Construction Design Journal for 2050

LSC333 Landscape Materials: Construction Anna Egerton-King

170182979

‘TRANSITION’ Research into the site revealed that a large proportion of the space designated for the new park flooded every year. In addition, along the entire boundary to the west runs a railway. These two physical events formed my early thinking for the park, both for its construction and planting.

My aims were to create a diverse, adaptable and dynamic landscape, visitors are confronted with sustainability and biodiversity, where they can observe and learn about the impacts of climate change, that offers multiple and differing spatial experiences and journeys, a space that is fluid, surprising, changes over time.

SITE VISIT: NEWARK EXISTING HARD MATERIALS ON SITE:

LANDSCAPE CHARACTER:

The hard materials at Newark have a strong connection with Newark’s character, giving the town a sense of identity. Materials can be associated with place.

“Landscape character is the set of attributes, both tangible and intangible, that define an area in much the same way as looks, personality and behaviour define a person”

In my design, I want to use some of these materials that can be seen in Newark to keep the character as well as reduce costs as these materials would be locally sourced.

- Waterman, Tim, ‘The Fundamentals of Landscape Architecture’, Fairchild Books, 2015

Newark is an ancient town. Evidence of this can be seen through not just the town’s architecture but also hard materials such as paving. The ‘cobblestone’ paving settes in Newark Royal market have been eroded over time. This gradual process that happens over a long period of time can be compared to the river erosion that is increasing due to the effects of climate change and how we can prepare resilient landscapes through design and choice of materials.

HARD MATERIAL SKETCHES ON SITE:

Newark Castle - Photo taken on 4/04/20

Newark Castle - Photo taken on 4/04/20

Newark Castle - Photo taken on 4/04/20

Newark Castle - Photo taken on 4/04/20

Newark Castle - Photo taken on 4/04/20

Newark Castle Wall - Material: Sandstone

Intoduction to Hard Materials LECTURE SERIES:

Contents:

Knowledge aquired from LSC333 Hard Materials lecture series and case studies provided has aided my design process and choice of materials as I have

Introduction developed a greater understanding of how materials can be manipulated.

Concrete Stone & Bound Materials Timber & Metals Lighting & Sound Homework

Uffintgon White Horse, England,1000 BC Landscape interventions can be viewed from different perspectives. In this case, from eye level it looks like a series of curvilinear paths and shapes but from above forms a white horse.

Lovejoy Fountain & Ira Keller Fountain, Portland, USA Design by Lawrence Halprin Disruption of water flow - Falling water creates soundscapes which draws the user in. Interaction with water allows for different activities.

Paddington Basin Landscape, London Design Gillespies Monochromatic colour scheme used very effectively.

White / Grey / Black Proportions of paving units are varied.

Ginkakuji (The Silver Pavillion), Kyoto, Japan

Teardrop Park, NY Design: Michael Van Valkenburg

Park Hyattzurich, Switzerland - Design: VOGT Landscape Architects + Meili, Peter Architekten

Church of the Light, Osaka, Japan Design: Tadao Ando

Leichtenstein National Museum of Art

Eberswalde Library, Berlin - Design: Herzog DeMeuron

Spiritual Echoes, Brader Klaus Kapelle, Germany - Design: Peter Zumthor

Black Basalt & White Limestone Paving Lisbon, Portugal - Designer: Unknown

Symbolic Nature

Manchester Exchange Square Designer: Martha Schwartz

Disparate Lines

Tanner Fountain, Harvard, Boston Designer: Peter Walker & Partners

Overlain Circles

Reflected Memories, Vietnam Veterans Memorial, Washington D.C. - Design: Maya Lin

Burnt Lines: Charcoal House, Japan - Design: Terunobu Fujimori

Aldeburgh Dovecote Design: Haworth Tompkins

Peace Gardens, Sheffield, UK - Photgraphs by Anna Egerton-King

Holberry Cascades 8 large water features dedicated to Samuel Holberry, leader of Sheffield’s Chartist Movement.

Devonshire Green

Sculptural Walls & Planting Beds

E

Peace Gardens

Goodwin Fountain 9 Individual jets of water.

Dedicated to Sir Staurt & Lady Goodwion (Neepsend Ltd - Steel & Tools)

Events Space:

Park holds events such as specialist markets, music festivals and spectacular live performances.

Sheffield Train Station

SU, Sheffield University Campus

Endcliffe Accomodation, Sheffield University

Sheffield City Centre

Garden of Pooled Talents’, Sheffield University

Leavy Greave Road, Sheffield University

ON

E

Design Process Sketches

These conceptual plans and diagrams show the area selected for detailed design at the beginning of the project.

Enclosed

Stone Paving Units

Steps Seating

Open

Woodland Trail (2m)

Path (4m)

Wet Woodland

Detailed Design Area

SKETCH AXONOMETRIC CHANGES TO DESIGN: •

• • •

Space surrounding by vegetation

Move Corten steel sheets in amongst the Mediterranean planting bed rather than either side of path. This will enhance the space.

Inserting a level change to provide a seperate intimate seating space. 4/5 steps will be added to main threshold.

Remove threshold markers.

Reduce number of thresholds into space.

Gabion basket bench with evergreen hedge planted behind.

Threshold Marker Corten Steel Frame

Natural stone paving units - smooth transition to soft material.

Mediterranean Planting in Drifts

Central vegetation provides focal point.

Woodland trail.

Corten Steel Sheet with perferations reveiling the plants behind.

Resin bound 4m path

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

CONSTRUCTION PLAN: TRANSITIONS:

Plan Not to Scale

CONCRETE 4 M PATH:

BESPOKE CORTEN STEEL DETAIL:

STEP DETAIL:

BESPOKE PAVING DETAIL:

The material for the path is C40 Earth Friendly Concrete (EFC) which provides a better alternative to conventional concrete. Stone paving units line the edges of the path.

The is set within the planting bed to combine hard and soft landscape elements. The perferations will enhance the planting.

The step detail consists of 5 steps (150 mm rise and 400 mm tread) to create a level change which seperates two different functions of space.

The paving is inspired by the High Line. It’s complex edge integrates with the vegetation allowing for a smooth transition of space.

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

The plan can be seperated into two different uses of space. The path provides linear movement with attractive views of the Meditteranean planting beds and bespoke Corten steel detail either side encouraging slower pace. The natural stone paved area with gabion basket seating provides an area of rest and relaxation with bespoke paving detail creating a smooth transition from hard to soft. This area acts as a focal point for visitors. The steps are at the intersect of these two spaces providing a level change.

TUTORIALS: Feedback from tutorials helped me progress my ideas and make changes to improve my design.

CONSTRUCTION DETAILS 1) Gabion Basket Seating

3) Step Detail DETAIL SELECTION: I have selected a range of different details to reflect this transitional journey taken by the user from path, to steps and finally a seating space.

Contrasting sustainable materials are used.

2) Bespoke Paving Unit

4) Bespoke Corten Steel Detail & Path

DETAIL 1: GABION Gabion Basket SeatingBASKET SEATING

AUTOCAD: My experience with AutoCAD has been a challenge

Materials:

GABION BASKET SEATING SKETCH: CORRECTION NOTES:

Geotextile layer is needed (50 mm width non-woven geotextile fabric). This will prevent soil from infiltrating the gabion baskets in front.

FSC Timber Place more timber boards along the backrest to increase comfort.

Hornch not needed Gabion Basket: Recycled Infill Material & Galvanised Steel

INFILL MATERIAL: Hand fill gabion with two different types of infill stone.

At the back of the gabion, fill with recycled product such as building rubble (brick or limestone) and at the front a more aesthetically pleasing materials such as a limestone infill.

CONTRACTORS NOTE:

Drawing Not to Scale

Not necessary to place stone paving underneath gabion basket bench to reduce costs as it will not be seen. Instead put a concrete foundation underneath to ensure stability.

500 mm x 500 mm x 500 mm hand filled gabion basket.

Two different types of infill stone: recycled gabion fill at back of gabion (50-150 mm nominal size) and grey limestone infill (100 mm nominal size). All panel intersects are to be laced with wire matching gabion mesh.

GABION BASKET INFILL MATERIAL:

COLOURS & TEXTURES:

SIZE & SHAPE:

GABION BASKETS:

As shown in the image above, various stone textures and colours can be used for gabion basket infill to provide a more aesthetically pleasing front face.

In this image, variation of stone sizes have been used to create a differtent visual effect.

Gabion baskets were traditionally used for river/coastal defense.

Contemporary uses include gabions as retaining walls and seating spaces.

Gabion Basket Detail: Sketch

MATERIALS:

Reference: Trada - The Leading Authority on Wood. Available [online] at: https:// www.trada.co.uk/wood-species/

GABION BASKET FIXINGS FIXINGS:

CORRECTIONS:

This stage in the design was challenging as there were a number of attachments that were needed to fix the timber boards to the steel structural frame and then in turn, fix all components to the gabion basket mesh to complete the seat.

• • • •

I will not be able to have the attachment from underneath as the gabion will need filling first.

What could be done instead if I were to bolt (not screw) them, except the backrest ones which can be screwed from behind.

A washer is needed underneath each bolt to aid attachment and allow for thermal movement.

M10 bolts (10 mm in diameter) probably too large, this could work with M6

Design Sketches: Trying to work out the fixings NOT TO SCALE How do I attach the seat to gabion basket?

Steel Structure Framework

This is my current AutoCAD Gabion Basket Seat Design Fixing

x3 Timber Board Slats

PLAN:

DETAIL 2: STEP DETAIL AXONOMETRIC SKETCH OF STEP DETAIL:

Corten steel retaining wall either side of the steps.

STEP DETAIL VERSION 2: This CAD drawing shows the step detail with a Corten steel retaining wall.

4 m wide Earth Friendly Concrete (EFC) path STEP DETAIL VERSION1: The image shows an example of how my step detail might have looked if I were to have a gabion basket retaining wall either side of my steps. The planting on top of the steps break up the hard landscape.

This CAD drawing shows the step detail with a gabion basket retaining wall and stainless steel handrail.

I decided that a handrail wasnt required for my design as there are only 5 steps.

STEP DETAIL SKETCH:

For my design, a handrail is not needed as maximum number of steps is 5. A retaining wall either side of steps will act as support when descending/ascending steps.

CORRECTIONS:

Insert a slot drain after corduroy paving units.

Check out supplier: Aco Drains.

Ensure that the concrete hardcore is 200 mm

Drawing Not To Scale

Steps and subbase both made out of concrete therfore no need for 50 mm mortar. If steps where made out of stone, mortar is needed.

A252 reinforcing steel mesh (6mm bar at 100 mm spacing) is needed running through the middle of the concrete to provide extra support.

DETAIL 3: BESPOKE PAVING UNIT Bespoke Paving Detail: This is my first attempt at trying to construct the bespoke paving detail for my design.

An uneven edge which extends out to create a smooth transition between hard and soft, I had one stone paving unit set within the planting bed. However, this wasn’t an appropriate approach to take as the paving unit sits loose and may get stolen as has it has nothing fixing it to the ground.

Not to Scale

The paving is held in with a concrete haunch to prevent damage to the edge of the paving unit.

Slabs PRECEDENT STUDY: NY HIGH LINE HIGHLINE UNDER CONSTRUCTION: I did research to try and find construction plans for the High Line to gauge dimensions for paving units, however I was unable to find specifics. On the HighLine website, there are constructiuon detail images which gave me inspiration for my design.

The High Line stone paving unit is held in place by the weight of the stone itself.

Natural Stone Paving Units

BESPOKE PAVING DETAIL: This is my bespoke paving detail.

It resembles the same shape but different dimensions to the High Line paving units.

High Line, New York - Construction Detail: Paving High SlabsLine, New York - Construction Detail: Paving Slabs

BESPOKE PAVING DETAIL SKETCH: CORRECTION NOTES:

DIMENSIONS

THE EDGE

The paving unit length dimensions need changing. The standard length for a single paving unit is 900 mm. I need to cut back by 750 mm. Anything bigger than this is costly and this also reduces amount of waste product produced. It is 75mm thick and 300 mm wide.

The bespoke paving unit on the edge has the same length but a different width and 100 mm thicker to maintain weight but also allow for a 200 mm spacing between each unit for plantring to grow.

FINISH Flamed finish will provide a non slip surface.

COLOUR The paving will be arranged in bands of different colours. 1/3 light grey, 1/3 silver grey and 1/3 dark grey. This will provide variation and interest.

MATERIAL The paving units will be made out of granite (igneous) as it is a cheap, economical material. The crystaline means it is less prone to cracking.

DETAIL 2: BESPOKE CORTEN STEEL DETAIL AND PATH CONCRETE PATH: The concrete path provides an alternate material to the natural stone paving setts I have in my design for one of my details.

The concret will be C40 Earth Friendly Concrete (EFC) which is replaced with a binder system made from anchemical reaction of 2 industrail waste byproducts.

This creates 90% less carbon dioxide than conventional concrete.

The concrete will be poured in situ for ease as it is covering alarge surface area and to reduce costs.

CONTRACTORS NOTES: 4000 mm x 10000 x 150 mm of C40 Earth Friendly Concrete (EFC) poured in situ.

Textured through mechanical brush finish.

CORTEN STEEL PLATE & FIXING: 15 mm (thickness) folded Corten steel plate. M10 (diameter) bolts with chemical anchor fix plate to concrete subbase.

Concrete foundation needed so that the corten steel sheet has something to fix on to. Reinforcement mesh is not needed as the weight of the concrete itself will support the corten steel.

RICHARD SERRA & CORTEN STEEL

ORGANIC SHAPES: Richard Serra’s work with Corten steel was my inspiration for my Corten steel detail. What interested me the most was the way in which Serra manipulates the materials by bending it into organic formations and placing them into the landscape. His pieces are at a large scale which increases the impact of his work.

CORTEN STEEL PERFORATIONS: Corten steel plate has a bespoke pattern which is plasma cut into the sheet metal to provide additional pattern/ texture. Perforations reveal planting behind allowing people walking past with a more intriguing journey along the path combines both hard and soft landscape together.

PERFORATIONS TEXT:

CONSTRUCTION NOTE:

I have chosen to use phrases from a poem by William Wordsworth as perferations on the corten steel sheet.

Text will reflect Newark’s rich cultural and historical past and provides visitors with a lasting image of what Newark’s landscape once was.

Subbase should always should always be constrcuted underneath concrete for stability.

‘YARROW REVISITED’ BY WILLIAM WORDSWORTH I read ‘Yarrow Revisited’ which touches on Newark’s landscape. A few key phrases from the poem are listed below: ‘breezes played, and sunshine gleamed’ ‘quiet contemplation’ ‘The freeborn mind enthralling’ ‘day of happy hours’

ELEVATION OF CORTEN STEEL PATTERN

Materials:

Corten Steel

The corten steel contrasts nicely with the other materials selcted as the sheet material is not made up of a grid/linear structure. It’s reddish/brown warm colour contrasts with the cool grey colours of the natural stone, timber and gabion basket recycled stone rubble.

FINAL REFLECTION

Materials of Landscape: Detailed Design Gabion Basket Seat Detail

1:20

Plan View of Details

A2

A2

300

A .2

. .

150

A2 2000

quiet

con

te

m

pla

ti o n

1. Bespoke 2 mm x 1 mm x 2000 mm folded material grade 2 Corten steel plate. Perforated surface with text detailing.

2. 100 mm M10 Bolts with chemical anchor. . mm thick self-bound gravel. . 1 0 mm recycled aggregate concert foundation. . 200 mm thick concrete sub-base.

A4

Not to Scale Key:

1. 2 0 mm x 00 mm x 1 0 mm granite paving setts with flamed finish. Colour: silver grey.

2.

0 mm of mortar. Standard joining dimensions. 1: mix of cement and sand. .

000 mm x 10000 x 1 0 mm of C 0 Earth Friendly Concrete (EFC) poured in situ.

Textured through mechanical brush finish.

1. Bespoke 2 mm x 1 mm x 2000 mm folded material grade 2 Corten steel plate.

2. mm thick self-bound gravel. . 1 0 mm recycled aggregate concert foundation. . 200 mm thick concrete sub-base.

75

A2

.

1:20

00 mm x 000 mm x 100 mm concrete foundations.

100 mm x 100 mm x mm granite paving cobblestone’ setts with flamed finish.

Colour dark grey.

00 mm x 0 mm x mm granite paving setts with flamed finish. Colour silver grey (see paving detail).

0 mm of mortar. Standard joining dimensions. 1: mix of cement and sand.

200 mm concrete subbase.

M10 Stainless Steel bolts with washer attached to gabion frame.

240

150

4000

Corten Steel Fixing 1:10

A2

• 1.

Bespoke Paving Detail 1500

750

175

A2

75

1:1

Natural Stone

Stainless Steel

FSC Timber

Concrete

Gravel

Corten Steel

Vegetation

Notes: • •

A

Earth

150

1:1

.

Corten Steel Detail

15

Bespoke Corten Steel Detail

2.

A1

100

Path

1.

A3.1

A2

500

1. 120 mm x 1000 mm x 0 mm hardwood FSC timber boards with planed finish.

2. 20 mm x mm x 20 mm steel support frame.

Brushed finish. .

00 mm x 00 mm x 00 mm hand filled gabion basket. Two different types of infill stone: recycled gabion fill at back of gabion ( 0-1 0 mm nominal si e) and grey limestone infill (100 mm nominal si e). All panel intersects are to be laced with wire matching gabion mesh. . Geotextile Layer 0 mm width non-woven geotextile fabric. This will prevent soil from infiltrating the gabion baskets in front. . 19 mm wide concrete slot drain with galvani ed mesh grating. Supplier: Aco Drains, 1 Caxton Rd, Elm Farm Industrial Estate, Bedford MK 1 0LF.

400 800

830

500

100 500

A3.2

1. 19 mm wide concrete slot drain with galvani ed mesh grating.

Supplier: Aco Drains, 1 Caxton Rd, Elm Farm Industrial Estate, Bedford MK 1 0LF. 2. A2 2 reinforcing mesh ( mm Bar at 100mm Spacing). . 200 mm concrete subbase.

750

1. 2000 mm x 1 mm x 0 mm material grade 2 Corten steel retaining wall.

2. 100 mm M10 Bolts with chemical anchor. .

00 mm x 00 mm x 1 0 mm granite stone steps with flamed finish. Colour: light grey. -degree nosing detail, with 0 mm x 0 mm shadow gap. .

0 mm of Mortar. Standard oining Dimensions. 1: mix of cement and sand. .

00 mm x 00 mm x mm corduroy paving unit in the colour charcoal. . C 0 Earth Friendly Concrete (EFC).

Textured through mechanical brush finish. Aggregates to be sourced from recycled sources.

380

A .1

Step Detail

825

1:1

465

A1

A2

My four detailed design and plan show a range of different constructions from gabion basket seating and step detail to bespoke elements such as the Corten steel, paths and paving. I wanted the finished design to be simple for the contractor to construct as well as cost effective, including as little management in the future as possible.

00 mm x 0 mm x mm granite paving setts with flamed finish.

Colour: 1/ light grey, 1/ silver grey and 1/ dark grey.

2. Bespoke 00 mm x 1 00 mm x 1 mm granite paving setts with flamed finish. 200 mm gap between paving units. .

0 mm of mortar. Standard joining dimensions. 1: mix of cement and sand. . 200 mm thick concrete sub-base.

All subbase and aggregates to use recycled materials Timber to be FSC approved, sustainably and locally sourced.

The precast concrete steps and nosing detail with shadow gap will have small LED light fittings to improve visibility and reduce potential trip ha ard.

University of Sheffield

Module Code: LSC

Site Location: Newark

Date: 0 /0 /2020

Title: Newark Construction Details Anna Egerton-King 1 01 29 9

N Sheet 2 of 2

Site appropriate materials are used throughout. This detail retains Newark’s rich cultural and historical past by using materials that are familiar to the area as well as updating, introducing new materials.

Gabion baskets are selected as a key response to river flooding and work well with moving water which can be seen in other areas of the park. Repetition of certain materials creates design coherence.

Materials are suited to a 2050 climate. Where possible, materials embrace environmentally friendly techniques, such as the concrete path which will be poured in situ, and will be C40 Earth Friendly Concrete (EFC) which creates 90% less carbon dioxide than conventional concrete.

FSC timber with a planed finish, is a hardwood which will ensure longevity, is used for the gabion basket bench. Recycled infill material will be used for the back fill of the gabion basket and all materials will be locally sourced and sustainable.