Human skeleton_English for medicine

Human Skeleton Professor: Laureta Kadrijaj Student: Edona Halili

Contents

Human Skeleton

List of bones of the human skeleton

Skeletal disorders

Human Skeleton  The human skeleton is the internal framework of the body  It is composed of around 300 bones at birth – this total decreases to 206 bones by adulthood after some bones have fused together

 The bone mass in the skeleton reaches maximum density around age 20

Human Skeleton The human skeleton performs six major functions:      

Support Movement Protection Production of blood cells Storage of minerals Endocrine regulation

Major functions • Support - The skeleton

provides the framework which supports the body and maintains its shape

• Movement - Movement is

powered by skeletal muscles, which are attached to the skeleton at various sites on bones. Muscles, bones, and joints provide the principal mechanics for movement, all coordinated by the nervous system

Major functions • Protection - The skeleton helps to protect

our many vital internal organs from being damaged • Blood cell production - The skeleton is the site of haematopoiesis, the development of blood cells that takes place in the bone marrow • Storage - The bone matrix can store calcium and is involved in calcium metabolism, and bone marrow can store iron in ferritin and is involved in iron metabolism • Endocrine regulation - Bone cells release a hormone called osteocalcin, which contributes to the regulation of blood sugar (glucose) and fat deposition.

List of bones of The human Skeleton

Human Skeleton is divided into:  Skull (cranium)  Spine (vertebral column)  Chest (thorax)  Arm  Pelvis (pelvic girdle)  Leg

Skull (cranium) The cranial bones: The occipital bone The parietal bones The frontal bone The temporal bones The sphenoid bone The ethmoid bone

The facial bones: The nasal bones The maxillae (upper jaw) The lacrimal bone The zygomatic bone or cheekbone The palatine bone The vomer The mandible (lower jaw)

Spine (vertebral column)

 The cervical vertebrae (7)  The thoracic vertebrae (12)  The lumbar vertebrae (5)  The sacral vertebrae (5)  The coccygeal vertebrae (5)

Chest (Thorax)

The sternum The ribs: True ribs False ribs Floating ribs

The upper arm bones  The humerus  The shoulder The scapula The clavicles

The lower arm bones  The ulna  The radius

The hand bones  The carpals  The metacarpals  The phalanges of

the hand

Pelvis (pelvic girdle)

 The hip bone :  Ilium  Ischium

 Pubis

The leg bones  The femur  The patella

 The tibia  The fibula  The foot

Skeletal disorders

Arthritis • Arthritis is a disorder of the joints.

It involves inflammation of one or more joints. When affected by arthritis, the joint or joints affected may be painful to move, may move in unusual directions or may be immobile completely • Symptoms generally include joint pain and stiffness. Other symptoms may include redness, warmth, swelling, and decreased range of motion of the affected joints.

Arthritis • Potential causes for arthritis may include: • Injury - leading to degenerative arthritis • Abnormal metabolism • Inheritance - such as in osteoarthritis • Infections • Immune system dysfunction

Osteoporosis • Osteoporosis is a disease of bone where there is reduced bone mineral density, increasing the likelihood of fractures • Osteoporosis means “porous bone.”

Viewed under a microscope, healthy bone looks like a honeycomb. When osteoporosis occurs, the holes and spaces in the honeycomb are much larger than in healthy bone.

Osteoporotic bones have lost density or mass and contain abnormal tissue structure. As bones become less dense, they weaken and are more likely to break

Osteoporosis Symptoms • Back pain, caused by a fractured or collapsed vertebra • Loss of height over time • A stooped posture • A bone fracture that occurs much more easily than expected

Facts about Human Skeleton  The adult human body has 206 of bones  The human hand contains 27 bones.  There are 26 bones in the human foot  The femur, or thighbone, is the longest and strongest bone of the human skeleton  The stapes, in the middle ear, is the smallest and lightest bone of the human skeleton  Arms are among the most commonly broken bones

References [1] Wikipedia The free Encyclopedia, Human Skeleton [online] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_skeleton [2] Wikipedia The free Encyclopedia, List of bones of the Human Skeleton [online] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_bones_of_the_human_skel eton [3] Conditions & Disorders of The Skeletal system [online] http://www.ivyroses.com/HumanBody/Skeletal/Skeletal_Disorde rs.php

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