Pet owner educational atlas. Immunology and transmissible diseases

Presentation brochure

Pet Owner Educational Atlas

Immunology and transmissible diseases Mª del Mar Blanco Gustavo Domínguez

José Antonio Orden

Alicia Gibello

Mª Teresa Cutuli de Simón

Esperanza Gómez-Lucía

Guadalupe Miró

Ana Doménech Isabel Simarro

Pet owner educational atlas

Pet Owner Educational Atlas

Immunology and transmissible diseases Mª del Mar Blanco Gustavo Domínguez

José Antonio Orden

Alicia Gibello

Mª Teresa Cutuli de Simón

Esperanza Gómez-Lucía

Guadalupe Miró

Ana Doménech Isabel Simarro

Immunology and transmissible diseases

AuthorS: Mª del Mar Blanco Gutiérrez, José Antonio Orden

Gutiérrez, Mª Teresa Cutuli de Simón, Ana Doménech Gómez, Gustavo Domínguez Bernal, Alicia Gibello Prieto, Esperanza Gómez-Lucía Duato, Guadalupe Miró Corrales, Isabel Simarro Fernández.

Format: 22 x 28 cm.

Number of pages: 64.

Number of sheets: 43.

RETAIL PRICE

75 €

Binding: hardcover, wire-o.

eBook included

Using a simple and graphical approach this atlas addresses the mechanisms involved in the immune responses of dogs and cats, and describes the most important infectious and parasitic diseases, as well as the corresponding preventive strategies. A particular emphasis is placed on pathological immune processes such as allergies,

animations included

dermatitis, and possible adverse reactions to transfusions and vaccinations. This atlas is designed as an aid to veterinary surgeons who wish to explain these important and complex concepts to pet owners in simple but precise terms. This will help owners understand the processes underlying the development of some of the most important diseases of their pets, the immune defence mechanisms involved, and the importance of disease prevention through immunisation, ultimately aiding decision-making in specific cases.

Presentation of the book Knowing the mechanisms that intervene in the immune response is essential to understand why animals are sometimes able to defend themselves effectively against an infectious or parasitic agent, while in other cases the outcome is death. Moreover, the individuals of a same species respond differently depending on their physiological status, so that a disease will lead to highly variable clinical pictures in a population of animals. In addition, the immune response may be altered by a variety of circumstances, which may lead to the appearance of different diseases. It is also necessary to know and understand the most appropriate strategies to prevent infectious and parasitic diseases in dogs and cats by following appropriate action protocols.

All these aspects are addressed in this book, which is intended as an aid to small animal veterinary professionals, in line with the Graphic Handbook of Immunology and Infectious Diseases of the Dog and Cat, elaborated by the same authors.

Immunology and transmissible diseases

The book is organised into four sections: • Immune response. It includes a description of the characteristics of the immune system and the mechanisms that intervene in the immune response, including how they develop over time, and also addresses the immune system’s peculiarities depending on specific circumstances, such as gestation or newborn animals.

• Immunopathology. This part shows the main disorders of the immune response and the conditions to which they can give rise, as a result of an excessive response against innocuous antigens (e.g. allergies), a reduced response (as in the case of immune deficiencies), or a response targeting one’s own organism (autoimmune disease). The problems resulting from a possible incompatibility between two blood types in a blood transfusion are also explained.

• Main infectious and parasitic diseases. The most relevant diseases caused by viruses, bacteria and parasites in the dog and cat have been included. In some cases, it is the actual immune response against the agent involved that causes a disorder in the animal. Efficacious vaccines are currently available for most of these diseases.

• Diagnosis and control. It includes brief explanations on the diagnosis of immunological disorders and immune therapy. It also describes the general concepts regarding the mechanism of action of vaccines and their types, and provides information about vaccine recommendations, both for individual animals and those housed in groups.

The drawings and diagrams, together with the concise, clear texts that accompany them, will help veterinary professionals in their explanations to their clients, who will find that the information given is precise and accessible. However, given the scientific rigour used to address the topics, it will also serve as a quick reference book for veterinary surgeons, who will be able to review the essential aspects of these conditions at a glance.

The authors Mª del Mar Blanco Gutiérrez Degree and PhD in Veterinary Medicine from the Complutense University of Madrid (UCM). Since starting her professional career, she has focused her teaching and research on Microbiology and Immunology. She teaches undergraduate and master’s degree students, and has also taught specialised training seminars. She has participated in several teaching assignments in Italy, Portugal, France and Belgium through the Erasmus programme. She has also co-written and translated several books on veterinary medicine, and designed and elaborated learning materials as part of teaching innovation projects.

She is the author of numerous articles published in international academic and specialist journals and of review articles. She has been a visiting researcher at several European and US institutions, where she focused her activity on the study of different aspects of the pathogen-host interaction.

José Antonio Orden Gutiérrez Degree and PhD in Veterinary Medicine from the Complutense University of Madrid. His research focuses on Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases. He has published more than 65 articles in journals indexed in the Journal Citation Reports, and is one of the main authors of approximately half of them. He is also the author of several articles published in scientific journals and specialised magazines in Spain and has participated in the writing of several books. He was a visiting researcher at the Washington State University (USA), where he worked on molecules for lymphocyte differentiation. He teaches undergraduate students – mainly the subject of Infectious Diseases – as well as Master’s degree and postgraduate students.

Mª Teresa Cutuli de Simón Degree and PhD in Veterinary Medicine from the Complutense University of Madrid. Head of the Mycology Unit of the Microbiology and Clinical Parasitology Service at the UCM Veterinary Teaching Hospital. Active collaborator in the development of new teaching methods, such as the Laboratorio Virtual de Microbiología Veterinaria, Inmunotrivial: básico and Inmunotrivial: avanzado y Virópolis, as part of the UCM’s projects for innovation in education. Coauthor of several books: Manual de Microbiología Veterinaria, Manual de Inmunología Veterinaria and Guía práctica para Identificación y Diagnóstico en Micología Clínica; and of numerous publications in her field. She specialises in the laboratory diagnosis of fungal infections that essentially affect cats and dogs. Her research focuses on the biocontrol of ticks and the study of pathogen-host interaction in lactococcosis in trouts.

Immunology and transmissible diseases

Ana Doménech Gómez Degree and PhD in Veterinary Medicine from the Complutense University of Madrid. She teaches the subjects of Immunology and Infectious Diseases to both undergraduate and master’s degree students. She is the subject coordinator for Veterinary Virology for the UCM’s master’s degree in Virology. She is a member of the Board of Directors of the Spanish Society for Virology (Sociedad Española de Virología, SEV) and a member of the European Society for Virology and European Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians. She has coauthored the Manual de Inmunología Veterinaria and has participated in the UCM’s project for innovation in education with computer and smartphone games such as Immunotrivial básico, Immunotrivial avanzado, Virópolis: un juego para saber más sobre Virología and Epidemia vir(tu)al. Her research focuses on animal retroviruses in both feline and ovine species, more specifically the study of the pathogenesis and immune response, and on the development of diagnostic methods and new treatments such as interferon. In addition, she is the author of numerous scientific articles published in international scientific journals and has collaborated in books, articles for specialised magazines and review articles on retroviruses.

Degree and PhD in Veterinary Medicine from the Complutense University of Madrid. He currently teaches the subjects of Immunology and Infectious Diseases to both undergraduate and master’s degree students. He is an active participant in the dissemination of science to the public; he has collaborated in initiatives such as the Science Week in Spain and developed new methods of computer-assisted learning as part of projects for innovation in education. He is the author of numerous scientific articles published in international journals and of review articles about the interaction between pathogens and host cells. He has also been a visiting researcher in different European countries. His research currently focuses on the design of new vaccine strategies against viruses (Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory syndrome), bacteria (Salmonella) and protozoans (Leishmania) that affect different animal species.

hkeita/shutterstock.com

Gustavo Domínguez Bernal

Alicia Gibello Prieto Degree in Biology from the UCM. She completed her PhD studies at the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of the same university. She mainly teaches the subjects of Microbiology and Immunology to undergraduate and master’s degree students, as well as specialised training seminars. She has also coauthored and translated several books on veterinary immunology, and designed and elaborated learning materials as part of teaching innovation projects in the field of Microbiology and Immunology. Her research focuses on the use of microogranisms in bioremediation and on the pathogen-host relationship in diseases that affect aquaculture, mainly in terms of new diagnostic systems, virulence and/or pathogenicity mechanisms and the host’s immune response. She is the author of numerous scientific articles published in Spanish and international journals and of articles for specialist magazines. She completed her scientific training by carrying out research visits at different institutions of the United Kingdom: the University of Leicester and the Institute of Food Research in Reading.

Esperanza Gómez-Lucía Duato Professor of Animal Health, she has taught the subjects of Microbiology and Immunology at the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of the UCM since the beginning of her teaching career 30 years ago. She is a member of the Board of Directors of the Spanish Society for Virology (SEV), Group for the History of Virology (Grupo de Historia de la Virología, GHV) and Group for the Teaching and Dissemination of Virology (Grupo de Docencia y Difusión de la Microbiología, D+D SEM). She is also a member of the European Society for Virology.

She consolidated her training with prolonged research visits at several universities in the USA, such as the University of Wisconsin-Madison, Harvard University (Massachusetts), Oregon Health Sciences University and University of California, Davis. She is a coauthor of the games and computer programmes Laboratorio Virtual de Microbiología Veterinaria, Virópolis: un juego para saber más sobre Virología, Inmunotrivial básico e Inmunotrivial avanzado y Epidemia vir(tu)al. She is also the coordinator of the Manual de Inmunología Veterinaria and of the master’s degree programme in Virology. Her research focuses on animal retroviruses, in particular in cattle, small ruminants and felines species.

Immunology and transmissible diseases

Guadalupe Miró Corrales Degree and PhD in Veterinary Medicine from the Complutense University of Madrid.

Diplomate of the European Veterinary Parasitology College (EVPC) and head of the Infectious and Parasitic Diseases Unit of the UCM Veterinary Teaching Hospital. She is also a founding member and president of the European Canine Leishmaniasis Working Group (LEISHVET). She is the Spanish representative of the ESCCAP (European Scientific Council Companion Animal Parasites) and president of the Spanish delegation (ESCCAP Spain).

She is the author of several books and numerous scientific publications and monographs on parasitic and infectious diseases in small animals. She specialises in health control programmes for cats and dogs housed in groups and carries out her research on several zoonoses such as leishmaniasis, toxoplasmosis and parasitic gastroenteritis.

Professor of Animal Health. She focuses her teaching on the fields of Infectious Diseases, Preventive Medicine, Health Control, Zoonosis and Public Health. She participates in the master’s degree programme in Virology as the subject coordinator for Veterinary Virology.

Member of the SEV. She is an elected member of the Board of Directors of the UCM Veterinary Teaching Hospital and was the head of the Microbiology and Parasitology Unit from its opening (1998) until September 2006. She has published more than 40 articles indexed in scientific citation databases as well as other works published in Spanish journals and specialist magazines, and has participated in the writing of several books.

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Isabel Simarro Fernández

Communication services Website Online visualisation of the sample chapter.

Presentation brochure in PDF format.

Author´s CV. Sample chapter compatible with iPad.

www.grupoasis.com/promo/inmunology_tdiseases

Pet Owner Educational Atlas

Immunology and transmissible diseases Mª del Mar Blanco Gustavo Domínguez

José Antonio Orden

Alicia Gibello

Mª Teresa Cutuli de Simón

Esperanza Gómez-Lucía

Guadalupe Miró

Ana Doménech Isabel Simarro

Table of contents 1. Immune response

3. Infectious and parasitic diseases

Immune system I: organs

Canine coronavirus infection

Immune system II: cells

Canine parvovirus

Inflammation

Infectious canine hepatitis

Innate immunity

Canine herpes virus infection

Evolution of the immune response

Canine respiratory disease

Humoural response

Distemper

Cellular response

Rabies

Immune response to tumours

Canine leptospirosis

Mucosal immunity

Canine babesiosis

Immunity during gestation

Canine leishmaniasis

Newborn immunity

Canine demodicosis

2. Immunopathology Blood groups and transfusions in dogs Blood groups and transfusions in cats Allergy Flea allergy dermatitis Drug hypersensitivity

Feline leukaemia Feline immunodeficiency Feline panleukopaenia Feline infectious peritonitis Feline respiratory disease Feline leishmaniasis

4. Diagnosis and control

Immune complex deposition

Immunological diagnosis

Autoimmune diseases: pemphigus foliaceus, lupus

Immunotherapy

Immunodeficiencies

Primary vaccination and revaccination

How does a vaccine work?

Vaccine recommendations in dogs Vaccine recommendations in cats Treatment of postvaccination reaction

19

IMMuNE rESPoNSE

1 9 1 Mucosal immunity The mucous membranes of the gastrointestinal, respiratory, and urogenital tracts, and the skin and mammary gland, cover a vast surface of the body and are the main areas of exposure to invading pathogens (Ag).

First line of defence ■■ ■■

Biological barrier: indigenous microorganisms.

Chemical-physical barrier: mucus and epithelial cells.

IgA

Pathogens

Indigenous microbiota

Mucus

Epithelial cells M cell APC IgA

Plasma cell

T cell B cell B cell

B cell T cell

MALT (inductor site)

MALT (effector site)

Internal immune components These are located in areas called mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT), which contain inductor and effector sites.

MALT inductor site. Site of recognition and processing of antigen by APCs, and activation of B and T cells, which leave the area and migrate via the bloodstream to different effector sites.

■■ MALT effector site. Where Ab-mediated responses are generated. Local antigenic stimulation produces a generalised secretory immune response.

■■

01_Immunology_response.indd 19

The most important Ab produced in mucosa is IgA, which prevents antigen penetration or neutralises it if it has penetrated into the mucosa.

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PET OWNER EDUCATIONAL ATLAS. ImmUNOLOgy AND TRANSmISSIbLE DISEASES

12 Blood groups and

transfusions in dogs Blood groups are determined by the different antigens present on the surfaces of erythrocytes.

In dogs the DEA (dog erythrocyte antigen) system recognises eight blood groups; DEA1 to DEA8. DEA1 is the most clinically important antigen; about 50 % of dogs belong to this blood group. Because dogs do not usually naturally express anti-DEA1 antibodies, problems can arise after the first transfusion.

Acute haemolytic anaemia Transfusion of DEA1+ blood to a sensitised DEA1- dog can give rise to a haemolytic disorder. This occurs because the DEA1- animal expresses circulating Abs against DEA1 Ag. These Abs bind to the transfused erythrocytes, triggering their destruction.

Blood donor DEA1+ erythrocytes

Erythrocyte destruction

DEA1+ Ag Anti-DEA1 Ab

DEA1- erythrocytes

Blood recipient

The DAL blood group has recently been described in Dalmatian dogs.

Blood transfusion Before performing a blood transfusion it is necessary to determine the compatibility between the recipient and the donor: Determination of the blood group of both animals.

Cross-reaction tests: the presence of Ab in the serum of the recipient results in a clear agglutination reaction upon contact with donor erythrocytes.

■■ This analysis can be performed using commercially available kits that are easy to interpret.

■■ ■■

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Immunopathology

13 Blood groups and

transfusions in cats

In cats, antigens present on the surface of erythrocytes define three blood groups: A, B, and AB. Genotype A is dominant. Therefore, phenotypically (and clinically) speaking, two main groups are considered: groups A (A and AB) and B. The antigen Mik has also been recently described.

Blood transfusion Before performing a transfusion in cats it is always necessary to use a commercial test to determine the degree of compatibility between the donor and recipient.

Donor

Recipient

Incompatibility reaction

A

A

No

B

A

Anti-B-cell Ab Mild haemolysis

A

B

B

B

A B

AB

A

Anti-A-cell Ab Severe haemolysis

B

Colostral anti-A Ab

B

No

B No Ab

A Most cats in Europe belong to group A. Tail necrosis

Haemolytic disease of newborns or neonatal isoerythrolysis This is caused by incompatibility between the blood groups of the mother and the kitten. When a group B female mates with a group A male, the resulting offspring can be of group A or B. The colostrum may contain anti-A antibodies that destroy the red blood cells of group A kittens, with serious consequences, including haemoglobinaemia, haemoglobinuria, anaemia, jaundice, growth problems, necrosis of the tip of the tail, and sudden death.

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Haemolytic disease of the newborn develops in group A kittens

Haemolytic transfusion reaction Group B cats naturally express an abundance of anti-A antibodies. Accordingly, transfusion of group A blood may result in haemolysis of erythrocytes in a group B recipient. This is a serious condition that manifests with apnoea, bradycardia, arrhythmias, hypotension, and seizures.

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PET OWNER EDUCATIONAL ATLAS. ImmUNOLOgy AND TRANSmISSIbLE DISEASES

15 Flea allergy dermatitis Common skin disease in dogs and cats, caused by a hypersensitivity reaction to flea saliva.

Life cycle of the flea

Adult fleas feed on the blood of the host, into which they inject their saliva to prevent blood clotting. This saliva contains various antigenic components, and thus in sensitised animals induces type I immediate hypersensitivity reactions (late phase involving eosinophils) and type IV delayed hypersensitivity reactions.

1 Adult

2 Eggs

4 Pupa 3 Larvae

Clinical signs Pruritus.

■■ Crust formation.

■■ Alopecia.

■■ Excoriation.

■■ Erythema.

■■ Hyperpigmentation.

■■ Papules.

■■ Lichenification.

■■

Distribution patterns

In cats miliary dermatitis lesions (neck and dorsal region) can develop, as well as “eosinophilic granuloma complex”, with three possible manifestations: indolent ulcer (oral lesions); linear granuloma on the outer aspect of the hindlimbs; and erythema and ulcers on the abdomen, groin, neck, etc.

Diagnosis Treatment Antiparasitic activity with adulticide and larvicide.

Control of pruritus (topical and/or systemic).

■■ Comprehensive environmental control.

■■ ■■

02_immunopathology_22-30_ENG.indd 26

Brushing with flea comb.

■■ Monitoring for flea droppings using a damp cotton cloth.

■■ Intradermal reaction test - largely inconclusive.

■■ Detection of specific IgEs. ■■

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Immunopathology

16 Drug hypersensitivity In some individuals abnormal immune responses to the administration of certain drugs may occur due to type I or II hypersensitivity reactions. Type II hypersensitivity occurs because certain drugs (e.g. antibiotics such as penicillin, anaesthetics, etc.) can bind to and induce the lysis of certain cells, especially blood cells (red cells, platelets, granulocytes).

Pale mucous membranes (anaemia)

This type of hypersensitivity is not immediate; it develops over a few hours in animals previously sensitised to the drug. The underlying mechanism is as follows: 1. Upon initial administration of the drug, it binds to the cell to form an antigen complex (cell + drug) that induces the formation of antibodies (mainly IgG).

2. The next time the drug is administered and binds to the cells, these antibodies react to the antigen complex and activate the complement system.

3. The complement system attacks the cell membrane, inducing its destruction.

Drug

Red blood cells

Antigen complex

Drug-induced immune-mediated haemolytic anaemia (IMHA) When the cells involved are RBCs, this gives rise to drug-induced immune-mediated haemolytic anaemia (IMHA). This condition is more common in dogs than cats, and in females than in males. The breeds most commonly affected are the Irish setter, poodle, schnauzer, cocker spaniel, collie, and Doberman pinscher. Although this condition may be hereditary, no genetic basis has been described to date.

02_immunopathology_22-30_ENG.indd 27

Activation of complement

Red blood cell destruction

Examples of immunopathologies due to drug hypersensitivity Drug Penicillin, quinine, L-dopamine, phenacetin, sulfonamides Sulfonamides, phenylbutazone, aminopyrine, phenothiazine Quinine, phenylbutazone, sulfonamides

Affected cells

Immunopathology

Red blood cells

Drug-induced immune-mediated haemolytic anaemia (IMHA)

Granulocytes

Granulocytopaenia

Platelets

Thrombocytopaenia

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PET OWNER EDUCATIONAL ATLAS. ImmUNOLOgy AND TRANSmISSIbLE DISEASES

22 Infectious canine hepatitis Systemic disease caused by canine adenovirus type 1. Currently very rare.

Transmission The virus is acquired via the oronasal route. Infected animals shed the virus in saliva, urine, and faeces between 10 and 15 days postinfection. Shedding in urine can continue up to 6 to 9 months postinfection.

Clinical signs The disease is characterised by: Hepatitis (acute or mild).

■■ Interstitial nephritis.

■■ Uveitis.

■■

Other signs Hypertrophy of the superficial lymph nodes.

■■ Diarrhoea.

■■ Depression.

■■ Subcutaneous oedema.

■■ Haemorrhage.

■■ Nervous signs.

■■

Uveitis (“blue eye”) usually appears after a subclinical infection, but can also occur after recovery and leave no sequelae.

Treatment

Control and prevention

Fluid and antibiotic therapy (to reduce secondary complications).

Multivalent and live modified vaccines are available, and are included in all vaccination protocols.

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Immunology and transmissible diseases 35

InfectIous and parasItIc dIseases

23 Canine herpes virus infection Usually an asymptomatic or mild infection in adult animals, but can cause reproductive problems in pregnant females and neonatal mortality.

Transmission The virus is shed primarily in oronasal and genital secretions, and in other secretions during the first 2 to 3 weeks postinfection. Transmission can occur via the intrauterine route, during birth, or through contact with oronasal secretions.

Constitutes a serious problem for breeding facilities.

Respiratory signs

Reproductive signs

Clinical signs Adults: mild respiratory and venereal clinical signs.

■■ Neonates: animals of less than 3 weeks of age may present with weakness, abdominal pain (whimpering), loss of suckle reflex (inappetence), and other signs.

Mortality is high in puppies of less than 8 days of age.

■■ Pregnant females: miscarriages or stillbirths.

■■

Treatment, control, and prevention Treatment is symptomatic depending on age and clinical picture.

■■ A monovalent vaccine is available for dogs used for breeding.

■■

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■■

Sanitary measures in commercial breeding facilities: quarantine and control of animal movement, effective disinfection programs, use of virus-free semen, etc.

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PET OWNER EDUCATIONAL ATLAS. ImmUNOLOgy AND TRANSmISSIbLE DISEASES

25 Distemper Systemic disease caused by canine distemper virus. The virus infects different species of carnivores (canids, felids, mustelids, etc.) and marine mammals. It is more common in young animals, but can also affect adult and geriatric dogs.

Watch video Distemper virus

3. The virus enters the bloodstream (viraemia), and spreads to other organs.

Lymph nodes 1. The virus is acquired via aerosols and/or oronasal contact with urine or other secretions from sick or persistently infected animals.

4 3

2

1

Virus

2. The virus multiplies in the lymphoid tissue associated with the respiratory tract.

4. The virus is shed up to 90 days postinfection.

Infected urine

Treatment

Control and prevention

Treatments include antibiotics, fluid therapy, vitamin B complex, anti-inflammatories, and anticonvulsants.

Attenuated vaccines are included in all vaccination protocols, and are combined with other agents.

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Immunology and transmissible diseases

InfectIous and parasItIc dIseases

39

Clinical signs Clinical signs depend on the strain and dose of virus, the immune response, the age of the animal, and the presence of intercurrent infections.

Three different scenarios are possible depending on the immune response: 1. High titres of Ab: elimination of the infection without development of clinical signs.

2. Low titres of Ab but adequate cellular immune response: slow elimination of the infection, mild clinical signs, and subsequent recovery.

3. Immune response failure: development of severe systemic illness, sometimes resulting in death.

Systemic clinical picture NONSPECIFIC AND RESPIRATORY SIGNS

Fever, anorexia, depression, leukopaenia, conjunctivitis, and respiratory clinical signs due to progressive secondary bacterial complications.

NEUROLOGICAL SIGNS

These vary depending on the affected area of the CNS. The most characteristic include involuntary movements of muscle groups in the head and extremities, paresis, and sensory impairment.

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DIGESTIVE SIGNS

Periodic alterations in faecal colour and consistency.

INTEGUMENTARY SIGNS

Enamel hypoplasia

Hyperkeratosis of the footpads and nose, impetigo, and, in perinatal infections, hypoplasia of the tooth enamel.

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PET OWNER EDUCATIONAL ATLAS. ImmUNOLOgy AND TRANSmISSIbLE DISEASES

39 How does a vaccine work?

A vaccine is composed of a modified pathogen (virus, bacteria, protozoa), or a part thereof, that is capable of stimulating a protective immune response but does not cause disease.

Protection is not conferred immediately after vaccine administration, as this requires activation of the specific immune system and the development of memory.

types of vaccines Attenuated (modified-live) microorganisms Inactivated (dead) microorganisms ■■ Laboratory-produced antigen

Watch video How does a vaccine work?

How does a vaccine work?

■■ ■■

The immune system recognises vaccine Ag as foreign, and creates specific Abs and memory cells against this Ag. When the animal is infected by the pathogen against which it has been vaccinated, the immune response will be faster and more intense and long lasting than that of an unvaccinated animal, and can even result in rapid elimination of the pathogen.

Routes of administration intranasal subcutaneous

VACCINE

intramuscular

Side effects In some cases other mild side effects (pain, localised alopecia, abscesses) may be observed.

Vaccines can induce transient inflammation in the injection site.

Occasionally adverse systemic reactions such as fever or discomfort may be observed.

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The publishing strength of Grupo AsĂ­s Editorial Servet, a division of Grupo AsĂ­s, has become one of the reference publishing companies in the veterinary sector worldwide. More than 15 years of experience in the publishing of contents about veterinary medicine guarantees the quality of its work. With a wide national and international distribution, the books in its catalogue are present in many different countries and have been translated into nine languages to date: English, French, Portuguese, German, Italian, Turkish, Japanese, Russian and Chinese.

Its identifying characteristic is a large multidisciplinary team formed by doctors and graduates in Veterinary Medicine and Fine Arts, and specialised designers with a great knowledge of the sector in which they work. Every book is subject to thorough technical and linguistic reviews and analyses, which allow the creation of works with a unique design and excellent contents.

Servet works with the most renowned national and international authors to include the topics most demanded by veterinary surgeons in its catalogue. In addition to its own works, Servet also prepares books for companies and the main multinational companies in the sector are among its clients.

Servet (División de Grupo Asís Biomedia S.L.) Centro Empresarial El Trovador, planta 8, oficina I Plaza Antonio Beltrán Martínez, 1 • 50002 Zaragoza (España) Tel.: +34 976 461 480 • Fax: +34 976 423 000 • www.grupoasis.com