Answers will vary.

EXERCISE 18 (Page 29) Answers will vary.

EXERCISE 19 (Page 30) Answers will vary.

EXERCISE 20 (Page 30) Topic is underlined. Controlling idea is highlighted.

1. Topic sentence: Language is one of the most difficult things foreigners face in another country.

2. Language is one of the most difficult things foreigners face in another country.

3. Yes 4. No. The last six sentences are about food.

5. No. The paragraph has two main ideas.

6. Answers will vary.

7. Answers will vary.

EXERCISE 21 (Page 31) - Editing Writing has always been my passion. When I was young, I began writing short stories. I wrote one every night and put my work in my desk. At first, I didn’t show them to anyone because I felt shy. However, one day I decided to give my stories to my teacher to read. She really liked them. I was very happy and proud. That was the beginning of my life as a writer.

EXERCISE 22 (Page 31) Answers will vary.

Chapter 2: Narrative EXERCISE 1(Page 43) 1. punish 2. betrayal 3. collision 4. appearance 5. punishment 6. forgiveness

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Developing Composition Skills: Academic Writing and Grammar 3rd Edition Instructor’s Manual with Answer Key

EXERCISE 2 (Page 43) 1. sudden/physical 2. changed 3. public 4. made 5. gave/had EXERCISE 3 (Pages 44-46) Answers will vary. Possible responses: 1. Sometimes you can feel grateful not to get something you thought you really wanted.

2. I learned the hard way that friendship and money do not always mix.

3. The day I met my future bride, I was anxious.

4. I was living in Moscow when political control of my country shifted and changed our lives.

EXERCISE 4 (Page 46) Answers will vary.

EXERCISE 5 (Page 47) 1. Incident: applying for a travel scholarship Controlling idea: made me feel grateful 2. Incident: loaning Dax money Controlling idea: lose a friend over money 3. Incident: meeting the girl he was going to marry.

Controlling idea: anxious 4. Incident: coup in Moscow Controlling idea: the shift in government was frightening and dangerous Events 1.

A scholarship was offered.

I applied for the scholarship.

My family didn’t have a lot of money.

I didn’t win the scholarship.

My mother bought tickets for the opera.

I met the man who ran the opera company.

He invited me to apply for a summer internship.

I won a scholarship to music school.

I traveled to Italy.

2.

Dax called about this problem.

Dax’s friend lied to Dax about his car accident.

Dax lied to his insurance company.

The insurance company sued Dax. Dax had to pay for his lawyer and car repair.

I lent him $200.

Dax called and said he couldn’t repay the money.

Dax called and asked for another loan.

I refused to loan him more and he called me greedy.

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Details Students would study in Italy for the summer.

It covered all expenses, including food.

My father was a factory worker.

My mother was a hairdresser.

I was so disappointed that I almost cried.

Her client arranged for us to go backstage.

I told him I wanted to be an opera singer.

I auditioned and got the internship.

The school was prestigious.

I sang in the opera in Italy.

I thought he was a nice, honest guy.

Insurance company refused to pay.

He spent $4,000.

I felt sorry for him.

The situation continued for six months.

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Developing Composition Skills: Academic Writing and Grammar 3rd Edition Instructor’s Manual with Answer Key

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A girl moved to my city.

I told my mother I wanted to marry her.

My mother spoke with the girl’s mother and she agreed.

I went with his parents to visit her.

I stayed with the men.

I entered the room where the girl was.

My mother sat me down and forced me to look at the girl.

I didn’t talk to the girl.

4.

It was morning.

I called his friend’s house and found out there had been a coup.

I didn’t believe it, so I turned on the TV. I listened to the radio and heard about the president.

I was sixteen years old.

I wore my best clothes.

We drank tea and talked about some business.

My heart started beating faster and faster.

I started sweating.

Suddenly my mother took hold of my head.

She was shy.

A beautiful and great day.

Since there was a symphony orchestra playing the same music on all channels, I knew something had happened.

Strong people should take over.

I was so nervous that I almost cried.

I didn’t know what to do.

I found a posted announcement.

I went to the protest near the parliament building.

I knew that it was dangerous.

I stayed there for two nights.

EXERCISE 6 (Page 47) Answers will vary.

EXERCISE 7 (Page 48) Answers will vary.

EXERCISE 8 (Page 48) Answers will vary.

EXERCISE 9 (Page 49) 1. However, I recently learned that being late for an event is better than not getting there at all.

2. Yes, it is. Yes, they do.

3. Yes, they are.

4. Answers will vary.

5. Answers will vary.

EXERCISE 10 (Page 52) 1. from 2. until/at/before/by 3. When/As soon as/The moment that/After/Once 4. before/on/during/by 5. after PHOTOCOPIABLE © Heinle

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Developing Composition Skills: Academic Writing and Grammar 3rd Edition Instructor’s Manual with Answer Key

6. until 7. last/on 8. when/after/as soon as 9. whenever/when 10. During/In; at/by/before EXERCISE 11 (Pages 52-53) When; First; When; From that moment; Finally; Then; Now EXERCISE 12 (Pages 53-54) - Editing 1. When I was young, I used to work in my father’s grocery store every afternoon. The school bus would drop me off at the store and then my father would drive me home for dinner.

2. One day, my father asked me to deliver some groceries to a woman who lived down the street.

3. I didn’t know her well, but she used to come in my father’s store almost every day.

4. We didn’t use to deliver, but she was a very good customer.

5. On that day, she called and said that she was sick.

6. When I got there, she was very grateful, and she gave me a five-dollar tip.

7. That was a lot of money for me.

8. After that, I delivered her groceries whenever she called.

EXERCISE 13 (Page 55) Answers will vary.

Chapter 3: Description EXERCISE 1 (Page 70) 1. cramped/messy 2. spacious/roomy; neat/tidy 3. intricate/elaborate 4. congested/crowded 5. deserted; peaceful/tranquil EXERCISE 2 (Page 71) 1. accurate 2. vague 3. matched/fit 4. detailed/brief/physical

EXERCISE 3 (Page 71) Answers will vary.

EXERCISE 4 (Page 72) Answers will vary.

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EXERCISE 5 (Pages 72-73) 1. About 100 meters below the cottage, there was a tall forest of dark green spruce trees. (sight) 2. On the left side, there was a hill with two meadows that were separated by a thin line of trees. (sight) 3. My feather bed was so soft and light that I used to imagine that I was sleeping on a cloud. (touch) 4. I like to remember the times our family spent in this room, especially in the winter when we used to sit together in front of the fire and talk and listen to the sounds of the wind whistling outside. (sight, hearing) 5. My grandmother’s house was often filled with the heavenly aroma of freshly baked bread. (smell) 6. The cracked concrete birdbath in our backyard, which tilted slightly to the left, was usually filled with old rainwater, soggy oak leaves, and green moss. (sight, touch) 7. Little brown sparrows used to dart out of the bushes, turn their heads quickly from side to side, and take a few sips of the murky water. (sight) 8. A raucous blue jay would dive down out of the oak tree, screeching at the sparrows, which would flitter away with little squawks. (hearing, sight) EXERCISE 6 (Page 73) Answers will vary.

EXERCISE 7 (Pages 73-74) 1. The most pleasant spot at the cabin 2. No. 3. Some of the details about insects describe the patio as unpleasant, so they should be removed. The paragraph needs more descriptive details like colors, shapes, and words that appeal to our five senses.

EXERCISE 8 (Pages 74-75) 1. No. 2. The parts crossed out do not support the controlling idea.

3. They support the controlling idea and appeal to the senses.

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EXERCISE 9 (Page 76)

EXERCISE 10 (Pages 76-77) Topic sentence and supporting details are underlined. Controlling idea is highlighted.

When I was in Mexico, my family used to visit my grandmother every two weeks.

Most of the time, she was in the kitchen. I enjoyed her kitchen because it was a warm, familiar place. To get into the kitchen, we had to bend down a little because the door was quite low. As soon as she saw us, my grandmother, with a happy smile, offered us chairs and began asking questions. While we were talking to her, I enjoyed looking around her traditional Mexican kitchen. Everything in the room was natural. The floor was packed earth and the roof was made of woven palms. The walls were interlaced poles that let the light through. In the corner on the left side of the door was the fireplace where she used to cook, always using firewood. Adjacent to the fireplace, was a cabinet where she kept her kitchen utensils. Near the cabinet was a small table where she washed dishes. On the right side of the door, was another table and beside it was another cabinet where she put her groceries. Almost in the middle of the kitchen by the right side was the dinner table; this table was bigger than the others, having six chairs. The table and chairs were very old and pretty; they were made of wood and the chair seats were made of woven palm leaf.

We spent many hours at this table eating traditional food and talking to my grandmother.

I always enjoyed the time I spent in her kitchen, talking and eating in this warm, familiar place.

4. Students’ diagrams will vary. They may include the following: a door; a fireplace (to the left of the door); a cabinet (next to the fireplace); a small table (near the cabinet); a table and cabinet (to the right of the door); a dinner table and 6 chairs (almost in the middle of the kitchen).

EXERCISE 11 (Page 77) Answers will vary.

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EXERCISE 12 (Page 79) My old classroom was interesting because three sides of the classroom were made of glass. I enjoyed sitting close to the windows and looking at the view. On the left-hand side of the class, I could easily see the football field. In the mornings, it was full of students exercising. There was an army camp in front of the athletic field not far away from the school. It was fabulous to see the soldiers marching up and down the field.

Farther in the distance, I had the advantage of seeing the city of Nicosia. It was enjoyable to see the houses, the buildings, the hospital, and the river close to it. The view from the back of the classroom was also panoramic. Close to the school there was a beautiful park with many trees around it. Not far from the park was a hippodrome for horse racing.

Since I like horses, I was interested to see the horses running in the hippodrome. Farther in the distance, I could enjoy the view of the snowy mountains. On the right side of the class was the road. I was always interested to see the drivers in a hurry in the morning.

Behind the road was a thick forest, which was appealing during the winter. The position of the classroom with its panoramic view made me feel like I was dreaming. Although I was only a child when I studied in that classroom, I will never forget it.

EXERCISE 13 (Page 80) Answers will vary.

EXERCISE 14 (Pages 80-81) - Editing When I was growing up, my favorite place was the park across from our apartment.

On the left side, there was a small playground with swings, a slide and a sandbox. I spent/would spend/used to spend hours playing there with my friends. Next to the playground, there was a picnic area. There were a lot of wooden large old wooden picnic tables and barbecue grills for cooking. On the weekends, my parents often took/would take/used to take us there. My father would make a fire and barbecue our dinner. On the other side of the picnic area, there was a small lake. No one was allowed to swim in the lake, but you could rent paddleboats. On very special days, my father would take us out on the lake. That was really fun. For me, the best part of the park was were the woods on the far side of the lake. My brother and I had many “adventures” there when we were young, pretending to be soldiers, spies and cowboys. For a city boy, that small park was heaven.

EXERCISE 15 (Pages 81-82) Controlling idea is highlighted.

1. The living room is my favorite room of all because we often gather together after we come home from work or school.

2. Dominant impression: It is a comfortable room for our family.

Details: New piano Tranquil picture of the sea Colorful flowers Light-colored curtain Sofa/loveseat Soft, bright feeling Window/curtain Dark red carpet

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Chapter 4: Analyzing Reasons EXERCISE 1 (Page 97) Word 1.

potential

Part of Speech noun

Meaning

2.

residing

verb

living

3.

extensive

adj

widespread

4.

5.

latitude noun omnivorously adverb

freedom hungrily

6.

succumb

verb

give in

7.

multifaceted

adjective

many-sided/complex

the possibility of being able to do something; talent or ability

Sample Sentence Answers will vary She has the potential to be a top gymnast.

They were residing in Camden, New Jersey.

The notes were extensive, and they explained everything we needed to know.

We had the latitude to spend money.

She looked at the cake omnivorously.

I succumbed to my hunger and ate pizza.

The problem was multifaceted.

EXERCISE 2 (Page 98) 1. how 2. me a lesson 3. private 4. classes/courses 5. trying to teach/teaching 6. painful/hard 7. teach EXERCISE 3 (Pages 99-100) Answers will vary. Possible responses: 1. What problems has he had?

How has he overcome these problems?

2. What things do they find difficult to buy? Why do they find it difficult?

3. What kinds of sacrifices did she make? How did she encourage you?

4. What kinds of problems do you discuss with the lecturer? Why do you have trouble understanding English?

EXERCISE 4 (Page 101) Answers will vary.

EXERCISE 5 (Pages 101-102) Answers will vary. Possible responses: 1. a, b, c, d / a, c, b, d 2. d, a, c, b PHOTOCOPIABLE © Heinle

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EXERCISE 6 (Page 105) 1. Because/Since 2. Since/Because 3. For example/For instance 4. Then 5. For example/For instance 6. Finally EXERCISE 7 (Page 105) Answers will vary. Possible response: One reason people lie is to be recognized by others. Because we expect others to have a certain response toward us, people want to have good reputations, reach a high position, and be promoted. We may have a job that does not give us an opportunity to show off, so we may prefer to tell lies in order to be accepted by others. For instance, a man who is a messenger in a bank presents himself as the vice-president of the bank. Another example is a football player who doesn’t get into the game very much telling his friends he is the star of the team. A second reason people tell lies is to avoid a person or situation. You may want to avoid a person but you do not want to show that directly, so you must find a believable excuse. A classmate asks you to study with him, for example, but you tell him you have plans to go out with your girlfriend.

EXERCISE 8 (Page 106) Corrected pronouns and verb forms are in bold.

1. If we want to take advantage of our education, we should study every day.

2. A lot of students have a difficult time when they go to college and have roommates.

3. Because they are away from parents and are living with other people, they have to make decisions by themselves.

4. I have heard that freshman girls gain 15 pounds during their first year. It is because they are not eating at home, so they eat a lot of junk food.

5. Also, students try a lot of things behind their parents’ backs.

6. It is fun for students to be on their own, but they have more responsibility for themselves.

7. Each person has to find out who he is and what he wants in his life.

8. A lot of people give students this advice when they have been feeling depressed or when they don’t know what to do about their girlfriends or boyfriends.

EXERCISE 9 (Page 106) Corrected pronouns and verb forms are in bold.

I enjoy sports because they combine competition and physical exercise. I like to compete against other people to see if they can run as fast as I can. I get a big thrill if I run a race and I am the first one across the finish line. In addition to competition, sports give me physical exercise. I keep my muscles strong and my heart pumping in good condition when I participate in sports. Sports are a way to push the human body to the limits of its physical capacity. When my body is tired from physical exercise and I have won the race, I feel good.

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EXERCISE 10 (Pages 107-108) - Editing I think Meryl Streep is the finest American actress today. For the last 30 years, she has been known for the very different characters she has portrayed in her films. Some actors and actresses always play themselves. Meryl Streep always steps completely into her character. For example, in one film which they called/ called “Sophie’s Choice,” she played a Polish immigrant, and her accent was perfect. In another, she played an Australian woman and everyone agreed that she sounded like she was born in Sydney.

Her ability to undergo these transformations comes from a lot of hard work. She spends weeks or even months preparing to play every new character. Her lifestyle also sets her apart from others making / others who make movies. Unlike most movie stars, Meryl Streep doesn’t live in California. She and her husband decided to live in Connecticut because they wanted to protect their privacy. It worked. You almost never read about her family in movie magazines and she has been married to the same man for decades.

EXERCISE 11 (Page 109) Topic sentence: All foreign students have the same difficulty—the English barrier.

A. One area of difficulty is English vocabulary.

1. Once I happened to use an old word which people nowadays don’t use anymore and my teacher and friends couldn’t understand what I said.

2. English words also cause problems because there are a lot of words that are combined to make different meanings. a. An example of combined words with different meanings is the verb-andpreposition combination “to work out.”

B. Another difficulty for foreigners is pronunciation.

1. English has some words that appear to be the same but have different pronunciations for different meanings. a. For instance, the word “conduct” has two meanings, the attitude or behavior of someone, or to lead or guide someone, depending on the pronunciation.

2. The different accents of American English can also cause difficulty for nonnative speakers. a. Where an American comes from affects his or her accent; northerners have a different accent from southerners.

C. Later on, when foreign students study in their majors, they find that they have to learn technical terms and phrases.

1. These technical terms and phrases may be about new technology that doesn’t exist in their countries.

Concluding sentence: Many foreign students find that learning English is the hardest part of college life.

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Chapter 5: Analyzing a Process EXERCISE 1 (Page 122) Prefix bio-

Meaning life

chrono-

time

inter-

between

hyper-

highly

Examples 1. biology 2. biography 1. chronology 2. chronograph 1. interact 2. international 1. hyperactive 2. hypersensitive

EXERCISE 2 (Page 123) chronological, interaction, interactive, hyperlink EXERCISE 3 (Page 123) 1. considerable / a strong / an important / a major 2. good 3. opinions 4. strong / major 5. political / considerable / strong EXERCISES 4-6 (Pages 124-125) These activities should be done as large-group or as whole-class work so that students follow the steps in the writing process.

EXERCISE 4 (Pages 124-125) Answers will vary. Possible responses include: Questions: 1. Which college office do I go to?

2. Do I need to make an appointment with my advisor?

3. How expensive will the fees be?

Materials: 1. Notebook and pen 2. Calendar 3. Class catalogue Difficulties: 1. Classes fill up quickly, so make your preparations well in advance.

2. Your advisor may disapprove of your proposed class schedule, so bring a back-up list just in case.

3. There may be a long line of students waiting to register, so plan enough time to spend at the college office.

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EXERCISE 5 (Page 125) Answers will vary.

EXERCISE 6 (Page 125) Answers will vary. Possible response: Registering for classes can be time consuming and difficult, but making careful preparations will make this a smooth process.

EXERCISE 7 (Pages 126-127) 1. a. making a movie b. not so hard c. ask a question.

2. a. installing GPS b. simple to install c. describe a common experience or ask a question 3. a. tuning a car b. can do it easily yourself c. use a quotation/describe a common experience 4. a. learning to use a computer. b. easy c. use a quotation EXERCISE 8 (Pages 127-128) 1. Warming up for a race 2. Yes. 3. Yes. Jogging, stretching, and running.

4. Yes. A tracksuit and a jacket.

5. No. 6. The writer gives some details and examples: sprinters, long-distance runners, an exercise to stretch the Achilles tendon, and the number of times or distance running or jogging should be repeated.

7. Answers will vary.

EXERCISE 9 (Page 128) Topic sentence is underlined.

Answers will vary. Possible response: Each semester, college students pick out the classes they will take the next term.

Registering for classes can be time consuming and difficult, but making careful preparations will make this a smooth process. It is best to plan ahead for registration so that you will have enough time to go through each step of the process. The first thing you will need to do is go to the college office and pick up your registration materials. Once you have the materials, including a course catalogue, you can make up a tentative schedule for yourself, being sure to include a back-up plan. Make an appointment with your advisor and bring a notebook, pen, and calendar to that appointment. You and your advisor will draw up the best schedule available for you. Take your schedule back to the college office, where you will submit it for approval and pay your fees. Make sure to PHOTOCOPIABLE © Heinle

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bring your checkbook with you. During registration time, the college office can be very busy, so you will need to arrive in enough time to wait in line. Planning and organization can make registration a stress-free experience!

EXERCISE 10 (Pages 130-131) Adverb clauses are underlined. Sequence words and other connectors are in bold.

Do you own a digital camera? Can you take pictures with your cell phone? If so, you can use the pictures to make a great video slideshow to share with friends and family.

It’s not difficult, but before you begin, you need to have software such as Movie Maker or iPhoto. Most computers are sold with video software installed. First, if your pictures are on your phone, move them to your computer. Then import your photographs into the video software. Next, arrange your photos in the order you want to present them. Don’t worry if you aren’t sure. Rearranging them is easy. As soon as they are arranged, look at them and make sure that all are in the correct position. For example, if you turned the camera or phone to take a lengthwise picture, it may be sideways on the computer. If you have to, rotate the picture so it is right-side-up. The next step is important. Look at each photo carefully. If it is dark or blurry, use the photo software on your computer to lighten it or make it clearer. While you are working with the photo software, you can also crop, or cut the pictures. For example, if your slideshow is about your trip to Paris and some photos of Parisian landmarks include other tourists, you can easily cut them out, leaving only the image you want. When you are happy with the quality and the arrangement of the photos, it is time to add transitions. A transition moves the slideshow from photo to photo. This can be done in a number of ways. A photo may “dissolve” into another, or a photo could turn into another like pages in a book. You can use more than one type of transition, but be careful not to use too many different kinds. The next step is to enhance your video with music. You can choose music from your computer’s music library and add it to video. You can have the music start and stop wherever you want. Finally, you can add text. Give your video a title and add captions to some of the photos. When you’re done, send the video out to friends and family or upload it to a public site such as YouTube. Everyone will be impressed with your moviemaking ability.

EXERCISE 11 (Page 132) - Editing Moving to a new town or city can be a frightening experience for a number of reasons. One of the most difficult reasons is leaving your friends behind. Your first weeks or months in a new location can be a bit lonely. However, it is possible to make new friends more quickly if you work at it. First, if you want to meet new people, you should look approachable. One of the best ways to do this is to smile. You can also try to start small conversations. For example, if you’re in line in the cafeteria at school, you can make comments to people in line with you. In your neighborhood, you can be sure to greet people when you see them, especially if they are neighbors. You can also ask for help or information from people in your classes or your apartment building.

Conversations like these can lead to talking about other subjects as well. And don’t forget to show interest in other people. Ask them how long they have lived there, what their major is, or where they bought their running shoes. You should also look for clubs to join. Information about these organizations can be found on school bulletin boards or in community newsletters.

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Chapter 6: Comparing and Contrasting EXERCISE 1 (Pages 147-148) 1. competition 2. excellence 3. challenge 4. innovations 5. collaborated 6. collaboration/competition 7. challenge 8. excellent/expressive/innovative EXERCISE 2 (Page 148) 1. sport 2. between 3. fiercely/highly 4. person 5. stiff 6. advantage EXERCISE 3 (Page 149) Topic sentences are underlined. Controlling idea is highlighted.

Two Teachers More than fifty teachers taught me during my thirteen years in school. The two I remember best were Ali and Reza. Both of them were Egyptian and both taught math.

However, those were their only similarities. Ali was a terrible teacher disliked by many students; in contrast, Reza was a popular teacher whom many students admired. The two main differences between these teachers were their attitudes and their teaching methods.

Ali clearly did not enjoy teaching. He had little patience with students and did not seem to care if we understood his lessons. Reza’s classes were very different. He had a passion for teaching and enjoyed his work and his students. Reza wanted his students to like him.

He believed that if students liked the teacher, they would like the class and would do their best to satisfy the teacher. Ali had a bad method of teaching. He just sat down on the desk in front of the class and read aloud from the book. After he finished reading, he asked if there were any questions. Then he sat down until the class was over. Once one of my friends told him that we didn’t understand anything from the reading and that he should explain the lesson on the blackboard. Ali replied, “I am just responsible to teach you what is in the book and I can do no more.” Unlike Ali’s poor teaching methods, Reza’s were very effective. He began the class with a review of the last lesson to make sure we all remembered. Then he explained on the blackboard the new lesson, giving a lot of examples until everyone understood. I learned more in math that year than I did in any other. Neither Ali nor Reza are teaching anymore. Ali quit teaching and went to work in a private company; Reza is the principal of the best school in my city.

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EXERCISE 4 (Page 150) 1. Admission Requirements 2. Cost/tuition 3. Extracurricular activities/clubs 4. Location 5. Number of students 6. Size of campus EXERCISE 5 (Page 151) Answers will vary. Possible responses: 1. teaching style/amount of homework/grades 2. cost/speed/functions/brands 3. cost/length/level of difficulty/level of interest 4. location/size/age/facilities EXERCISE 6 (Page 151) Answers will vary.

EXERCISE 7 (Page 151) Answers will vary.

EXERCISE 8 (Pages 155-156) 2. Unlike informal, relaxed American classes, in Japan, most classes are formal. Many classes in American schools are informal and relaxed but in Japan, most classes are formal. Whereas many classes in American schools are informal and relaxed, in Japan, most classes are formal. Many classes in American schools are informal and relaxed. In contrast, in Japan, most classes are formal.

3. Almost all of Singapore’s schools are public, which is different from the United States, where there are many private schools. In Singapore, almost all schools are public; yet in the United States, there are many private schools. Even though in Singapore almost all schools are public, in the United States, there are many private schools. In Singapore, almost all schools are public; however, in the United States, there are many private schools.

4. In Thailand, like in America, students respect teachers. In American schools students respect teachers and in Thai schools they do, too. In American schools, students respect teachers, as they do in Thailand. In American schools, students respect teachers; likewise, students respect teachers in Thailand, too.

5. American schools teach basic subjects, similar to Nigerian schools. American schools teach basic subjects, and Nigerian schools do, too. American schools teach basic subjects just as Nigerian schools do. American schools teach basic subjects. Similarly, Nigerian schools do, too.

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EXERCISE 9 (Page 156) 2. Whereas college students are free to come and go as they like, high school students’ parents tell them when to get up, when to go to school, and when to come home.

Different from college students, high school students’ parents tell them when to get up, when to go to school, and when to come home.

College students are free to come and go as they like. On the other hand, high school students’ parents tell them when to get up, when to go to school, and when to come home.

3. College students are free to wear what they want. In contrast, high school students’ parents comment about their hairstyles or their dirty jeans.

College students are free to wear what they want, but high school students’ parents comment about their hairstyles or their dirty jeans.

4. Although college students can listen to their favorite music, high school students cannot without interference from parents.

College students can listen to their favorite music whenever they want. However, high school students cannot without interference from parents.

EXERCISE 10 (Pages 157-158) 2. College students can go to football games, concerts, movies, and plays. Similarly, high school students can, too.

Just like college students, high school students can go to football games, concerts, movies, and plays.

3. In the same way college students can participate in student organizations, so can high school students.

Like college students, high school students can participate in student organizations. Just as college students can participate in student organizations, so can high school students.

4. There are many clubs college students can join. Likewise, there are many clubs high school students can join, too.

Just as there are many clubs college students can join, there are many clubs high school students can join.

There are many clubs college students can join, and there are many clubs high school students can join, too.

EXERCISE 11 (Page 159) - Editing My two favorite high school teachers were both great, but they had very different personalities and methods of teaching. Mr. Alexander taught physics, a subject that many students dread and I was no different. I went to class the first day sure that I would fail, which would have made it difficult for me to get into a good college. However, Mr. Alexander was so funny and interesting that all of us fell in love with physics. Some of us even thought about majoring in it in college. It’s common that students run out of the door as soon as the bell rings. In physics class students often stayed later than necessary just to finish an interesting discussion or to help Mr. Alexander clean up the laboratory.

Ms. Reynolds was my English teacher. Unlike Mr. Alexander, Ms. Reynolds was not funny. However, she made Shakespeare come alive for us and even students who were never interested in English started writing poetry. She was both strict and fair. She didn’t fail any student who she knew was trying. [She was both strict and fair, and she didn’t PHOTOCOPIABLE © Heinle

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fail any student who she knew was trying.] These teachers had one important characteristic in common. They not only loved their subjects, but were able to transfer that passion to their students.

EXERCISE 12 (Page 160) 1. The writer remembers with great joy the orchard surrounding her grandmother’s house, but now the orchard is completely changed.

2. Answers will vary. Possible responses: Point of Contrast dirt road grandmother’s house orchard mango tree humidity birds

Then connected houses big many fruit trees sit in the shade felt with bare feet sang

EXERCISE 13 (Page 161) 1. By subjects 2. Subject: The orchard then First point of comparison: grandmother’s house Second point of comparison: dirt road Third point of comparison: fruit trees Fourth point of comparison: mango tree Fifth point of comparison: humidity Sixth point of comparison: birds Subject: The orchard now First point of comparison: grandmother’s house Second point of comparison: dirt road Third point of comparison: fruit trees Fourth point of comparison: mango tree Fifth point of comparison: humidity Sixth point of comparison: birds

Chapter 7: Classifying EXERCISE 1 (Page 175) 1. c 2. e 3. a 4. b 5. d 6. k 7. g 8. j PHOTOCOPIABLE © Heinle

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Developing Composition Skills: Academic Writing and Grammar 3rd Edition Instructor’s Manual with Answer Key

9. h 10. l 11. f 12. i EXERCISE 2 (Page 176) 1. from 2. make a formal/file a 3. make/file, against 4. deal with 5. about EXERCISE 3 (Page 177) 1. form of media 2. how often it is published 3. movie genre 4. whether the book is a work of imagination or not 5. price 6. how many people can participate in a sport at the same time EXERCISE 4 (Pages 178-179) 1. Principle of classification: Subjects they teach Category that does not belong: Those with a Ph.D. 2. Principle of classification: Degree of preparation Category that does not belong: Intelligent 3. Principle of classification: Attitude toward students Category that does not belong: Competent 4. Principle of classification: Ways students dress Category that does not belong: Those who wear blue jeans EXERCISE 5 (Pages 180-181) Answers will vary in “Additional Categories.”

1. Principle of classification: content Additional categories: Those with a lot of action; Those with a lot of scenery.

2. Principle of classification: purpose Additional categories: Those that entertain; Those that inform 3. Principle of classification: types Additional categories: cooking channels; news channels 4. Principle of classification: purpose Additional categories: informational; leisure 5. Principle of classification: publishing schedule Additional categories: bi-weekly; monthly 6. Principle of classification: country/region Additional categories: U.S. teams; Latin American teams 7. Principle of classification: degree of fame Additional categories: regionally; nationally PHOTOCOPIABLE © Heinle

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8. Principle of classification: content Additional categories: only news; only talk shows EXERCISE 6 (Page 181) Answers will vary.

EXERCISE 7 (Page 182) Answers will vary. Possible responses: 1. Movies can be classified into three groups: those with no violence, those with a moderate amount of violence, and those with a lot of violence.

2. Soccer teams come from three main sectors: Europe, North America, and Latin America. (Nouns) 3. There are several kinds of internet sites: entertaining, informational, and educational.

(Adjectives) 4. Rock musicians can be famous in three degrees: regionally, nationally, or internationally. (Adverbs) 5. There are at least three types of radio stations: those that only play music, those that only give the news, and those that are only talk shows. (Clauses).

EXERCISE 8 (Pages 182-183) There are three different kinds of supermarket shoppers: the shoppers who go up and down every aisle filling their baskets, the shoppers who go around the store unsystematically looking for each item, and the shoppers who get into the checkout line and run back to pick up everything they forgot. The first group is fine. Luckily, this group is the majority of shoppers. The second group wastes their own time wandering around the store, but they don’t really bother anyone else. The third group annoys me.

They get in line, stand there until it is their turn to check out, then say frantically, “Just a minute. I’ll be right back!” They run off leaving their grocery cart, their groceries, and their screaming child.

EXERCISE 9 (Pages 183-184) 1. Mass media, or information designed to reach large numbers of people, can be classified according to genre or type of content: informative, educational, persuasive, entertainment, and social networking.

Principle of classification: type of content.

2. Media content: informative, educational, persuasive, entertainment, and social networking 3. Informative—give information; Educational - teach people how to do something or about some topic; Persuasive - influence behavior; Entertainment - enjoyment; Social networking - help people connect with others who share their interests 4. Informative - news shows, newspapers, howtstuffworks.com, weather.com; Educational – textbooks, educational videos, software programs, and Web sites; Persuasive – advertising, television commercials, newspaper editorials, partisan Web sites; Entertainment – entertainment magazines, movies, novels, gaming Web sites like Second Life; Social networking - Facebook, YouTube, dating sites.

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EXERCISE 10 (Page 184) Answers will vary.

EXERCISE 11(Pages 185-186) Answers will vary. Possible response: As a regular moviegoer, I have noticed that people have different attitudes about acceptable behavior in a movie theater. Moviegoers can be classified according to the way they talk. The first group consists of [A good example of the first group is] people who talk normally. When they come into the theater with someone, they talk quietly until the movie starts. Once the movie starts, they don’t make comments to teach other or talk out loud. In contrast to the first group, the second one is people who talk a lot. Unlike people who talk normally, when the second group comes into the theater, they talk and laugh out loud. Once they find their seats, they continue to talk. They hardly notice when the movie starts because they are still talking and laughing. Even though people in the other group give them dirty looks, the people in this group talk and laugh throughout the movie. For example, sometimes they repeat what the actors are saying and sometimes they ask each other about what was said. Because they are so noisy, they can’t hear what is going on in the movie and, unfortunately, neither can the people sitting near them. People in this group are inconsiderate of the needs of others.

EXERCISE 12 (Pages 187-188) 1. Magazines aimed at women have been around for a long time. Now, with so many women working outside the home, you would think that some modern women’s magazines would focus on women at work. However, a survey of the newsstand shows that this is not the case. Now, as in the past, publications for women try to attract readers by focusing on women’s traditional concerns: beauty and homemaking. In fact, women’s magazines can be divided into two groups based on content: those focused on fashion and beauty and those focused on homemaking and raising children. Magazines in the first group attract women readers by presenting articles about appearance. Publications in this group include Glamour, Cosmopolitan, and Mademoiselle. They typically have articles that describe the latest clothing styles or tell how to put on makeup. The latest issue of Glamour, for example, had an article entitled “Clothes To Flirt In” and a column on how to straighten hair. These magazines also have advice columns on dating, love and relationships, articles on health and fitness, and reports on movie stars or popular singers.

The pages of these periodicals are filled with beautiful women dressed in elegant evening gowns, sexy jeans, and fashionable shoes. They are designed to appeal to women’s concerns about their appearance.

2. Magazines in the second group focus on homemaking topics, including parenting, handicrafts, and raising children. This group includes magazines/periodicals/publications like Ladies’ Home Journal, Family Circle, and Good Housekeeping. The last issue of Good Housekeeping, for example, had 25 Christmas cookie recipes, a column on how to make Christmas tree ornaments, and an article entitled “Teaching Kids the Joy of Generosity.” Unlike the magazines in the first group, which focus on women’s looks, these magazines/periodicals/publications focus PHOTOCOPIABLE © Heinle

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on women’s role in the home. While beauty and homemaking are two areas of concern for women, many women work outside the home. It is surprising that there are no magazines focused on women’s lives at work.

EXERCISE 13 (Page 189) Answers will vary.

Connect to the Internet (Page 193) 1.

Kind of Description of Kind Examples of Web Sites Internet of Internet Address Address .com Created by 1. www.google.com businesses 2. www.amazon.com 3. www.walmart.com .gov .edu

Created by the United States government Created by colleges and universities

1. www.irs.gov 2. www.whitehouse.gov 3. www.fbi.gov 1. www.bu.edu 2. www.harvard.edu 3. www.nyu.edu

2 – 3: Answers will vary.

Chapter 8: Introduction to the Essay EXERCISE 1 (Page 205) 1. doubts 2. attention 3. urgent 4. everywhere 5. observe 6. reason 7. brother or sister 8. take care of EXERCISE 2 (Pages 205-206) 1. review 2. reopen 3. repaint 4. retold 5. reusable 6. rewrite 7. rethink/review 8. reproduce PHOTOCOPIABLE © Heinle

Information Found on Sites Many different types of information but created to make money in some way—by selling things directly to consumers or selling space to advertisers Information that the government wants the public to know Information about the schools for students and others who are interested

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EXERCISE 3 (Page 206) Answers will vary.

EXERCISE 4 (Page 207) Answers will vary.

EXERCISE 5 (Page 208) Topic: Smartphones Controlling idea: Smartphones are more expensive than regular phones, but they have advantages.

Support: They help you stay organized.

Support: They keep you informed.

Support They do everything that a normal cell phone can do.

EXERCISE 6 (Page 209) Answers will vary. Possible responses: 1. First, they help you stay organized. You can use your smartphone’s calendar to schedule your time, adding a new event as soon as you think of it. You can also keep all of your contacts’ information stored in your smartphone – even their birthdays.

2. Second, they keep you informed. A smartphone will allow you to access the Internet for the daily news, your e-mail account, and your social networking site. Since you can access your smartphone throughout your day, you can count on being informed of the most updated information available.

3. Finally, they do everything that a normal cell phone can do. You can use your smartphone to make calls and send text messages. A smartphone will have your favorite features of a normal cell phone, like speaker, ringtone choice, or volume control.

EXERCISE 7 (Pages 209-210) 1. First of all, if you have a smart phone, you can get rid of your personal organizers.

A second advantage of a smart phone is that it gives you information at your fingertips.

Finally, of course, smartphones do everything that regular cell phones do.

2. Organizing advantage: Smartphones have electronic diaries, contact lists, and automatic reminders. Just like with an organizer, you can also use your smartphone to take notes and review and edit your appointments, contacts and documents.

Information advantage: You can access the Web anywhere you have a cell phone signal, so you can easily check news, weather, sports scores, the stock market, and your e-mail.

In addition, like a GPS, the smart phone knows where you are and gives you directions to get where you are going.

Application advantage: You can also download applications for everything from financial recordkeeping, to cooking and gaming. On some, you can even listen to music and watch movies.

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EXERCISE 8 (Page 211) Answers will vary. Possible responses: 1. Not a thesis statement. Rewrite: The disadvantages of power windows in cars are fewer than the advantages.

2. Not a thesis statement. Rewrite: The effects of kidney transplants are immediate and obvious.

3. Not a thesis statement. Rewrite: Based on my experience, video games can be classified into two types: competitive and entertaining.

4. Thesis statement.

5. Thesis statement.

6. Not a thesis statement. Rewrite: Computers are used in three ways in the hotel industry.

7. Thesis statement.

8. Not a thesis statement. Rewrite: Some athletes injure their health when they use drugs to build up their bodies.

EXERCISE 9 (Page 211) Answers will vary. Possible responses: 1. Regular exercise has great benefits for elderly people.

2. Television advertising is designed to get attention, hold attention, and feature a product or service.

3. Owning a car is expensive.

4. The school library is the best place to study on our campus.

5. High-speed trains are effective and safe forms of transportation.

6. The advantages of cellular telephones are speed and convenience.

EXERCISE 10 (Page 213) 1. a. English b. English has become essential to communicate with native people. c. Yes; yes 2. a. Computers b. For this reason, computers can save people a lot of time. c. Yes; Yes. 3. a. Computers in education b. Students find computers useful in editing and writing, doing research, and communicating with their professors and classmates. c. Somewhat; yes EXERCISE 11 (Page 214) Answers will vary.

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EXERCISE 12 (Pages 214-215) Thesis statement is highlighted. Topic sentences are underlined.

Cars: A Necessary Evil in the United States On a street in Boston, a middle-aged man sitting on a bench in a bus shelter is waiting for a bus. He occasionally glances at his watch. Every few minutes he stands up and looks expectantly down the street. He is obviously impatient for the bus to come.

Finally, the bus arrives. Unfortunately, it is full and doesn’t stop, so he sits back down to wait for the next one. This man is probably now thinking how much better off he’d be if he had a car. In the United States, a car is not a luxury; it’s a necessity because public transportation is inconvenient or non-existent. Many small towns and suburbs have no public transportation whatsoever. Even in cities, there may not be bus or train service in some areas. This means that people who live in those areas have to walk long distances in order to find public transportation. Even when there is public transportation, it is often unreliable. Buses and trains often break down or do not run on schedule. In addition, public transportation is often limited or unavailable at night or on the weekends. Thus, being forced to rely on public transportation in the United States restricts your life in a number of ways.

First, you cannot take a job anywhere you want. You have to make sure that there is bus or train service nearby and that it runs when you need it. This can be particularly difficult for workers from poorer neighborhoods where public transportation is often the worst. In addition, many jobs are outside of the city limits where buses and trains just don’t run.

Second, you may find your opportunities for advancement at work limited. You may not be able to stay late or come in on the weekend when asked even if you want to.

The unreliability of public transportation may also cause you to be late. How many times can you tell your boss that the bus broke down or the train didn’t come? These difficulties may not cause you to lose your job, but they won’t help you to stand out either.

The third limitation is time. Since bus and train travel is usually much slower than travel by car, those who take public transportation have to spend a lot more time getting where they are going. This factor may make it impossible to accomplish some goals. For example, if you wanted to work and go to school at the same time, it would be much more difficult to schedule work and classes.

The need to take public transportation will also restrict your social life. As with your job, you will only be able to travel to those places that have bus and train service. In addition, since many social events are held at night, there may not be transportation when you need it. Of course, you can always ask a friend for a ride. However, after a while, you may be embarrassed to keep asking.

As we all know, automobiles are not great for the environment. However, given the state of public transportation in the United States today, in many cases owning a car is a necessity.

1. Yes. Yes. 2. Yes 3. Yes 4. Examples and details; answers will vary.

5. Yes. 6. Yes. It returns to the general idea the essay started with.

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EXERCISE 13 (Page 218) Answers will vary.

EXERCISE 14 (Pages 218-219) - Editing While dumbwaiters have been used in construction and homes for thousands of years, the passenger elevator is less than 200 years old. Before the invention of the elevator, few buildings were over five stories high, the accepted height that people could climb without getting too tired. Seeing the need to build taller structures, American Elisha Otis invented the first steam-powered elevator in the middle of the 1800s.

Realizing that there was now an easy way for people to reach higher floors, architects started building skyscrapers in the cities. Within 80 years, the Empire State Building was built. It was the first building over 100 stories tall. Today there are many that are much taller. Some people say that elevators have made us lazy. Indeed, people are so used to taking elevators that few are now willing to walk up five stories. In fact, elevators are even becoming popular in private homes. Today it is relatively inexpensive to install an elevator big enough for one or two people. Even though it may have had some bad effects, the elevator was an important invention.

EXERCISE 15 (Pages 220-221) Thesis statement: There are many advantages of advertising, but I will mention only two: to stimulate business growth and to create jobs.

I. First, advertising is one of the principal factors in stimulating business growth.

A. Factories and businesses must compete with each other to get the attention of consumers and sell their product. To achieve this goal, they must invest money to advertise their product.

1. If their advertising is successful, their sales increase.

2. If their sales increase, their business grows.

B. They make profits that they can then invest.

1. This investment stimulates the economy even more.

2. Example—Burger King II. One of the results of a stimulated economy is creation of jobs.

A. If a company grows and must produce more, it needs more employees.

1. Jobs are created at every level.

2. Examples—janitors and vice-presidents 3. Example—Burger King B. Example of a local company that has grown—New Orleans Shirt Company Conclusion: Advertising stimulates business growth and creates jobs.

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Appendix 2: Developing Grammar Skills EXERCISE 1 (Pages 232-233) 1. rare old Italian clock 2. cheap big round gold plastic box 3. pretty pink china dish 4. slim French leather pants 5. wonderful new Apple computer EXERCISE 2 (Pages 233-234) 1. During 2. before 3. Then 4. First; Then; Finally/Last 5. after 6. by EXERCISE 3 (Pages 234-235) 1. until 2. in 3. in/during; during 4. by/at; on; at 5. in 6. On; at/by 7. until; on 8. on EXERCISE 4 (Page 236) 1. a 2. Ø 3. Ø 4. a 5. a 6. Ø 7. an 8. a 9. Ø 10. Ø EXERCISE 5 (Page 237) 1. Ø 2. The 3. Ø 4. the 5. a; Ø; a; The PHOTOCOPIABLE © Heinle

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6. a 7. the; the 8. the; the; a; a; the EXERCISE 6 (Page 238) Subject is highlighted. Verb is underlined. Complement is double-underlined.

1. Restaurant advertising has several advantages.

2. It gives customers information about the restaurant.

3. The information can include the type of food.

4. It can give the location and hours of the restaurant.

5. It might tell about a famous chef.

6. Advertising also makes the restaurant familiar to people.

7. Advertising repeats the name of the restaurant many times.

8. The name becomes familiar to everyone.

9. People think the restaurant is a good one.

EXERCISE 7 (Pages 239-240) Dependent clauses are underlined. Subordinator is highlighted. Commas are highlighted.

1. When I was in high school, my sister and I shared a car.

2. It was a big problem because we had different attitudes about it.

3. She liked to drive fast and was lazy about taking care of the car while I wanted to be careful and take good care of it.

4. When I complained to my mother, she said we had to work it out between us.

5. Although I tried to talk to my sister about it, she just laughed and said I was too worried about it.

6. I was really angry at her because she seemed so unreasonable.

7. One day, because my sister was driving fast, she had an accident.

8. Although she didn’t get hurt in the accident, it really scared her and my whole family.

9. After she had the accident, she started to drive more carefully, and I wasn’t angry at her anymore.

EXERCISE 8 (Pages 240-241) Answers will vary. Possible responses: 1. Advertisements are good for manufacturing companies because they help companies tell how good their products are.

2. When the auto company wants to show their new Jeep, they put an ad on TV that shows the Jeep driving on a rough road or climbing a mountain.

3. They show that because they want the consumer to know that their vehicle can drive on any kind of road.

4. After consumers see the ads, they go and buy the Jeep.

5. Advertisements help sell products, but they are very expensive for the company.

6. Some television ads cost about $10,000 to produce though others cost almost $100,000.

7. Because companies must also pay to have the ads shown on TV, the cost is even higher.

8. There are so many advertisements on TV that it must be worth it to the companies to advertise.

EXERCISE 9 (Pages 241-242) 1. As soon as the bell rang, all the students rushed into their classrooms.

The moment that bell rang, all the students rushed into their classrooms 2. When I walked into the class, everyone stared at me as if I were a strange person.

After I walked into the class, everyone stared at me as if I were a strange person.

3. When the teacher asked me to take a seat, I felt I was doing something wrong.

I felt I was doing something wrong the moment that the teacher asked me to take a seat.

4. When I looked out the window, I saw a lot of students playing soccer, which was my favorite game.

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5. As soon as the whole class laughed at me, I felt so embarrassed.

I felt so embarrassed the moment that the whole class laughed at me.

6. While I stood in front of the school, the only thing I could hear was the sound of birds that came from some trees.

7. As the sky became darker and darker, the houses began switching on lights.

EXERCISE 10 (Page 242) Answers will vary. Possible responses: 1. I was home studying one night when suddenly, the power went out.

2. As I started to get up from my desk to look for a candle, I heard…

3. As soon as I heard the knock, my heart…

4. After I stared at the window for an eternity, I….

EXERCISE 11 (Page 243) Quality being discussed is highlighted.

Answers will vary. Possible responses: 1. Cell phones are so popular that almost everyone has one.

2. Cell phones come in so many different styles that it’s difficult to choose one.

3. The technology is so advanced that most people don’t understand it.

4. It was such an exciting movie that I was never bored.

5. The airline industry is in such a bad state that they are losing a lot of money.

EXERCISE 12 (Page 244) Answers will vary.

EXERCISE 13 (Pages 244-245) 1. Waiting for the bus, he glanced at his watch.

2. NP 3. Frustrated, he sat down angrily on the bench.

4. Not having a lot of money, I used to go to school by bus.

5. Getting on the bus, I remembered leaving my English book at home.

6. NP 7. After going back home and getting my book, I got back on the bus.

8. Not having a car, I wasted both time and money.

EXERCISE 14 (Page 246) 1. Yet you see thousands of them in American cities and suburbs being driven by middleclass people who will never see a desert or mountain in their lives.

2. It is the car that suggests to them what they would like to be.

3. When I was a teenager, the car that I dreamed about was the Ford Mustang.

4. It indicated a sophisticated lifestyle that I craved.

5. In the same way, I think people who dream of going on wonderful adventures around the world buy SUVs. 6. They have jobs that keep them in the city.

7. Also, many of them have children who have to go to school, soccer games, and the shopping mall.

8. However, that doesn’t mean they can’t dream of going to places that sound exotic.

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EXERCISE 15 (Page 247) Answers will vary. Possible responses: 1. I am a person who remembers names easily.

2. For me, a dream car is one that is small and expensive.

3. People who live in apartments sometimes have pets.

4. The kind of car I would like to buy is one that is affordable and reliable.

5. The computer is an invention which has changed the business world.

EXERCISE 16 (Page 248) 1. The number of foreign students enrolled in institutions of higher education in the United States in 2000-2001 is being compared to the number in 2007-2008.

2. Number of students 3. Answers will vary. Possible responses: More Asian students attended American colleges and universities in 07-08 than in 01-02.

Fewer Middle Eastern students attended American colleges and universities in 00-01 than in 07-08.

The number of foreign students from Europe enrolled in American colleges and universities in 00-01 was higher than in 07-08.

Fewer Latin American students than European students enrolled in American colleges and universities in 00-01.

Fewer African students attended American colleges and universities in 00-01 than in 0708.

EXERCISE 17 (Page 249) Answers will vary. Possible responses: 1. Percentage change in enrollment, by level of education throughout the world.

2. Post secondary education is becoming more widespread throughout the world.

3. In Asia, enrollment in post secondary education increased by approximately 75%. A significant increase also occurred in Central and South America, with enrollment increasing by 56.9% . In North America, post secondary education became more popular by 32.6%. Europe and Oceania’s post secondary education enrollment increased by approximately 30%, which is the smallest percent increase worldwide. Overall, the world saw a 53.3% increase in post secondary education enrollment.

EXERCISE 18 (Page 250) Answers will vary. Possible responses: 1. I’m not as tall as Adam.

2. Marta isn’t as old as I am.

3. Sam doesn’t run as fast as I do.

4. I don’t weigh as much as Julia.

5. My hair isn’t as short as Anna’s.

6. Michael doesn’t have as many sisters as I do.

7. I’m not as patient as Greg.

8. Linda isn’t as lazy as I am.

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EXERCISE 19 (Pages 250-251) Subject is in bold. Verb is underlined. Complement is double-underlined. Coordinators and commas are highlighted.

1. I have many friends , but my best friend is Paul. Contrast 2. Paul and I met in high school , and we have been friends ever since. Addition 3. In high school, we studied the same subjects , and we often studied together. Addition 4. Paul was particularly good at English , so he often helped me with that subject. Result 5. I liked math a lot , and I often helped Paul with that. Addition 6. After school, we often played soccer with the other boys , or we went to a popular restaurant to have coffee. Choice 7. Now, Paul is attending college in a different city , so we don’t see each other very often. Result 8. However, we call each other almost every week , and we talk for a long time. Addition 9. Paul has been a good friend to me , and I hope I have been a good friend to him. Addition EXERCISE 20 (Pages 251-252) 1. All majors must take both a course in history and a course in biology.

2. Not only are courses in business interesting, but they are also useful.

3. Engineering majors usually take either four or five years to finish their degree.

4. Neither the teacher nor the students enjoyed the class.

5. Liberal arts majors must take a course in both mathematics and the physical sciences.

6. We cannot classify English either as a physical science or as a biological science.

EXERCISE 21 (Pages 253-254) Subject is highlighted. Verb is underlined. Complement is double-underlined.

Answers to the second part of the question will vary. Possible responses: 2. It is the best way of getting information about world events. It has a lot of entertaining sections.

It is the best way of getting information about world events; moreover, it has a lot of entertaining sections.

Add an idea 3. Knowing about world events is most important.

I read the front page and the world news section first.

Knowing about world events is most important; therefore, I read the front page and the world news section first.

A result 4. I also enjoy sports and comics.

I read those sections next.

I also enjoy sports and comics; therefore, I read those sections next.

A result 5. I like to do the crossword puzzle.

Sometimes, I don’t have time for it.

I like to do the crossword puzzle; however, sometimes I don’t have time for it.

Unexpected result 6. I learn a lot from reading the paper.

It is a relaxing way to spend my time.

I learn a lot from reading the paper; moreover, it is a relaxing way to spend my time.

Add an idea EXERCISE 22 (Page 255) Answers will vary.

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EXERCISE 23 (Pages 255-256) Answers will vary. Possible responses: 1. Can you imagine not reviewing before a test?

2. You shouldn’t avoid facing your responsibilities.

3. I appreciate having a lot of friends.

4. Don’t delay doing your work.

5. My roommate dislikes cleaning up.

6. I feel like singing.

7. Do you resent having so much work?

8. Don’t even consider leaving early.

9. You can’t get out of doing your work.

EXERCISE 24 (Page 256) Answers will vary. The example sentence on page 256 and the meanings of the verb +preposition vocabulary on page 256 should be reviewed before having students write their ten sentences.

EXERCISE 25 (Pages 256-257) 2. It wasn’t too difficult to get all of the parts out of the boxes.

3. It was a challenge to learn how to hook up all the parts of my computer.

4. It was really hard to understand the computer manual.

5. It required patience to become familiar with the word-processing program.

6. It was a good idea to get help from a friend.

EXERCISE 26 (Page 257) Answers will vary. The example sentence and the meanings of the verbs on page 257 should be reviewed before having students write their ten sentences.

EXERCISE 27 (Page 258 Gerunds and infinitives underlined.

Going to a new school can be a scary experience. You don’t know where anything is and you don’t have any friends. The best way to get accustomed to finding your way around is first to take a tour of the school. This will help you learn where the buildings are. Then you will want to make some new friends. Making new friends is easy if you follow these steps.

1-6.

Answers will vary. Possible responses: Asking other students for directions to classrooms is a good idea.

You might want to talk to someone in the cafeteria.

You should expect to smile at others.

You can plan on answering anyone’s questions.

You can work at making conversations with other students.

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EXERCISE 28 (Page 259) 1. going 2. visiting 3. taking 4. having/to have 5. explaining 6. to live 7. hearing 8. sleeping EXERCISE 29 (Page 260) Verb phrase is underlined.

1. The university has installed a new computer system. Active 2. The new system can be used by both faculty and students. Passive 3. The computer lab is located on the first floor in the computer science building. Passive 4. To use a computer terminal, students must present their IDs. Active 5. Then they are given a personal code number, which gives them access to the system.

Passive; active 6. The same process is used by faculty members. Passive EXERCISE 30 (Page 261) Passive voice verbs are underlined.

1. Students now have access to more materials in the university library because the library has been computerized. A new system called OPAC (Online Public Access Catalog) has been installed. Through this system, all of the university libraries in the state are linked together. This means that the holdings in all the libraries in the state are available to students. The OPAC computer terminals are located on the first floor of the library. They can be used whenever the library is open. Instructions for using the OPAC system are given on printed guides next to the computer and on the computer screen. The staff at the Information Desk can also offer help.

2. Students now have access to more materials in the university library because the university has computerized the library. The university has installed a new system called OPAC (Online Public Access Catalog). All the universities in the state link their libraries together through this system. This means that the holdings in all the libraries in the state are available to students. Students locate the OPAC computer terminals on the first floor of the library. Students can use them whenever the library is open. Printed guides next to the computer and on the computer screen give instructions for using the OPAC system.

The staff at the Information Desk can also offer help.

3. Answers will vary.

Generally, the first version of the paragraph is better because the writer wishes to focus on the action or the receiver of the action. The doer repeats too much in the second version, and the doer is not important.

EXERCISE 31 (Page 261) The simplest form of the camera obscura (consists) of a box that is lightproof except for a small hole in one side. Light from external objects (enters) the hole and (forms) an inverted image on the opposite side.

The term camera obscura (is) Latin for “dark chamber.” The inventor and date of invention (are not known). The device, however, (was used) before 1000 A.D. to observe eclipses and to aid in sketching from nature.

If the image side of the box (is made) of translucent paper or ground glass, the image (can be viewed) from outside the camera. If the image side (is) opaque, the chamber must be considerably larger so that viewing (can be done) from inside the camera. Some types of the camera obscura (have) a lens, a prism, and a mirror.

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EXERCISE 32 (Page 262) Answers will vary. Possible responses: 1. a. There is a coffee table in front of the fireplace. b. It’s covered in magazines and books.

2. a. There is a painting hanging above the fireplace. b. It depicts trees and purple flowers.

3. a. There are two sofas across from each other. b. They are white and plush.

4. a. There is a basket on the floor next to the fireplace. b. It contains wood for making fires.

EXERCISE 33 (Pages 263-264) Changes made from fragments are underlined.

1. We can divide the new into two kinds: hard news and soft news.

2. Hard news consists of important events at the local, national, or international level, like the health reform bill, the presidential election, or a war.

3. Usually, hard news is reported by the most known reporters who have big names, such as Katie Couric.

4. When reporters tell about hard news, they are serious and try to be objective.

5. Soft news, on the other hand, is not considered so important.

6. An example of soft news is the reactions of citizens to a new movie or a report on the president’s wife’s visit to a nursery school.

7. The people who report the soft news are usually people you have never heard of. They are new or unknown reporters.

8. The reporting style of people reporting soft news is friendlier and less serious than the style of those reporting hard news.

9. It is interesting to note the differences between these two types of news.

10. Sometimes, I prefer the soft news because it is more cheerful.

EXERCISE 34 (Page 264) Answers will vary. Possible response: American novels can be divided into two groups according to quality. The first group consists of books we call classics. These books have depth and insight about human nature and have stood the test of time. People continue to read them even if they were written a long time ago. These books are studied in high school and college literature classes so that young Americans will have some knowledge of the highest quality American writing. Some examples of American classics are The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne, Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain, and The Age of Innocence by Edith Wharton. In reading these books, we see in the characters the problems and difficulty we all face in life. The second group of American novels consists of popular books which are popular for a short period of time and then fade away. Sometimes, they are superficial in their understanding of human character, or they are not very well written. In any case, they do not stand the test of time to become classics. Examples of popular books are the suspense novels of Stephen King and the murder mysteries of Sue Grafton. These books are entertaining but don’t give us insight about ourselves.

EXERCISE 35 (Page 266) Answers will vary. Possible responses: 1. The buildings are larger at Osmania University than at Kakatiya University. Also, Osmania has more buildings than Kakatiya.

2. Osmania has a large space for sports and games; Kakatiya has only a small space for sports.

3. Osmania has a large library with many books; Kakatiya has a smaller library with fewer books.

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4. The cafeteria at Osmania University is bigger and cleaner than the one at Kakatiya. It also has some video games.

5. At Osmania University, attendance is really necessary, so if a student misses one class, he is going to miss a lot.

6. Teachers at Osmania University give a lot of homework. Also, they give exams on alternate weeks.

7. After a couple of weeks, the teachers check the progress of the students on the homework and exams. If they are unsatisfied with some students, they move them to a lower level class.

8. At Kakatiya University, students do not have any tests before the final exams; therefore, students do not concentrate on their studies until the last minute.

EXERCISE 36 (Page 267) Corrections are underlined.

Answers will vary. Possible responses: The admission requirements of universities in the United States are easy. Students who have completed high school can enroll or continue their study in the university, so normally, the university will only require students’ high school academic record. On the other hand, the admission to Malaysia University is more restricted because only those students who have passed their high school exam with flying colors can enroll in the university. In other words, the number of students who qualify to go to the university in the United States is very large, while the number who qualify in Malaysia is small.

The American education system is more flexible than Malaysia’s education system. In the United States, students can choose any subject that they want to study. For example, an electrical engineering student can choose the subjects without exactly following the course schedule stated by the university. He may choose psychology first instead of taking mathematics. Unlike the course schedule in the United States, the course schedule in Malaysia University is fixed. Therefore, students studying in any major field have to follow the course schedule exactly. If they do not follow the course schedule, they may be suspended from studying for one semester. The other difference is that students in the United States can choose whether they want to study in the summer, but Malaysian students have to complete their courses without a break.

EXERCISE 37 (Pages 268-269) Subject is highlighted. Correct form of verb in bold.

1. Our English classroom has 2. One strange thing is 3. It is 4. This means; is 5. Another unusual feature is; has 6. are blank walls 7. this aspect of the room is 8. Our teacher brings 9. She puts; it brightens EXERCISE 38 (Pages 269-270) 1. I get (no change); I live (no change); building overlooks (changed); coastline is (no change); are rocks (changed); I look (no change); I see (no change); waves roar (no change) and foam (no change); waves fall (changed); I sit out (no change); I look at (no change); beach is (changed); is activity (changed); people walk (changed); people sit (no change); is one man (no change); who comes (no change); He wears (changed); he carries(changed); He walks (no change); he searches (changed); creatures live(changed); I wonder (no change); he finds (changed); is a woman (no change); I imagine (no change); woman is (no change); she comes (changed); she gets (no change); I sit (no change); I watch (no change); it unfolds (changed) PHOTOCOPIABLE © Heinle

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2. one is (no change); it is (no change); everybody meets (changed); It bustles (changed); My friends and I gather (no change); the marquee, which announces (changed); we line up (no change); we joke (no change); we laugh (no change); we push (no change); it is (no change); Peter reminds (changed); it is (no change); the lobby, which smells (changed); we get (no change); we pay (no change); we head (no change); eyes sting (no change); we know (no change); we move (no change); the music begins (changed); we settle in (no change); movie is showing (no change) EXERCISE 39 (Page 270) 1. Consumers usually read these magazines quickly and easily. Adverbs 2. Consumer magazines make money because they have the most readers and because they carry the most advertising. Clauses 3.They are sold at newsstands and by subscription. Prepositional phrase 4. News magazines tell about events that happen locally, nationally, and internationally.

Adverbs 5. Every news group reported on the death and destruction caused by the earthquake in Haiti. Nouns, object of preposition 6. These magazines also report on national news, popular culture, and current lifestyles.

Nouns, object of preposition 7. Because they are current, entertaining, and interesting, many people rely on them for the news. Adjective EXERCISE 40 (Page 271) Answers will vary. Possible responses: Corrected item is underlined.

1.Trade publications are suitable for those people who have businesses or for those who want to learn more about their business.

2.They give many ideas on how to expand their business or how to make money.

3. Heavy Duty Trucking appeals to those who own a truck and those who want to buy a truck.

4. It is an appealing and interesting magazine for a specialized audience.

5. American Medical News is read by doctors, researchers, and scientists.

6. Professional magazines are expensive and not easy to find.

EXERCISE 41 (Page 271) Answers will vary. Possible responses: 1. Consumer magazines can be divided into two kinds: those appealing to men and those appealing to women.

2. Men’s magazines often include articles on ways to keep fit like body building, exercising, and playing sports.

3. They also have feature stories on popular and successful men, such as LeBron James, Tom Brady, or Bill Gates.

4. They may have articles about investing or borrowing money.

5. The advertising is designed to make men buy cars and clothing.

6. Women’s magazines usually center around clothes and makeup.

7. Sometimes there are articles about how to organize your day, improve your career, and save money.

8. They may have articles about getting along with the boss or co-workers.

9. They often include advice on love and relationships.

10. The advertising in women’s magazines usually focuses on fashion, makeup, and accessories.

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EXERCISE 42 (Page 272) Simple present tense verbs are underlined. Past tense verbs are highlighted.

1. I met Amy on the second day of my arrival in New Orleans. My friend took me to her apartment to introduce me. Amy and I got along right away, so I decided to move in with her because she was looking for a roommate. Our apartment is pretty and comfortable, but especially it is very homey.

My apartment has a living room, kitchen, bathroom, and two bedrooms. I like the living room very much because Amy and I spend most of our time there. The walls are a warm pink color. On the wall, there are some big pictures of sailboats, which Amy loves. There are a couch, a TV, and a small table beside the window, which has curtains with pretty pink and blue flowers to match the walls. Also the room contains a light green corduroy chair, many CDs, some magazines, and a lot of pictures of Amy’s and my friends on the door. The carpet is moss green. Everything is not new; in fact, it all seems very worn, which makes the room very homey.

2. a. is, has, are, contains, is b. spend c. like, seems 3. Verbs are highlighted above. These verbs are in the past tense because the first paragraph tells about a past event.

EXERCISE 43 (Page 273) One day, when we were waiting for the teacher, my friend and I went to the shelf to look at the objects on it. We saw a toy car on top of the shelf and because it was too high to reach, my friend grabbed the edge of the shelf with his right hand and started to climb up. Suddenly his left hand collided with the flower vase. It fell on the floor with a little dry sound; the flower vase was broken into pieces.

EXERCISE 44 (Page 274) There were three armchairs, a wooden sofa with dark red cushions, and a coffee table in the room. These things had been in our house before my parents brought them to the cottage. They were old and worn, but comfortable. There was a worn red carpet on the floor that was almost the same color as the sofa. In the corner was a small table with an old black and white TV. We didn’t use it very often when we were at the cottage, but it was nice to have it there. It also had come from our house. simple past; past perfect; simple past; simple past; simple past; simple past; simple past, simple past; simple past; simple past; past perfect EXERCISE 45 (Pages 274-275) Correct form of the verb is underlined.

1. I was really scared when I got my first traffic ticket.

2. Last Christmas, my friends and I drove to Houston.

3. It was my first time taking a trip in the United States, and I was really excited.

4. As we drove out of New Orleans on I-10 west, there were many cars on the highway.

5. When we passed the airport, the traffic got lighter, so we speeded up, hoping to arrive at our destination before sunset.

6. We used a radar detector so we would know where the police were.

7. Just at that time, the car in front of me was going really slow, so I decided to pass it.

8. As I speeded up, the radar detector started to make a warning sound.

9. We were scared because the police car was just on the shoulder of the highway.

10. I was afraid the police would follow us, but my friend just joked and said, “Come on, come on, catch us!”

11. Then we heard the police car siren and I saw the police car approaching rapidly.

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12. The police car was behind us and motioned for us to stop on the shoulder.

13. At that time, I didn’t know what to do because I had never gotten a traffic ticket before.

14. All I was thinking about was how much I would have to pay for the ticket.

15. The policeman came to the car and asked me for all my documents.

16. He wrote down all the information.

17. He also kept my driver’s license and gave me a temporary driver’s license.

18. Finally, I got back in the car and we continued on to Houston. Such an awful thing to happen at the beginning of our vacation!

EXERCISE 46 (Page 275) Corrected verb forms are underlined.

One day I was hired to work for a tree company. My first day of work with this company was the beginning of a new experience which was very dangerous. We were in a place out of town. We began to work under high power lines cutting small trees.

Robert, my partner, was cutting them with a big machete and I was spraying them to kill the roots of the trees. We were about one hundred yards from the truck when we heard a strange noise coming from the brush which was two or three feet away from us. We couldn’t see anything. I jumped away from there; at the same time, Robert hit his machete again and again until the noise stopped. Then he put his hand in the brush and pulled out a big rattlesnake. That experience I had the first day of work was only the beginning of more exciting things that happened to me.

Simple past was used whenever the event happened in the past, and past progressive was used because the action was progressing at a particular time in the past.

EXERCISE 47 (Page 276) I felt surprised, then happy, then doubtful all in one split second when I found out I had been chosen to be a star in the school play. That was my dream, to stand on the stage to give a performance. When the notice was published, everyone congratulated me. At that time, I felt happy about it; on the other hand, I felt nervous. I asked myself, could I give a good performance on the stage? Could I adapt to playing in front of a crowd?

Could I speak loud enough in the play? When I thought about these problems, my jaw shook. However, I decided I would try my best to be a good actor. I had been in the drama society for two years. I had learned some acting skill, but that was not enough for the play. The play would be opening in two months. I rushed into the frenzied business of rehearsal. Gradually I got used to it, and I even began to enjoy acting. The night of the performance came. No sooner had the curtain gone up than my eyes were confronted with thousands of gleaming eyes in the darkness. I stood on the stage and spoke, but my hands and legs were trembling. My voice didn’t tremble, so I looked full of confidence, but, in fact, I was very nervous. When the curtain fell, the audience gave us a big hand and cheered. Then we knew we had done a good job in the play. When the curtain went up again, we gave thanks to the audience, but the cheer sounded louder than before.

At that time I felt I had won an Oscar for the best actor. When we finished all of the work after the play, we took some pictures as a memento. Now, I keep a copy of that picture on my dresser. When I look at this picture, I think about the cheer from the audience, the events during rehearsal, and the personal satisfaction of entertaining the people. That memory will be in my mind forever.

2. Simple past; past perfect; past progressive 3. Answers will vary. Possible response: Surprised – simple past. This tense is used because the writer is explaining a past emotion.

4. Simple present. This tense is used because the writer is explaining how he feels now.

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EXERCISE 48 (Page 277) Answers will vary.

EXERCISE 49 (Page 277) Answers will vary.

EXERCISE 50 (Pages 277-278) For most people, there has been a moment in their lives when they have changed their attitude. Recently, I (1) became a father and I (2) experienced a change in my attitude toward my parents. Before becoming a father, I (3) was the son of my parents.

My parents (4) took care of me and I (5) did not think too much about my parents’ love because I thought it was the usual thing. After I became a father, I (6) realized how difficult it (7) was/is to take care of a baby, so I (8) have come to admire my parents and their generation. In my parents’ generation, there (9) were no gas stoves, microwaves, dishwashers, dryers, and other electric appliances to help women do the housework.

Women (10) had to wash clothes by hand and spend a lot of time cooking and cleaning.

Also, in my country it (11) was taboo for the man to help the woman with the housework and with taking care of the baby. But nowadays, this custom (12) has changed. In my case, I (13) help my wife do the housework and take care of the baby. The conditions under which my parents’ generation (14) took care of children (15) were worse than now, but they (16) did well. So, I (17) have come to admire my parents and their generation.

EXERCISE 51 (Page 279) 1. ago 2. since 3. just/recently 4. for 5. ago 6. for 7. just/recently; ago 8. For EXERCISE 52 (Page 279) I recently (1) started a new job in our local community center. I (2) have been there for only three months, and I really (3) love it. I (4) finished my degree in recreation management six months ago. I (5) looked for a job for six months. It (6) was difficult to find a good position and I (7) felt really depressed. However, since I (8) began working at my new job I (9) have been really happy.

EXERCISE 53 (Pages 280-281) 1. a. The teacher who did the most to encourage me was, as it happens, my aunt. She was Myrtle C. Manigault, the wife of my mother’s brother Bill, when she taught me in second grade at all-black Sumner School in Camden, New Jersey. Now she is Mrs. Myrtle M. Stratton, retired and residing in Haddonfield, New Jersey. b. Simple past. The paragraph is about past events. c. Simple present. To write about the topic in the present. Time word: Now 2. a. Simple past. The paragraphs are about the writer’s past. Time signal: my first opportunity b. The writer switches to future at the end of the second paragraph. The writer is expressing an emotion or feeling, not a tense or future time.

3. a. Simple present. The writer is describing the topic in the present. Time signal: Today b. told The writer gives a specific detail from the past.

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c. Present perfect. The present perfect is used to indicate events that began in the past and continue to the present. There is no time signal. The verb tense suggests the past and present time relationship.

EXERCISE 54 (Page 281) One reason people lie is to achieve personal power. Achieving personal power is helpful for someone who pretends to be more confident than he really is. For example, one of my friends threw a party at his house last month. He asked me to come to his party and bring a date. However, I didn’t have a girlfriend. One of my other friends, who had a date to go to the party with, asked me about my date. I didn’t want to be embarrassed, so I claimed that I had a lot of work to do. I said I could easily find a date even better than his if I wanted to. I also told him that his date was ugly. I achieved power to help me feel confident; however, I embarrassed my friend and his date. Although this lie helped me at the time, since then it has made me look down on myself. lie - simple present; is - simple present; is - simple present; pretends - simple present; is simple present; threw - simple past; asked - simple past; didn’t have - simple past; had simple past; asked - simple past; did not want - simple past; claimed - simple past; had simple past; said - simple past; could find - simple past; wanted - simple past; told simple past; was - simple past; achieved - simple past; embarrassed - simple past; helped - simple past; has made - present perfect EXERCISE 55 (Page 282) Incorrect verb tenses are underlined. Corrected verbs are below.

It was hard to choose a suitable school when I had applied to some American universities last year. I didn’t understand anything about America before I come here.

Because I have never been to the United States at that time, all the information about schools came from the news, magazines, some institutes, and my friends. I get I-20 forms from about eight schools, but I finally decide to come to this one. There were several reasons I chose the University of New Orleans. The first reason was financial. Because of my limited resources, I have to choose a school that is fairly inexpensive. That meant I couldn’t choose a private school or even most states’ public universities. This school was not too expensive so it fitted my requirement. The second factor was the location of the school. Because I am used to living in a big city, I couldn’t bear the life of a small town. I would rather see crowds and buildings instead of cattle and grassland. Although New Orleans isn’t a really big city like New York, there are about one million people living in the metropolitan area. Additionally, New Orleans is famous for its tourism, which was very attractive to me.

Error corrections: came; had never been; got; decided; had; was; fit

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