The Heritage of World Civilizations
Brief Fifth Edition
ALBERT M. CRAIG
Harvard University
WILLIAM A. GRAHAM
Harvard University
Yale University
Harvard University
Yale University
DONALD KAGAN
STEVEN OZMENT
FRANK M. TURNER
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
The heritage of world civilizations / Albert M. Craig… [et al.].
Brief 5th ed. p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-205-83549-2 (combined edition : alk. paper)
ISBN 978-0-205-83548-5 (volume 1 : alk. paper)
ISBN 978-0-205-83547-8 (volume 2 : alk. paper)
1. Civilization--History--Textbooks. I. Craig, Albert M. II. Title. CB69.H45 2011 909--dc22
2011005330
www.pearsonhighered.com
Combined Volume
ISBN-10: 0-205-83549-X
ISBN-13: 978-0-205-83549-2
Exam Copy
ISBN-10: 0-205-05254-1
ISBN-13: 978-0-205-05254-7
Volume 1
ISBN-10: 0-205-83548-1
ISBN-13: 978-0-205-83548-5
Volume 1 a la Carte
ISBN-10: 0-205-05226-6
ISBN-13: 978-0-205-05226-4
Volume 2
ISBN-10: 0-205-83547-3
ISBN-13: 978-0-205-83547-8
Volume 2 a la Carte
ISBN: 0-205-05256-8
ISBN: 978-0-205-05256-1
Consolidation and Interaction of World Civilizations, 500 C.E. to 1500 C.E. 8 Imperial China, 589–1368 9 Early Japanese History 10 The Formation of Islamic Civilization, 622–1000 11 The Byzantine Empire and Western Europe to 1000 12 The Islamic World, 1000–1500 13 Ancient Civilizations of the Americas 14 Africa, ca. 1000–1700
15 Europe to the Early 1500s: Revival, Decline, and Renaissance Part 4 The World in Transition, 1500 to 1850 16 Europe 1500–1650: Expansion, Reformation, and Religious Wars
17 Conquest and Exploitation: The Development of the Transatlantic Economy
18 East Asia in the Late Traditional Era
19 State Building and Society in Early Modern Europe
20 The Last Great Islamic Empires, 1500–1800
Part 5
Enlightenment and Revolution in the Atlantic World, 1700–1850
21 The Age of European Enlightenment
22 Revolutions in the Transatlantic World
23 Political Consolidation in Nineteenth-Century Europe and North America
Part 6 Into the Modern World, 1815–1949
24 Northern Transatlantic Economy and Society, 1815–1914
25 Latin America from Independence to the 1940s
26 India, the Islamic Heartlands, and Africa, 1800–1945
27 Modern East Asia
7 Global Conflict and Change, 1900–Present
28 Imperialism and World War I
29 Depression, Europepan Dictators, and the American New Deal
30 World War II
31 The West Since World War II
32 East Asia: The Recent Decades
33 Postcolonialism and Beyond: Latin America, Africa, Asia, and the Middle East
Contents
DOCUMENTS
MAPS
PREFACE
A
BOUT THE AUTHORS
Part 1
Human Origins and Early Civilizations to 500 B.C.E.
CHAPTER 1
The Birth of Civilization
Early Humans and Their Culture
Global Perspective: Civilizations
ThePaleolithicAge
TheNeolithicAge
TheBronzeAgeandtheBirthofCivilization
Early Civilizations in the Middle East to About 1000 B.C.E.
MesopotamianCivilization
A Closer Look: Babylonian World Map
EgyptianCivilization
Ancient Near Eastern Empires
TheHittites
TheKassites
TheMitannians
TheAssyrians
TheSecondAssyrianEmpire
TheNeo-Babylonians
Early Indian Civilization
TheIndusCivilization
TheVedicAryanCivilization
Early Chinese Civilization
NeolithicOriginsintheYellowRiverValley
EarlyBronzeAge:TheShang
LateBronzeAge:TheWesternZhou
IronAge:TheEasternZhou
The Rise of Civilization in the Americas
Summary
Key Terms
Review Questions
CHAPTER 2
Four Great Revolutions in Thought and Religion
Comparing the Four Great Revolutions
Global Perspective: Philosophy and Religion
Philosophy in China
Confucianism
Daoism
Legalism
Religion in India
“Hindu”and“Indian”
HistoricalBackground
TheUpanishadicWorldview
MahaviraandtheJainTradition
TheBuddha’sMiddlePath
A Closer Look: Statue of Siddhartha Gotama as Fasting Ascetic (Second Century C.E.)
The Religion of the Israelites
FromHebrewNomadstotheIsraeliteNation
TheMonotheisticRevolution
Greek Philosophy
ReasonandtheScientificSpirit
PoliticalandMoralPhilosophy
Summary
Key Terms
Review Questions
Religions of the World: Judaism
Part 2
Empires and Cultures of the Ancient World, 1000 B.C.E. to 500 C.E.
CHAPTER 3
Greek and Hellenistic Civilization
Global Perspective: The Achievements of Greek and Hellenistic Civilization
Minoans, Mycenaeans, and the Greek “Middle Ages” to ca. 750 B.C.E.
TheMinoans
TheMycenaeans
TheAgeofHomer
The Polisin the Expanding Greek World
DevelopmentofthePolis
TheHoplitePhalanx
GreekColonies
TheTyrants(ca.700–500 B.C.E.)
Life in Archaic Greece
Society
Religion
TheAlphabet
Poetry
The Poleisand the Persian Wars
DevelopmentofSparta
DevelopmentofAthens
ThePersianWars
WarComestoGreece
A Closer Look: The Trireme
Classical Greece
TheDelianLeague
TheFirstPeloponnesianWar
TheAthenianEmpireandDemocracy
WomenofAthens
TheGreatPeloponnesianWar
StruggleforGreekLeadership
ClassicalCulture
Emergence of the Hellenistic World
MacedonianConquest
Alexander’sConquests
DeathofAlexander
Hellenistic Culture
Philosophy
Literature
ArchitectureandSculpture
MathematicsandScience
Summary
Key Terms
Review Questions
CHAPTER 4
West Asia, Inner Asia, and South Asia to 1000 C.E.
Global Perspective: Indo-Iranian Roles in the Eurasian World before Islam
WEST AND INNER ASIA
Ancient Background and the First Persian Empire in the Iranian Plateau (550–330 B.C.E.)
TheElamites
TheIranianPeoples
AncientIranianReligion
ZoroasterandtheZoroastrianTradition
TheAchaemenids
TheAchaemenidState
TheAchaemenidEconomy
Successor States and Steppe Peoples
The Seleucid Successors to Alexander in the East (c. 312–63
B.C.E.)
TheParthianArsacidEmpire(ca.247 B.C.E.–223 C.E.)
TheIndo-Greeks
ScythiansandKushans
The Sasanid Empire (224–651 C.E.)
TheSasanids
SocietyandEconomy
Religion
LaterSasanidDevelopments
SOUTH ASIA
The First Indian Empire: The Mauryas (321–185 B.C.E.)
PoliticalBackground
TheMauryas
A Closer Look: Lion Capital of Ashoka at Sarnath
The Consolidation of Indian Civilization (ca. 200 B.C.E.–300 C.E.)
TheEconomicBase
HighCulture
ReligionandSociety
The Golden Age of the Guptas (ca. 320–550 C.E.)
GuptaRule
GuptaCulture
ReligionandSociety
Summary
Key Terms
Review Questions
Religions of the World: Hinduism
CHAPTER 5
Africa: Early History to 1000 C.E.
Global Perspective: “Traditional” Peoples and Nontraditional Histories
Issues of Interpretation, Sources, and Disciplines
TheQuestionof“Civilization”
SourceIssues
HistoryandDisciplinaryBoundaries
Physical Description of the Continent
African Peoples
AfricaandEarlyHumanCulture
DiffusionofLanguagesandPeoples
“Race”andPhysiologicalVariation
The Sahara and the Sudan to the Beginning of the Common Era
EarlySaharanCultures
NeolithicSudanicCultures
TheEarlyIronAgeandtheNokCulture
Nilotic Africa and the Ethiopian Highlands
TheKingdomofKush
TheNapatanEmpire
TheMeroiticEmpire
TheAksumiteEmpire
IsolationofChristianEthiopia
The Western and Central Sudan
Agriculture,Trade,andtheRiseofUrbanCenters
FormationofSudanicKingdomsintheFirstMillennium
Central, Southern, and East Africa
BantuExpansionandDiffusion
TheKhoisanandTwaPeoples
EastAfrica
A Closer Look: Four Rock Art Paintings from Tassili nAjjer (4000–2000 B.C.E.)
Summary
Key Terms
Review Questions
CHAPTER 6
Republican and Imperial Rome
Global Perspective: Republican and Imperial Rome
Italy Before Rome
Royal Rome
Government
Family
Clientage
PatriciansandPlebeians
The Republic
Constitution
A Closer Look: Lictors
TheStruggleoftheOrders
ConquestofItaly
RomeandCarthage
TheRepublic’sConquestoftheHellenisticWorld
GreekCulturalInfluence
Roman Imperialism
AftermathofConquest
TheGracchi
MariusandSulla
WaragainsttheItalianAllies(90–88 B.C.E.)
Sulla’sDictatorship
ArtsandLettersoftheLateRepublic
The Fall of the Republic and the Augustan Principate
Pompey,Crassus,andCaesar
FirstTriumvirateandtheDictatorshipofJuliusCaesar
SecondTriumvirateandtheEmergenceofOctavian
TheAugustanPrincipate
AugustanAdministration,Army,andDefense
ReligionandMorality
TheGoldenAgeofRomanLiterature
Peace and Prosperity: Imperial Rome
AdministrationoftheEmpire
CultureoftheEarlyEmpire
LifeinImperialRome:TheApartmentHouse
The Rise of Christianity
JesusofNazareth
PaulofTarsus
Organization
PersecutionofChristians
EmergenceofCatholicism
RomeasaCenteroftheEarlyChurch
The Third and Fourth Centuries: Crisis and Late Empire
MilitaryReorganization
Economic,Social,andPoliticalCostsofDefense
PreservationofClassicalCulture
TheLateEmpire:DiocletiantoConstantine
TriumphofChristianity
ChristianWriters
Summary
Key Terms
Review Questions
CHAPTER 7
China’s First Empire, 221 B.C.E.–589 C.E.
Qin Unification of China
Global Perspective: China’s First Empire
Former Han Dynasty (206 B.C.E.–8 C.E.)
TheDynasticCycle
EarlyYearsoftheFormerHanDynasty
A Closer Look: The Terra-Cotta Army of the First Qin
Emperor
HanWudi
TheXiongnu
GovernmentduringtheFormerHan
TheSilkRoad
DeclineandUsurpation
Later Han (25–220 C.E.) and Its Aftermath
FirstCentury
DeclineduringtheSecondCentury
AftermathofEmpire
Han Thought and Religion
HanConfucianism
History
Neo-Daoism
Buddhism
Summary
Key Terms
Review Questions
Part 3
Consolidation and Interaction of World Civilizations, 500 C.E. to 1500 C.E.
CHAPTER 8
Imperial China, 589–1368
Reestablishment of Empire: Sui (589–618) and Tang (618–907) Dynasties
TheSuiDynasty
Global Perspective: Imperial China
TheTangDynasty
TheTangEmpire
TangCulture
A Closer Look: A Tang Painting of the Goddess of Mercy
Transition to Late Imperial China: The Song Dynasty (960–1279)
AgriculturalRevolutionoftheSong:FromSerfstoFreeFarmers
CommercialRevolutionoftheSong
Government:FromAristocracytoAutocracy
SongCulture
China in the Mongol World Empire: The Yuan Dynasty (1279–1368)
RiseoftheMongolEmpire
MongolRuleinChina
ForeignContactsandChineseCulture
LastYearsoftheYuan
Summary
Key Terms
Review Questions
CHAPTER 9
Early Japanese History
Japanese Origins
TheJōmon,Japan’sOldStoneAge
TheYayoiRevolution
Global Perspective: East Asia
TombCulture,theYamatoState,andKorea
ReligioninEarlyJapan
Nara and Heian Japan
CourtGovernment
People,Land,andTaxes
RiseoftheSamurai
AristocraticCultureandBuddhism
ChineseTraditioninJapan
BirthofJapaneseLiterature
NaraandHeianBuddhism
Japan’s Early Feudal Age
TheKamakuraEra
TheMongols
TheQuestionofFeudalism
TheAshikagaEra
A Closer Look: The East Meets the East
WomeninWarriorSociety
Agriculture,Commerce,andMedievalGuilds
BuddhismandMedievalCulture
JapanesePietism:PureLandandNichirenBuddhism
ZenBuddhism
NōPlays
Summary
Key Terms
Review Questions
Religions of the World: Buddhism
CHAPTER 10
The Formation of Islamic Civilization, 622–1000
Global Perspective: The Early Islamic Worlds of Arab and Persian Cultures
Origins and Early Development
TheSetting
MuhammadandtheQur’an
Women in Early Islamic Society
Early Islamic Conquests
CourseofConquest
FactorsofSuccess
The New Islamic World Order
TheCaliphate
TheUlama
A Closer Look: The Dome of the Rock, Jerusalem (Interior)
TheUmma
The High Caliphate
TheAbbasidState Society
Decline
Islamic Culture in the Classical Era
IntellectualTraditions
LanguageandLiterature
ArtandArchitecture
Summary
Key Terms
Review Questions
CHAPTER 11
The Byzantine Empire and Western Europe to 1000
The End of the Western Roman Empire
Global Perspective: The Early Middle Ages
TheByzantineEmpire
TheReignofJustinian
TheImportanceofConstantinople
TheHeightofByzantineImperialPowerintheTenthCentury
TheReligiousDiversityofChristendom
The Impact of Islam on East and West
Byzantium’sContributiontoIslamicCivilization
TheWesternDebttoIslam
The Developing Roman Church MonasticCulture
TheDoctrineofPapalPrimacy
DivisionofChristendom
The Kingdom of the Franks
MerovingiansandCarolingians:FromClovistoCharlemagne
ReignofCharlemagne(768–814)
BreakupoftheCarolingianKingdom
A Closer Look: A Multicultural Book Cover
Feudal Society
Origins
VassalageandtheFief
FragmentationandDividedLoyalty
Summary
Key Terms
Review Questions
CHAPTER 12
The Islamic World, 1000–1500
Global Perspective: The Expansion of Islamic Civilization, 1000–1500
THE ISLAMIC HEARTLANDS
Religion and Society
ConsolidationofaSunniOrthopraxy
SufiPietyandOrganization
ConsolidationofShi’iteTraditions
Regional Developments
Spain, North Africa, and the Western Mediterranean Islamic World
Egypt and the Eastern Mediterranean Islamic World: The FatimidsandtheMamluks
TheIslamicEast:AsiabeforetheMongolConquests
A Closer Look: Al-Hariri, Assemblies(Maqamat)
IslamicAsiaintheMongolAge
The Spread of Islam Beyond the Heartlands
ISLAMIC INDIA AND SOUTHEAST ASIA
The Spread of Islam to South Asia
Muslim-Hindu Encounter
Islamic States and Dynasties
SoutheastAsia
Religious and Cultural Accommodation
Hindu and Other Indian Traditions
Summary
Key Terms
Review Questions
CHAPTER 13
Ancient Civilizations of the Americas
Global Perspective: Ancient Civilizations of the Americas
Reconstructing the History of Native American Civilization
Mesoamerica: The Formative Period and the Emergence of Mesoamerican Civilization
MesoamericanBallgames
TheOlmec
TheValleyofOaxacaandtheRiseofMonteAlban
TheEmergenceofWritingandtheMesoamericanCalendar
The Classic Period in Mesoamerica
Teotihuacán
A Closer Look: The Pyramid of the Sun in Teotihuacán
TheMaya
The Post-Classic Period
TheToltecs
TheAztecs
Andean South America: The Preceramic and Initial Periods
Chavín de Huantar and the Early Horizon
The Early Intermediate, Middle Horizon, and Late Intermediate Periods
Nazca
Moche
TiwanakuandHuari
TheChimuEmpire
The Inca Empire
Summary
Key Terms
Review Questions
CHAPTER 14
Africa ca. 1000–1700
Global Perspective: Africa, 1000–1700
North Africa and Egypt
The Spread of Islam South of the Sahara
Sahelian Empires of the Western and Central Sudan
Ghana
Mali
Songhai
KanemandKanem-Bornu
The Eastern Sudan
The Forestlands—Coastal West and Central Africa
WestAfricanForestKingdoms:TheExampleofBenin
European Arrivalson theCoastlands:SenegambiaandtheGold Coast
A Closer Look: Benin Bronze Plaque with Chief and Two Attendants
CentralAfrica:TheKongoKingdomandAngola
East Africa
SwahiliCultureandCommerce
ThePortugueseandtheOmanisofZanzibar
Southern Africa
SoutheasternAfrica:“GreatZimbabwe”
ThePortugueseinSoutheasternAfrica
SouthAfrica:TheCapeColony
Summary
Key Terms
Review Questions
CHAPTER 15
Europe to the Early 1500s: Revival, Decline, and Renaissance
Global Perspective: The High Middle Ages in Western Europe
Revival of Empire, Church, and Towns
OttoIandtheRevivaloftheEmpire
TheRevivingCatholicChurch:TheClunyReformMovementand theInvestitureStruggle
TheCrusades
TownsandTownspeople
A Closer Look: European Embrace of a Black Saint Medieval Society
TheOrderofLife
MedievalWomen
Growth of National Monarchies
England:Hastings(1066)toMagnaCarta(1215)
France:Bouvines(1214)totheReignofLouisIX
TheHohenstaufenEmpire(1152–1272)
Political and Social Breakdown
HundredYears’War
TheBlackDeath
Ecclesiastical Breakdown and Revival: The Late Medieval Church
BonifaceVIIIandPhiliptheFair
The Great Schism(1378–1417) and the Conciliar Movement to 1449
The Renaissance in Italy (1375–1527)
TheItalianCity-State:SocialConflictandDespotism
Humanism
RenaissanceArtinandBeyondItaly
Italy’sPoliticalDecline:TheFrenchInvasions(1494–1527)
NiccolòMachiavelli
Revival of Monarchy: Nation Building in the Fifteenth Century
MedievalRussia
France
Spain
England
Summary
Key Terms
Review Questions
Part 4
The World in Transition, 1500 to 1850
CHAPTER 16
Europe 1500–1650: Expansion, Reformation, and Religious Wars
Global Perspective: European Expansion
The Discovery of a New World
ThePortugueseCharttheCourse
TheSpanishVoyagesofChristopherColumbus
ImpactonEuropeandAmerica
The Reformation
ReligionandSociety
PopularMovementsandCriticismoftheChurch
SecularControloverReligiousLife
TheNorthernRenaissance
MartinLutherandGermanReformationto1525
ZwingliandtheSwissReformation
AnabaptistsandRadicalProtestants
JohnCalvinandtheGenevanReformation
PoliticalConsolidationoftheLutheranReformation
TheEnglishReformationto1553
CatholicReformandCounter-Reformation
The Reformation and Daily Life
ReligioninFifteenth-CenturyLife
ReligioninSixteenth-CenturyLife
FamilyLifeinEarlyModernEurope
A Closer Look: A Contemporary Commentary of the Sexes
The Wars of Religion
FrenchWarsofReligion(1562–1598)
ImperialSpainandtheReignofPhilipII(1556–1598)
EnglandandSpain(1558–1603)
TheThirtyYears’War(1618–1648)
Superstition and Enlightenment: The Battle Within WitchHuntsandPanic
WritersandPhilosophers
Summary
Key Terms
Review Questions
Religions of the World: Christianity
